Delivery of bioactive molecules into the cell: The Trojan horse approach

Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 85-131

  Dietz, Gunnar P H ^a   Bähr, Mathias ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CASPASE 3; CYTOSINE DEAMINASE; DERMASEPTIN; DOXORUBICIN; GANCICLOVIR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN F(AB) FRAGMENT; LIPOSOME; MACROGOL; MAGAININ DERIVATIVE; PENICILLIN G; PROTEGRIN; PROTEIN BCL XL; PROTEIN P16; PROTEIN P21; PROTEIN P53; PSEUDOMONAS EXOTOXIN; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; SAPORIN; SECOND MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVATOR OF CASPASE; TACHYPLESIN; THYMIDINE KINASE; TRANSFERRIN; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIRUS VECTOR;

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CELL DEATH; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; GENE TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIA; LITERATURE; LONG TERM POTENTIATION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NERVE INJURY; NERVE REGENERATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN PURIFICATION; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CELL MEMBRANE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; GENE THERAPY; GENETIC VECTORS; HUMANS; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; PROTEINS;

ANIMALIA; EQUUS CABALLUS;

EID: 5644276383     PISSN: 10447431     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.03.005     Document Type: Review

References (577)

1. Aarts M., Liu Y., Liu L., Besshoh S., Arundine M., Gurd J.W., Wang Y.T., Salter M.W., Tymianski M. Treatment of ischemic brain damage by perturbing NMDA receptor-PSD-95 protein interactions. Science. 298:2002;846-850
2. Abu-Amer Y., Dowdy S.F., Ross F.P., Clohisy J.C., Teitelbaum S.L. TAT fusion proteins containing tyrosine 42-deleted IkappaBalpha arrest osteoclastogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;30499-30503
3. Aebischer P., Ridet J. Recombinant proteins for neurodegenerative diseases: the delivery issue. Trends Neurosci. 24:2001;533-540
4. Ahn K., Chen D., Kemper B. Inverse relationship of cotranslational translocation with the hydrophobic moment of the bovine preproparathyroid hormone signal sequence. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1224:1994;459-462
5. Aints A., Dilber M.S., Smith C.I. Intercellular spread of GFP-VP22. J. Gene. Med. 1:1999;275-279
6. Akimoto M., Miyatake S., Kogishi J., Hangai M., Okazaki K., Takahashi J.C., Saiki M., Iwaki M., Honda Y. Adenovirally expressed basic fibroblast growth factor rescues photoreceptor cells in RCS rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40:1999;273-279
7. Albini A., Soldi R., Giunciuglio D., Giraudo E., Benelli R., Primo L., Noonan D., Salio M., Camussi G., Rockl W., Bussolino F. The angiogenesis induced by HIV-1 tat protein is mediated by the Flk-1/KDR receptor on vascular endothelial cells. Nat. Med. 2:1996;1371-1375
8. Alblas J., Ulfman L., Hordijk P., Koenderman L. Activation of Rhoa and ROCK are essential for detachment of migrating leukocytes. Mol. Biol. Cell. 12:2001;2137-2145
9. Alder N.N., Theg S.M. Energetics of protein transport across biological membranes. A study of the thylakoid DeltapH-dependent/cpTat pathway. Cell. 112:2003;231-242
10. Algeciras-Schimnich A., Griffith T.S., Lynch D.H., Paya C.V. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of FLIP levels and susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis. J. Immunol. 162:1999;5205-5211
11. Allinquant B., Hantraye P., Mailleux P., Moya K., Bouillot C., Prochiantz A. Downregulation of amyloid precursor protein inhibits neurite outgrowth in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 128:1995;919-927
12. Amsellem S., Pflumio F., Bardinet D., Izac B., Charneau P., Romeo P.H., Dubart-Kupperschmitt A., Fichelson S. Ex vivo expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells by direct delivery of the HOXB4 homeoprotein. Nat. Med. 9:2003;1423-1427. (Epub 2003 Oct 26)
13. Anderson D.C., Nichols E., Manger R., Woodle D., Barry M., Fritzberg A.R. Tumor cell retention of antibody Fab fragments is enhanced by an attached HIV TAT protein-derived peptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194:1993;876-884
14. Antonawich F.J., Federoff H.J., Davis J.N. BCL-2 transduction, using a herpes simplex virus amplicon, protects hippocampal neurons from transient global ischemia. Exp. Neurol. 156:1999;130-137
15. Arnt C.R., Chiorean M.V., Heldebrant M.P., Gores G.J., Kaufmann S.H. Synthetic Smac/DIABLO peptides enhance the effects of chemotherapeutic agents by binding XIAP and cIAP1 in situ. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;44236-44243
16. Asoh S., Ohtsu T., Ohta S. The super anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-xFNK constructed by disturbing intramolecular polar interactions in rat Bcl-xL. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;37240-37245
17. Asoh S., Ohsawa I., Mori T., Katsura K., Hiraide T., Katayama Y., Kimura M., Ozaki D., Yamagata K., Ohta S. Protection against ischemic brain injury by protein therapeutics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:2002;17107-17112
18. Astriab-Fisher A., Sergueev D.S., Fisher M., Shaw B.R., Juliano R.L. Antisense inhibition of P-glycoprotein expression using peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates. Biochem. Pharmacol. 60:2000;83-90
19. Astriab-Fisher A., Sergueev D., Fisher M., Shaw B.R., Juliano R.L. Conjugates of antisense oligonucleotides with the Tat and antennapedia cell-penetrating peptides: effects on cellular uptake, binding to target sequences, and biologic actions. Pharm. Res. 19:2002;744-754
20. Aumelas A., Mangoni M., Roumestand C., Chiche L., Despaux E., Grassy G., Calas B., Chavanieu A. Synthesis and solution structure of the antimicrobial peptide protegrin-1. Eur. J. Biochem. 237:1996;575-583
21. Avrameas A., Ternynck T., Nato F., Buttin G., Avrameas S. Polyreactive anti-DNA monoclonal antibodies and a derived peptide as vectors for the intracytoplasmic and intranuclear translocation of macromolecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:1998;5601-5606
22. Avrameas A., Ternynck T., Gasmi L., Buttin G. Efficient gene delivery by a peptide derived from a monoclonal anti-DNA antibody. Bioconjugate Chem. 10:1999;87-93
23. Avrameas A., Gasmi L., Buttin G. DNA and heparin alter the internalization process of anti-DNA monoclonal antibodies according to patterns typical of both the charged molecule and the antibody. J. Autoimmun. 16:2001;383-391
24. Awasthi S.K., Nielsen P.E. Parallel synthesis of PNA-peptide conjugate libraries. Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen. 5:2002;253-259
25. Ballard J.D., Doling A.M., Beauregard K., Collier R.J., Starnbach M.N. Anthrax toxin-mediated delivery in vivo and in vitro of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope from ovalbumin. Infect. Immun. 66:1998;615-619
26. Barillari G., Gendelman R., Gallo R.C., Ensoli B. The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, a growth factor for AIDS Kaposi sarcoma and cytokine-activated vascular cells, induces adhesion of the same cell types by using integrin receptors recognizing the RGD amino acid sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90:1993;7941-7945
27. Barka T., Gresik E.W., van Der Noen H. Transduction of TAT-HA-beta-galactosidase fusion protein into salivary gland-derived cells and organ cultures of the developing gland, and into rat submandibular gland in vivo. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 48:2000;1453-1460
28. Bauer M., Meyer M., Brevig T., Gasser T., Widmer H.R., Zimmer J., Ueffing M. Lipid-mediated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene transfer to cultured porcine ventral mesencephalic tissue. Exp. Neurol. 177:2002;40-49
29. Bayley H. Protein therapy - Delivery guaranteed. Nat. Biotechnol. 17:1999;1066-1067
30. Becker-Hapak M., McAllister S.S., Dowdy S.F. TAT-mediated protein transduction into mammalian cells. Methods. 24:2001;247-256
31. Bellet-Amalric E., Blaudez D., Desbat B., Graner F., Gauthier F., Renault A. Interaction of the third helix of Antennapedia homeodomain and a phospholipid monolayer, studied by ellipsometry and PM-IRRAS at the air-water interface. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1467:2000;131-143
32. Berlose J.P., Convert O., Derossi D., Brunissen A., Chassaing G. Conformational and associative behaviours of the third helix of antennapedia homeodomain in membrane-mimetic environments. Eur. J. Biochem. 242:1996;372-386
33. Bertrand J., McKerracher L.J. Intravitreal Injection of C3-05 Promotes Regeneration After Intraorbital Microlesion of the Optic Nerve in Adult Rat. Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. 2003;Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC. Program No. 678.11.
34. Bhorade R., Weissleder R., Nakakoshi T., Moore A., Tung C.H. Macrocyclic chelators with paramagnetic cations are internalized into mammalian cells via a HIV-tat derived membrane translocation peptide. Bioconjugate Chem. 11:2000;301-305
35. Binder H., Lindblom G. Charge-dependent translocation of the Trojan peptide penetratin across lipid membranes. Biophys. J. 85:2003;982-995
36. Bisland S.K., Singh D., Gariepy J. Potentiation of chlorin e6 photodynamic activity in vitro with peptide-based intracellular vehicles. Bioconjugate Chem. 10:1999;982-992
37. Bjorklund A., Dunnett S.B., Brundin P., Stoessl A.J., Freed C.R., Breeze R.E., Levivier M., Peschanski M., Studer L., Barker R. Neural transplantation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2:2003;437-445
38. Blanke S.R., Milne J.C., Benson E.L., Collier R.J. Fused polycationic peptide mediates delivery of diphtheria toxin A chain to the cytosol in the presence of anthrax protective antigen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93:1996;8437-8442
39. Bloch-Gallego E., Le Roux I., Joliot A.H., Volovitch M., Henderson C.E., Prochiantz A. Antennapedia homeobox peptide enhances growth and branching of embryonic chicken motoneurons in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 120:1993;485-492
40. Bolton S.J., Jones D.N., Darker J.G., Eggleston D.S., Hunter A.J., Walsh F.S. Cellular uptake and spread of the cell-permeable peptide penetratin in adult rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12:2000;2847-2855
41. Bonfanti M., Taverna S., Salmona M., D'Incalci M., Broggini M. p21WAF1-derived peptides linked to an internalization peptide inhibit human cancer cell growth. Cancer Res. 57:1997;1442-1446
42. Bonifaci N., Sitia R., Rubartelli A. Nuclear translocation of an exogenous fusion protein containing HIV Tat requires unfolding. Aids. 9:1995;995-1000
43. Bonny C., Oberson A., Negri S., Sauser C., Schorderet D.F. Cell-permeable peptide inhibitors of JNK: novel blockers of beta-cell death. Diabetes. 50:2001;77-82
44. Borgatti P., Zauli G., Colamussi M.L., Gibellini D., Previati M., Cantley L.L., Capitani S. Extracellular HIV-1 Tat protein activates phosphatidylinositol 3- and Akt/PKB kinases in CD4+ T lymphoblastoid Jurkat cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 27:1997;2805-2811
45. Borsello T., Clarke P.G., Hirt L., Vercelli A., Repici M., Schorderet D.F., Bogousslavsky J., Bonny C. A peptide inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase protects against excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia. Nat. Med. 9:2003;1180-1186
46. Brake D.A., Debouck C., Biesecker G. Identification of an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) cell adhesion site in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transactivation protein, tat. J. Cell Biol. 111:1990;1275-1281
47. Bres V., Tagami H., Peloponese J.M., Loret E., Jeang K.T., Nakatani Y., Emiliani S., Benkirane M., Kiernan R.E. Differential acetylation of Tat coordinates its interaction with the co-activators cyclin T1 and PCAF. EMBO J. 21:2002;6811-6819
48. Brigati C., Giacca M., Noonan D.M., Albini A. HIV Tat, its TARgets and the control of viral gene expression. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 220:2003;57-65
49. Brink C., Österberg E., Holmberg K., Tiberg F. Using poly(ethylene imine) to graft poly(ethylene glycol) or polysaccharide to polystyrene. Colloids Surf. 66:1992;149-156
50. Bruce-Keller A.J., Chauhan A., Dimayuga F.O., Gee J., Keller J.N., Nath A. Synaptic transport of human immunodeficiency virus-Tat protein causes neurotoxicity and gliosis in rat brain. J. Neurosci. 23:2003;8417-8422
51. Brugidou J., Legrand C., Mery J., Rabie A. The retro-inverso form of a homeobox-derived short peptide is rapidly internalised by cultured neurones: a new basis for an efficient intracellular delivery system. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 214:1995;685-693
52. Bruyninckx W.J., Comerford K.M., Lawrence D.W., Colgan S.P. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase modulation of beta(3)-integrin represents an endogenous "braking" mechanism during neutrophil transmatrix migration. Blood. 97:2001;3251-3258
53. Bullok K.E., Dyszlewski M., Prior J.L., Pica C.M., Sharma V., Piwnica-Worms D. Characterization of novel histidine-tagged tat-Peptide complexes dual-labeled with (99m)tc-tricarbonyl and fluorescein for scintigraphy and fluorescence microscopy. Bioconjugate Chem. 13:2002;1226-1237
54. Buschle M., Schmidt W., Zauner W., Mechtler K., Trska B., Kirlappos H., Birnstiel M.L. Transloading of tumor antigen-derived peptides into antigen-presenting cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94:1997;3256-3261
55. Byrnes C.K., Khan F.H., Nass P.H., Hatoum C., Duncan M.D., Harmon J.W. Success and limitations of a naked plasmid transfection protocol for keratinocyte growth factor-1 to enhance cutaneous wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 9:2001;341-346
56. Cao G., Pei W., Ge H., Liang Q., Luo Y., Sharp F.R., Lu A., Ran R., Graham S.H., Chen J. In vivo delivery of a Bcl-xL fusion protein containing the TAT protein transduction domain protects against ischemic brain injury and neuronal apoptosis. J. Neurosci. 22:2002;5423-5431
57. Caron N.J., Torrente Y., Camirand G., Bujold M., Chapdelaine P., Leriche K., Bresolin N., Tremblay J.P. Intracellular delivery of a Tat-eGFP fusion protein into muscle cells. Molec. Ther. 3:2001;310-318
58. Cashman S.M., Sadowski S.L., Morris D.J., Frederick J., Kumar-Singh R. Intercellular trafficking of adenovirus-delivered HSV VP22 from the retinal pigment epithelium to the photoreceptors - Implications for gene therapy. Molec. Ther. 6:2002;813-823
59. Cashman S.M., Morris D.J., Kumar-Singh R. Evidence of protein transduction but not intercellular transport by proteins fused to HIV tat in retinal cell culture and in vivo. Molec. Ther. 8:2003;130-142
60. Chaloin L., Vidal P., Lory P., Mery J., Lautredou N., Divita G., Heitz F. Design of carrier peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates with rapid membrane translocation and nuclear localization properties. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243:1998;601-608
61. Chang M., Zhang L., Tam J.P., Sanders-Bush E. Dissecting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways with membrane-permeable blocking peptides. Endogenous 5-HT(2C) receptors in choroid plexus epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;7021-7029
62. Chang M.S., Tam J.P., Sanders-Bush E. Dissecting intracellular signaling pathways with membrane-permeable peptides. Sci. STKE. 2000;L1
63. Chatelin L., Volovitch M., Joliot A.H., Perez F., Prochiantz A. Transcription factor hoxa-5 is taken up by cells in culture and conveyed to their nuclei. Mech. Dev. 55:1996;111-117
