Posttranslational modification as a critical determinant of cytoplasmic innate immune recognition

Physiological Reviews

Volumn 97, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 1165-1209

  Baker, Paul J ^a,b,c,d   De Nardo, Dominic ^a,b,c,d   Moghaddas, Fiona ^a,b,c,d   Tran, Le Son ^a,b,c,d   Bachem, Annabell ^a,b,c,d   Nguyen, Tan ^a,b,c,d   Hayman, Thomas ^a,b,c,d   Tye, Hazel ^a,b,c,d   Vince, James E ^a,b,c,d   Bedoui, Sammy ^a,b,c,d   Ferrero, Richard L ^a,b,c,d   Masters, Seth L ^a,b,c,d  

^a WALTER AND ELIZA HALL INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c PETER DOHERTY INSTITUTE FOR INFECTION AND IMMUNITY   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN PROTEIN 15; CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN PROTEIN 4; CRYOPYRIN; IFI16 PROTEIN; INTERFERON INDUCED HELICASE C DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 1; NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITORY PROTEIN; PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; PYRIN; RETINOIC ACID INDUCIBLE PROTEIN I; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; EPITOPE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR;

ACETYLATION; ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLATION; ANTIGEN RECOGNITION; ARTICLE; AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASE; CYTOPLASM; GLUTAMYLATION; HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY; HUMAN; HYPERIMMUNOGLOBULINEMIA D AND PERIODIC FEVER SYNDROME; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INNATE IMMUNITY; MYOPATHY; NITROSOLYATION; NONHUMAN; PALMITOYLATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; SENSOR; SUMOYLATION; UBIQUITINATION; ANIMAL; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CYTOPLASM; EPITOPES; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; PROTEIN PROCESSING, POST-TRANSLATIONAL; RECEPTORS, IMMUNOLOGIC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 85020887572     PISSN: 00319333     EISSN: 15221210     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2016     Document Type: Article

References (379)

1. Abbott DW, Wilkins A, Asara JM, Cantley LC. The Crohn’s disease protein, NOD2, requires RIP2 in order to induce ubiquitinylation of a novel site on NEMO. Curr Biol 14: 2217-2227, 2004. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.032.
2. Ablasser A, Bauernfeind F, Hartmann G, Latz E, Fitzgerald KA, Hornung V. RIG-I-dependent sensing of poly(dA:dT) through the induction of an RNA polymerase III-transcribed RNA intermediate. Nat Immunol 10: 1065-1072, 2009. doi:10.1038/ni.1779.
3. Ablasser A, Goldeck M, Cavlar T, Deimling T, Witte G, Röhl I, Hopfner KP, Ludwig J, Hornung V. cGAS produces a 2=-5=-linked cyclic dinucleotide second messenger that activates STING. Nature 498: 380-384, 2013. doi:10.1038/nature12306.
4. Ablasser A, Hemmerling I, Schmid-Burgk JL, Behrendt R, Roers A, Hornung V. TREX1 deficiency triggers cell-autonomous immunity in a cGAS-dependent manner. J Immunol 192: 5993-5997, 2014. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1400737.
5. Ablasser A, Schmid-Burgk JL, Hemmerling I, Horvath GL, Schmidt T, Latz E, Hornung V. Cell intrinsic immunity spreads to bystander cells via the intercellular transfer of cGAMP. Nature 503: 530-534, 2013. doi:10.1038/nature12640.
6. Aguirre S, Maestre AM, Pagni S, Patel JR., Savage T, Gutman D, Maringer K, Bernal-Rubio D, Shabman RS, Simon V, Rodriguez-Madoz JR., Mulder LC, Barber GN, Fernandez-Sesma A. DENV inhibits type I IFN production in infected cells by cleaving human STING. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002934, 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002934.
7. Ahn J, Gutman D, Saijo S, Barber GN. STING manifests self DNA-dependent inflammatory disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 19386-19391, 2012. doi:10.1073/pnas.1215006109.
8. Aitken A. 14-3-3 proteins: a historic overview. Semin Cancer Biol 16: 162-172, 2006. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2006.03.005.
9. Akula MK, Shi M, Jiang Z, Foster CE, Miao D, Li AS, Zhang X, Gavin RM, Forde SD, Germain G, Carpenter S, Rosadini CV, Gritsman K, Chae JJ, Hampton R, Silverman N, Gravallese EM, Kagan JC, Fitzgerald KA, Kastner DL, Golenbock DT, Bergo MO, Wang D. Control of the innate immune response by the mevalonate pathway. Nat Immunol 17: 922-929, 2016. doi:10.1038/ni.3487.
10. Allison CC, Kufer TA, Kremmer E, Kaparakis M, Ferrero RL. Helicobacter pylori induces MAPK phosphorylation and AP-1 activation via a NOD1-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 183: 8099-8109, 2009. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0900664.
