The therapeutic potential of modifying inflammasomes and NOD-like receptors

Pharmacological Reviews

Volumn 65, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 872-905

  Di Virgilio, Francesco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACYLHYDRAZINE ANTAGONIST; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ALUMINUM POTASSIUM SULFATE; AROMATIC AMINE; AROMATIC AMINE ANTAGONIST; BENZAMIDE DERIVATIVE; BLEOMYCIN; CANAKINUMAB; CATHEPSIN E; COLCHICINE; COLLAGEN TYPE 1; CRYOPYRIN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; HIGH MOBILITY GROUP B1 PROTEIN; INFLAMMASOME; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA CONVERTING ENZYME; INTERLEUKIN 4; NIGERICIN; NUCLEOTIDE BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN LIKE RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2X RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RETINOIC ACID INDUCIBLE PROTEIN I; RILONACEPT; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOPHAGY; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHROMOBACTERIUM VIOLACEUM; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CINCA SYNDROME; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; FAMILIAL COLD AUTOINFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; GLYCOLYSIS; GOUT; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; INNATE IMMUNITY; INVERTEBRATE; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; METABOLIC DISORDER; MITOPHAGY; MUCKLE WELLS SYNDROME; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE BINDING SITE; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PATHOGENESIS; PHOSPHORYLATION; PLANT IMMUNITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN FOLDING; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PSEUDOGOUT; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REGULATORY MECHANISM; RETINOPATHY; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; YERSINIA;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; AUTOPHAGY; HUMANS; INFLAMMASOMES; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; MITOCHONDRIAL DEGRADATION; RECEPTORS, PATTERN RECOGNITION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84876350807     PISSN: 00316997     EISSN: 15210081     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006171     Document Type: Article

References (363)

1. Aarts N, Metz M, Holub E, Staskawicz BJ, Daniels MJ, and Parker JE (1998) Different requirements for EDS1 and NDR1 by disease resistance genes define at least two R gene-mediated signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:10306-10311.
2. 2+ content of the endoplasmic reticulum, activates NFATc1, and protects from apoptosis. J Biol Chem 284:10120-10128.
3. Adinolfi E, Callegari MG, Ferrari D, Bolognesi C, Minelli M, Wieckowski MR, Pinton P, Rizzuto R, and Di Virgilio F (2005) Basal activation of the P2X7 ATP receptor elevates mitochondrial calcium and potential, increases cellular ATP levels, and promotes serum-independent growth. Mol Biol Cell 16:3260-3272.
4. Adinolfi E, Cirillo M, Woltersdorf R, Falzoni S, Chiozzi P, Pellegatti P, Callegari MG, Sandonà D, Markwardt F, and Schmalzing G, et al. (2010) Trophic activity of a naturally occurring truncated isoform of the P2X7 receptor. FASEB J 24: 3393-3404.
5. Adinolfi E, Raffaghello L, Giuliani AL, Cavazzini L, Capece M, Chiozzi P, Bianchi G, Kroemer G, Pistoia V, and Di Virgilio F (2012) Expression of P2X7 receptor increases in vivo tumor growth. Cancer Res 72:2957-2969.
6. Agostini L, Martinon F, Burns K, McDermott MF, Hawkins PN, and Tschopp J (2004) NALP3 forms an IL-1beta-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder. Immunity 20:319-325.
7. Ali SR, Timmer AM, Bilgrami S, Park EJ, Eckmann L, Nizet V, and Karin M (2011) Anthrax toxin induces macrophage death by p38 MAPK inhibition but leads to inflammasome activation via ATP leakage. Immunity 35:34-44.
8. Allen IC, Moore CB, Schneider M, Lei Y, Davis BK, Scull MA, Gris D, Roney KE, Zimmermann AG, and Bowzard JB, et al. (2011) NLRX1 protein attenuates inflammatory responses to infection by interfering with the RIG-I-MAVS and TRAF6-NF-kB signaling pathways. Immunity 34:854-865.
9. Allen IC, TeKippe EM, Woodford RM, Uronis JM, Holl EK, Rogers AB, Herfarth HH, Jobin C, and Ting JP (2010) The NLRP3 inflammasome functions as a negative regulator of tumorigenesis during colitis-associated cancer. J Exp Med 207: 1045-1056.
10. Allen IC, Wilson JE, Schneider M, Lich JD, Roberts RA, Arthur JC, Woodford RM, Davis BK, Uronis JM, and Herfarth HH, et al. (2012) NLRP12 suppresses colon inflammation and tumorigenesis through the negative regulation of noncanonical NF-kB signaling. Immunity 36:742-754.
11. Amer A, Franchi L, Kanneganti TD, Body-Malapel M, Ozören N, Brady G, Meshinchi S, Jagirdar R, Gewirtz A, and Akira S, et al. (2006) Regulation of Legionella phagosome maturation and infection through flagellin and host Ipaf. J Biol Chem 281:35217-35223.
12. Amoroso F, Falzoni S, Adinolfi E, Ferrari D, and Di Virgilio F (2012) The P2X7 receptor is a key modulator of aerobic glycolysis. Cell Death Dis 3:e370.
13. Anand PK, Malireddi RK, Lukens JR, Vogel P, Bertin J, Lamkanfi M, and Kanneganti TD (2012) NLRP6 negatively regulates innate immunity and host defence against bacterial pathogens. Nature 488:389-393.
14. Andrei C, Dazzi C, Lotti L, Torrisi MR, Chimini G, and Rubartelli A (1999) The secretory route of the leaderless protein interleukin 1beta involves exocytosis of endolysosome-related vesicles. Mol Biol Cell 10:1463-1475.
15. Andrei C, Margiocco P, Poggi A, Lotti LV, Torrisi MR, and Rubartelli A (2004) Phospholipases C and A2 control lysosome-mediated IL-1 beta secretion: Implications for inflammatory processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:9745-9750.
16. Arlehamn CS, Pétrilli V, Gross O, Tschopp J, and Evans TJ (2010) The role of potassium in inflammasome activation by bacteria. J Biol Chem 285:10508-10518.
17. Arthur JC, Lich JD, Ye Z, Allen IC, Gris D, Wilson JE, Schneider M, Roney KE, O'Connor BP, and Moore CB, et al. (2010) Cutting edge: NLRP12 controls dendritic and myeloid cell migration to affect contact hypersensitivity. J Immunol 185:4515-4519.
18. Arulkumaran N, Unwin RJ, and Tam FW (2011) A potential therapeutic role for P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) antagonists in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 20:897-915.
19. Aymeric L, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Tesniere A, Martins I, Kroemer G, Smyth MJ, and Zitvogel L (2010) Tumor cell death and ATP release prime dendritic cells and efficient anticancer immunity. Cancer Res 70:855-858.
20. Ayna G, Krysko DV, Kaczmarek A, Petrovski G, Vandenabeele P, and Fésüs L (2012) ATP release from dying autophagic cells and their phagocytosis are crucial for inflammasome activation in macrophages. PLoS ONE 7:e40069.
21. Ayres JS, Trinidad NJ, and Vance RE (2012) Lethal inflammasome activation by a multidrug-resistant pathobiont upon antibiotic disruption of the microbiota. Nat Med 18:799-806.
22. Bauer C, Duewell P, Mayer C, Lehr HA, Fitzgerald KA, Dauer M, Tschopp J, Endres S, Latz E, and Schnurr M (2010) Colitis induced in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) is mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome. Gut 59:1192-1199.
23. Bauernfeind F, Bartok E, Rieger A, Franchi L, Núñez G, and Hornung V (2011) Cutting edge: reactive oxygen species inhibitors block priming, but not activation, of the NLRP3 inflammasome. J Immunol 187:613-617.
24. Bauernfeind F, Rieger A, Schildberg FA, Knolle PA, Schmid-Burgk JL, and Hornung V (2012) NLRP3 inflammasome activity is negatively controlled by miR-223. J Immunol 189:4175-4181.
25. Benko S, Philpott DJ, and Girardin SE (2008) The microbial and danger signals that activate Nod-like receptors. Cytokine 43:368-373.
26. Bianchi ME (2007) DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger. J Leukoc Biol 81:1-5.
27. Biswas A, Meissner TB, Kawai T, and Kobayashi KS (2012) Cutting edge: impaired MHC class I expression in mice deficient for Nlrc5/class I transactivator. J Immunol 189:516-520.
28. Boller T and Felix G (2009) A renaissance of elicitors: perception of microbeassociated molecular patterns and danger signals by pattern-recognition receptors. Annu Rev Plant Biol 60:379-406.
29. Bonardi V, Cherkis K, Nishimura MT, and Dangl JL (2012) A new eye on NLR proteins: focused on clarity or diffused by complexity? Curr Opin Immunol 24: 41-50.
30. Borghini S, Tassi S, Chiesa S, Caroli F, Carta S, Caorsi R, Fiore M, Delfino L, Lasigliè D, and Ferraris C, et al. (2011) Clinical presentation and pathogenesis of cold-induced autoinflammatory disease in a family with recurrence of an NLRP12 mutation. Arthritis Rheum 63:830-839.
31. Broz P and Monack DM (2013) Noncanonical inflammasomes: caspase-11 activation and effector mechanisms. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003144.
32. Broz P, Newton K, Lamkanfi M, Mariathasan S, Dixit VM, and Monack DM (2010) Redundant roles for inflammasome receptors NLRP3 and NLRC4 in host defense against Salmonella. J Exp Med 207:1745-1755.
33. Broz P, Ruby T, Belhocine K, Bouley DM, Kayagaki N, Dixit VM, and Monack DM (2012) Caspase-11 increases susceptibility to Salmonella infection in the absence of caspase-1. Nature 490:288-291.
34. Bruey JM, Bruey-Sedano N, Newman R, Chandler S, Stehlik C, and Reed JC (2004) PAN1/NALP2/PYPAF2, an inducible inflammatory mediator that regulates NFkappaB and caspase-1 activation in macrophages. J Biol Chem279:51897-51907.
35. Bryan NB, Dorfleutner A, Kramer SJ, Yun C, Rojanasakul Y, and Stehlik C (2010) Differential splicing of the apoptosis-associated speck like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) regulates inflammasomes. J Inflamm (Lond) 7:23.
36. Bryan NB, Dorfleutner A, Rojanasakul Y, and Stehlik C (2009) Activation of inflammasomes requires intracellular redistribution of the apoptotic speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain. J Immunol 182:3173-3182.
37. Brydges SD, Mueller JL, McGeough MD, Pena CA, Misaghi A, Gandhi C, Putnam CD, Boyle DL, Firestein GS, and Horner AA, et al. (2009) Inflammasome-mediated disease animal models reveal roles for innate but not adaptive immunity. Immunity 30:875-887.