64. Chauhan A., Turchan J., Pocernich C., Bruce-Keller A., Roth S., Butterfield D.A., Major E.O., Nath A. Intracellular human immunodeficiency virus Tat expression in astrocytes promotes astrocyte survival but induces potent neurotoxicity at distant sites via axonal transport. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;13512-13519
65. Check E. A tragic setback. Nature. 420:2002;116-118
66. Chellaiah M.A., Soga N., Swanson S., McAllister S., Alvarez U., Wang D., Dowdy S.F., Hruska K.A. Rho-A is critical for osteoclast podosome organization, motility, and bone resorption. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;11993-12002
67. Chen H.C., Brown J.H., Morell J.L., Huang C.M. Synthetic magainin analogues with improved antimicrobial activity. FEBS Lett. 236:1988;462-466
68. Chen Y.N., Sharma S.K., Ramsey T.M., Jiang L., Martin M.S., Baker K., Adams P.D., Bair K.W., Kaelin W.G. Jr. Selective killing of transformed cells by cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 antagonists. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96:1999;4325-4329
69. Chen L., Hahn H., Wu G., Chen C.H., Liron T., Schechtman D., Cavallaro G., Banci L., Guo Y., Bolli R., Dorn G.W. II, Mochly-Rosen D. Opposing cardioprotective actions and parallel hypertrophic effects of delta PKC and epsilon PKC. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:2001;11114-11119
70. Chen L., Wright L.R., Chen C.H., Oliver S.F., Wender P.A., Mochly-Rosen D. Molecular transporters for peptides: delivery of a cardioprotective epsilonPKC agonist peptide into cells and intact ischemic heart using a transport system R(7). Chem. Biol. 8:2001;1123-1129
71. Chen D., Wang M., Zhou S., Zhou Q. HIV-1 Tat targets microtubules to induce apoptosis, a process promoted by the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim. EMBO J. 21:2002;6801-6810
72. Chen M., Won D.J., Krajewski S., Gottlieb R.A. Calpain and mitochondria in ischemia/reperfusion injury. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;29181-29186
73. Cheng W.F., Hung C.F., Hsu K.F., Chai C.Y., He L., Polo J.M., Slater L.A., Ling M., Wu T.C. Cancer immunotherapy using Sindbis virus replicon particles encoding a VP22-antigen fusion. Hum. Gene. Ther. 13:2002;553-568
74. Chico D.E., Given R.L., Miller B.T. Binding of cationic cell-permeable peptides to plastic and glass. Peptides. 24:2003;3-9
75. Chikh G., Bally M., Schutze-Redelmeier M.P. Characterization of hybrid CTL epitope delivery systems consisting of the Antennapedia homeodomain peptide vector formulated in liposomes. J. Immunol. Methods. 254:2001;119-135
76. Choi M., Rolle S., Wellner M., Cardoso M.C., Scheidereit C., Luft F.C., Kettritz R. Inhibition of NF-kappaB by a TAT-NEMO-binding domain peptide accelerates constitutive apoptosis and abrogates LPS-delayed neutrophil apoptosis. Blood. 102:2003;2259-2267
77. Choi M., Rolle S., Wellner M., Cardoso M.C., Scheidereit C., Luft F.C., Kettritz R. Inhibition of NF-{kappa}B by a TAT-NEMO-binding domain peptide accelerates constitutive apoptosis and abrogates LPS-delayed neutrophil apoptosis. Blood. 102(6):2003;2259-2267
78. Christiaens B., Symoens S., Verheyden S., Engelborghs Y., Joliot A., Prochiantz A., Vandekerckhove J., Rosseneu M., Vanloo B., Vanderheyden S. Tryptophan fluorescence study of the interaction of penetratin peptides with model membranes. Eur. J. Biochem. 269:2002;2918-2926
79. Cohen-Saidon C., Nechushtan H., Kahlon S., Livni N., Nissim A., Razin E. A novel strategy using single chain antibody to show the importance of Bcl-2 in mast cell survival. Blood. 5:2003;2506-2512
80. Connolly J.B. Lentiviruses in gene therapy clinical research. Gene Ther. 9:2002;1730-1734
81. Console S., Marty C., Garcia-Echeverria C., Schwendener R., Ballmer-Hofer K. Antennapedia and HIV transactivator of transcription (TAT) "protein transduction domains" promote endocytosis of high molecular weight cargo upon binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;35109-35114
82. Corallini A., Sampaolesi R., Possati L., Merlin M., Bagnarelli P., Piola C., Fabris M., Menegatti M.A., Talevi S., Gibellini D., Rocchetti R., Caputo A., Barbanti-Brodano G. Inhibition of HIV-1 Tat activity correlates with down-regulation of bcl-2 and results in reduction of angiogenesis and oncogenicity. Virology. 299:2002;1-7
83. Cornetta K., Morgan R.A., Anderson W.F. Safety issues related to retroviral-mediated gene transfer in humans. Hum. Gene Ther. 2:1991;5-14
84. Corradin S., Ransijn A., Corradin G., Bouvier J., Delgado M.B., Fernandez-Carneado J., Mottram J.C., Vergeres G., Mauel J. Novel peptide inhibitors of Leishmania gp63 based on the cleavage site of MARCKS (myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate)-related protein. Biochem. J. 367:2002;761-769
85. Cussac D., Vidal M., Leprince C., Liu W.Q., Cornille F., Tiraboschi G., Roques B.P., Garbay C. A Sos-derived peptidimer blocks the Ras signaling pathway by binding both Grb2 SH3 domains and displays antiproliferative activity. FASEB J. 13:1999;31-38
86. Cutrona G., Carpaneto E.M., Ulivi M., Roncella S., Landt O., Ferrarini M., Boffa L.C. Effects in live cells of a c-myc anti-gene PNA linked to a nuclear localization signal. Nat. Biotechnol. 18:2000;300-303
87. Czajlik A., Meskó E., Penke B., Perczel A. Investigation of penetratin peptides. Part 1. The environment dependent conformational properties of penetratin and two of its derivatives. J. Pept. Sci. 8:2002;151-171
88. Darbinian N., Gallia G.L., King J., Del Valle L., Johnson E.M., Khalili K. Growth inhibition of glioblastoma cells by human Pur(alpha). J. Cell. Physiol. 189:2001;334-340
89. Dathe M., Schumann M., Wieprecht T., Winkler A., Beyermann M., Krause E., Matsuzaki K., Murase O., Bienert M. Peptide helicity and membrane surface charge modulate the balance of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with lipid bilayers and biological membranes. Biochemistry. 35:1996;12612-12622
90. Datta K., Sundberg C., Karumanchi S.A., Mukhopadhyay D. The 104-123 amino acid sequence of the beta-domain of von Hippel-Lindau gene product is sufficient to inhibit renal tumor growth and invasion. Cancer Res. 61:2001;1768-1775
91. Del Gaizo V., Mark Payne R. A novel TAT-mitochondrial signal sequence fusion protein is processed, stays in mitochondria, and crosses the placenta. Molec. Ther. 7:2003;720-730
92. Delli Bovi P., Curatola A.M., Kern F.G., Greco A., Ittmann M., Basilico C. An oncogene isolated by transfection of Kaposi's sarcoma DNA encodes a growth factor that is a member of the FGF family. Cell. 50:1987;729-737
93. Demarchi F., d'Adda di Fagagna F., Falaschi A., Giacca M. Activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB by the Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 70:1996;4427-4437
94. Derer W., Easwaran H.P., Knopf C.W., Leonhardt H., Cardoso M.C. Direct protein transfer to terminally differentiated muscle cells. J. Mol. Med. 77:1999;609-613
95. Derossi D., Joliot A.H., Chassaing G., Prochiantz A. The third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain translocates through biological membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;10444-10450
96. Derossi D., Calvet S., Trembleau A., Brunissen A., Chassaing G., Prochiantz A. Cell internalization of the third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain is receptor-independent. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;18188-18193
97. Derossi D., Chassaing G., Prochiantz A. Trojan peptides: the penetratin system for intracellular delivery. Trends Cell Biol. 8:1998;84-87
98. Derossi D., Williams E.J., Green P.J., Dunican D.J., Doherty P. Stimulation of mitogenesis by a cell-permeable PI 3-kinase binding peptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 251:1998;148-152
99. Dhawan S., Dua M., Chishti A.H., Hanspal M. Ankyrin peptide blocks falcipain-2-mediated malaria parasite release from red blood cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;30180-30186
100. Dietz G.P., Kilic E., Bähr M. Inhibition of neuronal apoptosis in vitro and in vivo using TAT-mediated protein transduction. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 21:2002;29-37
101. Dilber M.S., Phelan A., Aints A., Mohamed A.J., Elliott G., Smith C.I., O'Hare P. Intercellular delivery of thymidine kinase prodrug activating enzyme by the herpes simplex virus protein, VP22. Gene Ther. 6:1999;12-21
102. Dilks K., Rose R.W., Hartmann E., Pohlschroder M. Prokaryotic utilization of the twin-arginine translocation pathway: a genomic survey. J. Bacteriol. 185:2003;1478-1483
103. DiPolo A., Aigner L.J., Dunn R.J., Bray G.M., Aguayo A.J. Prolonged delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by adenovirus-infected Muller cells temporarily rescues injured retinal ganglion cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:1998;3978-3983
104. Dokka S., Toledo-Velasquez D., Shi X., Wang L., Rojanasakul Y. Cellular delivery of oligonucleotides by synthetic import peptide carrier. Pharm. Res. 14:1997;1759-1764
105. Dolgilevich S., Zaidi N., Song J., Abe E., Moonga B.S., Sun L. Transduction of TAT fusion proteins into osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 299:2002;505-509
106. Dom G., Shaw-Jackson C., Matis C., Bouffioux O., Picard J.J., Prochiantz A., Mingeot-Leclercq M.P., Brasseur R., Rezsohazy R. Cellular uptake of Antennapedia Penetratin peptides is a two-step process in which phase transfer precedes a tryptophan-dependent translocation. Nucleic Acids Res. 31:2003;556-561
107. Dormeyer W., Dorr A., Ott M., Schnolzer M. Acetylation of the HIV-1 Tat protein: an in vitro study. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 376:2003;994-1005
108. Dostmann W.R., Taylor M.S., Nickl C.K., Brayden J.E., Frank R., Tegge W.J. Highly specific, membrane-permeant peptide blockers of cGMP-dependent protein kinase Ialpha inhibit NO-induced cerebral dilation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:2000;14772-14777
109. Drin G., Demene H., Temsamani J., Brasseur R. Translocation of the pAntp peptide and its amphipathic analogue AP-2AL. Biochemistry. 40:2001;1824-1834
110. Drin G., Cottin S., Blanc E., Rees A.R., Temsamani J. Studies on the internalisation mechanism of cationic cell-penetrating peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;31192-31201
111. Du C., Yao S., Rojas M., Lin Y.Z. Conformational and topological requirements of cell-permeable peptide function. J. Pept. Res. 51:1998;235-243
112. Dunican D.J., Doherty P. Designing cell-permeant phosphopeptides to modulate intracellular signaling pathways. Biopolymers. 60:2001;45-60
113. Eck S.L. The prospects for gene therapy. Hosp. Pract. 34:1999;67-75
114. Eguchi A., Akuta T., Okuyama H., Senda T., Yokoi H., Inokuchi H., Fujita S., Hayakawa T., Takeda K., Hasegawa M., Nakanishi M. Protein transduction domain of HIV-1 Tat protein promotes efficient delivery of DNA into mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;26204-26210
115. Elliger S.S., Elliger C.A., Lang C., Watson G.L. Enhanced secretion and uptake of beta-glucuronidase improves adeno-associated viral-mediated gene therapy of mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mice. Molec. Ther. 5:2002;617-626
116. Elliott G., O'Hare P. Intercellular trafficking and protein delivery by a herpesvirus structural protein. Cell. 88:1997;223-233
117. Elliott G., O'Hare P. Intercellular trafficking of VP22-GFP fusion proteins. Gene Ther. 6:1999;149-151
118. Elmquist A., Langel U. In vitro uptake and stability study of pVEC and its all-D analog. Biol. Chem. 384:2003;387-393
119. Elmquist A., Lindgren M., Bartfai T., Langel U. VE-cadherin-derived cell-penetrating peptide, pVEC, with carrier functions. Exp. Cell Res. 269:2001;237-244
120. Embury J., Klein D., Pileggi A., Ribeiro M., Jayaraman S., Molano R.D., Fraker C., Kenyon N., Ricordi C., Inverardi L., Pastori R.L. Proteins linked to a protein transduction domain efficiently transduce pancreatic islets. Diabetes. 50:2001;1706-1713
121. Emi N., Kidoaki S., Yoshikawa K., Saito H. Gene transfer mediated by polyarginine requires a formation of big carrier-complex of DNA aggregate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 231:1997;421-424
122. Eriksson A., Cao R., Roy J., Tritsaris K., Wahlestedt C., Dissing S., Thyberg J., Cao Y. Small GTP-binding protein Rac is an essential mediator of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial fenestrations and vascular permeability. Circulation. 107:2003;1532-1538
123. Etkin A., Giustetto M., Miniaci M.C., Si K., Zhu V., Kandel E.R. High efficiency delivery of an antisense oligo with branch-specific resolution to invertebrate neurons and to the mammalian hippocampus in vivo. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts. 2002;. (Program No. 346.14)
124. Eugenin E.A., D'Aversa T.G., Lopez L., Calderon T.M., Berman J.W. MCP-1 (CCL2) protects human neurons and astrocytes from NMDA or HIV-tat-induced apoptosis. J. Neurochem. 85:2003;1299-1311
125. Eum W.S., Choung I.S., Kim A.Y., Lee Y.J., Kang J.H., Park J., Lee K.S., Kwon H.Y., Choi S.Y. Transduction efficacy of Tat-Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase is enhanced by copper ion recovery of the fusion protein. Mol. Cell. 13:2002;334-340
126. Ezhevsky S.A., Nagahara H., Vocero-Akbani A.M., Gius D.R., Wei M.C., Dowdy S.F. Hypo-phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by cyclin D:Cdk4/6 complexes results in active pRb. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94:1997;10699-10704
127. Ezhevsky S.A., Ho A., Becker-Hapak M., Davis P.K., Dowdy S.F. Differential regulation of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein by G(1) cyclin-dependent kinase complexes in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21:2001;4773-4784
128. Fahraeus R., Paramio J.M., Ball K.L., Lain S., Lane D.P. Inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and cell-cycle progression by a 20-residue peptide derived from p16CDKN2/INK4A. Curr. Biol. 6:1996;84-91
129. Fahraeus R., Lain S., Ball K.L., Lane D.P. Characterization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory domain of the INK4 family as a model for a synthetic tumour suppressor molecule. Oncogene. 16:1998;587-596
130. Falnes P.O., Wesche J., Olsnes S. Ability of the Tat basic domain and VP22 to mediate cell binding, but not membrane translocation of the diphtheria toxin A-fragment. Biochemistry. 40:2001;4349-4358
131. Fang B., Xu B., Koch P., Roth J.A. Intercellular trafficking of VP22-GFP fusion proteins is not observed in cultured mammalian cells. Gene Ther. 5:1998;1420-1424
132. Fawell S., Seery J., Daikh Y., Moore C., Chen L.L., Pepinsky B., Barsoum J. Tat-mediated delivery of heterologous proteins into cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91:1994;664-668
133. Feligioni M., Raiteri L., Pattarini R., Grilli M., Bruzzone S., Cavazzani P., Raiteri M., Pittaluga A. The human immunodeficiency virus-1 protein Tat and its discrete fragments evoke selective release of acetylcholine from human and rat cerebrocortical terminals through species-specific mechanisms. J. Neurosci. 23:2003;6810-6818
134. Fenton M., Bone N., Sinclair A.J. The efficient and rapid import of a peptide into primary B and T lymphocytes and a lymphoblastoid cell line. J. Immunol. Methods. 212:1998;41-48
135. Ferrari A., Pellegrini V., Arcangeli C., Fittipaldi A., Giacca M., Beltram F. Caveolae-mediated internalization of extracellular HIV-1 tat fusion proteins visualized in real time. Molec. Ther. 8:2003;284-294
136. Fischer P.M., Lane D.P. Inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases as anti-cancer therapeutics. Curr. Med. Chem. 7:2000;1213-1245
137. Fischer P.M., Zhelev N.Z., Wang S., Melville J.E., Fahraeus R., Lane D.P. Structure-activity relationship of truncated and substituted analogues of the intracellular delivery vector Penetratin. J. Pept. Res. 55:2000;163-172