11. Andrade WA, Agarwal S, Mo S, Shaffer SA, Dillard JP, Schmidt T, Hornung V, Fitzgerald KA, Kurt-Jones EA, Golenbock DT. Type I interferon induction by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: dual requirement of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase and Toll-like receptor 4. Cell Reports 15: 2438-2448, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.030.
12. Andrejeva J, Childs KS, Young DF, Carlos TS, Stock N, Goodbourn S, Randall RE. The V proteins of paramyxoviruses bind the IFN-inducible RNA helicase, mda-5, and inhibit its activation of the IFN-beta promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 17264-17269, 2004. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407639101.
13. Ansari MA, Dutta S, Veettil MV, Dutta D, Iqbal J, Kumar B, Roy A, Chikoti L, Singh VV, Chandran B. Herpesvirus genome recognition induced acetylation of nuclear IFI16 is essential for its cytoplasmic translocation, inflammasome and IFN-responses. PLoS Pathog 11: e1005019, 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005019.
14. Arimoto K, Takahashi H, Hishiki T, Konishi H, Fujita T, Shimotohno K. Negative regulation of the RIG-I signaling by the ubiquitin ligase RNF125. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 7500-7505, 2007. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611551104.
15. Atianand MK, Harton JA. Uncoupling of Pyrin-only protein 2 (POP2)-mediated dual regulation of NF-B and the inflammasome. J Biol Chem 286: 40536-40547, 2011. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.274290.
16. Aubert DF, Xu H, Yang J, Shi X, Gao W, Li L, Bisaro F, Chen S, Valvano MA, Shao F. A burkholderia type VI effector deamidates Rho GTPases to activate the pyrin inflammasome and trigger inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 19: 664-674, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.004.
17. Bedoya F, Sandler LL, Harton JA. Pyrin-only protein 2 modulates NF-kappaB and disrupts ASC:CLR interactions. J Immunol 178: 3837-3845, 2007. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3837.
18. Berger R, Smit GP, Schierbeek H, Bijsterveld K, le Coultre R. Mevalonic aciduria: an inborn error of cholesterol biosynthesis? Clin Chim Acta 152: 219-222, 1985. doi:10.1016/0009-8981(85)90195-0.
19. Bhargava R, Leonard NJ, Chan AK, Spranger J. Autosomal dominant inheritance of spondyloenchondrodysplasia. Am J Med Genet A 135: 282-288, 2005. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30732.
20. Bielig H, Lautz K, Braun PR, Menning M, Machuy N, Brügmann C, Barisic S, Eisler SA, Andree M, Zurek B, Kashkar H, Sansonetti PJ, Hausser A, Meyer TF, Kufer TA. The cofilin phosphatase slingshot homolog 1 (SSH1) links NOD1 signaling to actin remodeling. PLoS Pathog 10: e1004351, 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004351.
21. Bogunovic D, Byun M, Durfee LA, Abhyankar A, Sanal O, Mansouri D, Salem S, Radovanovic I, Grant AV, Adimi P, Mansouri N, Okada S, Bryant VL, Kong XF, Kreins A, Velez MM, Boisson B, Khalilzadeh S, Ozcelik U, Darazam IA, Schoggins JW, Rice CM, Al-Muhsen S, Behr M, Vogt G, Puel A, Bustamante J, Gros P, Huibregtse JM, Abel L, Boisson-Dupuis S, Casanova JL. Mycobacterial disease and impaired IFN-immunity in humans with inherited ISG15 deficiency. Science 337: 1684-1688, 2012. doi: 10.1126/science.1224026.
22. Boisson B, Laplantine E, Dobbs K, Cobat A, Tarantino N, Hazen M, Lidov HG, Hopkins G, Du L, Belkadi A, Chrabieh M, Itan Y, Picard C, Fournet JC, Eibel H, Tsitsikov E, Pai SY, Abel L, Al-Herz W, Casanova JL, Israel A, Notarangelo LD. Human HOIP and LUBAC deficiency underlies autoinflammation, immunodeficiency, amylopectinosis, and lymphangiectasia. J Exp Med 212: 939-951, 2015. doi:10.1084/jem.20141130.
23. Boisson B, Laplantine E, Prando C, Giliani S, Israelsson E, Xu Z, Abhyankar A, Israël L, Trevejo-Nunez G, Bogunovic D, Cepika AM, MacDuff D, Chrabieh M, Hubeau M, Bajolle F, Debré M, Mazzolari E, Vairo D, Agou F, Virgin HW, Bossuyt X, Rambaud C, Facchetti F, Bonnet D, Quartier P, Fournet JC, Pascual V, Chaussabel D, Notarangelo LD, Puel A, Israël A, Casanova JL, Picard C. Immunodeficiency, autoinflammation and amylopectinosis in humans with inherited HOIL-1 and LUBAC deficiency. Nat Immu-nol 13: 1178-1186, 2012. doi:10.1038/ni.2457.