38. Bunt SK, Yang L, Sinha P, Clements VK, Leips J, and Ostrand-Rosenberg S (2007) Reduced inflammation in the tumor microenvironment delays the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and limits tumor progression. Cancer Res 67: 10019-10026.
39. Buxbaum JN (2004) The systemic amyloidoses. Curr Opin Rheumatol 16:67-75.
40. Chae JJ, Cho YH, Lee GS, Cheng J, Liu PP, Feigenbaum L, Katz SI, and Kastner DL (2011) Gain-of-function Pyrin mutations induce NLRP3 protein-independent interleukin-1b activation and severe autoinflammation in mice. Immunity 34: 755-768.
41. Chae JJ, Wood G, Masters SL, Richard K, Park G, Smith BJ, and Kastner DL (2006) The B30.2 domain of pyrin, the familial Mediterranean fever protein, interacts directly with caspase-1 to modulate IL-1beta production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:9982-9987.
42. Cheewatrakoolpong B, Gilchrest H, Anthes JC, and Greenfeder S (2005) Identification and characterization of splice variants of the human P2X7 ATP channel. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 332:17-27.
43. Chen G, Shaw MH, Kim YG, and Nuñez G (2009) NOD-like receptors: role in innate immunity and inflammatory disease. Annu Rev Pathol 4:365-398.
44. Chen GY, Liu M, Wang F, Bertin J, and Núñez G (2011) A functional role for Nlrp6 in intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. J Immunol 186:7187-7194.
45. Chen LC, Wang LJ, Tsang NM, Ojcius DM, Chen CC, Ouyang CN, Hsueh C, Liang Y, Chang KP, and Chen CC, et al. (2012) Tumour inflammasome-derived IL-1b recruits neutrophils and improves local recurrence-free survival in EBV-induced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EMBO Mol Med 4:1276-1293.
46. Cheneval D, Ramage P, Kastelic T, Szelestenyi T, Niggli H, Hemmig R, Bachmann M, and MacKenzie A (1998) Increased mature interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) secretion from THP-1 cells induced by nigericin is a result of activation of p45 IL-1betaconverting enzyme processing. J Biol Chem 273:17846-17851.
47. Clarke TB, Davis KM, Lysenko ES, Zhou AY, Yu Y, and Weiser JN (2010) Recognition of peptidoglycan from the microbiota by Nod1 enhances systemic innate immunity. Nat Med 16:228-231.
48. Coll RC and O'Neill LA (2011) The cytokine release inhibitory drug CRID3 targets ASC oligomerisation in the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes. PLoS ONE 6: e29539.
49. Compan V, Baroja-Mazo A, López-Castejón G, Gomez AI, Martínez CM, Angosto D, Montero MT, Herranz AS, Bazán E, and Reimers D, et al. (2012) Cell volume regulation modulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Immunity 37: 487-500.
50. Conti BJ, Davis BK, Zhang J, O'connor W Jr, Williams KL, and Ting JP (2005) CATERPILLER 16.2 (CLR16.2), a novel NBD/LRR family member that negatively regulates T cell function. J Biol Chem 280:18375-18385.
51. Cooney R, Baker J, Brain O, Danis B, Pichulik T, Allan P, Ferguson DJ, Campbell BJ, Jewell D, and Simmons A (2010) NOD2 stimulation induces autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation. Nat Med 16:90-97.
52. Cruz CM, Rinna A, Forman HJ, Ventura AL, Persechini PM, and Ojcius DM (2007) ATP activates a reactive oxygen species-dependent oxidative stress response and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines inmacrophages. J Biol Chem 282:2871-2879.
53. Csak T, Ganz M, Pespisa J, Kodys K, Dolganiuc A, and Szabo G (2011) Fatty acid and endotoxin activate inflammasomes in mouse hepatocytes that release danger signals to stimulate immune cells. Hepatology 54:133-144.
54. Cui J, Li Y, Zhu L, Liu D, Songyang Z, Wang HY, and Wang RF (2012) NLRP4 negatively regulates type I interferon signaling by targeting the kinase TBK1 for degradation via the ubiquitin ligase DTX4. Nat Immunol 13:387-395.
55. Cui J, Zhu L, Xia X, Wang HY, Legras X, Hong J, Ji J, Shen P, Zheng S, and Chen ZJ, et al. (2010) NLRC5 negatively regulates the NF-kappaB and type I interferon signaling pathways. Cell 141:483-496.
56. Davis BK, Wen H, and Ting JP (2011) The inflammasome NLRs in immunity, inflammation, and associated diseases. Annu Rev Immunol 29:707-735.
57. Demento SL, Eisenbarth SC, Foellmer HG, Platt C, Caplan MJ, Mark Saltzman W, Mellman I, Ledizet M, Fikrig E, and Flavell RA, et al. (2009) Inflammasomeactivating nanoparticles as modular systems for optimizing vaccine efficacy. Vaccine 27:3013-3021.
58. Deretic V (2012) Autophagy: an emerging immunological paradigm. J Immunol 189: 15-20.
59. Deretic V, Jiang S, and Dupont N (2012) Autophagy intersections with conventional and unconventional secretion in tissue development, remodeling and inflammation. Trends Cell Biol 22:397-406.
60. Devi TS, Lee I, Hüttemann M, Kumar A, Nantwi KD, and Singh LP (2012) TXNIP links innate host defense mechanisms to oxidative stress and inflammation in retinal Muller glia under chronic hyperglycemia: implications for diabetic retinopathy. Exp Diabetes Res 2012:438238.
61. Di Virgilio F, Chiozzi P, Falzoni S, Ferrari D, Sanz JM, Venketaraman V, and Baricordi OR (1998) Cytolytic P2X purinoceptors. Cell Death Differ 5:191-199.
62. Di Virgilio F, Chiozzi P, Ferrari D, Falzoni S, Sanz JM, Morelli A, Torboli M, Bolognesi G, and Baricordi OR (2001) Nucleotide receptors: an emerging family of regulatory molecules in blood cells. Blood 97:587-600.
63. Di Virgilio F, Ferrari D, Falzoni S, Chiozzi P, Munerati M, Steinberg TH, and Baricordi OR (1996) P2 purinoceptors in the immune system. Ciba Found Symp 198:290-302, discussion 302-305.
64. Dinarello CA (2007) Interleukin-18 and the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Semin Nephrol 27:98-114.
65. Dinarello CA (2009) Immunological and inflammatory functions of the interleukin-1 family. Annu Rev Immunol 27:519-550.
66. Dinarello CA (2010) Why not treat human cancer with interleukin-1 blockade? Cancer Metastasis Rev 29:317-329.
67. Dinarello CA (2011) A clinical perspective of IL-1b as the gatekeeper of inflammation. Eur J Immunol 41:1203-1217.
68. Dinarello CA, Donath MY, and Mandrup-Poulsen T (2010) Role of IL-1beta in type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 17:314-321.
69. Dinarello CA, Simon A, and van der Meer JW (2012) Treating inflammation by blocking interleukin-1 in a broad spectrum of diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 11: 633-652.
70. Dorfleutner A, Bryan NB, Talbott SJ, Funya KN, Rellick SL, Reed JC, Shi X, Rojanasakul Y, Flynn DC, and Stehlik C (2007) Cellular pyrin domain-only protein 2 is a candidate regulator of inflammasome activation. Infect Immun 75: 1484-1492.
71. Dostert C, Guarda G, Romero JF, Menu P, Gross O, Tardivel A, Suva ML, Stehle JC, Kopf M, and Stamenkovic I, et al. (2009) Malarial hemozoin is a Nalp3 inflammasome activating danger signal. PLoS ONE 4:e6510.
72. Dostert C, Pétrilli V, Van Bruggen R, Steele C, Mossman BT, and Tschopp J (2008) Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica. Science 320:674-677.
73. Doyle SL, Campbell M, Ozaki E, Salomon RG, Mori A, Kenna PF, Farrar GJ, Kiang AS, Humphries MM, and Lavelle EC, et al. (2012) NLRP3 has a protective role in age-related macular degeneration through the induction of IL-18 by drusen components. Nat Med 18:791-798.
74. Duewell P, Kono H, Rayner KJ, Sirois CM, Vladimer G, Bauernfeind FG, Abela GS, Franchi L, Nuñez G, and Schnurr M, et al. (2010) NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals. Nature 464: 1357-1361.
75. Dunn JH, Ellis LZ, and Fujita M (2012) Inflammasomes as molecular mediators of inflammation and cancer: potential role in melanoma. Cancer Lett 314:24-33.
76. Dupaul-Chicoine J, Yeretssian G, Doiron K, Bergstrom KS, McIntire CR, LeBlanc PM, Meunier C, Turbide C, Gros P, and Beauchemin N, et al. (2010) Control of intestinal homeostasis, colitis, and colitis-associated colorectal cancer by the inflammatory caspases. Immunity 32:367-378.
77. Dupont N, Jiang S, Pilli M, Ornatowski W, Bhattacharya D, and Deretic V (2011) Autophagy-based unconventional secretory pathway for extracellular delivery of IL-1b. EMBO J 30:4701-4711.
78. Dvoriantchikova G, Ivanov D, Barakat D, Grinberg A, Wen R, Slepak VZ, and Shestopalov VI (2012) Genetic ablation of Pannexin1 protects retinal neurons from ischemic injury. PLoS ONE 7:e31991.
79. Eisenbarth SC, Williams A, Colegio OR, Meng H, Strowig T, Rongvaux A, Henao-Mejia J, Thaiss CA, Joly S, and Gonzalez DG, et al. (2012) NLRP10 is a NOD-like receptor essential to initiate adaptive immunity by dendritic cells. Nature 484:510-513.
80. Eitel J, Krüll M, Hocke AC, N'Guessan PD, Zahlten J, Schmeck B, Slevogt H, Hippenstiel S, Suttorp N, and Opitz B (2008) Beta-PIX and Rac1 GTPase mediate trafficking and negative regulation of NOD2. J Immunol 181:2664-2671.
81. + efflux prevents mitochondrial dysfunction, and suppresses caspase-3-, apoptosis-inducing factor-, and endonuclease G-mediated constitutive apoptosis in human neutrophils. Cell Signal 18:2302-2313.
82. Elhage R, Maret A, Pieraggi MT, Thiers JC, Arnal JF, and Bayard F (1998) Differential effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor binding protein on fatty-streak formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 97:242-244.
83. Elinav E, Strowig T, Kau AL, Henao-Mejia J, Thaiss CA, Booth CJ, Peaper DR, Bertin J, Eisenbarth SC, and Gordon JI, et al. (2011) NLRP6 inflammasome regulates colonic microbial ecology and risk for colitis. Cell 145:745-757.
84. Elmore JM, Lin ZJ, and Coaker G (2011) Plant NB-LRR signaling: upstreams and downstreams. Curr Opin Plant Biol 14:365-371.