138. Fischer P.M., Krausz E., Lane D.P. Cellular delivery of impermeable effector molecules in the form of conjugates with peptides capable of mediating membrane translocation. Bioconjugate Chem. 12:2001;825-841
139. Fischer R., Waizenegger T., Kohler K., Brock R. A quantitative validation of fluorophore-labelled cell-permeable peptide conjugates: fluorophore and cargo dependence of import. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1564:2002;365-374
140. Fisher K.D., Ulbrich K., Subr V., Ward C.M., Mautner V., Blakey D., Seymour L.W. A versatile system for receptor-mediated gene delivery permits increased entry of DNA into target cells, enhanced delivery to the nucleus and elevated rates of transgene expression. Gene Ther. 7:2000;1337-1343
141. Fittipaldi A., Ferrari A., Zoppe M., Arcangeli C., Pellegrini V., Beltram F., Giacca M. Cell membrane lipid rafts mediate caveolar endocytosis of HIV-1 tat fusion proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;34141-34149
142. Flora G., Lee Y.W., Nath A., Hennig B., Maragos W., Toborek M. Methamphetamine potentiates HIV-1 Tat protein-mediated activation of redox-sensitive pathways in discrete regions of the brain. Exp. Neurol. 179:2003;60-70
143. Flynn C.R., Komalavilas P., Tessier D., Thresher J., Niederkofler E.E., Dreiza C.M., Nelson R.W., Panitch A., Joshi L., Brophy C.M. Transduction of biologically active motifs of the small heat shock-related protein HSP20 leads to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. FASEB J. 17:2003;1358-1360
144. Fra A.M., Williamson E., Simons K., Parton R.G. Detergent-insoluble glycolipid microdomains in lymphocytes in the absence of caveolae. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;30745-30748
145. Frankel A.D., Pabo C.O. Cellular uptake of the tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus. Cell. 55:1988;1189-1193
146. Frenkel S., Kay G., Nechushtan H., Razin E. Nuclear translocation of upstream stimulating factor 2 (USF2) in activated mast cells: a possible role in their survival. J. Immunol. 161:1998;2881-2887
147. Fujihara S.M., Nadler S.G. Intranuclear targeted delivery of functional NF-kappaB by 70 kDa heat shock protein. EMBO J. 18:1999;411-419
148. Fujimoto K., Hosotani R., Miyamoto Y., Doi R., Koshiba T., Otaka A., Fujii N., Beauchamp R.D., Imamura M. Inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and cell cycle progression by an antennapedia-p16(INK4A) fusion peptide in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 159:2000;151-158
149. Fujiwara T., Yamamori T., Akagawa K. Suppression of transmitter release by Tat HPC-1/syntaxin 1A fusion protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1539:2001;225-232
150. Futaki S. Arginine-rich peptides: potential for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and the mystery of the translocation mechanisms. Int. J. Pharm. 245:2002;1-7
151. Futaki S., Ohashi W., Suzuki T., Niwa M., Tanaka S., Ueda K., Harashima H., Sugiura Y. Stearylated arginine-rich peptides: a new class of transfection systems. Bioconjugate Chem. 12:2001;1005-1011
152. Futaki S., Suzuki T., Ohashi W., Yagami T., Tanaka S., Ueda K., Sugiura Y. Arginine-rich peptides. An abundant source of membrane-permeable peptides having potential as carriers for intracellular protein delivery. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;5836-5840
153. Futaki S., Nakase I., Suzuki T., Youjun Z., Sugiura Y. Translocation of branched-chain arginine peptides through cell membranes: flexibility in the spatial disposition of positive charges in membrane-permeable peptides. Biochemistry. 41:2002;7925-7930
154. Futaki S., Goto S., Suzuki T., Nakase I., Sugiura Y. Structural variety of membrane permeable peptides. Curr. Prot. Pept. Sci. 4:2003;87-96
155. Gage F.H., Coates P.W., Palmer T.D., Kuhn H.G., Fisher L.J., Suhonen
156. Gallouzi I.E., Steitz J.A. Delineation of mRNA export pathways by the use of cell-permeable peptides. Science. 294:2001;1895-1901
157. Gammon S.T., Villalobos V.M., Prior J.L., Sharma V., Piwnica-Worms D. Quantitative analysis of permeation Peptide complexes labeled with technetium-99m: chiral and sequence-specific effects on net cell uptake. Bioconjugate Chem. 14:2003;368-376
158. Gawlak S.L., Pastan I., Siegall C.B. Basic fibroblast growth factor-Pseudomonas exotoxin chimeric proteins; comparison with acidic fibroblast growth factor-Pseudomonas exotoxin. Bioconjugate Chem. 4:1993;483-489
159. Gazit E., Boman A., Boman H.G., Shai Y. Interaction of the mammalian antibacterial peptide cecropin P1 with phospholipid vesicles. Biochemistry. 34:1995;11479-11488
160. Gazouli M., Han Z., Papadopoulos V. Identification of a peptide antagonist to the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor that inhibits hormone-stimulated leydig cell steroid formation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303:2002;627-632
161. Gerlach M., Braak H., Hartmann A., Jost W.H., Odin P., Priller J., Schwarz J. Current state of stem cell research for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. 249:2002;III/33-III/35
162. Ghosh J.K., Shaool D., Guillaud P., Ciceron L., Mazier D., Kustanovich I., Shai Y., Mor A. Selective cytotoxicity of dermaseptin S3 toward intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum and the underlying molecular basis. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;31609-31616
163. Gibellini D., Re M.C., Ponti C., Maldini C., Celeghini C., Cappellini A., La Placa M., Zauli G. HIV-1 Tat protects CD4+ Jurkat T lymphoblastoid cells from apoptosis mediated by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Cell Immunol. 207:2001;89-99
164. Gil-Parrado S., Assfalg-Machleidt I., Fiorino F., Deluca D., Pfeiler D., Schaschke N., Moroder L., Machleidt W. Calpastatin exon 1B-derived peptide, a selective inhibitor of calpain: enhancing cell permeability by conjugation with penetratin. Biol. Chem. 384:2003;395-402
165. Giorello L., Clerico L., Pescarolo M.P., Vikhanskaya F., Salmona M., Colella G., Bruno S., Mancuso T., Bagnasco L., Russo P., Parodi S. Inhibition of cancer cell growth and c-Myc transcriptional activity by a c-Myc helix 1-type peptide fused to an internalization sequence. Cancer Res. 58:1998;3654-3659
166. Gius D.R., Ezhevsky S.A., Becker-Hapak M., Nagahara H., Wei M.C., Dowdy S.F. Transduced p16INK4a peptides inhibit hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle progression prior to activation of Cdk2 complexes in late G1. Cancer Res. 59:1999;2577-2580
167. Goldstein G. HIV-1 Tat protein as a potential AIDS vaccine. Nat. Med. 2:1996;960-964
168. Goubaeva F., Ghosh M., Malik S., Yang J., Hinkle P.M., Griendling K.K., Neubig R.R., Smrcka A.V. Stimulation of cellular signaling and G protein subunit dissociation by G protein betagamma subunit-binding peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;19634-19641
169. Gozes I. Neuroprotective peptide drug delivery and development: potential new therapeutics. Trends Neurosci. 24:2001;700-705
170. Gratton J.P., Yu J., Griffith J.W., Babbitt R.W., Scotland R.S., Hickey R., Giordano F.J., Sessa W.C. Cell-permeable peptides improve cellular uptake and therapeutic gene delivery of replication-deficient viruses in cells and in vivo. Nat. Med. 9:2003;357-362
171. Green M., Loewenstein P.M. Autonomous functional domains of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus tat trans-activator protein. Cell. 55:1988;1179-1188
172. Green I., Christison R., Voyce C.J., Bundell K.R., Lindsay M.A. Protein transduction domains: are they delivering? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24:2003;213-215
173. Greenberg R., Whalley C.E., Jourdikian F., Mendelson I.S., Walter R., Nikolics K., Coy D.H., Schally A.V., Kastin A.J. Peptides readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier: uptake of peptides by synaptosomes is passive. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 5:1976;151-158
174. Greenwood J., Amos C.L., Walters C.E., Couraud P.O., Lyck R., Engelhardt B., Adamson P. Intracellular domain of brain endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is essential for T lymphocyte-mediated signaling and migration. J. Immunol. 171:2003;2099-2108
175. Guizzetti M., Bordi F., Dieguez-acuna F.J., Vitalone A., Madia F., Woods J.S., Costa L.G. Nuclear factor kappab activation by muscarinic receptors in astroglial cells: effect of ethanol. Neuroscience. 120:2003;941-950
176. Gustafsson A.B., Sayen M.R., Williams S.D., Crow M.T., Gottlieb R.A. TAT protein transduction into isolated perfused hearts: TAT-apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain is cardioprotective. Circulation. 106:2002;735-739
177. Hakansson S., Caffrey M. Structural and dynamic properties of the HIV-1 tat transduction domain in the free and heparin-bound states. Biochemistry. 42:2003;8999-9006
178. Hakansson S., Jacobs A., Caffrey M. Heparin binding by the HIV-1 tat protein transduction domain. Protein Sci. 10:2001;2138-2139
179. Hall H., Williams E.J., Moore S.E., Walsh F.S., Prochiantz A., Doherty P. Inhibition of FGF-stimulated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and neurite outgrowth by a cell-membrane permeable phosphopeptide. Curr. Biol. 6:1996;580-587
180. Hall D.J., Cui J., Bates M.E., Stout B.A., Koenderman L., Coffer P.J., Bertics P.J. Transduction of a dominant-negative H-Ras into human eosinophils attenuates extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and interleukin-5-mediated cell viability. Blood. 98:2001;2014-2021
181. Hallbrink M., Floren A., Elmquist A., Pooga M., Bartfai T., Langel U. Cargo delivery kinetics of cell-penetrating peptides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1515:2001;101-109
182. Han K., Jeon M.J., Kim K.A., Park J., Choi S.Y. Efficient intracellular delivery of GFP by homeodomains of Drosophila Fushi-tarazu and Engrailed proteins. Mol. Cells. 10:2000;728-732
183. Han K., Jeon M.J., Kim S.H., Ki D., Bahn J.H., Lee K.S., Park J., Choi S.Y. Efficient intracellular delivery of an exogenous protein GFP with genetically fused basic oligopeptides. Mol. Cells. 12:2001;267-271
184. Han H., Fuortes M., Nathan C. Critical role of the carboxyl terminus of proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2) in the activation of human neutrophils by tumor necrosis factor: separation of signals for the respiratory burst and degranulation. J. Exp. Med. 197:2003;63-75
185. Hansen A.C., Pedersen F.S. Safety features of retroviral vectors. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 4:2002;324-333
186. Harada H., Hiraoka M., Kizaka-Kondoh S. Antitumor effect of TAT-oxygen-dependent degradation-caspase-3 fusion protein specifically stabilized and activated in hypoxic tumor cells. Cancer Res. 62:2002;2013-2018
187. Hariton-Gazal E., Feder R., Mor A., Graessmann A., Brack-Werner R., Jans D., Gilon C., Loyter A. Targeting of nonkaryophilic cell-permeable peptides into the nuclei of intact cells by covalently attached nuclear localization signals. Biochemistry. 41:2002;9208-9214
188. Hashimoto K., Joshi S.K., Koni P.A. A conditional null allele of the major histocompatibility IA-beta chain gene. Genesis. 32:2002;152-153
189. Hauber J., Malim M.H., Cullen B.R. Mutational analysis of the conserved basic domain of human immunodeficiency virus tat protein. J. Virol. 63:1989;1181-1187
190. Haughey N.J., Mattson M.P. Calcium dysregulation and neuronal apoptosis by the HIV-1 proteins Tat and gp120. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 31:2002;S55-S61
191. He D.Y., Vagts A.J., Yaka R., Ron D. Ethanol induces gene expression via nuclear compartmentalization of receptor for activated C kinase 1. Mol. Pharmacol. 62:2002;272-280
192. Heckl S., Pipkorn R., Waldeck W., Spring H., Jenne J., von der Lieth C.W., Corban-Wilhelm H., Debus J., Braun K. Intracellular visualization of prostate cancer using magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Res. 63:2003;4766-4772
193. Hengge U.R., Walker P.S., Vogel J.C. Expression of naked DNA in human, pig, and mouse skin. J. Clin. Invest. 97:1996;2911-2916
194. Hennig A.K., Levy B., Ogilvie J.M., Vogler C.A., Galvin N., Bassnett S., Sands M.S. Intravitreal gene therapy reduces lysosomal storage in specific areas of the CNS in mucopolysaccharidosis VII mice. J. Neurosci. 23:2003;3302-3307
195. Herbert T.P., Fahraeus R., Prescott A., Lane D.P., Proud C.G. Rapid induction of apoptosis mediated by peptides that bind initiation factor eIF4E. Curr. Biol. 10:2000;793-796
196. Herweijer H., Wolff J.A. Progress and prospects: naked DNA gene transfer and therapy. Gene Ther. 10:2003;453-458
197. Hickman M.A., Malone R.W., Lehmann-Bruinsma K., Sih T.R., Knoell D., Szoka F.C., Walzem R., Carlson D.M., Powell J.S. Gene expression following direct injection of DNA into liver. Hum. Gene Ther. 5:1994;1477-1483
198. Hjalm G., MacLeod R.J., Kifor O., Chattopadhyay N., Brown E.M. Filamin-a binds to the carboxyl-terminal tail of the calcium-sensing receptor, an interaction that participates in CaR-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;34880-34887
199. Ho A., Schwarze S.R., Mermelstein S.J., Waksman G., Dowdy S.F. Synthetic protein transduction domains: enhanced transduction potential in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 61:2001;474-477
200. Holinger E.P., Chittenden T., Lutz R.J. Bak BH3 peptides antagonize Bcl-xL function and induce apoptosis through cytochrome c-independent activation of caspases. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;13298-13304
201. Hsia C.Y., Cheng S., Owyang A.M., Dowdy S.F., Liou H.C. c-Rel regulation of the cell cycle in primary mouse B lymphocytes. Int. Immunol. 14:2002;905-916
202. Hu H., Miyauchi S., Bridges C.C., Smith S.B., Ganapathy V. Identification of a novel Na+- and Cl-coupled transport system for endogenous opioid peptides in retinal pigment epithelium and induction of the transport system by HIV-1 Tat. Biochem. J. 375:2003;17-22
203. Hutcheon G.W., Bolhuis A. The archaeal twin-arginine translocation pathway. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31:2003;686-689
204. Ignatovich I.A., Dizhe E.B., Pavlotskaya A.V., Akifiev B.N., Burov S.V., Orlov S.V., Perevozchikov A.P. Complexes of plasmid DNA with basic domain (47-57) of the HIV-1 Tat protein are transferred to mammalian cells by endocytosis-mediated pathways. J. Biol. 2003;25
205. Inagaki K., Hahn H.S., Dorn G.W. II, Mochly-Rosen D. Additive protection of the ischemic heart ex vivo by combined treatment with delta-protein kinase C inhibitor and epsilon-protein kinase C activator. Circulation. 108:2003;869-875
206. Isacson O. The production and use of cells as therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases. Lancet Neurol. 2:2003;417-424
207. Izmailova E., Bertley F.M., Huang Q., Makori N., Miller C.J., Young R.A., Aldovini A. HIV-1 Tat reprograms immature dendritic cells to express chemoattractants for activated T cells and macrophages. Nat. Med. 9:2003;191-197
208. Jacobson G.M., Dourron H.M., Liu J., Carretero O.A., Reddy D.J., Andrzejewski T., Pagano P.J. Novel NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor suppresses angioplasty-induced superoxide and neointimal hyperplasia of rat carotid artery. Circ. Res. 92:2003;637-643
209. Jeang K.T., Xiao H., Rich E.A. Multifaceted activities of the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription, Tat. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;28837-28840
210. Jensen K.D., Nori A., Tijerina M., Kopeckova P., Kopecek J. Cytoplasmic delivery and nuclear targeting of synthetic macromolecules. J. Controlled Release. 87:2003;89-105
211. Jeschke M.G., Richter G., Herndon D.N., Geissler E.K., Hartl M., Hofstatter F., Jauch K.W., Perez-Polo J.R. Therapeutic success and efficacy of nonviral liposomal cDNA gene transfer to the skin in vivo is dose dependent. Gene Ther. 8:2001;1777-1784