24. Bridgeman A, Maelfait J, Davenne T, Partridge T, Peng Y, Mayer A, Dong T, Kaever V, Borrow P, Rehwinkel J. Viruses transfer the antiviral second messenger cGAMP between cells. Science 349: 1228-1232, 2015. doi:10.1126/science.aab3632.
25. Briggs LJ, Johnstone RW, Elliot RM, Xiao CY, Dawson M, Trapani JA, Jans DA. Novel properties of the protein kinase CK2-site-regulated nuclear-localization sequence of the interferon-induced nuclear factor IFI 16. Biochem J 353: 69-77, 2001. doi:10.1042/bj3530069.
26. Briggs TA, Rice GI, Daly S, Urquhart J, Gornall H, Bader-Meunier B, Baskar K, Baskar S, Baudouin V, Beresford MW, Black GC, Dearman RJ, de Zegher F, Foster ES, Francès C, Hayman AR, Hilton E, Job-Deslandre C, Kulkarni ML, Le Merrer M, Linglart A, Lovell SC, Maurer K, Musset L, Navarro V, Picard C, Puel A, Rieux-Laucat F, Roifman CM, Scholl-Bürgi S, Smith N, Szynkiewicz M, Wiedeman A, Wouters C, Zeef LA, Casanova JL, Elkon KB, Janckila A, Lebon P, Crow YJ. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase deficiency causes a bone dysplasia with autoimmunity and a type I interferon expression signature. Nat Genet 43: 127-131, 2011. doi:10.1038/ng.748.
27. Bruey JM, Bruey-Sedano N, Newman R, Chandler S, Stehlik C, Reed JC. PAN1/ NALP2/PYPAF2, an inducible inflammatory mediator that regulates NF-kappaB and caspase-1 activation in macrophages. J Biol Chem 279: 51897-51907, 2004. doi:10.1074/jbc.M406741200.
28. Bürckstümmer T, Baumann C, Blüml S, Dixit E, Dürnberger G, Jahn H, Planyavsky M, Bilban M, Colinge J, Bennett KL, Superti-Furga G. An orthogonal proteomic-genomic screen identifies AIM2 as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor for the inflammasome. Nat Immunol 10: 266-272, 2009. doi:10.1038/ni.1702.
29. Burdette DL, Monroe KM, Sotelo-Troha K, Iwig JS, Eckert B, Hyodo M, Hayakawa Y, Vance RE. STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP. Nature 478: 515-518, 2011. doi:10.1038/nature10429.
30. Cai X, Chiu YH, Chen ZJ. The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing and signaling. Mol Cell 54: 289-296, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.040.
31. Canna SW, de Jesus AA, Gouni S, Brooks SR, Marrero B, Liu Y, DiMattia MA, Zaal KJ, Sanchez GA, Kim H, Chapelle D, Plass N, Huang Y, Villarino AV, Biancotto A, Fleisher TA, Duncan JA, O’Shea JJ, Benseler S, Grom A, Deng Z, Laxer RM, Goldbach-Mansky R. An activating NLRC4 inflammasome mutation causes autoinflammation with recur-rent macrophage activation syndrome. Nat Genet 46: 1140-1146, 2014. doi:10.1038/ng.3089.
32. Cao T, Borden KL, Freemont PS, Etkin LD. Involvement of the rfp tripartite motif in protein-protein interactions and subcellular distribution. J Cell Sci 110: 1563-1571, 1997.
33. Cassel SL, Joly S, Sutterwala FS. The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor of immune danger signals. Semin Immunol 21: 194-198, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.002.
34. Cavlar T, Deimling T, Ablasser A, Hopfner KP, Hornung V. Species-specific detection of the antiviral small-molecule compound CMA by STING. EMBO J 32: 1440-1450, 2013. doi:10.1038/emboj.2013.86.
35. Centola M, Wood G, Frucht DM, Galon J, Aringer M, Farrell C, Kingma DW, Horwitz ME, Mansfield E, Holland SM, O’Shea JJ, Rosenberg HF, Malech HL, Kastner DL. The gene for familial Mediterranean fever, MEFV, is expressed in early leukocyte development and is regulated in response to inflammatory mediators. Blood 95: 3223-3231, 2000.
36. Chae JJ, Komarow HD, Cheng J, Wood G, Raben N, Liu PP, Kastner DL. Targeted disruption of pyrin, the FMF protein, causes heightened sensitivity to endotoxin and a defect in macrophage apoptosis. Mol Cell 11: 591-604, 2003. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00056-X.
37. Chae JJ, Wood G, Masters SL, Richard K, Park G, Smith BJ, Kastner DL. The B30.2 domain of pyrin, the familial Mediterranean fever protein, interacts directly with caspase-1 to modulate IL-1 production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 9982-9987, 2006. doi:10.1073/pnas.0602081103.