85. Faustin B, Chen Y, Zhai D, Le Negrate G, Lartigue L, Satterthwait A, and Reed JC (2009) Mechanism of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) inhibition of NLRP1 inflammasome: loop domain-dependent suppression of ATP binding and oligomerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:3935-3940.
86. Faustin B, Lartigue L, Bruey JM, Luciano F, Sergienko E, Bailly-Maitre B, Volkmann N, Hanein D, Rouiller I, and Reed JC (2007) Reconstituted NALP1 inflammasome reveals two-step mechanism of caspase-1 activation. Mol Cell 25:713-724.
87. Feldmeyer L, Keller M, Niklaus G, Hohl D, Werner S, and Beer HD (2007) The inflammasome mediates UVB-induced activation and secretion of interleukin-1beta by keratinocytes. Curr Biol 17:1140-1145.
88. Feng YH, Li X, Wang L, Zhou L, and Gorodeski GI (2006) A truncated P2X7 receptor variant (P2X7-j) endogenously expressed in cervical cancer cells antagonizes the full-length P2X7 receptor through hetero-oligomerization. J Biol Chem 281: 17228-17237.
89. Fernandes R, Tsuda C, Perumalsamy AL, Naranian T, Chong J, Acton BM, Tong ZB, Nelson LM, and Jurisicova A (2012) NLRP5 mediates mitochondrial function in mouse oocytes and embryos. Biol Reprod 86:1-10.
90. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Wu J, Yu JW, Datta P, Miller B, Jankowski W, Rosenberg S, Zhang J, and Alnemri ES (2007) The pyroptosome: a supramolecular assembly of ASC dimers mediating inflammatory cell death via caspase-1 activation. Cell Death Differ 14:1590-1604.
91. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Yu JW, Datta P, Wu J, and Alnemri ES (2009) AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA. Nature 458: 509-513.
92. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Yu JW, Juliana C, Solorzano L, Kang S, Wu J, Datta P, McCormick M, Huang L, and McDermott E, et al. (2010) The AIM2 inflammasome is critical for innate immunity to Francisella tularensis. Nat Immunol 11: 385-393.
93. Ferrari D, Chiozzi P, Falzoni S, Dal Susino M, Melchiorri L, Baricordi OR, and Di Virgilio F (1997) Extracellular ATP triggers IL-1 beta release by activating the purinergic P2Z receptor of human macrophages. J Immunol 159:1451-1458.
94. Ferrari D, Pizzirani C, Adinolfi E, Lemoli RM, Curti A, Idzko M, Panther E, and Di Virgilio F (2006) The P2X7 receptor: a key player in IL-1 processing and release. J Immunol 176:3877-3883.
95. Fève B and Bastard JP (2009) The role of interleukins in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 5:305-311.
96. Finger JN, Lich JD, Dare LC, Cook MN, Brown KK, Duraiswami C, Bertin J, and Gough PJ (2012) Autolytic proteolysis within the function to find domain (FIIND) is required for NLRP1 inflammasome activity. J Biol Chem 287: 25030-25037.
97. Franchi L, Amer A, Body-Malapel M, Kanneganti TD, Ozören N, Jagirdar R, Inohara N, Vandenabeele P, Bertin J, and Coyle A, et al. (2006) Cytosolic flagellin requires Ipaf for activation of caspase-1 and interleukin 1beta in salmonella-infected macrophages. Nat Immunol 7:576-582.
98. Franchi L, Kanneganti TD, Dubyak GR, and Núñez G (2007) Differential requirement of P2X7 receptor and intracellular K+ for caspase-1 activation induced by intracellular and extracellular bacteria. J Biol Chem 282:18810-18818.
99. Franchi L, Warner N, Viani K, and Nuñez G (2009) Function of Nod-like receptors in microbial recognition and host defense. Immunol Rev 227:106-128.
100. French FMF Consortium (1997) A candidate gene for familial Mediterranean fever. Nat Genet 17:25-31.
101. Friedle SA, Curet MA, and Watters JJ (2010) Recent patents on novel P2X(7) receptor antagonists and their potential for reducing central nervous system inflammation. Recent Patents CNS Drug Discov 5:35-45.
102. Fukazawa A, Alonso C, Kurachi K, Gupta S, Lesser CF, McCormick BA, and Reinecker HC (2008) GEF-H1 mediated control of NOD1 dependent NFkappaB activation by Shigella effectors. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000228.
103. Gardella S, Andrei C, Lotti LV, Poggi A, Torrisi MR, Zocchi MR, and Rubartelli A (2001) CD8(+) T lymphocytes induce polarized exocytosis of secretory lysosomes by dendritic cells with release of interleukin-1beta and cathepsin D. Blood 98: 2152-2159.
104. Ghiringhelli F, Apetoh L, Tesniere A, Aymeric L, Ma Y, Ortiz C, Vermaelen K, Panaretakis T, Mignot G, and Ullrich E, et al. (2009) Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in dendritic cells induces IL-1beta-dependent adaptive immunity against tumors. Nat Med 15:1170-1178.
105. Glinsky GV (2008) SNP-guided microRNA maps (MirMaps) of 16 common human disorders identify a clinically accessible therapy reversing transcriptional aberrations of nuclear import and inflammasome pathways. Cell Cycle 7:3564-3576.
106. Gross O, Poeck H, Bscheider M, Dostert C, Hannesschläger N, Endres S, Hartmann G, Tardivel A, Schweighoffer E, and Tybulewicz V, et al. (2009) Syk kinase signalling couples to the Nlrp3 inflammasome for anti-fungal host defence. Nature 459:433-436.
107. Gross O, Thomas CJ, Guarda G, and Tschopp J (2011) The inflammasome: an integrated view. Immunol Rev 243:136-151.
108. Halle A, Hornung V, Petzold GC, Stewart CR, Monks BG, Reinheckel T, Fitzgerald KA, Latz E, Moore KJ, and Golenbock DT (2008) The NALP3 inflammasome is involved in the innate immune response to amyloid-beta. Nat Immunol 9:857-865.
109. Hamon Y, Luciani MF, Becq F, Verrier B, Rubartelli A, and Chimini G (1997) Interleukin-1beta secretion is impaired by inhibitors of the Atp binding cassette transporter, ABC1. Blood 90:2911-2915.
110. Hampe J, Franke A, Rosenstiel P, Till A, Teuber M, Huse K, Albrecht M, Mayr G, De La Vega FM, and Briggs J, et al. (2007) A genome-wide association scan of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for Crohn disease in ATG16L1. Nat Genet 39:207-211.
111. Haneklaus M, Gerlic M, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Rainey AA, Pich D, McInnes IB, Hammerschmidt W, O'Neill LA, and Masters SL (2012) Cutting edge: miR-223 and EBV miR-BART15 regulate the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1b production. J Immunol 189:3795-3799.
112. Hansen JD, Vojtech LN, and Laing KJ (2011) Sensing disease and danger: a survey of vertebrate PRRs and their origins. Dev Comp Immunol 35:886-897.
113. Hassan H and Amer AO (2011) Cell intrinsic roles of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. ScientificWorldJournal 11:2418-2423.
114. Heath WR and Carbone FR (2003) Immunology: dangerous liaisons. Nature 425: 460-461.
115. Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E, Jin C, Hao L, Mehal WZ, Strowig T, Thaiss CA, Kau AL, Eisenbarth SC, and Jurczak MJ, et al. (2012) Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity. Nature 482:179-185.
116. Hernandez-Cuellar E, Tsuchiya K, Hara H, Fang R, Sakai S, Kawamura I, Akira S, and Mitsuyama M (2012) Cutting edge: nitric oxide inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome. J Immunol 189:5113-5117.
117. Hibino T, Loza-Coll M, Messier C, Majeske AJ, Cohen AH, Terwilliger DP, Buckley KM, Brockton V, Nair SV, and Berney K, et al. (2006) The immune gene repertoire encoded in the purple sea urchin genome. Dev Biol 300:349-365.
118. Hlaing T, Guo RF, Dilley KA, Loussia JM, Morrish TA, Shi MM, Vincenz C, and Ward PA (2001) Molecular cloning and characterization of DEFCAP-L and-S, two isoforms of a novel member of the mammalian Ced-4 family of apoptosis proteins. J Biol Chem 276:9230-9238.
119. Hoegen T, Tremel N, Klein M, Angele B, Wagner H, Kirschning C, Pfister HW, Fontana A, Hammerschmidt S, and Koedel U (2011) The NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to brain injury in pneumococcal meningitis and is activated through ATP-dependent lysosomal cathepsin B release. J Immunol 187:5440-5451.
120. Homer CR, Richmond AL, Rebert NA, Achkar JP, and McDonald C (2010) ATG16L1 and NOD2 interact in an autophagy-dependent antibacterial pathway implicated in Crohn's disease pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 139:1630-1641.
121. Hong M, Yoon SI, and Wilson IA (2012) Structure and functional characterization of the RNA-binding element of the NLRX1 innate immune modulator. Immunity 36: 337-347.
122. Hornung V, Ablasser A, Charrel-Dennis M, Bauernfeind F, Horvath G, Caffrey DR, Latz E, and Fitzgerald KA (2009) AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC. Nature 458:514-518.
123. Hornung V, Bauernfeind F, Halle A, Samstad EO, Kono H, Rock KL, Fitzgerald KA, and Latz E (2008) Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization. Nat Immunol 9:847-856.
124. Hornung V and Latz E (2010) Critical functions of priming and lysosomal damage for NLRP3 activation. Eur J Immunol 40:620-623.
125. Hsu LC, Ali SR, McGillivray S, Tseng PH, Mariathasan S, Humke EW, Eckmann L, Powell JJ, Nizet V, and Dixit VM, et al. (2008) A NOD2-NALP1 complex mediates caspase-1-dependent IL-1beta secretion in response to Bacillus anthracis infection and muramyl dipeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:7803-7808.
126. Hu B, Elinav E, and Flavell RA (2011) Inflammasome-mediated suppression of inflammation-induced colorectal cancer progression is mediated by direct regulation of epithelial cell proliferation. Cell Cycle 10:1936-1939.
127. Huang MT, Mortensen BL, Taxman DJ, Craven RR, Taft-Benz S, Kijek TM, Fuller JR, Davis BK, Allen IC, and Brickey WJ, et al. (2010) Deletion of ripA alleviates suppression of the inflammasome and MAPK by Francisella tularensis. J Immunol 185:5476-5485.
128. Huber S, Gagliani N, Zenewicz LA, Huber FJ, Bosurgi L, Hu B, Hedl M, Zhang W, O'Connor W Jr, and Murphy AJ, et al. (2012) IL-22BP is regulated by the inflammasome and modulates tumorigenesis in the intestine. Nature 491: 259-263.
129. + suppresses the activation of apoptosis in lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 272: 30567-30576.