212. Jin L.H., Bahn J.H., Eum W.S., Kwon H.Y., Jang S.H., Han K.H., Kang T.C., Won M.H., Kang J.H., Cho S.W., Park J., Choi S.Y. Transduction of human catalase mediated by an HIV-1 TAT protein basic domain and arginine-rich peptides into mammalian cells. Free Radical Biol. Med. 31:2001;1509-1519
213. Jo D., Nashabi A., Doxsee C., Lin Q., Unutmaz D., Chen J., Ruley H.E. Epigenetic regulation of gene structure and function with a cell-permeable Cre recombinase. Nat. Biotechnol. 19:2001;929-933
214. Joliot A., Prochiantz A. Transduction peptides, from technology to physiology. Nat. Rev., Mol. Cell Biol. 6:2004;189-196
215. Joliot A., Pernelle C., Deagostini-Bazin H., Prochiantz A. Antennapedia homeobox peptide regulates neural morphogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88:1991;1864-1868
216. Joliot A.H., Triller A., Volovitch M., Pernelle C., Prochiantz A. Alpha-2,8-Polysialic acid is the neuronal surface receptor of antennapedia homeobox peptide. New Biol. 3:1991;1121-1134
217. Joliot A., Trembleau A., Raposo G., Calvet S., Volovitch M., Prochiantz A. Association of Engrailed homeoproteins with vesicles presenting caveolae-like properties. Development. 124:1997;1865-1875
218. Joliot A., Maizel A., Rosenberg D., Trembleau A., Dupas S., Volovitch M., Prochiantz A. Identification of a signal sequence necessary for the unconventional secretion of Engrailed homeoprotein. Curr. Biol. 8:1998;856-863
219. Jones K.A., Peterlin B.M. Control of RNA initiation and elongation at the HIV-1 promoter. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63:1994;717-743
220. Jooss K., Chirmule N. Immunity to adenovirus and adeno-associated viral vectors: implications for gene therapy. Gene Ther. 10:2003;955-963
221. Josephson L., Tung C.H., Moore A., Weissleder R. High-efficiency intracellular magnetic labeling with novel superparamagnetic-Tat peptide conjugates. Bioconjugate Chem. 10:1999;186-191
222. Joshi S.K., Hashimoto K., Koni P.A. Induced DNA recombination by Cre recombinase protein transduction. Genesis. 33:2002;48-54
223. Kabouridis P.S., Hasan M., Newson J., Gilroy D.W., Lawrence T. Inhibition of NF-kappa B activity by a membrane-transducing mutant of I kappa B alpha. J. Immunol. 169:2002;2587-2593
224. Kalderon D., Richardson W.D., Markham A.F., Smith A.E. Sequence requirements for nuclear location of simian virus 40 large-T antigen. Nature. 311:1984;33-38
225. Kalderon D., Roberts B.L., Richardson W.D., Smith A.E. A short amino acid sequence able to specify nuclear location. Cell. 39:1984;499-509
226. Kanovsky M., Raffo A., Drew L., Rosal R., Do T., Friedman F.K., Rubinstein P., Visser J., Robinson R., Brandt-Rauf P.W., Michl J., Fine R.L., Pincus M.R. Peptides from the amino terminal mdm-2-binding domain of p53, designed from conformational analysis, are selectively cytotoxic to transformed cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:2001;12438-12443
227. Kanovsky M., Michl J., Botzolaki G., Morin J., Kovac C., Chung D.L., Chie L., Friedman F.K., Pincus M.R. Peptides designed from molecular modeling studies of the ras-p21 protein induce phenotypic reversion of a pancreatic carcinoma cell line but have no effect on normal pancreatic acinar cell growth. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 52(3):2003;202-208
228. Kardinal C., Konkol B., Schulz A., Posern G., Lin H., Adermann K., Eulitz M., Estrov Z., Talpaz M., Arlinghaus R.B., Feller S.M. Cell-penetrating SH3 domain blocker peptides inhibit proliferation of primary blast cells from CML patients. FASEB J. 14:2000;1529-1538
229. Kardinal C., Konkol B., Lin H., Eulitz M., Schmidt E.K., Estrov Z., Talpaz M., Arlinghaus R.B., Feller S.M. Chronic myelogenous leukemia blast cell proliferation is inhibited by peptides that disrupt Grb2-SoS complexes. Blood. 98:2001;1773-1781
230. Karn J. Tackling Tat. J. Mol. Biol. 293:1999;235-254
231. Kasim V., Miyagishi M., Taira K. Control of siRNA expression utilizing Cre-loxP recombination system. Nucleic Acids Res. Suppl. 2003;255-256
232. Kask K., Berthold M., Bartfai T. Galanin receptors: involvement in feeding, pain, depression and Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci. 60:1997;1523-1533
233. Kato D., Miyazawa K., Ruas M., Starborg M., Wada I., Oka T., Sakai T., Peters G., Hara E. Features of replicative senescence induced by direct addition of antennapedia-p16INK4A fusion protein to human diploid fibroblasts. FEBS Lett. 427:1998;203-208
234. Kaushik N., Basu A., Palumbo P., Myers R.L., Pandey V.N. Anti-TAR polyamide nucleotide analog conjugated with a membrane-permeating peptide inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 production. J. Virol. 76:2002;3881-3891
235. Kawamura K.S., Su R.C., Nguyen L.T., Elford A.R., Ohashi P.S., Gariepy J. In vivo generation of cytotoxic T cells from epitopes displayed on peptide-based delivery vehicles. J. Immunol. 168:2002;5709-5715
236. Kelemen B.R., Hsiao K., Goueli S.A. Selective in vivo inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation using cell-permeable peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;8741-8748
237. Kilgore K.S., Schmid E., Shanley T.P., Flory C.M., Maheswari V., Tramontini N.L., Cohen H., Ward P.A., Friedl H.P., Warren J.S. Sublytic concentrations of the membrane attack complex of complement induce endothelial interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 through nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Am. J. Pathol. 150:1997;2019-2031
238. Kilic E., Dietz G.P.H., Hermann D.M., Bähr M. Intravenous TAT-Bcl-Xl is protective after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Ann. Neurol. 52:2002;617-622
239. Kilic Ü., Kilic E., Dietz G.P.H., Bähr M. Intravenous TAT-GDNF is protective after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Stroke. 34:2003;1304-1310
240. Kilic Ü., Kilic E., Dietz G.P.H., Bähr M. The TAT protein transduction domain enhances the neuroprotective effect of glial-cell-line- derived neurotropic factor after optic nerve transection. Neurodegener. Dis. 1(1):2004;44-49
241. Kilk K., Magzoub M., Pooga M., Eriksson L.E., Langel U., Gräslund A. Cellular internalization of a cargo complex with a novel peptide derived from the third helix of the islet-1 homeodomain. Comparison with the penetratin peptide. Bioconjugate Chem. 12:2001;911-916
242. Kim D.T., Mitchell D.J., Brockstedt D.G., Fong L., Nolan G.P., Fathman C.G., Engleman E.G., Rothbard J.B. Introduction of soluble proteins into the MHC class I pathway by conjugation to an HIV tat peptide. J. Immunol. 159:1997;1666-1668
243. Kim B.O., Liu Y., Ruan Y., Xu Z.C., Schantz L., He J.J. Neuropathologies in transgenic mice expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat protein under the regulation of the astrocyte-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter and doxycycline. Am. J. Pathol. 162:2003;1693-1707
244. Kim T.A., Avraham H.K., Koh Y.H., Jiang S., Park I.W., Avraham S. HIV-1 Tat-mediated apoptosis in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J. Immunol. 170:2003;2629-2637
245. King L.A., Mitrophanous K.A., Clark L.A., Kim V.N., Rohll J.B., Kingsman A.J., Colello R.J. Growth factor enhanced retroviral gene transfer to the adult central nervous system. Gene Ther. 7:2000;1103-1111
246. Kiosses W.B., Hood J., Yang S., Gerritsen M.E., Cheresh D.A., Alderson N., Schwartz M.A. A dominant-negative p65 PAK peptide inhibits angiogenesis. Circ. Res. 90:2002;697-702
247. Kleine T.O., Hackler R., Zofel P. Age-related alterations of the blood-brain-barrier (bbb) permeability to protein molecules of different size. Z. Gerontol. 26:1993;256-259
248. Klekotka P.A., Santoro S.A., Ho A., Dowdy S.F., Zutter M.M. Mammary epithelial cell-cycle progression via the alpha(2)beta(1) integrin: unique and synergistic roles of the alpha(2) cytoplasmic domain. Am. J. Pathol. 159:2001;983-992
249. Knight A., Carvajal J., Schneider H., Coutelle C., Chamberlain S., Fairweather N. Non-viral neuronal gene delivery mediated by the HC fragment of tetanus toxin. Eur. J. Biochem. 259:1999;762-769
250. Kokryakov V.N., Harwig S.S., Panyutich E.A., Shevchenko A.A., Aleshina G.M., Shamova O.V., Korneva H.A., Lehrer R.I. Protegrins: leukocyte antimicrobial peptides that combine features of corticostatic defensins and tachyplesins. FEBS Lett. 327:1993;231-236
251. Koppelhus U., Awasthi S.K., Zachar V., Holst H.U., Ebbesen P., Nielsen P.E. Cell-dependent differential cellular uptake of PNA, peptides, and PNA-peptide conjugates. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 12:2002;51-63
252. Kordower J.H., Emborg M.E., Bloch J., Ma S.Y., Chu Y., Leventhal L., McBride J., Chen E.Y., Palfi S., Roitberg B.Z., Brown W.D., Holden J.E., Pyzalski R., Taylor M.D., Carvey P., Ling Z., Trono D., Hantraye P., Deglon N., Aebischer P. Neurodegeneration prevented by lentiviral vector delivery of GDNF in primate models of Parkinson's disease. Science. 290:2000;767-773
253. Krämer S.D., Wunderli-Allenspach H. No entry for TAT(44-57) into liposomes and intact MDCK cells: novel approach to study membrane permeation of cell-penetrating peptides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1609:2003;161-169
254. Kretz A., Wybranietz W.A., Hermening S., Lauer U.M., Isenmann S. HSV-1 VP22 augments adenoviral gene transfer to CNS neurons in the retina and striatum in vivo. Molec. Ther. 7:2003;659-669
255. Kueltzo L.A., Middaugh C.R. Potential use of non-classical pathways for the transport of macromolecular drugs. Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs. 9:2000;2039-2050
256. Kueltzo L.A., Normand N., O'Hare P., Middaugh C.R. Conformational lability of herpesvirus protein VP22. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;33213-33221
257. Kügler S., Kilic E., Bähr M. Human synapsin 1 gene promoter confers highly neuron-specific long-term transgene expression from an adenoviral vector in the adult rat brain depending on the transduced area. Gene Ther. 10:2003;337-347
258. Kügler S., Lingor P., Scholl U., Zolotukhin S., Bähr M. Differential transgene expression in brain cells in vivo and in vitro from AAV-2 vectors with small transcriptional control units. Virology. 311:2003;89-95
259. Kumar T.K., Samuel D., Jayaraman G., Srimathi T., Yu C. The role of proline in the prevention of aggregation during protein folding in vitro. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 46:1998;509-517
260. Kunieda T., Kobayashi N., Sakaguchi M., Okitsu T., Totsugawa T., Watanabe T., Matsumura T., Maruyama M., Noguchi H., Takesue M., Shibata N., Ohmoto K., Fujiwara T., Yamamoto S., Tanaka N. Transduction of immortalized human hepatocytes with p21 to enhance differentiated phenotypes. Cell Transplant. 11:2002;421-428
261. Kwon H.Y., Eum W.S., Jang H.W., Kang J.H., Ryu J., Ryong Lee B., Jin L.H., Park J., Choi S.Y. Transduction of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase mediated by an HIV-1 Tat protein basic domain into mammalian cells. FEBS Lett. 485:2000;163-167
262. Lai Y., Du L., Wong H.R., Kochanek P.M., Jenkins L.W., Dunsmore K., Graham S.H., Clark R.S.B. Tat-HSP70 protects neurons from peroxynitrite and glutamate-induced cell death. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts. 2002;. (Program No. 225.1. 2002)
263. Langford D., Masliah E. Role of trophic factors on neuroimmunity in neurodegenerative infectious diseases. J. NeuroVirol. 8:2002;625-638
264. Lappi D.A., Baird A. Mitotoxins: growth factor-targeted cytotoxic molecules. Prog. Growth Factor Res. 2:1990;223-236
265. Lappi D.A., Ying W., Barthelemy I., Martineau D., Prieto I., Benatti L., Soria M., Baird A. Expression and activities of a recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor-saporin fusion protein. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;12552-12558
266. Lawrence M.S., McLaughlin J.R., Sun G.H., Ho D.Y., McIntosh L., Kunis D.M., Sapolsky R.M., Steinberg G.K. Herpes simplex viral vectors expressing Bcl-2 are neuroprotective when delivered after a stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17:1997;740-744
267. Le Belle J.E., Svendsen C.N. Stem cells for neurodegenerative disorders: where can we go from here? BioDrugs. 16:2002;389-401
268. Le Roux I., Joliot A.H., Bloch-Gallego E., Prochiantz A., Volovitch M. Neurotrophic activity of the Antennapedia homeodomain depends on its specific DNA-binding properties. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90:1993;9120-9124
269. Lea N.C., Buggins A.G., Orr S.J., Mufti G.J., Thomas N.S. High efficiency protein transduction of quiescent and proliferating primary hematopoietic cells. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods. 55:2003;251-258
270. Lea N.C., Orr S.J., Stoeber K., Williams G.H., Lam E.W., Ibrahim M.A., Mufti G.J., Thomas N.S. Commitment point during G0->G1 that controls entry into the cell cycle. Mol. Cell Biol. 23:2003;2351-2361
271. Lee H.J., Pardridge W.M. Pharmacokinetics and delivery of tat and tat-protein conjugates to tissues in vivo. Bioconjugate Chem. 12:2001;995-999
272. Leifert J.A., Harkins S., Whitton J.L. Full-length proteins attached to the HIV tat protein transduction domain are neither transduced between cells, nor exhibit enhanced immunogenicity. Gene Ther. 9:2002;1422-1428
273. Leonetti J.P., Degols G., Lebleu B. Biological activity of oligonucleotide-poly(L-lysine) conjugates: mechanism of cell uptake. Bioconjugate Chem. 1:1990;149-1453
274. Lewin M., Carlesso N., Tung C.H., Tang X.W., Cory D., Scadden D.T., Weissleder R. Tat peptide-derivatized magnetic nanoparticles allow in vivo tracking and recovery of progenitor cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 18:2000;410-414
275. Li H., Yao Z., Degenhardt B., Teper G., Papadopoulos V. Cholesterol binding at the cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and inhibition of steroidogenesis by an HIV TAT-CRAC peptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:2001;1267-1272
276. Li Y., Rosal R.V., Brandt-Rauf P.W., Fine R.L. Correlation between hydrophobic properties and efficiency of carrier-mediated membrane transduction and apoptosis of a p53 C-terminal peptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 298:2002;439-449
277. Lin Y.Z., Yao S.Y., Veach R.A., Torgerson T.R., Hawiger J. Inhibition of nuclear translocation of transcription factor NF-kappa B by a synthetic peptide containing a cell membrane-permeable motif and nuclear localization sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;14255-14258
278. Lin Y.Z., Yao S.Y., Hawiger J. Role of the nuclear localization sequence in fibroblast growth factor-1-stimulated mitogenic pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;5305-5308
279. Lin X., Nelson P., Gelman I.H. SSeCKS, a major protein kinase C substrate with tumor suppressor activity, regulates G(1)->S progression by controlling the expression and cellular compartmentalization of cyclin D. Mol. Cell Biol. 20:2000;7259-7272
280. Lindberg M., Jarvet J., Langel U., Gräslund A. Secondary structure and position of the cell-penetrating peptide transportan in SDS micelles as determined by NMR. Biochemistry. 40:2001;3141-3149
281. Lindberg M., Biverstahl H., Graslund A., Maler L. Structure and positioning comparison of two variants of penetratin in two different membrane mimicking systems by NMR. Eur. J. Biochem. 270:2003;3055-3063
282. Lindgren M., Gallet X., Soomets U., Hällbrink M., Brakenhielm E., Pooga M., Brasseur R., Langel U. Translocation properties of novel cell penetrating transportan and penetratin analogues. Bioconjugate Chem. 11:2000;619-626
283. Lindgren M.E., Hallbrink M.M., Elmquist A.M., Langel U. Passage of cell-penetrating peptides across a human epithelial cell layer in vitro. Biochem. J. 377(P+1):2003;69-76