38. Chae JJ, Wood G, Richard K, Jaffe H, Colburn NT, Masters SL, Gumucio DL, Shoham NG, Kastner DL. The familial Mediterranean fever protein, pyrin, is cleaved by caspase-1 and activates NF-kappaB through its N-terminal fragment. Blood 112: 1794-1803, 2008. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-01-134932.
39. Chamaillard M, Hashimoto M, Horie Y, Masumoto J, Qiu S, Saab L, Ogura Y, Kawasaki A, Fukase K, Kusumoto S, Valvano MA, Foster SJ, Mak TW, Nuñez G, Inohara N. An essential role for NOD1 in host recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan containing diaminopimelic acid. Nat Immunol 4: 702-707, 2003. doi:10.1038/ni945.
40. Chavarría-Smith J, Vance RE. Direct proteolytic cleavage of NLRP1B is necessary and sufficient for inflammasome activation by anthrax lethal factor. PLoS Pathog 9: e1003452, 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003452.
41. Chen X, Yang X, Zheng Y, Yang Y, Xing Y, Chen Z. SARS coronavirus papain-like protease inhibits the type I interferon signaling pathway through interaction with the STING-TRAF3-TBK1 complex. Protein Cell 5: 369-381, 2014. doi:10.1007/s13238-014-0026-3.
42. Chu LH, Gangopadhyay A, Dorfleutner A, Stehlik C. An updated view on the structure and function of PYRIN domains. Apoptosis 20: 157-173, 2015. doi:10.1007/s10495-014-1065-1.
43. Chung LK, Park YH, Zheng Y, Brodsky IE, Hearing P, Kastner DL, Chae JJ, Bliska JB. The Yersinia virulence factor YopM hijacks host kinases to inhibit type III effector-triggered activation of the pyrin inflammasome. Cell Host Microbe 20: 296-306, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.018.
44. Coll RC, Robertson AA, Chae JJ, Higgins SC, Muñoz-Planillo R, Inserra MC, Vetter I, Dungan LS, Monks BG, Stutz A, Croker DE, Butler MS, Haneklaus M, Sutton CE, Núñez G, Latz E, Kastner DL, Mills KH, Masters SL, Schroder K, Cooper MA, O’Neill LA. A small-molecule inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Nat Med 21: 248-255, 2015. doi:10.1038/nm.3806.
45. Collins AC, Cai H, Li T, Franco LH, Li XD, Nair VR, Scharn CR, Stamm CE, Levine B, Chen ZJ, Shiloh MU. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is an innate immune DNA sensor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Host Microbe 17: 820-828, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.05.005.
46. Conlon J, Burdette DL, Sharma S, Bhat N, Thompson M, Jiang Z, Rathinam VA, Monks B, Jin T, Xiao TS, Vogel SN, Vance RE, Fitzgerald KA. Mouse, but not human STING, binds and signals in response to the vascular disrupting agent 5,6-dimethylxanthe-none-4-acetic acid. J Immunol 190: 5216-5225, 2013. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1300097.
47. Connolly DJ, Bowie AG. The emerging role of human PYHIN proteins in innate immunity: implications for health and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 92: 405-414, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.031.
48. Cui J, Song Y, Li Y, Zhu Q, Tan P, Qin Y, Wang HY, Wang R-F. USP3 inhibits type I interferon signaling by deubiquitinating RIG-I-like receptors. Cell Res 24: 400-416, 2014. doi:10.1038/cr.2013.170.
49. D’Cruz AA, Kershaw NJ, Chiang JJ, Wang MK, Nicola NA, Babon JJ, Gack MU, Nicholson SE. Crystal structure of the TRIM25 B30.2 (PRYSPRY) domain: a key component of antiviral signalling. Biochem J 456: 231-240, 2013. doi:10.1042/BJ20121425.
50. D’Cunha J, Knight E Jr., Haas AL, Truitt RL, Borden EC. Immunoregulatory properties of ISG15, an interferon-induced cytokine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 211-215, 1996. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.211.
51. D’Cunha J, Ramanujam S, Wagner RJ, Witt PL, Knight E Jr., Borden EC. In vitro and in vivo secretion of human ISG15, an IFN-induced immunomodulatory cytokine. J Immunol 157: 4100-4108, 1996.
52. D’Osualdo A, Weichenberger CX, Wagner RN, Godzik A, Wooley J, Reed JC. CARD8 and NLRP1 undergo autoproteolytic processing through a ZU5-like domain. PLoS One 6: e27396, 2011. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027396.
53. Da Silva Correia J, Miranda Y, Leonard N, Ulevitch R. SGT1 is essential for Nod1 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 6764-6769, 2007. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610926104.
54. Damiano JS, Stehlik C, Pio F, Godzik A, Reed JC. CLAN, a novel human CED-4-like gene. Genomics 75: 77-83, 2001. doi:10.1006/geno.2001.6579.
55. Dangl JL, Jones JD. Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection. Nature 411: 826-833, 2001. doi:10.1038/35081161.