130. Idzko M, Hammad H, van Nimwegen M, Kool M, Willart MA, Muskens F, Hoogsteden HC, Luttmann W, Ferrari D, Di Virgilio F, et al. (2007) Extracellular ATP triggers and maintains asthmatic airway inflammation by activating dendritic cells. Nat Med 13:913-919.
131. Inoue K, Hosoi J, and Denda M (2007) Extracellular ATP has stimulatory effects on the expression and release of IL-6 via purinergic receptors in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 127:362-371.
132. Ippagunta SK, Malireddi RK, Shaw PJ, Neale GA, Walle LV, Green DR, Fukui Y, Lamkanfi M, and Kanneganti TD (2011) The inflammasome adaptor ASC regulates the function of adaptive immune cells by controlling Dock2-mediated Rac activation and actin polymerization. Nat Immunol 12:1010-1016.
133. Janeway CA Jr and Medzhitov R (2002) Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 20:197-216.
134. Jéru I, Duquesnoy P, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Cochet E, Yu JW, Lackmy-Port-Lis M, Grimprel E, Landman-Parker J, Hentgen V, and Marlin S, et al. (2008) Mutations in NALP12 cause hereditary periodic fever syndromes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:1614-1619.
135. Jéru I, Hentgen V, Normand S, Duquesnoy P, Cochet E, Delwail A, Grateau G, Marlin S, Amselem S, and Lecron JC (2011) Role of interleukin-1b in NLRP12-associated autoinflammatory disorders and resistance to anti-interleukin-1 therapy.Arthritis Rheum 63:2142-2148.
136. Jones JD and Dangl JL (2006) The plant immune system. Nature 444:323-329.
137. Jounai N, Kobiyama K, Shiina M, Ogata K, Ishii KJ, and Takeshita F (2011) NLRP4 negatively regulates autophagic processes through an association with beclin1. J Immunol 186:1646-1655.
138. Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M, Kim YG, Chen G, Park JH, Franchi L, Vandenabeele P, and Núñez G (2007b) Pannexin-1-mediated recognition of bacterial molecules activates the cryopyrin inflammasome independent of Toll-like receptor signaling. Immunity 26:433-443.
139. Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M, and Núñez G (2007a) Intracellular NOD-like receptors in host defense and disease. Immunity 27:549-559.
140. Karki P, Seong C, Kim JE, Hur K, Shin SY, Lee JS, Cho B, and Park IS (2007) Intracellular K(+) inhibits apoptosis by suppressing the Apaf-1 apoptosome formation and subsequent downstream pathways but not cytochrome c release. Cell Death Differ 14:2068-2075.
141. Kast RE (2008) Ritonavir and disulfiram may be synergistic in lowering active interleukin-18 levels in acute pancreatitis, and thereby hasten recovery. JOP 9:350-353.
142. Kastner DL (2005) Hereditary periodic fever syndromes. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2005:74-81.
143. Kastner DL, Aksentijevich I, and Goldbach-Mansky R (2010) Autoinflammatory disease reloaded: a clinical perspective. Cell 140:784-790.
144. Kawaguchi M, Takahashi M, Hata T, Kashima Y, Usui F, Morimoto H, Izawa A, Takahashi Y, Masumoto J, and Koyama J, et al. (2011) Inflammasome activation of cardiac fibroblasts is essential for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circulation 123:594-604.
145. Kawai T and Akira S (2011) Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity. Immunity 34:637-650.
146. Kayagaki N, Warming S, Lamkanfi M, Vande Walle L, Louie S, Dong J, Newton K, Qu Y, Liu J, and Heldens S, et al. (2011) Non-canonical inflammasome activation targets caspase-11. Nature 479:117-121.
147. Kempster SL, Belteki G, Forhead AJ, Fowden AL, Catalano RD, Lam BY, McFarlane I, Charnock-Jones DS, and Smith GC (2011) Developmental control of the Nlrp6 inflammasome and a substrate, IL-18, in mammalian intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 300:G253-G263.
148. Kersse K, Bertrand MJ, Lamkanfi M, and Vandenabeele P (2011) NOD-like receptors and the innate immune system: coping with danger, damage and death. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 22:257-276.
149. Khare S, Dorfleutner A, Bryan NB, Yun C, Radian AD, de Almeida L, Rojanasakul Y, and Stehlik C (2012) An NLRP7-containing inflammasome mediates recognition of microbial lipopeptides in human macrophages. Immunity 36:464-476.
150. Kim HJ, Ajit D, Peterson TS, Wang Y, Camden JM, Gibson Wood W, Sun GY, Erb L, Petris M, and Weisman GA (2012) Nucleotides released from Ab1-42-treated microglial cells increase cell migration and Ab1-42 uptake through P2Y2 receptor activation. J Neurochem 121:228-238.
151. Kim SY, Moon JH, Lee HG, Kim SU, and Lee YB (2007) ATP released from betaamyloid-stimulated microglia induces reactive oxygen species production in an autocrine fashion. Exp Mol Med 39:820-827.
152. Kingsbury SR, Conaghan PG, and McDermott MF (2011) The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in gout. J Inflamm Res 4:39-49.
153. Kirii H, Niwa T, Yamada Y, Wada H, Saito K, Iwakura Y, Asano M, Moriwaki H, and Seishima M (2003) Lack of interleukin-1beta decreases the severity of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:656-660.
154. Kobayashi KS, Chamaillard M, Ogura Y, Henegariu O, Inohara N, Nuñez G, and Flavell RA (2005) Nod2-dependent regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the intestinal tract. Science 307:731-734.
155. Kofoed EM and Vance RE (2011) Innate immune recognition of bacterial ligands by NAIPs determines inflammasome specificity. Nature 477:592-595.
156. Kool M, Fierens K, and Lambrecht BN (2012) Alum adjuvant: some of the tricks of the oldest adjuvant. J Med Microbiol 61:927-934.
157. Kool M, Pétrilli V, De Smedt T, Rolaz A, Hammad H, van Nimwegen M, Bergen IM, Castillo R, Lambrecht BN, and Tschopp J (2008) Cutting edge: alum adjuvant stimulates inflammatory dendritic cells through activation of the NALP3 inflammasome. J Immunol 181:3755-3759.
158. Krawczyk CM, Holowka T, Sun J, Blagih J, Amiel E, DeBerardinis RJ, Cross JR, Jung E, Thompson CB, and Jones RG, et al. (2010) Toll-like receptor-induced changes in glycolytic metabolism regulate dendritic cell activation. Blood 115:4742-4749.
159. Krelin Y, Voronov E, Dotan S, Elkabets M, Reich E, Fogel M, Huszar M, Iwakura Y, Segal S, and Dinarello CA, et al. (2007) Interleukin-1beta-driven inflammation promotes the development and invasiveness of chemical carcinogen-induced tumors. Cancer Res 67:1062-1071.
160. Kummer JA, Broekhuizen R, Everett H, Agostini L, Kuijk L, Martinon F, van Bruggen R, and Tschopp J (2007) Inflammasome components NALP 1 and 3 show distinct but separate expression profiles in human tissues suggesting a site-specific role in the inflammatory response. J Histochem Cytochem 55:443-452.
161. Lamkanfi M and Dixit VM (2009) Inflammasomes: guardians of cytosolic sanctity. Immunol Rev 227:95-105.
162. Lamkanfi M and Dixit VM (2011) Modulation of inflammasome pathways by bacterial and viral pathogens. J Immunol 187:597-602.
163. Lamkanfi M and Dixit VM (2012) Inflammasomes and their roles in health and disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 28:137-161.
164. Lamkanfi M, Malireddi RK, and Kanneganti TD (2009a) Fungal zymosan and mannan activate the cryopyrin inflammasome. J Biol Chem 284:20574-20581.
165. Lamkanfi M, Mueller JL, Vitari AC, Misaghi S, Fedorova A, Deshayes K, Lee WP, Hoffman HM, and Dixit VM (2009b) Glyburide inhibits the Cryopyrin/Nalp3 inflammasome. J Cell Biol 187:61-70.
166. Lamkanfi M, Sarkar A, Vande Walle L, Vitari AC, Amer AO, Wewers MD, Tracey KJ, Kanneganti TD, and Dixit VM (2010) Inflammasome-dependent release of the alarmin HMGB1 in endotoxemia. J Immunol 185:4385-4392.
167. Lammers RJ and Witjes JA (2010) Developments in intravesical therapy for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 10:1903-1916.
168. Lange C, Hemmrich G, Klostermeier UC, López-Quintero JA, Miller DJ, Rahn T, Weiss Y, Bosch TC, and Rosenstiel P (2011) Defining the origins of the NOD-like receptor system at the base of animal evolution. Mol Biol Evol 28:1687-1702.
169. 2+ and cAMP. Nature 492: 123-127.
170. Lee HM, Kim JJ, Kim HJ, Shong M, Ku BJ, and Jo EK (2013a) Upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 62:194-204.
171. Lee S, Kim SM, and Lee RT (2013b) Thioredoxin and thioredoxin target proteins: from molecular mechanisms to functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 18: 1165-1207.
172. Lei Y, Wen H, Yu Y, Taxman DJ, Zhang L, Widman DG, Swanson KV, Wen KW, Damania B, and Moore CB, et al. (2012) The mitochondrial proteins NLRX1 and TUFM form a complex that regulates type I interferon and autophagy. Immunity 36:933-946.
173. Lerner AG, Upton JP, Praveen PV, Ghosh R, Nakagawa Y, Igbaria A, Shen S, Nguyen V, Backes BJ, and Heiman M, et al. (2012) IRE1a induces thioredoxininteracting protein to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and promote programmed cell death under irremediable ER stress. Cell Metab 16:250-264.
174. Levinsohn JL, Newman ZL, Hellmich KA, Fattah R, Getz MA, Liu S, Sastalla I, Leppla SH, and Moayeri M (2012) Anthrax lethal factor cleavage of Nlrp1 is required for activation of the inflammasome. PLoS Pathog 8:e1002638.
175. Li HJ, Reinhardt F, Herschman HR, and Weinberg RA (2012) Cancer-stimulated mesenchymal stem cells create a carcinoma stem cell niche via prostaglandin E2 signaling. Cancer Discov 2:840-855.
176. Lipinski S, Till A, Sina C, Arlt A, Grasberger H, Schreiber S, and Rosenstiel P (2009) DUOX2-derived reactive oxygen species are effectors of NOD2-mediated antibacterial responses. J Cell Sci 122:3522-3530.
177. Littmann M, Albiger B, Frentzen A, Normark S, Henriques-Normark B, and Plant L (2009) Streptococcus pneumoniae evades human dendritic cell surveillance by pneumolysin expression. EMBO Mol Med 1:211-222.
178. Lopez-Castejon G, Luheshi NM, Compan V, High S, Whitehead RC, Flitsch SL, Kirov A, Prudovsky I, Swanton E, and Brough D (2013) Deubiquitinases regulate the activity of caspase-1 and interleukin-1b secretion via assembly of the inflammasome. J Biol Chem 288:2721-2733.