284. Lindsay M.A. Peptide-mediated cell delivery: application in protein target validation. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2:2002;587-594
285. Linnik M.D., Zahos P., Geschwind M.D., Federoff H.J. Expression of bcl-2 from a defective herpes simplex virus-1 vector limits neuronal death in focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 26:1995;1670-1674. (discussion 1675)
286. Lissy N.A., Van Dyk L.F., Becker-Hapak M., Vocero-Akbani A., Mendler J.H., Dowdy S.F. TCR antigen-induced cell death occurs from a late G1 phase cell cycle check point. Immunity. 8:1998;57-65
287. Lissy N.A., Davis P.K., Irwin M., Kaelin W.G., Dowdy S.F. A common E2F-1 and p73 pathway mediates cell death induced by TCR activation. Nature. 407:2000;642-645
288. Liu K.Y., Timmons S., Lin Y.Z., Hawiger J. Identification of a functionally important sequence in the cytoplasmic tail of integrin beta 3 by using cell-permeable peptide analogs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93:1996;11819-11824
289. Liu G.S., Cohen M.V., Mochly-Rosen D., Downey J.M. Protein kinase C-epsilon is responsible for the protection of preconditioning in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 31:1999;1937-1948
290. Liu X.H., Castelli J.C., Youle R.J. Receptor-mediated uptake of an extracellular Bcl-x(L) fusion protein inhibits apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96:1999;9563-9567
291. Liu Y., Jones M., Hingtgen C.M., Bu G., Laribee N., Tanzi R.E., Moir R.D., Nath A., He J.J. Uptake of HIV-1 tat protein mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein disrupts the neuronal metabolic balance of the receptor ligands. Nat. Med. 6:2000;1380-1387
292. Liu C.S., Kong B., Xia H.H., Ellem K.A., Wei M.Q. VP22 enhanced intercellular trafficking of HSV thymidine kinase reduced the level of ganciclovir needed to cause suicide cell death. J. Gene Med. 3:2001;145-152
293. Liu J., Zhang Q., Remsen E.E., Wooley K.L. Nanostructured materials designed for cell binding and transduction. Biomacromolecules. 2:2001;362-368
294. Liu X.H., Collier R.J., Youle R.J. Inhibition of axotomy-induced neuronal apoptosis by extracellular delivery of a Bcl-XL fusion protein. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;46326-46332
295. Liu X., Jana M., Dasgupta S., Koka S., He J., Wood C., Pahan K. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) tat induces nitric-oxide synthase in human astroglia. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;39312-39319
296. Liu J., Yang F., Yang X.P., Jankowski M., Pagano P.J. NAD(P)H oxidase mediates angiotensin II-induced vascular macrophage infiltration and medial hypertrophy. Arterioscler., Thromb., Vasc. Biol. 92:2003;637-643
297. Lo E.H., Singhal A.B., Torchilin V.P., Abbott N.J. Drug delivery to damaged brain. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 38:2001;140-148
298. Löhr M., Kibler K.V., Zachary I., Jeang K.T., Selwood D.L. Small HIV-1-Tat peptides inhibit HIV replication in cultured T-cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 300:2003;609-613
299. Lopes N., Gregg D., Vasudevan S., Hassanain H., Goldschmidt-Clermont P., Kovacic H. Thrombospondin 2 regulates cell proliferation induced by Rac1 redox-dependent signaling. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:2003;5401-5408
300. Lundberg M., Johansson M. Is VP22 nuclear homing an artifact? Nat. Biotechnol. 19:2001;713-714
301. Lundberg M., Johansson M. Positively charged DNA-binding proteins cause apparent cell membrane translocation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 291:2002;367-371
302. Lundberg M., Wikstrom S., Johansson M. Cell surface adherence and endocytosis of protein transduction domains. Molec. Ther. 8:2003;143-150
303. MacDonald H.S., Kushnaryov V.M., Sedmak J.J., Grossberg S.E. Transport of gamma-interferon into the cell nucleus may be mediated by nuclear membrane receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 138:1986;254-260
304. Magzoub M., Kilk K., Eriksson L.E., Langel U., Gräslund A. Interaction and structure induction of cell-penetrating peptides in the presence of phospholipid vesicles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1512:2001;77-89
305. Magzoub M., Eriksson L.E., Gräslund A. Conformational states of the cell-penetrating peptide penetratin when interacting with phospholipid vesicles: effects of surface charge and peptide concentration. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1563:2002;53-63
306. Magzoub M., Eriksson L.E., Gräslund A. Comparison of the interaction, positioning, structure induction and membrane perturbation of cell-penetrating peptides and non-translocating variants with phospholipid vesicles. Biophys. Chem. 103:2003;271-288
307. Mai J.C., Shen H., Watkins S.C., Cheng T., Robbins P.D. Efficiency of protein transduction is cell type-dependent and is enhanced by dextran sulfate. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;30208-30218
308. Maizel A., Tassetto M., Filhol O., Cochet C., Prochiantz A., Joliot A. Engrailed homeoprotein secretion is a regulated process. Development. 129:2002;3545-3553
309. Mangoni M.E., Aumelas A., Charnet P., Roumestand C., Chiche L., Despaux E., Grassy G., Calas B., Chavanieu A. Change in membrane permeability induced by protegrin 1: implication of disulphide bridges for pore formation. FEBS Lett. 383:1996;93-98
310. Mann D.A., Frankel A.D. Endocytosis and targeting of exogenous HIV-1 Tat protein. EMBO J. 10:1991;1733-1739
311. Maragos W.F., Tillman P., Jones M., Bruce-Keller A.J., Roth S., Bell J.E., Nath A. Neuronal injury in hippocampus with human immunodeficiency virus transactivating protein, Tat. Neuroscience. 117:2003;43-53
312. Marshall E. Gene therapy. What to do when clear success comes with an unclear risk? Science. 298:2002;510-511
313. Marzio G., Tyagi M., Gutierrez M.I., Giacca M. HIV-1 tat transactivator recruits p300 and CREB-binding protein histone acetyltransferases to the viral promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:1998;13519-13524
314. Matsuoka N., Miyatake S., Yukawa H., Takahashi J.C., Saiki M., Mori H., Ishii K., Akimoto M., Hamada H., Hashimoto N. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of basic fibroblast growth factor promotes the survival of primary-cultured rat neuronal cells. NeuroReport. 11:2000;2001-2006
315. Matsushita M., Tomizawa K., Moriwaki A., Li S.T., Terada H., Matsui H. A high-efficiency protein transduction system demonstrating the role of PKA in long-lasting long-term potentiation. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;6000-6007
316. Matsuzaki K. Why and how are peptide-lipid interactions utilized for self-defense? Magainins and tachyplesins as archetypes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1462:1999;1-10
317. Matsuzaki K., Nakamura A., Murase O., Sugishita K., Fujii N., Miyajima K. Modulation of magainin 2-lipid bilayer interactions by peptide charge. Biochemistry. 36:1997;2104-2111
318. May M.J., D'Acquisto F., Madge L.A., Glockner J., Pober J.S., Ghosh S. Selective inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by a peptide that blocks the interaction of NEMO with the IkappaB kinase complex. Science. 289:2000;1550-1554
319. Mazel M., Clair P., Rousselle C., Vidal P., Scherrmann J.M., Mathieu D., Temsamani J. Doxorubicin-peptide conjugates overcome multidrug resistance. Anticancer Drugs. 12:2001;107-116
320. McInnes C., Andrews M.J., Zheleva D.I., Lane D.P., Fischer P.M. Peptidomimetic design of CDK inhibitors targeting the recruitment site of the cyclin subunit. Curr. Med. Chem. Anti-Cancer Agents. 3:2003;57-69
321. McKenzie D.L., Kwok K.Y., Rice K.G. A potent new class of reductively activated peptide gene delivery agents. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;9970-9977
322. Melan M.A., Sluder G. Redistribution and differential extraction of soluble proteins in permeabilized cultured cells. Implications for immunofluorescence microscopy. J. Cell Sci. 101:1992;731-743
323. Merwin J.R., Lynch M.J., Madri J.A., Pastan I., Siegall C.B. Acidic fibroblast growth factor-Pseudomonas exotoxin chimeric protein elicits antiangiogenic effects on endothelial cells. Cancer Res. 52:1992;4995-5001
324. Mi Z., Mai J., Lu X., Robbins P.D. Characterization of a class of cationic peptides able to facilitate efficient protein transduction in vitro and in vivo. Molec. Ther. 2:2000;339-347
325. Mi Z., Lu X., Mai J.C., Ng B.G., Wang G., Lechman E.R., Watkins S.C., Rabinowich H., Robbins P.D. Identification of a synovial fibroblast-specific protein transduction domain for delivery of apoptotic agents to hyperplastic synovium. Molec. Ther. 8:2003;295-305
326. Midoux P., Mendes C., Legrand A., Raimond J., Mayer R., Monsigny M., Roche A.C. Specific gene transfer mediated by lactosylated poly-L-lysine into hepatoma cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:1993;871-878
327. Minko T., Dharap S.S., Fabbricatore A.T. Enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs by the suppression of antiapoptotic cellular defense. Cancer Detect. Prev. 27:2003;193-202
328. Mitchell D.J., Kim D.T., Steinman L., Fathman C.G., Rothbard J.B. Polyarginine enters cells more efficiently than other polycationic homopolymers. J. Pept. Res. 56:2000;318-325
329. Mitola S., Sozzani S., Luini W., Primo L., Borsatti A., Weich H., Bussolino F. Tat-human immunodeficiency virus-1 induces human monocyte chemotaxis by activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. Blood. 90:1997;1365-1372
330. Mittelman J.M., Gudkov A.V. Generation of p53 suppressor peptide from the fragment of p53 protein. Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 25:1999;115-128
331. Montigiani S., Muller R., Kontermann R.E. Inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis by novel tetravalent peptides inhibiting DNA binding of E2F. Oncogene. 22:2003;4943-4952
332. Morris M.C., Vidal P., Chaloin L., Heitz F., Divita G. A new peptide vector for efficient delivery of oligonucleotides into mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:1997;2730-2736
333. Morris M.C., Depollier J., Mery J., Heitz F., Divita G. A peptide carrier for the delivery of biologically active proteins into mammalian cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 19:2001;1173-1176
334. Morris S.J., Smith H., Sweet C. Exploitation of the Herpes simplex virus translocating protein VP22 to carry influenza virus proteins into cells for studies of apoptosis: direct confirmation that neuraminidase induces apoptosis and indications that other proteins may have a role. Arch. Virol. 147:2002;961-979
335. Moulton H.M., Hase M.C., Smith K.M., Iversen P.L. HIV Tat peptide enhances cellular delivery of antisense morpholino oligomers. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 13:2003;31-43
336. Moy P., Daikh Y., Pepinsky B., Thomas D., Fawell S., Barsoum J. Tat-mediated protein delivery can facilitate MHC class I presentation of antigens. Mol. Biotechnol. 6:1996;105-113
337. Muchmore S.W., Sattler M., Liang H., Meadows R.P., Harlan J.E., Yoon H.S., Nettesheim D., Chang B.S., Thompson C.B., Wong S.L., Ng S.L., Fesik S.W. X-ray and NMR structure of human Bcl-xL, an inhibitor of programmed cell death. Nature. 381:1996;335-341
338. Mulders P., Pang S., Dannull J., Kaboo R., Hinkel A., Michel K., Tso C.L., Roth M., Belldegrun A. Highly efficient and consistent gene transfer into dendritic cells utilizing a combination of ultraviolet-irradiated adenovirus and poly(L-lysine) conjugates. Cancer Res. 58:1998;956-961
339. Mummert M.E., Mohamadzadeh M., Mummert D.I., Mizumoto N., Takashima A. Development of a peptide inhibitor of hyaluronan-mediated leukocyte trafficking. J. Exp. Med. 192:2000;769-779
340. Murphy A.L., Murphy S.J. Catch VP22: the hitch-hiker's ride to gene therapy? Gene Ther. 6:1999;4-5
341. Murphy J.E., Uno T., Hamer J.D., Cohen F.E., Dwarki V., Zuckermann R.N. A combinatorial approach to the discovery of efficient cationic peptoid reagents for gene delivery. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:1998;1517-1522
342. Mutoh M., Lung F.D., Long Y.Q., Roller P.P., Sikorski R.S., O'Connor P.M. A p21(Waf1/Cip1)carboxyl-terminal peptide exhibited cyclin-dependent kinase-inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity when introduced into human cells. Cancer Res. 59:1999;3480-3488
343. Myou S., Zhu X., Boetticher E., Myo S., Meliton A., Lambertino A., Munoz N.M., Leff A.R. Blockade of focal clustering and active conformation in beta 2-integrin-mediated adhesion of eosinophils to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 caused by transduction of HIV TAT-dominant negative Ras. J. Immunol. 169:2002;2670-2676
344. Nagahara H., Vocero-Akbani A.M., Snyder E.L., Ho A., Latham D.G., Lissy N.A., Becker-Hapak M., Ezhevsky S.A., Dowdy S.F. Transduction of full-length TAT fusion proteins into mammalian cells: TAT-p27Kip1 induces cell migration. Nat. Med. 4:1998;1449-1452
345. Nakahara Y., Gage F.H., Tuszynski M.H. Grafts of fibroblasts genetically modified to secrete NGF, BDNF, NT-3, or basic FGF elicit differential responses in the adult spinal cord. Cell Transplant. 5:1996;191-204
346. Nakamura T., Furunaka H., Miyata T., Tokunaga F., Muta T., Iwanaga S., Niwa M., Takao T., Shimonishi Y. Tachyplesin, a class of antimicrobial peptide from the hemocytes of the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus). Isolation and chemical structure. J. Biol. Chem. 263:1988;16709-16713
347. Nakanishi M., Eguchi A., Akuta T., Nagoshi E., Fujita S., Okabe J., Senda T., Hasegawa M. Basic peptides as functional components of non-viral gene transfer vehicles. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 4:2003;141-150
348. Namiki S., Tomida T., Tanabe M., Iino M., Hirose K. Intracellular delivery of glutathione S-transferase into mammalian cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 305:2003;592-597
349. Neuwelt E.A., Frenkel E.P., Rapoport S., Barnett P. Effect of osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption on methotrexate pharmacokinetics in the dog. Neurosurgery. 7:1980;36-43
350. Niesner U., Halin C., Lozzi L., Gunthert M., Neri P., Wunderli-Allenspach H., Zardi L., Neri D. Quantitation of the tumor-targeting properties of antibody fragments conjugated to cell-permeating HIV-1 TAT peptides. Bioconjugate Chem. 13:2002;729-736
351. Niidome T., Ohmori N., Ichinose A., Wada A., Mihara H., Hirayama T., Aoyagi H. Binding of cationic alpha-helical peptides to plasmid DNA and their gene transfer abilities into cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;15307-15312
352. Niidome T., Urakawa M., Takaji K., Matsuo Y., Ohmori N., Wada A., Hirayama T., Aoyagi H. Influence of lipophilic groups in cationic alpha-helical peptides on their abilities to bind with DNA and deliver genes into cells. J. Pept. Res. 54:1999;361-367
353. Noguchi H., Kaneto H., Weir G.C., Bonner-Weir S. PDX-1 protein containing its own antennapedia-like protein transduction domain can transduce pancreatic duct and islet cells. Diabetes. 52:2003;1732-1737
354. Noonan D., Albini A. From the outside in: extracellular activities of HIV Tat. Adv. Pharmacol. 48:2000;229-250
355. Nori A., Jensen K.D., Tijerina M., Kopeckova P., Kopecek J. Subcellular trafficking of HPMA copolymer-Tat conjugates in human ovarian carcinoma cells. J. Controlled Release. 91:2003;53-59
356. Nori A., Jensen K.D., Tijerina M., Kopeckova P., Kopecek J. Tat-conjugated synthetic macromolecules facilitate cytoplasmic drug delivery to human ovarian carcinoma cells. Bioconjugate Chem. 14:2003;44-50
357. Nur-E-Kamal M.S., Kamal J.M., Qureshi M.M., Maruta H. The CDC42-specific inhibitor derived from ACK-1 blocks v-Ha-Ras-induced transformation. Oncogene. 18:1999;7787-7793