56. Davis ME, Wang MK, Rennick LJ, Full F, Gableske S, Mesman AW, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TB, Duprex WP, Gack MU. Antagonism of the phosphatase PP1 by the measles virus V protein is required for innate immune escape of MDA5. Cell Host Microbe 16: 19-30, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.06.007.
57. Dawson MJ, Trapani JA. The interferon-inducible autoantigen, IFI 16: localization to the nucleolus and identification of a DNA-binding domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 214: 152-162, 1995. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2269.
58. De Nardo D. Toll-like receptors: activation, signalling and transcriptional modulation. Cytokine 74: 181-189, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.025.
59. Dell’Oste V, Gatti D, Gugliesi F, De Andrea M, Bawadekar M, Lo Cigno I, Biolatti M, Vallino M, Marschall M, Gariglio M, Landolfo S. Innate nuclear sensor IFI16 translocates into the cytoplasm during the early stage of in vitro human cytomegalovirus infection and is entrapped in the egressing virions during the late stage. J Virol 88: 6970-6982, 2014. doi:10.1128/JVI.00384-14.
60. Dorsch M, Wang A, Cheng H, Lu C, Bielecki A, Charron K, Clauser K, Ren H, Polakiewicz RD, Parsons T, Li P, Ocain T, Xu Y. Identification of a regulatory auto-phosphorylation site in the serine-threonine kinase RIP2. Cell Signal 18: 2223-2229, 2006. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.05.005.
61. Dowds TA, Masumoto J, Chen FF, Ogura Y, Inohara N, Núñez G. Regulation of cryopyrin/Pypaf1 signaling by pyrin, the familial Mediterranean fever gene product. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 302: 575-580, 2003. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00221-3.
62. Drahos J, Racaniello VR. Cleavage of IPS-1 in cells infected with human rhinovirus. J Virol 83: 11581-11587, 2009. doi:10.1128/JVI.01490-09.
63. Drenth JP, Cuisset L, Grateau G, Vasseur C, van de Velde-Visser SD, de Jong JG, Beckmann JS, van der Meer JW, Delpech M, International Hyper-IgD Study Group. Mutations in the gene encoding mevalonate kinase cause hyper-IgD and periodic fever syndrome. Nat Genet 22: 178-181, 1999. doi:10.1038/9696.
64. Drenth JP, Göertz J, Daha MR, van der Meer JW. Immunoglobulin D enhances the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1 beta as well as interleukin-1 receptor antagonist from human mononuclear cells. Immunology 88: 355-362, 1996. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-672.x.
65. Drenth JP, van der Meer JW, Kushner I. Unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with the hyper-IgD syndrome produce cytokines capable of potent induction of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A in Hep3B cells. J Immunol 157: 400-404, 1996.
66. Dugan J, Griffiths E, Snow P, Rosenzweig H, Lee E, Brown B, Carr DW, Rose C, Rosenbaum J, Davey MP. Blau syndrome-associated Nod2 mutation alters expression of full-length NOD2 and limits responses to muramyl dipeptide in knock-in mice. J Immunol 194: 349-357, 2015. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1402330.
67. Duong BH, Onizawa M, Oses-Prieto JA, Advincula R, Burlingame A, Malynn BA, Ma A. A20 restricts ubiquitination of pro-interleukin-1 protein complexes and suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Immunity 42: 55-67, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.031.
68. Fan Y, Mao R, Yu Y, Liu S, Shi Z, Cheng J, Zhang H, An L, Zhao Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Kogiso M, Zhang D, Zhang H, Zhang P, Jung JU, Li X, Xu G, Yang J. USP21 negatively regulates antiviral response by acting as a RIG-I deubiquitinase. J Exp Med 211: 313-328, 2014. doi:10.1084/jem.20122844.
69. Feng Q, Hato SV, Langereis MA, Zoll J, Virgen-Slane R, Peisley A, Hur S, Semler BL, van Rij RP, van Kuppeveld FJ. MDA5 detects the double-stranded RNA replicative form in picornavirus-infected cells. Cell Reports 2: 1187-1196, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2012.10.005.
70. Feng Q, Langereis MA, Lork M, Nguyen M, Hato SV, Lanke K, Emdad L, Bhoopathi P, Fisher PB, Lloyd RE, van Kuppeveld FJ. Enterovirus 2Apro targets MDA5 and MAVS in infected cells. J Virol 88: 3369-3378, 2014. doi:10.1128/JVI.02712-13.
71. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Yu JW, Datta P, Wu J, Alnemri ES. AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA. Nature 458: 509-513, 2009. doi:10.1038/nature07710.
72. Finger JN, Lich JD, Dare LC, Cook MN, Brown KK, Duraiswami C, Bertin J, Gough PJ. Autolytic proteolysis within the function to find domain (FIIND) is required for NLRP1 inflammasome activity. J Biol Chem 287: 25030-25037, 2012. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.378323.