179. López-Castejón G and Pelegrín P (2012) Current status of inflammasome blockers as anti-inflammatory drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 21:995-1007.
180. Lu B, Nakamura T, Inouye K, Li J, Tang Y, Lundbäck P, Valdes-Ferrer SI, Olofsson PS, Kalb T, and Roth J, et al. (2012) Novel role of PKR in inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release. Nature 488:670-674.
181. Lunov O, Syrovets T, Loos C, Nienhaus GU, Mailänder V, Landfester K, Rouis M, and Simmet T (2011) Amino-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages. ACS Nano 5:9648-9657.
182. Ma W, Hui H, Pelegrin P, and Surprenant A (2009) Pharmacological characterization of pannexin-1 currents expressed in mammalian cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 328: 409-418.
183. Mace PD and Riedl SJ (2010) Molecular cell death platforms and assemblies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:828-836.
184. MacKenzie A, Wilson HL, Kiss-Toth E, Dower SK, North RA, and Surprenant A (2001) Rapid secretion of interleukin-1beta by microvesicle shedding. Immunity 15: 825-835.
185. MacKenzie SH, Schipper JL, and Clark AC (2010) The potential for caspases in drug discovery. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 13:568-576.
186. Maeda S, Hsu LC, Liu H, Bankston LA, Iimura M, Kagnoff MF, Eckmann L, and Karin M (2005) Nod2 mutation in Crohn's disease potentiates NF-kappaB activity and IL-1beta processing. Science 307:734-738.
187. Mankan AK, Kubarenko A, and Hornung V (2012) Immunology in clinic review series; focus on autoinflammatory diseases: inflammasomes: mechanisms of activation. Clin Exp Immunol 167:369-381.
188. Marcellino D, Suárez-Boomgaard D, Sánchez-Reina MD, Aguirre JA, Yoshitake T, Yoshitake S, Hagman B, Kehr J, Agnati LF, and Fuxe K, et al. (2010) On the role of P2X(7) receptors in dopamine nerve cell degeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: studies with the P2X(7) receptor antagonist A-438079. J Neural Transm 117:681-687.
189. Mariathasan S, Weiss DS, Newton K, McBride J, O'Rourke K, Roose-Girma M, Lee WP, Weinrauch Y, Monack DM, and Dixit VM (2006) Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP. Nature 440:228-232.
190. Marques-da-Silva C, Chaves MM, Castro NG, Coutinho-Silva R, and Guimaraes MZ (2011) Colchicine inhibits cationic dye uptake induced by ATP in P2X2 and P2X7 receptor-expressing cells: implications for its therapeutic action. Br J Pharmacol 163:912-926.
191. Martinon F, Agostini L, Meylan E, and Tschopp J (2004) Identification of bacterial muramyl dipeptide as activator of the NALP3/cryopyrin inflammasome. Curr Biol 14:1929-1934.
192. Martinon F, Burns K, and Tschopp J (2002) The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta. Mol Cell 10:417-426.
193. Martinon F, Pétrilli V, Mayor A, Tardivel A, and Tschopp J (2006) Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature 440:237-241.
194. Masin M, Young C, Lim K, Barnes SJ, Xu XJ, Marschall V, Brutkowski W, Mooney ER, Gorecki DC, and Murrell-Lagnado R (2012) Expression, assembly and function of novel C-terminal truncated variants of the mouse P2X7 receptor: re-evaluation of P2X7 knockouts. Br J Pharmacol 165:978-993.
195. Master SS, Rampini SK, Davis AS, Keller C, Ehlers S, Springer B, Timmins GS, Sander P, and Deretic V (2008) Mycobacterium tuberculosis prevents inflammasome activation. Cell Host Microbe 3:224-232.
196. Masters SL, Dunne A, Subramanian SL, Hull RL, Tannahill GM, Sharp FA, Becker C, Franchi L, Yoshihara E, and Chen Z, et al. (2010) Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by islet amyloid polypeptide provides a mechanism for enhanced IL-1b in type 2 diabetes. Nat Immunol 11:897-904.
197. Masters SL, Gerlic M, Metcalf D, Preston S, Pellegrini M, O'Donnell JA, McArthur K, Baldwin TM, Chevrier S, and Nowell CJ, et al. (2012) NLRP1 inflammasome activation induces pyroptosis of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Immunity 37: 1009-1023.
198. Masters SL and O'Neill LA (2011) Disease-associated amyloid and misfolded protein aggregates activate the inflammasome. Trends Mol Med 17:276-282.
199. Masters SL, Simon A, Aksentijevich I, and Kastner DL (2009) Horror autoinflammaticus: the molecular pathophysiology of autoinflammatory disease (*). Annu Rev Immunol 27:621-668.
200. Masters SL, Yao S, Willson TA, Zhang JG, Palmer KR, Smith BJ, Babon JJ, Nicola NA, Norton RS, and Nicholson SE (2006) The SPRY domain of SSB-2 adopts a novel fold that presents conserved Par-4-binding residues. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13:77-84.
201. Masumoto J, Taniguchi S, Ayukawa K, Sarvotham H, Kishino T, Niikawa N, Hidaka E, Katsuyama T, Higuchi T, and Sagara J (1999) ASC, a novel 22-kDa protein, aggregates during apoptosis of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem 274:33835-33838.
202. Mayor A, Martinon F, De Smedt T, Pétrilli V, and Tschopp J (2007) A crucial function of SGT1 and HSP90 in inflammasome activity links mammalian and plant innate immune responses. Nat Immunol 8:497-503.
203. McGonagle D, Tan AL, Shankaranarayana S, Madden J, Emery P, and McDermott MF (2007) Management of treatment resistant inflammation of acute on chronic tophaceous gout with anakinra. Ann Rheum Dis 66:1683-1684.
204. Medzhitov R (2008) Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 454: 428-435.
205. Medzhitov R (2010) Inflammation 2010: new adventures of an old flame. Cell 140: 771-776.
206. Medzhitov R and Janeway CA Jr (2002) Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science 296:298-300.
207. Mehta VB, Hart J, and Wewers MD (2001) ATP-stimulated release of interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 requires priming by lipopolysaccharide and is independent of caspase-1 cleavage. J Biol Chem 276:3820-3826.
208. Meissner F, Molawi K, and Zychlinsky A (2008) Superoxide dismutase 1 regulates caspase-1 and endotoxic shock. Nat Immunol 9:866-872.
209. Meissner F, Seger RA, Moshous D, Fischer A, Reichenbach J, and Zychlinsky A (2010) Inflammasome activation in NADPH oxidase defective mononuclear phagocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Blood 116:1570-1573.
210. Meng G, Zhang F, Fuss I, Kitani A, and Strober W (2009) A mutation in the Nlrp3 gene causing inflammasome hyperactivation potentiates Th17 cell-dominant immune responses. Immunity 30:860-874.
211. Menu P, Pellegrin M, Aubert JF, Bouzourene K, Tardivel A, Mazzolai L, and Tschopp J (2011) Atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice progresses independently of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Cell Death Dis 2:e137.
212. Mezzaroma E, Toldo S, Farkas D, Seropian IM, Van Tassell BW, Salloum FN, Kannan HR, Menna AC, Voelkel NF, and Abbate A (2011) The inflammasome promotes adverse cardiac remodeling following acute myocardial infarction in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:19725-19730.
213. Miao EA, Mao DP, Yudkovsky N, Bonneau R, Lorang CG, Warren SE, Leaf IA, and Aderem A (2010) Innate immune detection of the type III secretion apparatus through the NLRC4 inflammasome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:3076-3080.
214. Miao EA, Rajan JV, and Aderem A (2011) Caspase-1-induced pyroptotic cell death. Immunol Rev 243:206-214.
215. Michaud M, Martins I, Sukkurwala AQ, Adjemian S, Ma Y, Pellegatti P, Shen S, Kepp O, Scoazec M, and Mignot G, et al. (2011) Autophagy-dependent anticancer immune responses induced by chemotherapeutic agents in mice. Science 334: 1573-1577.
216. Mishra BB, Rathinam VA, Martens GW, Martinot AJ, Kornfeld H, Fitzgerald KA, and Sassetti CM (2013) Nitric oxide controls the immunopathology of tuberculosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent processing of IL-1b. Nat Immunol 14:52-60.
217. Mizumoto N, Kumamoto T, Robson SC, Sévigny J, Matsue H, Enjyoji K, and Takashima A (2002) CD39 is the dominant Langerhans cell-associated ecto-NTPDase: modulatory roles in inflammation and immune responsiveness. Nat Med 8:358-365.
218. Molofsky AB, Byrne BG, Whitfield NN, Madigan CA, Fuse ET, Tateda K, and Swanson MS (2006) Cytosolic recognition of flagellin by mouse macrophages restricts Legionella pneumophila infection. J Exp Med 203:1093-1104.
219. -/-) mice. Gut 61:634-635.
220. Monie TP (2013) NLR activation takes a direct route. Trends Biochem Sci 38: 131-139.
221. Moore CB, Bergstralh DT, Duncan JA, Lei Y, Morrison TE, Zimmermann AG, Accavitti-Loper MA, Madden VJ, Sun L, and Ye Z, et al. (2008) NLRX1 is a regulator of mitochondrial antiviral immunity. Nature 451:573-577.
222. Murdoch S, Djuric U, Mazhar B, Seoud M, Khan R, Kuick R, Bagga R, Kircheisen R, Ao A, and Ratti B, et al. (2006) Mutations in NALP7 cause recurrent hydatidiform moles and reproductive wastage in humans. Nat Genet 38:300-302.
223. Murgia M, Pizzo P, Steinberg TH, and Di Virgilio F (1992) Characterization of the cytotoxic effect of extracellular ATP in J774 mouse macrophages. Biochem J 288: 897-901.
224. Murphy N, Cowley TR, Richardson JC, Virley D, Upton N, Walter D, and Lynch MA (2012) The neuroprotective effect of a specific P2X receptor antagonist derives from its ability to inhibit assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome in glial cells. Brain Pathol 22:295-306.
225. Nakahira K, Haspel JA, Rathinam VA, Lee SJ, Dolinay T, Lam HC, Englert JA, Rabinovitch M, Cernadas M, and Kim HP, et al. (2011) Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome. Nat Immunol 12:222-230.
226. Nathan C (2002) Points of control in inflammation. Nature 420:846-852.
227. Neerincx A, Rodriguez GM, Steimle V, and Kufer TA (2012) NLRC5 controls basal MHC class I gene expression in an MHC enhanceosome-dependent manner. J Immunol 188:4940-4950.