358. Oehlke J., Scheller A., Wiesner B., Krause E., Beyermann M., Klauschenz E., Melzig M., Bienert M. Cellular uptake of an alpha-helical amphipathic model peptide with the potential to deliver polar compounds into the cell interior non-endocytically. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1414:1998;127-139
359. Oess S., Hildt E. Novel cell permeable motif derived from the PreS2-domain of hepatitis-B virus surface antigens. Gene Ther. 7:2000;750-758
360. Ohara-Imaizumi M., Nakamichi Y., Nishiwaki C., Nagamatsu S. Transduction of MIN6 beta cells with TAT-syntaxin SNARE motif inhibits insulin exocytosis in biphasic insulin release in a distinct mechanism analyzed by evanescent wave microscopy. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;50805-50811
361. Ojcius D.M., Young J.D. Cytolytic pore-forming proteins and peptides: is there a common structural motif? Trends Biochem. Sci. 16:1991;225-229
362. Olsnes S., Klingenberg O., Wiedocha A. Transport of exogenous growth factors and cytokines to the cytosol and to the nucleus. Physiol. Rev. 83:2003;163-182
363. Opi S., Peloponese J.M. Jr., Esquieu D., Campbell G., de Mareuil J., Walburger A., Solomiac M., Gregoire C., Bouveret E., Yirrell D.L., Loret E.P. Tat HIV-1 primary and tertiary structures critical to immune response against non-homologous variants. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;35915-35919
364. Ostenson C.G., Sandberg-Nordqvist A.C., Chen J., Hallbrink M., Rotin D., Langel U., Efendic S. Overexpression of protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP sigma is linked to impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion in hereditary diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 291:2002;945-950
365. Ou J., Geiger T., Ou Z., Ackerman A.W., Oldham K.T., Pritchard K.A. Jr. AP-4F, antennapedia peptide linked to an amphipathic alpha helical peptide, increases the efficiency of Lipofectamine-mediated gene transfection in endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 305:2003;605-610
366. Pan W., Banks W.A., Kastin A.J. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to neurotrophins. Brain Res. 788:1998;87-94
367. Pardridge W.M. Brain Drug Targeting: The Future of Brain Drug Development. 2001;Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK
368. Pardridge W.M. Blood-brain barrier drug targeting enables neuroprotection in brain ischemia following delayed intravenous administration of neurotrophins. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 513:2002;397-430
369. Pardridge W.M. Drug and gene delivery to the brain: the vascular route. Neuron. 36:2002;555-558
370. Pardridge W.M. Drug and gene targeting to the brain with molecular Trojan horses. Nat. Rev., Drug Discov. 1:2002;131-139
371. Pardridge W.M. Neurotrophins, neuroprotection and the blood-brain barrier. Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs. 3:2002;1753-1757
372. Park J., Ryu J., Jin L.H., Bahn J.H., Kim J.A., Yoon C.S., Kim D.W., Han K.H., Eum W.S., Kwon H.Y., Kang T.C., Won M.H., Kang J.H., Cho S.W., Choi S.Y. 9-Polylysine protein transduction domain: enhanced penetration efficiency of superoxide dismutase into mammalian cells and skin. Mol. Cells. 13:2002;202-208
373. Park J., Ryu J., Kim K.A., Lee H.J., Bahn J.H., Han K., Choi E.Y., Lee K.S., Kwon H.Y., Choi S.Y. Mutational analysis of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein transduction domain which is required for delivery of an exogenous protein into mammalian cells. J. Gen. Virol. 83:2002;1173-1181
374. Park Y.J., Liang J.F., Ko K.S., Kim S.W., Yang V.C. Low molecular weight protamine as an efficient and nontoxic gene carrier: in vitro study. J. Genet. Med. 5:2003;700-711
375. Patch J.A., Barron A.E. Mimicry of bioactive peptides via non-natural, sequence-specific peptidomimetic oligomers. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 6:2002;872-877
376. Peck D., Isacke C.M. Hyaluronan-dependent cell migration can be blocked by a CD44 cytoplasmic domain peptide containing a phosphoserine at position 325. J. Cell Sci. 111:1998;1595-1601
377. Peitz M., Pfannkuche K., Rajewsky K., Edenhofer F. Ability of the hydrophobic FGF and basic TAT peptides to promote cellular uptake of recombinant Cre recombinase: a tool for efficient genetic engineering of mammalian genomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:2002;4489-4494
378. Pepinsky R.B., Androphy E.J., Corina K., Brown R., Barsoum J. Specific inhibition of a human papillomavirus E2 trans-activator by intracellular delivery of its repressor. DNA Cell Biol. 13:1994;1011-1019
379. Perez F., Joliot A., Bloch-Gallego E., Zahraoui A., Triller A., Prochiantz A. Antennapedia homeobox as a signal for the cellular internalization and nuclear addressing of a small exogenous peptide. J. Cell Sci. 102:1992;717-722
380. Perez F., Lledo P.M., Karagogeos D., Vincent J.D., Prochiantz A., Ayala J. Rab3A and Rab3B carboxy-terminal peptides are both potent and specific inhibitors of prolactin release by rat cultured anterior pituitary cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 8:1994;1278-1287
381. Persson D., Thorén P.E., Nordén B. Penetratin-induced aggregation and subsequent dissociation of negatively charged phospholipid vesicles. FEBS Lett. 505:2001;307-312
382. Persson D., Thoren P.E., Herner M., Lincoln P., Nordén B. Application of a novel analysis to measure the binding of the membrane-translocating peptide penetratin to negatively charged liposomes. Biochemistry. 42:2003;421-429
383. Peruzzi F., Gordon J., Darbinian N., Amini S. Tat-induced deregulation of neuronal differentiation and survival by nerve growth factor pathway. J. NeuroVirol. 8:2002;91-96
384. Phelan A., Elliott G., O'Hare P. Intercellular delivery of functional p53 by the herpesvirus protein VP22. Nat. Biotechnol. 16:1998;440-443
385. Pichon C., Monsigny M., Roche A.C. Intracellular localization of oligonucleotides: influence of fixative protocols. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 9:1999;89-93
386. Pieper G.M., Olds C.L., Bub J.D., Lindholm P.F. Transfection of human endothelial cells with HIV-1 tat gene activates NF-kappa B and enhances monocyte adhesion. Am. J. Physiol.: Heart Circ. Physiol. 283:2002;H2315-H2321
387. Pietersz G.A., Li W., Apostolopoulos V. A 16-mer peptide (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK) from antennapedia preferentially targets the class I pathway. Vaccine. 19:2001;1397-1405
388. Plank C., Tang M.X., Wolfe A.R., Szoka F.C. Jr. Branched cationic peptides for gene delivery: role of type and number of cationic residues in formation and in vitro activity of DNA polyplexes. Hum. Gene Ther. 10:1999;319-332
389. Poduslo J.F., Curran G.L. Permeability at the blood-brain and blood-nerve barriers of the neurotrophic factors: NGF, CNTF, NT-3, BDNF. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 36:1996;280-286
390. Polyakov V., Sharma V., Dahlheimer J.L., Pica C.M., Luker G.D., Piwnica-Worms D. Novel Tat-peptide chelates for direct transduction of technetium-99m and rhenium into human cells for imaging and radiotherapy. Bioconjugate Chem. 11:2000;762-771
391. Pooga M., Hallbrink M., Zorko M., Langel U. Cell penetration by transportan. FASEB J. 12:1998;67-77
392. Pooga M., Lindgren M., Hallbrink M., Brakenhielm E., Langel U. Galanin-based peptides, galparan and transportan, with receptor-dependent and independent activities. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 863:1998;450-453
393. Pooga M., Soomets U., Hallbrink M., Valkna A., Saar K., Rezaei K., Kahl U., Hao J.X., Xu X.J., Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z., Hokfelt T., Bartfai T., Langel U. Cell penetrating PNA constructs regulate galanin receptor levels and modify pain transmission in vivo. Nat. Biotechnol. 16:1998;857-861
394. Pooga M., Kut C., Kihlmark M., Hallbrink M., Fernaeus S., Raid R., Land T., Hallberg E., Bartfai T., Langel U. Cellular translocation of proteins by transportan. FASEB J. 15:2001;1451-1453
395. Pozuelo Rubio M., Peggie M., Wong B.H., Morrice N., MacKintosh C. 14-3-3s regulate fructose-2,6-bisphosphate levels by binding to PKB-phosphorylated cardiac fructose-2,6-bisphosphate kinase/phosphatase. EMBO J. 22:2003;3514-3523
396. Prendergast M.A., Rogers D.T., Mulholland P.J., Littleton J.M., Wilkins L.H. Jr., Self R.L., Nath A. Neurotoxic effects of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 transcription factor Tat require function of a polyamine sensitive-site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Brain Res. 954:2002;300-307
397. Prior T.I., FitzGerald D.J., Pastan I. Translocation mediated by domain II of Pseudomonas exotoxin A: transport of barnase into the cytosol. Biochemistry. 31:1992;3555-3559
398. Prochiantz A. Peptide nucleic acid smugglers. Nat. Biotechnol. 16:1998;819-820
399. Prochiantz A. Homeodomain-derived peptides. In and out of the cells. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 886:1999;172-179
400. Prochiantz A. Messenger proteins: homeoproteins. TAT and others. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12:2000;400-406
401. Puto L.A., Pestonjamasp K., King C.C., Bokoch G.M. p21-Activated kinase 1 (PAK1) interacts with the Grb2 adapter protein to couple to growth factor signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;9388-9393
402. Qin Z.H., Wang Y., Nakai M., Chase T.N. Nuclear factor-kappa B contributes to excitotoxin-induced apoptosis in rat striatum. Mol. Pharmacol. 53:1998;33-42
403. Rainov N.G., Ren H. Gene therapy for human malignant brain tumors. Cancer J. 9:2003;180-188
404. Rait A., Pirollo K., Will D.W., Peyman A., Rait V., Uhlmann E., Chang E.H. 3′-End conjugates of minimally phosphorothioate-protected oligonucleotides with 1-O-hexadecylglycerol: synthesis and anti-ras activity in radiation-resistant cells. Bioconjugate Chem. 11:2000;153-160
405. Rey F.E., Cifuentes M.E., Kiarash A., Quinn M.T., Pagano P.J. Novel competitive inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase assembly attenuates vascular O(2)(-) and systolic blood pressure in mice. Circ. Res. 89:2001;408-414
406. Ribeiro M.M., Klein D., Pileggi A., Damaris Molano R., Fraker C., Ricordi C., Inverardi L., Pastori R.L. Heme oxygenase-1 fused to a TAT peptide transduces and protects pancreatic beta-cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 305:2003;876-881
407. Richard J.P., Melikov K., Vives E., Ramos C., Verbeure B., Gait M.J., Chernomordik L.V., Lebleu B. Cell-penetrating peptides. A reevaluation of the mechanism of cellular uptake. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;585-590
408. Riedel H., Yousaf N., Zhao Y., Dai H., Deng Y., Wang J. PSM, a mediator of PDGF-BB-IGF-I-, and insulin-stimulated mitogenesis. Oncogene. 19:2000;39-50
409. Robbins M.A., Maksumova L., Pocock E., Chantler J.K. Nuclear factor-kappaB translocation mediates double-stranded ribonucleic acid-induced NIT-1 beta-cell apoptosis and up-regulates caspase-12 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated ligand (TRAIL). Endocrinology. 144:2003;4616-4625
410. Robinson C., Bolhuis A. Protein targeting by the twin-arginine translocation pathway. Nat. Rev., Mol. Cell Biol. 2:2001;350-356
411. Rojas M., Yao S., Lin Y.Z. Controlling epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated Ras activation in intact cells by a cell-permeable peptide mimicking phosphorylated EGF receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;27456-27461
412. Rojas M., Donahue J.P., Tan Z., Lin Y.Z. Genetic engineering of proteins with cell membrane permeability. Nat. Biotechnol. 16:1998;370-375
413. Rossjohn J., Feil S.C., McKinstry W.J., Tweten R.K., Parker M.W. Structure of a cholesterol-binding, thiol-activated cytolysin and a model of its membrane form. Cell. 89:1997;685-692
414. Rothbard J.B., Garlington S., Lin Q., Kirschberg T., Kreider E., McGrane P.L., Wender P.A., Khavari P.A. Conjugation of arginine oligomers to cyclosporin A facilitates topical delivery and inhibition of inflammation. Nat. Med. 6:2000;1253-1257
415. Rothbard J.B., Kreider E., VanDeusen C.L., Wright L., Wylie B.L., Wender P.A. Arginine-rich molecular transporters for drug delivery: role of backbone spacing in cellular uptake. J. Med. Chem. 45:2002;3612-3618
416. Rousselle C., Clair P., Lefauconnier J.M., Kaczorek M., Scherrmann J.M., Temsamani J. New advances in the transport of doxorubicin through the blood-brain barrier by a peptide vector-mediated strategy. Mol. Pharmacol. 57:2000;679-686
417. Rousselle C., Smirnova M., Clair P., Lefauconnier J.M., Chavanieu A., Calas B., Scherrmann J.M., Temsamani J. Enhanced delivery of doxorubicin into the brain via a peptide-vector-mediated strategy: saturation kinetics and specificity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 296:2001;124-131
418. Rousselle C., Clair P., Temsamani J., Scherrmann J.M. Improved brain delivery of benzylpenicillin with a peptide-vector-mediated strategy. J. Drug Targeting. 10:2002;309-315
419. Ruben S., Perkins A., Purcell R., Joung K., Sia R., Burghoff R., Haseltine W.A., Rosen C.A. Structural and functional characterization of human immunodeficiency virus tat protein. J. Virol. 63:1989;1-8
420. Rudolph C., Plank C., Lausier J., Schillinger U., Muller R.H., Rosenecker J. Oligomers of the arginine-rich motif of the HIV-1 TAT protein are capable of transferring plasmid DNA into cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;11411-11418
421. Rusnati M., Presta M. HIV-1 Tat protein: a target for the development of anti AIDS therapies. Drugs Future. 27:2002;481-493
422. Rusnati M., Coltrini D., Oreste P., Zoppetti G., Albini A., Noonan D., d'Adda di Fagagna F., Giacca M., Presta M. Interaction of HIV-1 Tat protein with heparin. Role of the backbone structure, sulfation, and size. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;11313-11320
423. Rusnati M., Tulipano G., Urbinati C., Tanghetti E., Giuliani R., Giacca M., Ciomei M., Corallini A., Presta M. The basic domain in HIV-1 Tat protein as a target for polysulfonated heparin-mimicking extracellular Tat antagonists. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;16027-16037
424. Rusnati M., Urbinati C., Musulin B., Ribatti D., Albini A., Noonan D., Marchisone C., Waltenberger J., Presta M. Activation of endothelial cell mitogen activated protein kinase ERK(1/2) by extracellular HIV-1 Tat protein. Endothelium. 8:2001;65-74
425. Ryser H.J. A membrane effect of basic polymers dependent on molecular size. Nature. 215:1967;934-936
426. Ryser H.J.-P. Uptake of protein by mammalian cells: an underdeveloped area. Science. 159:1968;390-396
427. Ryser H.J., Hancock R. Histones and basic polyamino acids stimulate the uptake of albumin by tumor cells in culture. Science. 150:1965;501-503
428. Ryser H.J., Shen W.C. Conjugation of methotrexate to poly (L-lysine) as a potential way to overcome drug resistance. Cancer. 45:1980;1207-1211
429. Ryser H.J., Termini T.E., Barnes P.R. Polynucleotide aggregates enhance the transport of protein at the surface of cultured mammalian cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 87:1975;221-228
430. Ryser H.J., Drummond I., Shen W.C. The cellular uptake of horseradish peroxidase and its poly(lysine) conjugate by cultured fibroblasts is qualitatively similar despite a 900-fold difference in rate. J. Cell. Physiol. 113:1982;167-178
431. Sabate O., Horellou P., Vigne E., Colin P., Perricaudet M., Buc C.M., Mallet J. Transplantation to the rat brain of human neural progenitors that were genetically modified using adenoviruses. Nat. Genet. 9:1995;256-260
432. Sabatier J.M., Vives E., Mabrouk K., Benjouad A., Rochat H., Duval A., Hue B., Bahraoui E. Evidence for neurotoxic activity of tat from human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 65:1991;961-967