73. Franchi L, Amer A, Body-Malapel M, Kanneganti TD, Ozören N, Jagirdar R, Inohara N, Vandenabeele P, Bertin J, Coyle A, Grant EP, Núñez G. Cytosolic flagellin requires Ipaf for activation of caspase-1 and interleukin 1beta in salmonella-infected macrophages. Nat Immunol 7: 576-582, 2006. doi:10.1038/ni1346.
74. François-Newton V, Livingstone M, Payelle-Brogard B, Uzé G, Pellegrini S. USP18 establishes the transcriptional and anti-proliferative interferon ÷/ differential. Biochem J 446: 509-516, 2012. doi:10.1042/BJ20120541.
75. François-Newton V, Magno de Freitas Almeida G, Payelle-Brogard B, Monneron D, Pichard-Garcia L, Piehler J, Pellegrini S, Uzé G. USP18-based negative feedback control is induced by type I and type III interferons and specifically inactivates interferon ÷ response. PLoS One 6: e22200, 2011. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022200.
76. Frenkel J, Rijkers GT, Mandey SH, Buurman SW, Houten SM, Wanders RJ, Waterham HR, Kuis W. Lack of isoprenoid products raises ex vivo interleukin-1beta secretion in hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 46: 2794-2803, 2002. doi:10.1002/art.10550.
77. Friedman CS, O’Donnell MA, Legarda-Addison D, Ng A, Cárdenas WB, Yount JS, Moran TM, Basler CF, Komuro A, Horvath CM, Xavier R, Ting AT. The tumour suppressor CYLD is a negative regulator of RIG-I-mediated antiviral response. EMBO Rep 9: 930-936, 2008. doi:10.1038/embor.2008.136.
78. Fritz JH, Ferrero RL, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE. Nod-like proteins in immunity, inflammation and disease. Nat Immunol 7: 1250-1257, 2006. doi:10.1038/ni1412.
79. Fu J, Xiong Y, Xu Y, Cheng G, Tang H. MDA5 is SUMOylated by PIAS2 in the upregulation of type I interferon signaling. Mol Immunol 48: 415-422, 2011. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2010.09.003.
80. Gack MU, Nistal-Villán E, Inn K-S, García-Sastre A, Jung JU. Phosphorylation-mediated negative regulation of RIG-I antiviral activity. J Virol 84: 3220-3229, 2010. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02241-09.
81. Gack MU, Shin YC, Joo C-H, Urano T, Liang C, Sun L, Takeuchi O, Akira S, Chen Z, Inoue S, Jung JU. TRIM25 RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for RIG-I-mediated antiviral activity. Nature 446: 916-920, 2007. doi:10.1038/nature05732.
82. Gao D, Li T, Li XD, Chen X, Li QZ, Wight-Carter M, Chen ZJ. Activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase by self-DNA causes autoimmune diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: E5699-E5705, 2015. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516465112.
83. Gao D, Wu J, Wu YT, Du F, Aroh C, Yan N, Sun L, Chen ZJ. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is an innate immune sensor of HIV and other retroviruses. Science 341: 903-906, 2013. doi:10.1126/science.1240933.
84. Gao P, Ascano M, Zillinger T, Wang W, Dai P, Serganov AA, Gaffney BL, Shuman S, Jones RA, Deng L, Hartmann G, Barchet W, Tuschl T, Patel DJ. Structure-function analysis of STING activation by c[G(2=,5=)pA(3=,5=)p] and targeting by antiviral DMXAA. Cell 154: 748-762, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.07.023.
85. Gao W, Yang J, Liu W, Wang Y, Shao F. Site-specific phosphorylation and microtubule dynamics control Pyrin inflammasome activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113: E4857-E4866, 2016. doi:10.1073/pnas.1601700113.
86. Gavrilin MA, Abdelaziz DHA, Mostafa M, Abdulrahman BA, Grandhi J, Akhter A, Abu Khweek A, Aubert DF, Valvano MA, Wewers MD, Amer AO. Activation of the pyrin inflammasome by intracellular Burkholderia cenocepacia. J Immunol 188: 3469-3477, 2012. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1102272.
87. Gentili M, Kowal J, Tkach M, Satoh T, Lahaye X, Conrad C, Boyron M, Lombard B, Durand S, Kroemer G, Loew D, Dalod M, Théry C, Manel N. Transmission of innate immune signaling by packaging of cGAMP in viral particles. Science 349: 1232-1236, 2015. doi:10.1126/science.aab3628.
88. Gerlach B, Cordier SM, Schmukle AC, Emmerich CH, Rieser E, Haas TL, Webb AI, Rickard JA, Anderton H, Wong WW, Nachbur U, Gangoda L, Warnken U, Purcell AW, Silke J, Walczak H. Linear ubiquitination prevents inflammation and regulates immune signalling. Nature 471: 591-596, 2011. doi:10.1038/nature09816.