228. Netea MG, Joosten LA, Lewis E, Jensen DR, Voshol PJ, Kullberg BJ, Tack CJ, van Krieken H, Kim SH, and Stalenhoef AF, et al. (2006) Deficiency of interleukin-18 in mice leads to hyperphagia, obesity and insulin resistance. Nat Med 12:650-656.
229. Newman ZL, Printz MP, Liu S, Crown D, Breen L, Miller-Randolph S, Flodman P, Leppla SH, and Moayeri M (2010) Susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin-induced rat death is controlled by a single chromosome 10 locus that includes rNlrp1. PLoS Pathog 6:e1000906.
230. Newman ZL, Sirianni N, Mawhinney C, Lee MS, Leppla SH, Moayeri M, and Johansen LM (2011) Auranofin protects against anthrax lethal toxin-induced activation of the Nlrp1b inflammasome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:1028-1035.
231. Nguyen HT, Tran KK, Sun B, and Shen H (2012) Activation of inflammasomes by tumor cell death mediated by gold nanoshells. Biomaterials 33:2197-2205.
232. Nicke A, Kuan YH, Masin M, Rettinger J, Marquez-Klaka B, Bender O, Górecki DC, Murrell-Lagnado RD, and Soto F (2009) A functional P2X7 splice variant with an alternative transmembrane domain 1 escapes gene inactivation in P2X7 knock-out mice. J Biol Chem 284:25813-25822.
233. Niemi K, Teirilä L, Lappalainen J, Rajamäki K, Baumann MH, Öörni K, Wolff H, Kovanen PT, Matikainen S, and Eklund KK (2011) Serum amyloid A activates the NLRP3 inflammasome via P2X7 receptor and a cathepsin B-sensitive pathway. J Immunol 186:6119-6128.
234. Nobel CS, Kimland M, Nicholson DW, Orrenius S, and Slater AF (1997) Disulfiram is a potent inhibitor of proteases of the caspase family. Chem Res Toxicol 10:1319-1324.
235. Normand S, Delanoye-Crespin A, Bressenot A, Huot L, Grandjean T, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Lemoine Y, Hot D, and Chamaillard M (2011) Nod-like receptor pyrin domaincontaining protein 6 (NLRP6) controls epithelial self-renewal and colorectal carcinogenesis upon injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:9601-9606.
236. North RA (2002) Molecular physiology of P2X receptors. Physiol Rev 82:1013-1067.
237. O'Connor W Jr, Harton JA, Zhu X, Linhoff MW, and Ting JP (2003) Cutting edge: CIAS1/cryopyrin/PYPAF1/NALP3/CATERPILLER 1.1 is an inducible inflammatory mediator with NF-kappa B suppressive properties. J Immunol 171: 6329-6333.
238. Ogura Y, Sutterwala FS, and Flavell RA (2006) The inflammasome: first line of the immune response to cell stress. Cell 126:659-662.
239. Okamoto M, Liu W, Luo Y, Tanaka A, Cai X, Norris DA, Dinarello CA, and Fujita M (2010) Constitutively active inflammasome in human melanoma cells mediating autoinflammation via caspase-1 processing and secretion of interleukin-1beta. J Biol Chem 285:6477-6488.
240. Orellana JA, Shoji KF, Abudara V, Ezan P, Amigou E, Sáez PJ, Jiang JX, Naus CC, Sáez JC, and Giaume C (2011) Amyloid b-induced death in neurons involves glial and neuronal hemichannels. J Neurosci 31:4962-4977.
241. Palomäki J, Välimäki E, Sund J, Vippola M, Clausen PA, Jensen KA, Savolainen K, Matikainen S, and Alenius H (2011) Long, needle-like carbon nanotubes and asbestos activate the NLRP3 inflammasome through a similar mechanism. ACS Nano 5:6861-6870.
242. Park H, Bourla AB, Kastner DL, Colbert RA, and Siegel RM (2012) Lighting the fires within: the cell biology of autoinflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 12: 570-580.
243. Park JH, Kim YG, McDonald C, Kanneganti TD, Hasegawa M, Body-Malapel M, Inohara N, and Núñez G (2007) RICK/RIP2 mediates innate immune responses induced through Nod1 and Nod2 but not TLRs. J Immunol 178:2380-2386.
244. Parvathenani LK, Tertyshnikova S, Greco CR, Roberts SB, Robertson B, and Posmantur R (2003) P2X7 mediates superoxide production in primary microglia and is up-regulated in a transgenicmouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 278:13309-13317.
245. Pelegrin P and Surprenant A (2006) Pannexin-1 mediates large pore formation and interleukin-1beta release by the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor. EMBO J 25:5071-5082.
246. Pellegatti P, Raffaghello L, Bianchi G, Piccardi F, Pistoia V, and Di Virgilio F (2008) Increased level of extracellular ATP at tumor sites: in vivo imaging with plasma membrane luciferase. PLoS ONE 3:e2599.
247. Perregaux D, Barberia J, Lanzetti AJ, Geoghegan KF, Carty TJ, and Gabel CA (1992) IL-1 beta maturation: evidence that mature cytokine formation can be induced specifically by nigericin. J Immunol 149:1294-1303.
248. Perregaux D and Gabel CA (1994) Interleukin-1 beta maturation and release in response to ATP and nigericin. Evidence that potassium depletion mediated by these agents is a necessary and common feature of their activity. J Biol Chem 269:15195-15203.
249. Perregaux DG, McNiff P, Laliberte R, Conklyn M, and Gabel CA (2000) ATP acts as an agonist to promote stimulus-induced secretion of IL-1 beta and IL-18 in human blood. J Immunol 165:4615-4623.
250. Petnicki-Ocwieja T, Hrncir T, Liu YJ, Biswas A, Hudcovic T, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, and Kobayashi KS (2009) Nod2 is required for the regulation of commensal microbiota in the intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:15813-15818.
251. Pétrilli V, Papin S, Dostert C, Mayor A, Martinon F, and Tschopp J (2007) Activation of the NALP3 inflammasome is triggered by low intracellular potassium concentration. Cell Death Differ 14:1583-1589.
252. Pfeiffer ZA, Guerra AN, Hill LM, Gavala ML, Prabhu U, Aga M, Hall DJ, and Bertics PJ (2007) Nucleotide receptor signaling in murine macrophages is linked to reactive oxygen species generation. Free Radic Biol Med 42:1506-1516.
253. Pierini R, Juruj C, Perret M, Jones CL, Mangeot P, Weiss DS, and Henry T (2012) AIM2/ASC triggers caspase-8-dependent apoptosis in Francisella-infected caspase-1-deficient macrophages. Cell Death Differ 19:1709-1721.
254. Pizzirani C, Ferrari D, Chiozzi P, Adinolfi E, Sandonà D, Savaglio E, and Di Virgilio F (2007) Stimulation of P2 receptors causes release of IL-1beta-loaded microvesicles from human dendritic cells. Blood 109:3856-3864.
255. Poeck H, Bscheider M, Gross O, Finger K, Roth S, Rebsamen M, Hannesschläger N, Schlee M, Rothenfusser S, and Barchet W, et al. (2010) Recognition of RNA virus by RIG-I results in activation of CARD9 and inflammasome signaling for interleukin 1 beta production. Nat Immunol 11:63-69.
256. PottGodoy MC, Tarelli R, Ferrari CC, Sarchi MI, and Pitossi FJ (2008) Central and systemic IL-1 exacerbates neurodegeneration and motor symptoms in a model of Parkinson's disease. Brain 131:1880-1894.
257. Poyet JL, Srinivasula SM, Tnani M, Razmara M, Fernandes-Alnemri T, and Alnemri ES (2001) Identification of Ipaf, a human caspase-1-activating protein related to Apaf-1. J Biol Chem 276:28309-28313.
258. Qu Y, Franchi L, Nunez G, and Dubyak GR (2007) Nonclassical IL-1 beta secretion stimulated by P2X7 receptors is dependent on inflammasome activation and correlated with exosome release in murine macrophages. J Immunol 179:1913-1925.
259. Qu Y, Misaghi S, Izrael-Tomasevic A, Newton K, Gilmour LL, Lamkanfi M, Louie S, Kayagaki N, Liu J, and Kömüves L, et al. (2012) Phosphorylation of NLRC4 is critical for inflammasome activation. Nature 490:539-542.
260. Qu Y, Misaghi S, Newton K, Gilmour LL, Louie S, Cupp JE, Dubyak GR, Hackos D, and Dixit VM (2011) Pannexin-1 is required for ATP release during apoptosis but not for inflammasome activation. J Immunol 186:6553-6561.
261. Raffaghello L, Chiozzi P, Falzoni S, Di Virgilio F, and Pistoia V (2006) The P2X7 receptor sustains the growth of human neuroblastoma cells through a substance P-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 66:907-914.
262. Rajan JV, Rodriguez D, Miao EA, and Aderem A (2011) The NLRP3 inflammasome detects encephalomyocarditis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus infection. J Virol 85:4167-4172.
263. Rathinam VA, Jiang Z, Waggoner SN, Sharma S, Cole LE, Waggoner L, Vanaja SK, Monks BG, Ganesan S, and Latz E, et al. (2010) The AIM2 inflammasome is essential for host defense against cytosolic bacteria and DNA viruses. Nat Immunol 11:395-402.
264. Ray CA, Black RA, Kronheim SR, Greenstreet TA, Sleath PR, Salvesen GS, and Pickup DJ (1992) Viral inhibition of inflammation: cowpox virus encodes an inhibitor of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Cell 69:597-604.
265. Reed JR, Leon RP, Hall MK, and Schwertfeger KL (2009) Interleukin-1beta and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 cooperate to induce cyclooxygenase-2 during early mammary tumourigenesis. Breast Cancer Res 11:R21.
266. Rehman A, Sina C, Gavrilova O, Häsler R, Ott S, Baines JF, Schreiber S, and Rosenstiel P (2011) Nod2 is essential for temporal development of intestinal microbial communities. Gut 60:1354-1362.
267. Reisetter AC, Stebounova LV, Baltrusaitis J, Powers L, Gupta A, Grassian VH, and Monick MM (2011) Induction of inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis by carbon black nanoparticles. J Biol Chem 286:21844-21852.
268. Rioux JD, Xavier RJ, Taylor KD, Silverberg MS, Goyette P, Huett A, Green T, Kuballa P, Barmada MM, and Datta LW, et al. (2007) Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates autophagy in disease pathogenesis. Nat Genet 39:596-604.
269. Riteau N, Baron L, Villeret B, Guillou N, Savigny F, Ryffel B, Rassendren F, Le Bert M, Gombault A, and Couillin I (2012) ATP release and purinergic signaling: a common pathway for particle-mediated inflammasome activation. Cell Death Dis 3:e403.
270. Riteau N, Gasse P, Fauconnier L, Gombault A, Couegnat M, Fick L, Kanellopoulos J, Quesniaux VF, Marchand-Adam S, and Crestani B, et al. (2010) Extracellular ATP is a danger signal activating P2X7 receptor in lung inflammation and fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182:774-783.