433. Saberwal G., Nagaraj R. Cell-lytic and antibacterial peptides that act by perturbing the barrier function of membranes: facets of their conformational features, structure-function correlations and membrane-perturbing abilities. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1197:1994;109-131
434. Sacchetti A., Cappetti V., Marra P., Dell'Arciprete R., El Sewedy T., Crescenzi C., Alberti S. Green fluorescent protein variants fold differentially in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. J. Cell. Biochem., Suppl. 2001;117-128
435. Saffell J.L., Williams E.J., Mason I.J., Walsh F.S., Doherty P. Expression of a dominant negative FGF receptor inhibits axonal growth and FGF receptor phosphorylation stimulated by CAMs. Neuron. 18:1997;231-242
436. Salamon Z., Lindblom G., Tollin G. Plasmon-waveguide resonance and impedance spectroscopy studies of the interaction between penetratin and supported lipid bilayer membranes. Biophys. J. 84:2003;1796-1807
437. Samuel D., Kumar T.K., Jayaraman G., Yang P.W., Yu C. Proline is a protein solubilizing solute. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 41:1997;235-242
438. Samuel D., Kumar T.K., Ganesh G., Jayaraman G., Yang P.W., Chang M.M., Trivedi V.D., Wang S.L., Hwang K.C., Chang D.K., Yu C. Proline inhibits aggregation during protein refolding. Protein Sci. 9:2000;344-352
439. Sandgren S., Cheng F., Belting M. Nuclear targeting of macromolecular polyanions by an HIV-Tat derived peptide. Role for cell-surface proteoglycans. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;38877-38883
440. Sauzeau V., Le Mellionnec E., Bertoglio J., Scalbert E., Pacaud P., Loirand G. Human urotensin II-induced contraction and arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation are mediated by RhoA and Rho-kinase. Circ. Res. 88:2001;1102-1104
441. Schaschke N., Deluca D., Assfalg-Machleidt I., Hohneke C., Sommerhoff C.P., Machleidt W. Epoxysuccinyl peptide-derived cathepsin B inhibitors: modulating membrane permeability by conjugation with the C-terminal heptapeptide segment of penetratin. Biol. Chem. 383:2002;849-852
442. Schein C.H. Solubility as a function of protein structure and solvent components. Biotechnology (NY). 8:1990;308-317
443. Scheller A., Oehlke J., Wiesner B., Dathe M., Krause E., Beyermann M., Melzig M., Bienert M. Structural requirements for cellular uptake of alpha-helical amphipathic peptides. J. Pept. Sci. 5:1999;185-194
444. Scheller A., Wiesner B., Melzig M., Bienert M., Oehlke J. Evidence for an amphipathicity independent cellular uptake of amphipathic cell-penetrating peptides. Eur. J. Biochem. 267:2000;6043-6050
445. Schimmer A.D., Hedley D.W., Chow S., Pham N.A., Chakrabartty A., Bouchard D., Mak T.W., Trus M.R., Minden M.D. The BH3 domain of BAD fused to the Antennapedia peptide induces apoptosis via its alpha helical structure and independent of Bcl-2. Cell Death Differ. 8:2001;725-733
446. Schram B.R., Rothstein T.L. NF-kappaB is required for surface Ig-induced fas resistance in B cells. J. Immunol. 170:2003;3118-3124
447. Schutze-Redelmeier M.P., Gournier H., Garcia-Pons F., Moussa M., Joliot A.H., Volovitch M., Prochiantz A., Lemonnier F.A. Introduction of exogenous antigens into the MHC class I processing and presentation pathway by Drosophila antennapedia homeodomain primes cytotoxic T cells in vivo. J. Immunol. 157:1996;650-655
448. Schwarze S.R., Ho A., Vocero-Akbani A., Dowdy S.F. In vivo protein transduction: delivery of a biologically active protein into the mouse. Science. 285:1999;1569-1572
449. Schwarze S.R., Hruska K.A., Dowdy S.F. Protein transduction: unrestricted delivery into all cells? Trends Cell Biol. 10:2000;290-295
450. Sciortino M.T., Taddeo B., Poon A.P., Mastino A., Roizman B. Of the three tegument proteins that package mRNA in herpes simplex virions, one (VP22) transports the mRNA to uninfected cells for expression prior to viral infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:2002;8318-8323
451. Sengoku T., Hassane D.C., Bondada V., Geddes J.W. Tat-calpastatin fusion proteins inhibit calpain activity in non-neural cells, but not in neurons. Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Program. vol. 415.9:2003;Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC
452. Sheldon K., Liu D., Ferguson J., Gariepy J. Loligomers: design of de novo peptide-based intracellular vehicles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92:1995;2056-2060
453. Shen W.C., Ryser H.J. Conjugation of poly-L-lysine to albumin and horseradish peroxidase: a novel method of enhancing the cellular uptake of proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 75:1978;1872-1876
454. Shen W.C., Ryser H.J. Poly(L-lysine) has different membrane transport and drug-carrier properties when complexed with heparin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 78:1981;7589-7593
455. Sherman M.P., Schubert U., Williams S.A., de Noronha C.M., Kreisberg J.F., Henklein P., Greene W.C. HIV-1 Vpr displays natural protein-transducing properties: implications for viral pathogenesis. Virology. 302:2002;95-105
456. Shibagaki N., Udey M.C. Dendritic cells transduced with protein antigens induce cytotoxic lymphocytes and elicit antitumor immunity. J. Immunol. 168:2002;2393-2401
457. Shibagaki N., Udey M.C. Dendritic cells transduced with TAT protein transduction domain-containing tyrosinase-related protein 2 vaccinate against murine melanoma. Eur. J. Immunol. 33:2003;850-860
458. Shimazaki K., Urabe M., Monahan J., Ozawa K., Kawai N. Adeno-associated virus vector-mediated bcl-2 gene transfer into post-ischemic gerbil brain in vivo: prospects for gene therapy of ischemia-induced neuronal death. Gene Ther. 7:2000;1244-1249
459. Si K., Giustetto M., Etkin A., Hsu R., Janisiewicz A.M., Miniaci M.C., Kim J.H., Zhu H., Kandel E.R. A neuronal isoform of CPEB regulates local protein synthesis and stabilizes synapse-specific long-term facilitation in aplysia. Cell. 115:2003;893-904
460. Siegall C.B., Gawlak S.L., Chace D.F., Merwin J.R., Pastan I. In vivo activities of acidic fibroblast growth factor-Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion proteins. Bioconjugate Chem. 5:1994;77-83
461. Silhol M., Tyagi M., Giacca M., Lebleu B., Vives E. Different mechanisms for cellular internalization of the HIV-1 Tat-derived cell penetrating peptide and recombinant proteins fused to Tat. Eur. J. Biochem. 269:2002;494-501
462. Singh D., Kiarash R., Kawamura K., LaCasse E.C., Gariepy J. Penetration and intracellular routing of nucleus-directed peptide-based shuttles (loligomers) in eukaryotic cells. Biochemistry. 37:1998;5798-5809
463. Singh D., Bisland S.K., Kawamura K., Gariepy J. Peptide-based intracellular shuttle able to facilitate gene transfer in mammalian cells. Bioconjugate Chem. 10:1999;745-754
464. Siprashvili Z., Scholl F.A., Oliver S.F., Adams A., Contag C.H., Wender P.A., Khavari P.A. Gene transfer via reversible plasmid condensation with cysteine-flanked, internally spaced arginine-rich peptides. Hum. Gene Ther. 14:2003;1225-1233
465. Soga N., Namba N., McAllister S., Cornelius L., Teitelbaum S.L., Dowdy S.F., Kawamura J., Hruska K.A. Rho family GTPases regulate VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell motility. Exp. Cell Res. 269:2001;73-87
466. Sokolov Y., Mirzabekov T., Martin D.W., Lehrer R.I., Kagan B.L. Membrane channel formation by antimicrobial protegrins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1420:1999;23-29
467. Song B.W., Vinters H.V., Wu D., Pardridge W.M. Enhanced neuroprotective effects of basic fibroblast growth factor in regional brain ischemia after conjugation to a blood-brain barrier delivery vector. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 301:2002;605-610
468. Song L., Nath A., Geiger J., Moore A., Hochman S. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein directly activates neuronal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors at an allosteric zinc-sensitive site. J. NeuroVirol. 9:2003;399-403
469. Soomets U., Lindgren M., Gallet X., Hallbrink M., Elmquist A., Balaspiri L., Zorko M., Pooga M., Brasseur R., Langel U. Deletion analogues of transportan. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1467:2000;165-176
470. Sosnowski B.A., Gonzalez A.M., Chandler L.A., Buechler Y.J., Pierce G.F., Baird A. Targeting DNA to cells with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2). J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;33647-33653
471. Steffen W. Tat-mediated delivery of antibodies into cultured cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 161:2001;141-148
472. Stenmark H., Moskaug J.O., Madshus I.H., Sandvig K., Olsnes S. Peptides fused to the amino-terminal end of diphtheria toxin are translocated to the cytosol. J. Cell Biol. 113:1991;1025-1032
473. St George J.A. Gene therapy progress and prospects: adenoviral vectors. Gene Ther. 10:2003;1135-1141
474. Stolzenberger S., Haake M., Duschl A. Specific inhibition of interleukin-4-dependent Stat6 activation by an intracellularly delivered peptide. Eur. J. Biochem. 268:2001;4809-4814
475. Storch A., Schwarz J. Neural stem cells and Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. 249:2002;III/30-III/32
476. Strakova Z., Szmidt M., Srisuparp S., Fazleabas A.T. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases prevents the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 during decidualization in the baboon. Endocrinology. 144:2003;5339-5346
477. Strauss E. Introducing proteins into the body's cells. Science. 285:1999;1466-1467
478. Suhonen J.O., Peterson D.A., Ray J., Gage F.H. Differentiation of adult hippocampus-derived progenitors into olfactory neurons in vivo. Nature. 383:1996;624-627
479. Sun L., Moonga B.S., Lu M., Zaidi N., Iqbal J., Blair H.C., Epstein S., Abe E., Troen B.R., Huang C.L., Zaidi M. Molecular cloning, expression, and function of osteoclastic calcineurin Aalpha. Am. J. Physiol.: Renal, Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 284:2003;F575-F583
480. Suzuki T., Futaki S., Niwa M., Tanaka S., Ueda K., Sugiura Y. Possible existence of common internalization mechanisms among arginine-rich peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;2437-2443
481. Sweitzer S.M., Kheifets V., Jones T.L., Mochly-Rosen D., Yeomans D.C., Kendig J.J. Developmental regulation of inflammatory pain by protein kinase C. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts Program. vol. 656.7:2002
482. Tahara K., Tsuchimoto D., Tominaga Y., Asoh S., Ohta S., Kitagawa M., Horie H., Kadoya T., Nakabeppu Y. DeltaFosB, but not FosB, induces delayed apoptosis independent of cell proliferation in the Rat1a embryo cell line. Cell Death Differ. 10:2003;496-507
483. Takeshima K., Chikushi A., Lee K.K., Yonehara S., Matsuzaki K. Translocation of analogues of the antimicrobial peptides magainin and buforin across human cell membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;1310-1315
484. Tanaka Y., Dowdy S.F., Linehan D.C., Eberlein T.J., Goedegebuure P.S. Induction of antigen-specific CTL by recombinant HIV trans-activating fusion protein-pulsed human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 170:2003;1291-1298
485. Tasciotti E., Zoppe M., Giacca M. Transcellular transfer of active HSV-1 thymidine kinase mediated by an 11-amino-acid peptide from HIV-1 Tat. Cancer Gene Ther. 10:2003;64-74
486. Taylor J.E., Fernandez-Patron C. Delivery of bioactive, gel-isolated proteins into live cells. Electrophoresis. 24:2003;1331-1337
487. Ternynck T., Avrameas A., Ragimbeau J., Buttin G., Avrameas S. Immunochemical, structural and translocating properties of anti-DNA antibodies from (NZBxNZW)F1 mice. J. Autoimmun. 11:1998;511-521
488. Terwogt J.M., Nuijen B., Huinink W.W., Beijnen J.H. Alternative formulations of paclitaxel. Cancer Treat. Rev. 23:1997;87-95
489. Theodore L., Derossi D., Chassaing G., Llirbat B., Kubes M., Jordan P., Chneiweiss H., Godement P., Prochiantz A. Intraneuronal delivery of protein kinase C pseudosubstrate leads to growth cone collapse. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;7158-7167
490. Thomas C.E., Ehrhardt A., Kay M.A. Progress and problems with the use of viral vectors for gene therapy. Nat. Rev., Genet. 4:2003;346-358
491. Thomsen P., Roepstorff K., Stahlhut M., van Deurs B. Caveolae are highly immobile plasma membrane microdomains, which are not involved in constitutive endocytic trafficking. Mol. Biol. Cell. 13:2002;238-250
492. Thorén P.E., Persson D., Karlsson M., Nordén B. The antennapedia peptide penetratin translocates across lipid bilayers - The first direct observation. FEBS Lett. 482:2000;265-268
493. Thoren P.E., Persson D., Isakson P., Goksor M., Onfelt A., Norden B. Uptake of analogs of penetratin, Tat(48-60) and oligoarginine in live cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 307:2003;100-107
494. Toborek M., Lee Y.W., Pu H., Malecki A., Flora G., Garrido R., Hennig B., Bauer H.C., Nath A. HIV-Tat protein induces oxidative and inflammatory pathways in brain endothelium. J. Neurochem. 84:2003;169-179
495. Toborek M., Pu H., Andras I., Flora G., Lee Y.W. HIV-1 Tat protein disrupts the blood-brain barrier through the oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms. J. Neurochem. 85:2003;20
496. Torchilin V.P. TAT peptide-modified liposomes for intracellular delivery of drugs and DNA. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 7:2002;265-267
497. Torchilin V.P., Levchenko T.S. TAT-liposomes: a novel intracellular drug carrier. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 4:2003;133-140
498. Torchilin V.P., Rammohan R., Weissig V., Levchenko T.S. TAT peptide on the surface of liposomes affords their efficient intracellular delivery even at low temperature and in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:2001;8786-8791
499. Torchilin V.P., Levchenko T.S., Rammohan R., Volodina N., Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg B., D'Souza G.G. Cell transfection in vitro and in vivo with nontoxic TAT peptide-liposome-DNA complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100:2003;1972-1977
500. Torgerson T.R., Colosia A.D., Donahue J.P., Lin Y.Z., Hawiger J. Regulation of NF-kappa B, AP-1, NFAT, and STAT1 nuclear import in T lymphocytes by noninvasive delivery of peptide carrying the nuclear localization sequence of NF-kappa B p50. J. Immunol. 161:1998;6084-6092
501. Tran P.L., Vigneron J.P., Pericat D., Dubois S., Cazals D., Hervy M., DeClerck Y.A., Degott C., Auclair C. Gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma using non-viral vectors composed of bis guanidinium-tren-cholesterol and plasmids encoding the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP-2 and TIMP-3. Cancer Gene Ther. 10:2003;435-444
502. Troy C.M., Derossi D., Prochiantz A., Greene L.A., Shelanski M.L. Downregulation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase leads to cell death via the nitric oxide-peroxynitrite pathway. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;253-261
503. Troy C.M., Stefanis L., Prochiantz A., Greene L.A., Shelanski M.L. The contrasting roles of ICE family proteases and interleukin-1beta in apoptosis induced by trophic factor withdrawal and by copper/zinc superoxide dismutase down-regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93:1996;5635-5640
504. Tseng Y.L., Liu J.J., Hong R.L. Translocation of liposomes into cancer cells by cell-penetrating peptides penetratin and tat: a kinetic and efficacy study. Mol. Pharmacol. 62:2002;864-872
505. Tung C.H., Stein S. Preparation and applications of peptide- oligonucleotide conjugates. Bioconjugate Chem. 11:2000;605-618