271. Robertson SJ, Rubino SJ, Geddes K, and Philpott DJ (2012) Examining hostmicrobial interactions through the lens of NOD: From plants to mammals. Semin Immunol 24:9-16.
272. Rosenstiel P, Huse K, Till A, Hampe J, Hellmig S, Sina C, Billmann S, von Kampen O, Waetzig GH, and Platzer M, et al. (2006) A short isoform of NOD2/CARD15, NOD2-S, is an endogenous inhibitor of NOD2/receptor-interacting protein kinase 2-induced signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:3280-3285.
273. Saiga H, Kitada S, Shimada Y, Kamiyama N, Okuyama M, Makino M, Yamamoto M, and Takeda K (2012) Critical role of AIM2 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Int Immunol 24:637-644.
274. Saitoh T, Fujita N, Jang MH, Uematsu S, Yang BG, Satoh T, Omori H, Noda T, Yamamoto N, and Komatsu M, et al. (2008) Loss of the autophagy protein Atg16L1 enhances endotoxin-induced IL-1beta production. Nature 456:264-268.
275. Sancho D and Reis e Sousa C (2012) Signaling by myeloid C-type lectin receptors in immunity and homeostasis. Annu Rev Immunol 30:491-529.
276. Sanz JM, Chiozzi P, Colaianna M, Zotti M, Ferrari D, Trabace L, Zuliani G, and Di Virgilio F (2012) Nimodipine inhibits IL-1beta release stimulated by amyloid beta from microglia. Br J Pharmacol 167:1702-1711.
277. Sanz JM, Chiozzi P, Ferrari D, Colaianna M, Idzko M, Falzoni S, Fellin R, Trabace L, and Di Virgilio F (2009) Activation of microglia by amyloid beta requires P2X7 receptor expression. J Immunol 182:4378-4385.
278. Sanz JM and Di Virgilio F (2000) Kinetics and mechanism of ATP-dependent IL-1 beta release from microglial cells. J Immunol 164:4893-4898.
279. Savic S, Dickie LJ, Battellino M, and McDermott MF (2012) Familial Mediterranean fever and related periodic fever syndromes/autoinflammatory diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 24:103-112.
280. Schattgen SA and Fitzgerald KA (2011) The PYHIN protein family as mediators of host defenses. Immunol Rev 243:109-118.
281. Schneider M, Zimmermann AG, Roberts RA, Zhang L, Swanson KV, Wen H, Davis BK, Allen IC, Holl EK, and Ye Z, et al. (2012) The innate immune sensor NLRC3 attenuates Toll-like receptor signaling via modification of the signaling adaptor TRAF6 and transcription factor NF-kB. Nat Immunol 13:823-831.
282. Schroder K and Tschopp J (2010) The inflammasomes. Cell 140:821-832.
283. Schroder K, Zhou R, and Tschopp J (2010) The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor for metabolic danger? Science 327:296-300.
284. Seshadri S, Duncan MD, Hart JM, Gavrilin MA, and Wewers MD (2007) Pyrin levels in human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages regulate IL-1beta processing and release. J Immunol 179:1274-1281.
285. Sessa G and Martin GB (2000) Signal recognition and transduction mediated by the tomato Pto kinase: a paradigm of innate immunity in plants. Microbes Infect 2: 1591-1597.
286. Shi Y (2006) Mechanical aspects of apoptosome assembly. Curr Opin Cell Biol 18: 677-684.
287. Siegmund B, Lehr HA, Fantuzzi G, and Dinarello CA (2001) IL-1 beta-converting enzyme (caspase-1) in intestinal inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:13249-13254.
288. Silva GK, Gutierrez FR, Guedes PM, Horta CV, Cunha LD, Mineo TW, Santiago-Silva J, Kobayashi KS, Flavell RA, and Silva JS, et al. (2010) Cutting edge: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1-dependent responses account for murine resistance against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. J Immunol 184: 1148-1152.
289. Silverman W, Locovei S, and Dahl G (2008) Probenecid, a gout remedy, inhibits pannexin 1 channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295:C761-C767.
290. Sims GP, Rowe DC, Rietdijk ST, Herbst R, and Coyle AJ (2010) HMGB1 and RAGE in inflammation and cancer. Annu Rev Immunol 28:367-388.
291. Sims JE and Smith DE (2010) The IL-1 family: regulators of immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 10:89-102.
292. Sloand EM, Maciejewski J, Kumar P, Kim S, Chaudhuri A, and Young N (2000) Protease inhibitors stimulate hematopoiesis and decrease apoptosis and ICE expression in CD34(+) cells. Blood 96:2735-2739.
293. Smith DE (2011) The biological paths of IL-1 family members IL-18 and IL-33. J Leukoc Biol 89:383-392.
294. So A, De Meulemeester M, Pikhlak A, Yücel AE, Richard D, Murphy V, Arulmani U, Sallstig P, and Schlesinger N (2010) Canakinumab for the treatment of acute flares in difficult-to-treat gouty arthritis: Results of a multicenter, phase II, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheum 62:3064-3076.
295. Solini A, Chiozzi P, Morelli A, Adinolfi E, Rizzo R, Baricordi OR, and Di Virgilio F (2004) Enhanced P2X7 activity in human fibroblasts from diabetic patients: a possible pathogenetic mechanism for vascular damage in diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1240-1245.
296. Srivastava S, Salim N, and Robertson MJ (2010) Interleukin-18: biology and role in the immunotherapy of cancer. Curr Med Chem 17:3353-3357.
297. Staehli F, Ludigs K, Heinz LX, Seguín-Estévez Q, Ferrero I, Braun M, Schroder K, Rebsamen M, Tardivel A, and Mattmann C, et al. (2012) NLRC5 deficiency selectively impairs MHC class I-dependent lymphocyte killing by cytotoxic T cells. J Immunol 188:3820-3828.
298. Stojanovic K, Delmas Y, Torres PU, Peltier J, Pelle G, Jéru I, Colombat M, and Grateau G (2012) Dramatic beneficial effect of interleukin-1 inhibitor treatment in patients with familial Mediterranean fever complicated with amyloidosis and renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:1898-1901.
299. Stehlik C and Dorfleutner A (2007) COPs and POPs: modulators of inflammasome activity. J Immunol 179:7993-7998.
300. Steimle V, Otten LA, Zufferey M, and Mach B (1993) Complementation cloning of an MHC class II transactivator mutated in hereditary MHC class II deficiency (or bare lymphocyte syndrome). Cell 75:135-146.
301. Stienstra R, Tack CJ, Kanneganti TD, Joosten LA, and Netea MG (2012) The inflammasome puts obesity in the danger zone. Cell Metab 15:10-18.
302. Stienstra R, van Diepen JA, Tack CJ, Zaki MH, van de Veerdonk FL, Perera D, Neale GA, Hooiveld GJ, Hijmans A, and Vroegrijk I, et al. (2011) Inflammasome is a central player in the induction of obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:15324-15329.
303. Strowig T, Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E, and Flavell R (2012) Inflammasomes in health and disease. Nature 481:278-286.
304. Surprenant A, Rassendren F, Kawashima E, North RA, and Buell G (1996) The cytolytic P2Z receptor for extracellular ATP identified as a P2X receptor (P2X7). Science 272:735-738.
305. Sylvester RJ (2011) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Int J Urol 18:113-120.
306. Tadaki H, Saitsu H, Nishimura-Tadaki A, Imagawa T, Kikuchi M, Hara R, Kaneko U, Kishi T, Miyamae T, and Miyake N, et al. (2011) De novo 19q13.42 duplications involving NLRP gene cluster in a patient with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Hum Genet 56:343-347.
307. Tarallo V, Hirano Y, Gelfand BD, Dridi S, Kerur N, Kim Y, Cho WG, Kaneko H, Fowler BJ, and Bogdanovich S, et al. (2012) DICER1 loss and Alu RNA induce age-related macular degeneration via the NLRP3 inflammasome and MyD88. Cell 149:847-859.
308. Tattoli I, Carneiro LA, Jéhanno M, Magalhaes JG, Shu Y, Philpott DJ, Arnoult D, and Girardin SE (2008) NLRX1 is a mitochondrial NOD-like receptor that amplifies NF-kappaB and JNK pathways by inducing reactive oxygen species production. EMBO Rep 9:293-300.
309. Taxman DJ, Holley-Guthrie EA, Huang MT, Moore CB, Bergstralh DT, Allen IC, Lei Y, Gris D, and Ting JP (2011) The NLR adaptor ASC/PYCARD regulates DUSP10, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and chemokine induction independent of the inflammasome. J Biol Chem 286:19605-19616.
310. Taxman DJ, Huang MT, and Ting JP (2010) Inflammasome inhibition as a pathogenic stealth mechanism. Cell Host Microbe 8:7-11.
311. Ter HN, Lachmann H, Ozen S, Woo P, Uziel Y, Modesto C, Kone-Paut I, Cantarini L, Insalaco A, and Neven B, et al. (2012)Treatment of autoinflammatory diseases: results from the eurofever registry and a literature review. Ann Rheum Dis, in press.
312. Terkeltaub R, Sundy JS, Schumacher HR, Murphy F, Bookbinder S, Biedermann S, Wu R, Mellis S, and Radin A (2009) The interleukin 1 inhibitor rilonacept in treatment of chronic gouty arthritis: results of a placebo-controlled, monosequence crossover, non-randomised, single-blind pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis 68: 1613-1617.
313. Terme M, Ullrich E, Aymeric L, Meinhardt K, Coudert JD, Desbois M, Ghiringhelli F, Viaud S, Ryffel B, and Yagita H, et al. (2012) Cancer-induced immunosuppression: IL-18-elicited immunoablative NK cells. Cancer Res 72:2757-2767.
314. The International FMF Consortium (1997) Ancient missense mutations in a new member of the RoRet gene family are likely to cause familial Mediterranean fever. Cell 90:797-807.
315. Ting JP, Lovering RC, Alnemri ES, Bertin J, Boss JM, Davis BK, Flavell RA, Girardin SE, Godzik A, and Harton JA, et al. (2008) The NLR gene family: a standard nomenclature. Immunity 28:285-287.
316. Travassos LH, Carneiro LA, Ramjeet M, Hussey S, Kim YG, Magalhães JG, Yuan L, Soares F, Chea E, and Le Bourhis L, et al. (2010) Nod1 and Nod2 direct autophagy by recruiting ATG16L1 to the plasma membrane at the site of bacterial entry. Nat Immunol 11:55-62.
317. Tse BW, Russell PJ, Lochner M, Förster I, and Power CA (2011) IL-18 inhibits growth of murine orthotopic prostate carcinomas via both adaptive and innate immune mechanisms. PLoS ONE 6:e24241.
318. Tu S, Bhagat G, Cui G, Takaishi S, Kurt-Jones EA, Rickman B, Betz KS, Penz-Oesterreicher M, Bjorkdahl O, and Fox JG, et al. (2008) Overexpression of interleukin-1beta induces gastric inflammation and cancer and mobilizes myeloidderived suppressor cells in mice. Cancer Cell 14:408-419.
319. Turola E, Furlan R, Bianco F, Matteoli M, and Verderio C (2012) Microglial microvesicle secretion and intercellular signaling. Front Physiol 3:149.
320. Ulland TK, Buchan BW, Ketterer MR, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Meyerholz DK, Apicella MA, Alnemri ES, Jones BD, Nauseef WM, and Sutterwala FS (2010) Cutting edge: mutation of Francisella tularensis mviN leads to increased macrophage absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome activation and a loss of virulence. J Immunol 185: 2670-2674.
321. Usui F, Shirasuna K, Kimura H, Tatsumi K, Kawashima A, Karasawa T, Hida S, Sagara J, Taniguchi S, and Takahashi M (2012) Critical role of caspase-1 in vascular inflammation and development of atherosclerosis in Western diet-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 425:162-168.
322. van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, Dinarello CA, and Joosten LA (2011) Inflammasome activation and IL-1b and IL-18 processing during infection. Trends Immunol 32: 110-116.
323. van de Veerdonk FL, Smeekens SP, Joosten LA, Kullberg BJ, Dinarello CA, van der Meer JW, and Netea MG (2010) Reactive oxygen species-independent activation of the IL-1beta inflammasome in cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:3030-3033.
324. Vandanmagsar B, Youm YH, Ravussin A, Galgani JE, Stadler K, Mynatt RL, Ravussin E, Stephens JM, and Dixit VD (2011) The NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Nat Med 17:179-188.
325. Viala J, Chaput C, Boneca IG, Cardona A, Girardin SE, Moran AP, Athman R, Mémet S, Huerre MR, and Coyle AJ, et al. (2004) Nod1 responds to peptidoglycan delivered by the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island. Nat Immunol 5: 1166-1174.
326. Vinzing M, Eitel J, Lippmann J, Hocke AC, Zahlten J, Slevogt H, N'guessan PD, Günther S, Schmeck B, and Hippenstiel S, et al. (2008) NAIP and Ipaf control Legionella pneumophila replication in human cells. J Immunol 180: 6808-6815.
327. Vladimer GI, Weng D, Paquette SW, Vanaja SK, Rathinam VA, Aune MH, Conlon JE, Burbage JJ, Proulx MK, and Liu Q, et al. (2012) The NLRP12 inflammasome recognizes Yersinia pestis. Immunity 37:96-107.
328. von Moltke J, Ayres JS, Kofoed EM, Chavarría-Smith J, and Vance RE (2012a) Recognition of bacteria by inflammasomes. Annu Rev Immunol DOI: 10.1146/ annurev-immunol-032712-095944.
329. von Moltke J, Trinidad NJ, Moayeri M, Kintzer AF, Wang SB, van Rooijen N, Brown CR, Krantz BA, Leppla SH, and Gronert K, et al. (2012b) Rapid induction of inflammatory lipid mediators by the inflammasome in vivo. Nature 490:107-111.
330. Wang CM, Dixon PH, Decordova S, Hodges MD, Sebire NJ, Ozalp S, Fallahian M, Sensi A, Ashrafi F, and Repiska V, et al. (2009) Identification of 13 novel NLRP7 mutations in 20 families with recurrent hydatidiform mole; missense mutations cluster in the leucine-rich region. J Med Genet 46:569-575.
331. Wang L, Manji GA, Grenier JM, Al-Garawi A, Merriam S, Lora JM, Geddes BJ, Briskin M, DiStefano PS, and Bertin J (2002) PYPAF7, a novel PYRIN-containing Apaf1-like protein that regulates activation of NF-kappa B and caspase-1-dependent cytokine processing. J Biol Chem 277:29874-29880.
332. Wang X, Arcuino G, Takano T, Lin J, Peng WG, Wan P, Li P, Xu Q, Liu QS, and Goldman SA, et al. (2004a) P2X7 receptor inhibition improves recovery after spinal cord injury. Nat Med 10:821-827.
333. Wang Y, Hasegawa M, Imamura R, Kinoshita T, Kondo C, Konaka K, and Suda T (2004b) PYNOD, a novel Apaf-1/CED4-like protein is an inhibitor of ASC and caspase-1. Int Immunol 16:777-786.
334. Watanabe R, Nakamura H, Masutani H, and Yodoi J (2010) Anti-oxidative, anticancer and anti-inflammatory actions by thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin-binding protein-2. Pharmacol Ther 127:261-270.
335. Watanabe T, Kitani A, Murray PJ, and Strober W (2004) NOD2 is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated T helper type 1 responses. Nat Immunol 5: 800-808.
336. Watanabe T, Kitani A, Murray PJ, Wakatsuki Y, Fuss IJ, and Strober W (2006) Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 2 deficiency leads to dysregulated TLR2 signaling and induction of antigen-specific colitis. Immunity 25:473-485.
337. Weber FC, Esser PR, Müller T, Ganesan J, Pellegatti P, Simon MM, Zeiser R, Idzko M, Jakob T, and Martin SF (2010) Lack of the purinergic receptor P2X(7) results in resistance to contact hypersensitivity. J Exp Med 207:2609-2619.
338. Wen H, Gris D, Lei Y, Jha S, Zhang L, Huang MT, Brickey WJ, and Ting JP (2011) Fatty acid-induced NLRP3-ASC inflammasome activation interferes with insulin signaling. Nat Immunol 12:408-415.
339. Wen H, Ting JP, and O'Neill LA (2012) A role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in metabolic diseases-did Warburg miss inflammation? Nat Immunol 13:352-357.
340. Westerveld GH, Korver CM, van Pelt AM, Leschot NJ, van der Veen F, Repping S, and Lombardi MP (2006) Mutations in the testis-specific NALP14 gene in men suffering from spermatogenic failure. Hum Reprod 21:3178-3184.
341. Wiermer M, Feys BJ, and Parker JE (2005) Plant immunity: the EDS1 regulatory node. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:383-389.
342. Wilhelm K, Ganesan J, Müller T, Dürr C, Grimm M, Beilhack A, Krempl CD, Sorichter S, Gerlach UV, and Jüttner E, et al. (2010) Graft-versus-host disease is enhanced by extracellular ATP activating P2X7R. Nat Med 16:1434-1438.
343. Winter M, Beer HD, Hornung V, Krämer U, Schins RP, and Förster I (2011) Activation of the inflammasome by amorphous silica and TiO2 nanoparticles in murine dendritic cells. Nanotoxicology 5:326-340.
344. Wu X, Kong X, Luchsinger L, Smith BD, and Xu Y (2009) Regulating the activity of class II transactivator by posttranslational modifications: exploring the possibilities. Mol Cell Biol 29:5639-5644.
345. Xiang M, Shi X, Li Y, Xu J, Yin L, Xiao G, Scott MJ, Billiar TR, Wilson MA, and Fan J (2011) Hemorrhagic shock activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in lung endothelial cells. J Immunol 187:4809-4817.
346. Xiao TS and Ting JP (2012) NLRX1 has a tail to tell. Immunity 36:311-312.
347. Yang EJ, Kim S, Kim JS, and Choi IH (2012) Inflammasome formation and IL-1b release by human blood monocytes in response to silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials 33: 6858-6867.
348. Yazdi AS, Guarda G, Riteau N, Drexler SK, Tardivel A, Couillin I, and Tschopp J (2010) Nanoparticles activate the NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome and cause pulmonary inflammation through release of IL-1a and IL-1b. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:19449-19454.
349. Young JL, Sukhova GK, Foster D, Kisiel W, Libby P, and Schönbeck U (2000) The serpin proteinase inhibitor 9 is an endogenous inhibitor of interleukin 1betaconverting enzyme (caspase-1) activity in human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Exp Med 191:1535-1544.
350. Yu JW, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Datta P, Wu J, Juliana C, Solorzano L, McCormick M, Zhang Z, and Alnemri ES (2007) Pyrin activates the ASC pyroptosome in response to engagement by autoinflammatory PSTPIP1 mutants. Mol Cell 28: 214-227.
351. Yu JW, Wu J, Zhang Z, Datta P, Ibrahimi I, Taniguchi S, Sagara J, Fernandes-Alnemri T, and Alnemri ES (2006) Cryopyrin and pyrin activate caspase-1, but not NF-kappaB, via ASC oligomerization. Cell Death Differ 13:236-249.
352. Yu M and Levine SJ (2011) Toll-like receptor, RIG-I-like receptors and the NLRP3 inflammasome: key modulators of innate immune responses to double-stranded RNA viruses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 22:63-72.
353. + efflux and neuronal apoptosis. Science 284:336-339.
354. Zaki MH, Boyd KL, Vogel P, Kastan MB, Lamkanfi M, and Kanneganti TD (2010) The NLRP3 inflammasome protects against loss of epithelial integrity and mortality during experimental colitis. Immunity 32:379-391.
355. Zaki MH, Vogel P, Malireddi RK, Body-Malapel M, Anand PK, Bertin J, Green DR, Lamkanfi M, and Kanneganti TD (2011) The NOD-like receptor NLRP12 attenuates colon inflammation and tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 20:649-660.
356. Zamboni DS, Kobayashi KS, Kohlsdorf T, Ogura Y, Long EM, Vance RE, Kuida K, Mariathasan S, Dixit VM, and Flavell RA, et al. (2006) The Birc1e cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor contributes to the detection and control of Legionella pneumophila infection. Nat Immunol 7:318-325.
357. Zeiser R, Penack O, Holler E, and Idzko M (2011) Danger signals activating innate immunity in graft-versus-host disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 89:833-845.
358. Zhao Y, Yang J, Shi J, Gong YN, Lu Q, Xu H, Liu L, and Shao F (2011) The NLRC4 inflammasome receptors for bacterial flagellin and type III secretion apparatus. Nature 477:596-600.
359. Zhou R, Tardivel A, Thorens B, Choi I, and Tschopp J (2010) Thioredoxin-interacting protein links oxidative stress to inflammasome activation. Nat Immunol 11: 136-140.
360. Zhou R, Yazdi AS, Menu P, and Tschopp J (2011) A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Nature 469:221-225.
361. Zipfel C (2008) Pattern-recognition receptors in plant innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 20:10-16.
362. Zitvogel L, Kepp O, Galluzzi L, and Kroemer G (2012) Inflammasomes in carcinogenesis and anticancer immune responses. Nat Immunol 13:343-351.
363. Zitvogel L, Kepp O, and Kroemer G (2011) Immune parameters affecting the efficacy of chemotherapeutic regimens. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 8:151-160.