506. Tuszynski M.H., Peterson D.A., Ray J., Baird A., Nakahara Y., Gage F.H. Fibroblasts genetically modified to produce nerve growth factor induce robust neuritic ingrowth after grafting to the spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 126:1994;1-14
507. Tyagi M., Rusnati M., Presta M., Giacca M. Internalization of HIV-1 tat requires cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;3254-3261
508. Umezawa N., Gelman M.A., Haigis M.C., Raines R.T., Gellman S.H. Translocation of a beta-peptide across cell membranes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:2002;368-369
509. Uteza Y., Rouillot J.S., Kobetz A., Marchant D., Pecqueur S., Arnaud E., Prats H., Honiger J., Dufier J.L., Abitbol M., Neuner-Jehle M. Intravitreous transplantation of encapsulated fibroblasts secreting the human fibroblast growth factor 2 delays photoreceptor cell degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96:1999;3126-3131
510. van de Bovenkamp M., Nottet H.S., Pereira C.F. Interactions of human immunodeficiency virus-1 proteins with neurons: possible role in the development of human immunodeficiency virus-1-associated dementia. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 32:2002;619-627
511. Vazquez J., Sun C., Du J., Fuentes L., Sumners C., Raizada M.K. Transduction of a functional domain of the AT1 receptor in neurons by HIV-Tat-PTD. Hypertension. 41:2003;751-756
512. Vile R.G., Hart I.R. In vitro and in vivo targeting of gene expression to melanoma cells. Cancer Res. 53:1993;962-967
513. Villa R., Folini M., Lualdi S., Veronese S., Daidone M.G., Zaffaroni N. Inhibition of telomerase activity by a cell-penetrating peptide nucleic acid construct in human melanoma cells. FEBS Lett. 473:2000;241-248
514. Violini S., Sharma V., Prior J.L., Dyszlewski M., Piwnica-Worms D. Evidence for a plasma membrane-mediated permeability barrier to Tat basic domain in well-differentiated epithelial cells: lack of correlation with heparan sulfate. Biochemistry. 41:2002;12652-12661
515. Vives E., Brodin P., Lebleu B. A truncated HIV-1 Tat protein basic domain rapidly translocates through the plasma membrane and accumulates in the cell nucleus. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;16010-16017
516. Vives E., Richard J.P., Rispal C., Lebleu B. TAT peptide internalization: seeking the mechanism of entry. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 4:2003;125-132
517. Vocero-Akbani A.M., Heyden N.V., Lissy N.A., Ratner L., Dowdy S.F. Killing HIV-infected cells by transduction with an HIV protease-activated caspase-3 protein. Nat. Med. 5:1999;29-33
518. Vocero-Akbani A., Lissy N.A., Dowdy S.F. Transduction of full-length Tat fusion proteins directly into mammalian cells: analysis of T cell receptor activation-induced cell death. Methods Enzymol. 322:2000;508-521
519. Vocero-Akbani A., Chellaiah M.A., Hruska K.A., Dowdy S.F. Protein transduction: delivery of Tat-GTPase fusion proteins into mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol. 332:2001;36-49
520. Vogel B.E., Lee S.J., Hildebrand A., Craig W., Pierschbacher M.D., Wong-Staal F., Ruoslahti E. A novel integrin specificity exemplified by binding of the alpha v beta 5 integrin to the basic domain of the HIV Tat protein and vitronectin. J. Cell Biol. 121:1993;461-468
521. Wadhwa M.S., Collard W.T., Adami R.C., McKenzie D.L., Rice K.G. Peptide-mediated gene delivery: influence of peptide structure on gene expression. Bioconjugate Chem. 8:1997;81-88
522. Wagner E. Application of membrane-active peptides for nonviral gene delivery. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 38:1999;279-289
523. Wagner E., Zenke M., Cotten M., Beug H., Birnstiel M.L. Transferrin-polycation conjugates as carriers for DNA uptake into cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 87:1990;3410-3414
524. Waizenegger T., Fischer R., Brock R. Intracellular concentration measurements in adherent cells: a comparison of import efficiencies of cell-permeable peptides. Biol. Chem. 383:2002;291-299
525. Wang J., Dai H., Yousaf N., Moussaif M., Deng Y., Boufelliga A., Swamy O.R., Leone M.E., Riedel H. Grb10, a positive, stimulatory signaling adapter in platelet-derived growth factor BB-, insulin-like growth factor I-, and insulin-mediated mitogenesis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1999;6217-6228
526. Wang H.Y., Fu T., Wang G., Zeng G., Perry-Lalley D.M., Yang J.C., Restifo N.P., Hwu P., Wang R.F. Induction of CD4(+) T cell-dependent antitumor immunity by TAT-mediated tumor antigen delivery into dendritic cells. J. Clin. Invest. 109:2002;1463-1470
527. Watanabe N., Iwamoto T., Bowen K.D., Dickinson D.A., Torres M., Forman H.J. Bio-effectiveness of Tat-catalase conjugate: a potential tool for the identification of H2O2-dependent cellular signal transduction pathways. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 303:2003;287-293
528. Watson K., Edwards R.J. HIV-1-trans-activating (Tat) protein: both a target and a tool in therapeutic approaches. Biochem. Pharmacol. 58:1999;1521-1528
529. Wender P.A., Mitchell D.J., Pattabiraman K., Pelkey E.T., Steinman L., Rothbard J.B. The design, synthesis, and evaluation of molecules that enable or enhance cellular uptake: peptoid molecular transporters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:2000;13003-13008
530. Wender P.A., Jessop T.C., Pattabiraman K., Pelkey E.T., VanDeusen C.L. An efficient, scalable synthesis of the molecular transporter octaarginine via a segment doubling strategy. Org. Lett. 3:2001;3229-3232
531. Wennerberg K., Ellerbroek S.M., Liu R.Y., Karnoub A.E., Burridge K., Der C.J. RhoG signals in parallel with Rac1 and Cdc42. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;47810-47817
532. Wheeler D.S., Dunsmore K.E., Wong H.R. Intracellular delivery of HSP70 using HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301:2003;54-59
533. Whitehouse A.S., Tisdale M.J. Increased expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in murine myotubes by proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF) is associated with activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Br. J. Cancer. 89:2003;1116-1122
534. Whitehouse A.S., Khal J., Tisdale M.J. Induction of protein catabolism in myotubes by 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid through increased expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Br. J. Cancer. 89:2003;737-745
535. Wiedlocha A., Falnes P.O., Madshus I.H., Sandvig K., Olsnes S. Dual mode of signal transduction by externally added acidic fibroblast growth factor. Cell. 76:1994;1039-1051
536. Wiedlocha A., Falnes P.O., Rapak A., Klingenberg O., Munoz R., Olsnes S. Translocation of cytosol of exogenous, CAAX-tagged acidic fibroblast growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;30680-30685
537. Willam C., Masson N., Tian Y.M., Mahmood S.A., Wilson M.I., Bicknell R., Eckardt K.U., Maxwell P.H., Ratcliffe P.J., Pugh C.W. Peptide blockade of HIFalpha degradation modulates cellular metabolism and angiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:2002;10423-10428
538. Williams E.J., Doherty P. Evidence for and against a pivotal role of PI 3-kinase in a neuronal cell survival pathway. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 13:1999;272-280
539. Williams E.J., Dunican D.J., Green P.J., Howell F.V., Derossi D., Walsh F.S., Doherty P. Selective inhibition of growth factor-stimulated mitogenesis by a cell-permeable Grb2-binding peptide. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;22349-22354
540. Winton M.J., Dubreuil C.I., Campenot R.B., McKerracher L. The Effects of C3-05 Treatment on Sympathetic Neurons Plated in Campenot Chambers. Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Program. vol. 678.7:2003;Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC
541. Wolfert M.A., Seymour L.W. Atomic force microscopic analysis of the influence of the molecular weight of poly(L)lysine on the size of polyelectrolyte complexes formed with DNA. Gene Ther. 3:1996;269-273
542. Wolff J.A., Malone R.W., Williams P., Chong W., Acsadi G., Jani A., Felgner P.L. Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science. 247:1990;1465-1468
543. Wu G.Y., Wu C.H. Receptor-mediated in vitro gene transformation by a soluble DNA carrier system. J. Biol. Chem. 262:1987;4429-4432
544. Wu D., Song B.W., Vinters H.V., Pardridge W.M. Pharmacokinetics and brain uptake of biotinylated basic fibroblast growth factor conjugated to a blood-brain barrier drug delivery system. J. Drug Targeting. 10:2002;239-245
545. Wu H.Y., Tomizawa K., Matsushita M., Lu Y.F., Li S.T., Matsui H. Poly-arginine-fused calpastatin peptide, a living cell membrane-permeable and specific inhibitor for calpain. Neurosci. Res. 47:2003;131-135
546. Wu Y., Wood M.D., Tao Y., Katagiri F. Direct delivery of bacterial avirulence proteins into resistant Arabidopsis protoplasts leads to hypersensitive cell death. Plant J. 33:2003;131-137
547. Wunderbaldinger P., Josephson L., Weissleder R. Tat peptide directs enhanced clearance and hepatic permeability of magnetic nanoparticles. Bioconjugate Chem. 13:2002;264-268
548. Wybranietz W.A., Gross C.D., Phelan A., O'Hare P., Spiegel M., Graepler F., Bitzer M., Stahler P., Gregor M., Lauer U.M. Enhanced suicide gene effect by adenoviral transduction of a VP22-cytosine deaminase (CD) fusion gene. Gene Ther. 8:2001;1654-1664
549. Xia H., Mao Q., Davidson B.L. The HIV Tat protein transduction domain improves the biodistribution of beta-glucuronidase expressed from recombinant viral vectors. Nat. Biotechnol. 19:2001;640-644
550. Xiao H., Neuveut C., Tiffany H.L., Benkirane M., Rich E.A., Murphy P.M., Jeang K.T. Selective CXCR4 antagonism by Tat: implications for in vivo expansion of coreceptor use by HIV-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:2000;11466-11471
551. Xu J., Zutter M.M., Santoro S.A., Clark R.A. A three-dimensional collagen lattice activates NF-kappaB in human fibroblasts: role in integrin alpha2 gene expression and tissue remodeling. J. Cell Biol. 140:1998;709-719
552. Yakymovych I., Engstrom U., Grimsby S., Heldin C.H., Souchelnytskyi S. Inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta signaling by low molecular weight compounds interfering with ATP- or substrate-binding sites of the TGF beta type I receptor kinase. Biochemistry. 41:2002;11000-11007
553. Yamada M., Oligino T., Mata M., Goss J.R., Glorioso J.C., Fink D.J. Herpes simplex virus vector-mediated expression of Bcl-2 prevents 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96:1999;4078-4083
554. Yang Y., Ballatori N., Smith H.C. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing and the reduction in synthesis and secretion of the atherogenic risk factor, apolipoprotein B100 can be effectively targeted through TAT-mediated protein transduction. Mol. Pharmacol. 61:2002;269-276
555. Yang Y., Ma J., Song Z., Wu M. HIV-1 TAT-mediated protein transduction and subcellular localization using novel expression vectors. FEBS Lett. 532:2002;36-44
556. Yang Y., Tikhonov I., Ruckwardt T.J., Djavani M., Zapata J.C., Pauza C.D., Salvato M.S. Monocytes treated with human immunodeficiency virus Tat kill uninfected CD4(+) cells by a tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand-mediated mechanism. J. Virol. 77:2003;6700-6708
557. Ye D., Xu D., Singer A.U., Juliano R.L. Evaluation of strategies for the intracellular delivery of proteins. Pharm. Res. 19:2002;1302-1309
558. Yeung H.Y., Chan D.K., Mak N.K., Wagner G.F., Wong C.K. Identification of signal transduction pathways that modulate dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation of stanniocalcin gene expression in neuroblastoma cells. Endocrinology. 144:2003;4446-4452
559. Ying W., Martineau D., Beitz J., Lappi D.A., Baird A. Anti-B16-F10 melanoma activity of a basic fibroblast growth factor-saporin mitotoxin. Cancer. 74:1994;848-853
560. Yoon H.Y., Lee S.H., Cho S.W., Lee J.E., Yoon C.S., Park J., Kim T.U., Choi S.Y. TAT-mediated delivery of human glutamate dehydrogenase into PC12 cells. Neurochem. Int. 41:2002;37-42
561. Yukawa H., Takahashi J.C., Miyatake S.I., Saiki M., Matsuoka N., Akimoto M., Yanamoto H., Nagata I., Kikuchi H., Hashimoto N. Adenoviral gene transfer of basic fibroblast growth factor promotes angiogenesis in rat brain. Gene Ther. 7:2000;942-949
562. Zaro J.L., Shen W.C. Quantitative comparison of membrane transduction and endocytosis of oligopeptides. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 307:2003;241-247
563. Zasloff M. Magainins, a class of antimicrobial peptides from Xenopus skin: isolation, characterization of two active forms, and partial cDNA sequence of a precursor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 84:1987;5449-5453
564. Zauli G., Gibellini D. The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) Tat protein and Bcl-2 gene expression. Leuk. Lymphoma. 23:1996;551-660
565. Zauli G., Gibellini D., Caputo A., Bassini A., Negrini M., Monne M., Mazzoni M., Capitani S. The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Tat protein upregulates Bcl-2 gene expression in Jurkat T-cell lines and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Blood. 86:1995;3823-3834
566. Zauli G., Secchiero P., Rodella L., Gibellini D., Mirandola P., Mazzoni M., Milani D., Dowd D.R., Capitani S., Vitale M. HIV-1 Tat-mediated inhibition of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in dopaminergic neuronal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;4159-4165
567. Zezula J., Casaccia-Bonnefil P., Ezhevsky S.A., Osterhout D.J., Levine J.M., Dowdy S.F., Chao M.V., Koff A. p21cip1 is required for the differentiation of oligodendrocytes independently of cell cycle withdrawal. EMBO Rep. 2:2001;27-34
568. Zhang L., Torgerson T.R., Liu X.Y., Timmons S., Colosia A.D., Hawiger J., Tam J.P. Preparation of functionally active cell-permeable peptides by single-step ligation of two peptide modules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:1998;9184-9189
569. Zhang Y., Calon F., Zhu C., Boado R.J., Pardridge W.M. Intravenous nonviral gene therapyf causes normalization of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase and reversal of motor impairment in experimental parkinsonism. Hum. Gene Ther. 14:2003;1-12
570. Zhang Y., Schlachetzki F., Li J.Y., Boado R.J., Pardridge W.M. Organ-specific gene expression in the rhesus monkey eye following intravenous non-viral gene transfer. Mol. Vision. 9:2003;465-472
571. Zhang Y., Schlachetzki F., Pardridge W.M. Global non-viral gene transfer to the primate brain following intravenous administration. Molec. Ther. 7:2003;11-18
572. Zhang Y.M., Liu C.B., Liu N., Flores G.F., He J., Rusckowski M., Hnatowich D.J. Electrostatic binding with tat and other cationic peptides increases cell accumulation of 99mTc-antisense DNAs without entrapment. Mol. Imaging Biol. 5:2003;240-247
573. Zhao Y., Lou D., Burkett J., Kohler H. Chemical engineering of cell penetrating antibodies. J. Immunol. Methods. 254:2001;137-145
574. Zhao M., Kircher M.F., Josephson L., Weissleder R. Differential conjugation of tat peptide to superparamagnetic nanoparticles and its effect on cellular uptake. Bioconjugate Chem. 13:2002;840-844
575. Zhu C., Zhang Y., Pardridge W.M. Widespread expression of an exogenous gene in the eye after intravenous administration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 43:2002;3075-3080
576. Zhu L., Schwegler-Berry D., Castranova V., He P. Internalization of caveolin-1 scaffolding domain facilitated by Antennapedia homeodomain attenuates PAF-induced increase in microvessel permeability. Am. J. Physiol.: Heart Circ. Physiol. 286:2003;H195-H201
577. Ziegler A., Blatter X.L., Seelig A., Seelig J. Protein transduction domains of HIV-1 and SIV TAT interact with charged lipid vesicles. Binding mechanism and thermodynamic analysis. Biochemistry. 42:2003;9185-9194