89. Gijbels MJ, Zurcher C, Kraal G, Elliott GR, HogenEsch H, Schijff G, Savelkoul HF, Bruijnzeel PL. Pathogenesis of skin lesions in mice with chronic proliferative dermatitis (cpdm/cpdm). Am J Pathol 148: 941-950, 1996.
90. Girardin SE, Boneca IG, Carneiro LA, Antignac A, Jéhanno M, Viala J, Tedin K, Taha MK, Labigne A, Zähringer U, Coyle AJ, DiStefano PS, Bertin J, Sansonetti PJ, Philpott DJ. Nod1 detects a unique muropeptide from gram-negative bacterial peptidoglycan. Science 300: 1584-1587, 2003. doi:10.1126/science.1084677.
91. Girardin SE, Boneca IG, Viala J, Chamaillard M, Labigne A, Thomas G, Philpott DJ, Sansonetti PJ. Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J Biol Chem 278: 8869-8872, 2003. doi:10.1074/jbc.C200651200.
92. Gitlin L, Barchet W, Gilfillan S, Cella M, Beutler B, Flavell RA, Diamond MS, Colonna M. Essential role of mda-5 in type I IFN responses to polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid and encephalomyocarditis picornavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 8459-8464, 2006. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603082103.
93. Goldbach-Mansky R, Dailey NJ, Canna SW, Gelabert A, Jones J, Rubin BI, Kim HJ, Brewer C, Zalewski C, Wiggs E, Hill S, Turner ML, Karp BI, Aksentijevich I, Pucino F, Penzak SR, Haverkamp MH, Stein L, Adams BS, Moore TL, Fuhlbrigge RC, Shaham B, Jarvis JN, O’Neil K, Vehe RK, Beitz LO, Gardner G, Hannan WP, Warren RW, Horn W, Cole JL, Paul SM, Hawkins PN, Pham TH, Snyder C, Wesley RA, Hoffmann SC, Holland SM, Butman JA, Kastner DL. Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease responsive to interleukin-1beta inhibition. N Engl J Med 355: 581-592, 2006. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055137.
94. Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature 343: 425-430, 1990. doi:10.1038/343425a0.
95. Gray EE, Winship D, Snyder JM, Child SJ, Geballe AP, Stetson DB. The AIM2-like receptors are dispensable for the interferon response to intracellular DNA. Immunity 45: 255-266, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.015.
96. Grenier JM, Wang L, Manji GA, Huang W-J, Al-Garawi A, Kelly R, Carlson A, Merriam S, Lora JM, Briskin M, DiStefano PS, Bertin J. Functional screening of five PYPAF family members identifies PYPAF5 as a novel regulator of NF-kappaB and caspase-1. FEBS Lett 530: 73-78, 2002. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03416-6.
97. Guey B, Bodnar M, Manié SN, Tardivel A, Petrilli V. Caspase-1 autoproteolysis is differentially required for NLRP1b and NLRP3 inflammasome function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111: 17254-17259, 2014. doi:10.1073/pnas.1415756111.
98. Haas AL, Ahrens P, Bright PM, Ankel H. Interferon induces a 15-kilodalton protein exhibiting marked homology to ubiquitin. J Biol Chem 262: 11315-11323, 1987.
99. Haas D, Hoffmann GF. Mevalonate kinase deficiencies: from mevalonic aciduria to hyperimmunoglobulinemia D syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 1: 13, 2006. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-1-13.
100. Hansen K, Prabakaran T, Laustsen A, Jørgensen SE, Rahbæk SH, Jensen SB, Nielsen R, Leber JH, Decker T, Horan KA, Jakobsen MR, Paludan SR. Listeria monocytogenes induces IFN expression through an IFI16-, cGAS-and STING-dependent pathway. EMBO J 33: 1654-1666, 2014. doi:10.15252/embj.201488029.
101. Hart GW, Slawson C, Ramirez-Correa G, Lagerlof O. Cross talk between O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation: roles in signaling, transcription, and chronic disease. Annu Rev Biochem 80: 825-858, 2011. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060608-102511.
102. Hasegawa M, Fujimoto Y, Lucas PC, Nakano H, Fukase K, Núñez G, Inohara N. A critical role of RICK/RIP2 polyubiquitination in Nod-induced NF-kappaB activation. EMBO J 27: 373-383, 2008. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601962.
103. Hasegawa M, Fujimoto Y, Lucas PC, Nakano H, Fukase K, Núñez G, Inohara N. A critical role of RICK/RIP2 polyubiquitination in Nod-induced NF-kappaB activation. EMBO J 27: 373-383, 2008. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601962.
104. He Y, Zeng MY, Yang D, Motro B, Núñez G. NEK7 is an essential mediator of NLRP3 activation downstream of potassium efflux. Nature 530: 354-357, 2016. doi:10.1038/nature16959.
105. Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, Ampenberger F, Kirschning C, Akira S, Lipford G, Wagner H, Bauer S. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via Toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 303: 1526-1529, 2004. doi:10.1126/science.1093620.
106. Hemmi H, Kaisho T, Takeuchi O, Sato S, Sanjo H, Hoshino K, Horiuchi T, Tomizawa H, Takeda K, Akira S. Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Nat Immunol 3: 196-200, 2002. doi:10.1038/ni758.
107. Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Kaisho T, Sato S, Sanjo H, Matsumoto M, Hoshino K, Wagner H, Takeda K, Akira S. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408: 740-745, 2000. doi:10.1038/35047123.
108. Henneman L, Schneiders MS, Turkenburg M, Waterham HR. Compromised geranylgeranylation of RhoA and Rac1 in mevalonate kinase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 33: 625-632, 2010. doi:10.1007/s10545-010-9173-8.
109. Herzner AM, Hagmann CA, Goldeck M, Wolter S, Kübler K, Wittmann S, Gramberg T, Andreeva L, Hopfner KP, Mertens C, Zillinger T, Jin T, Xiao TS, Bartok E, Coch C, Ackermann D, Hornung V, Ludwig J, Barchet W, Hartmann G, Schlee M. Sequence-specific activation of the DNA sensor cGAS by Y-form DNA structures as found in primary HIV-1 cDNA. Nat Immunol 16: 1025-1033, 2015. doi:10.1038/ni.3267.
110. Hesker PR, Nguyen M, Kovarova M, Ting JPY, Koller BH. Genetic loss of murine pyrin, the Familial Mediterranean Fever protein, increases interleukin-1 levels. PLoS One 7: e51105, 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051105.
111. Hiller S, Kohl A, Fiorito F, Herrmann T, Wider G, Tschopp J, Grütter MG, Wüthrich K. NMR structure of the apoptosis-and inflammation-related NALP1 pyrin domain. Structure 11: 1199-1205, 2003. doi:10.1016/j.str.2003.08.009.
112. Hoffman HM, Mueller JL, Broide DH, Wanderer AA, Kolodner RD. Mutation of a new gene encoding a putative pyrin-like protein causes familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Muckle-Wells syndrome. Nat Genet 29: 301-305, 2001. doi:10.1038/ng756.
113. Hoffmann G, Gibson KM, Brandt IK, Bader PI, Wappner RS, Sweetman L. Mevalonic aciduria-an inborn error of cholesterol and nonsterol isoprene biosynthesis. N Engl J Med 314: 1610-1614, 1986. doi:10.1056/NEJM198606193142504.
114. Hoffmann GF, Charpentier C, Mayatepek E, Mancini J, Leichsenring M, Gibson KM, Divry P, Hrebicek M, Lehnert W, Sartor K, et al. Clinical and biochemical phenotype in 11 patients with mevalonic aciduria. Pediatrics 91: 915-921, 1993.
115. HogenEsch H, Gijbels MJ, Offerman E, van Hooft J, van Bekkum DW, Zurcher C. A spontaneous mutation characterized by chronic proliferative dermatitis in C57BL mice. Am J Pathol 143: 972-982, 1993.
116. Hornung V, Ablasser A, Charrel-Dennis M, Bauernfeind F, Horvath G, Caffrey DR, Latz E, Fitzgerald KA. AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC. Nature 458: 514-518, 2009. doi:10.1038/nature07725.
117. Hou CW, Mohanan V, Zachara NE, Grimes CL. Identification and biological consequences of the O-GlcNAc modification of the human innate immune receptor, Nod2. Glycobiology 26: 13-18, 2016. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwv076.
118. Hou F, Sun L, Zheng H, Skaug B, Jiang QX, Chen ZJ. MAVS forms functional prion-like aggregates to activate and propagate antiviral innate immune response. Cell 146: 448-461, 2011. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.06.041.
119. Houten SM, Koster J, Romeijn GJ, Frenkel J, Di Rocco M, Caruso U, Landrieu P, Kelley RI, Kuis W, Poll-The BT, Gibson KM, Wanders RJ, Waterham HR. Organization of the mevalonate kinase (MVK) gene and identification of novel mutations causing meval-onic aciduria and hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 9: 253-259, 2001. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200595.
120. Houten SM, Kuis W, Duran M, de Koning TJ, van Royen-Kerkhof A, Romeijn GJ, Frenkel J, Dorland L, de Barse MM, Huijbers WA, Rijkers GT, Waterham HR, Wan-ders RJ, Poll-The BT. Mutations in MVK, encoding mevalonate kinase, cause hyper-immunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever syndrome. Nat Genet 22: 175-177, 1999. doi:10.1038/9691.
121. Houten SM, Romeijn GJ, Koster J, Gray RG, Darbyshire P, Smit GP, de Klerk JB, Duran M, Gibson KM, Wanders RJ, Waterham HR. Identification and characterization of three novel missense mutations in mevalonate kinase cDNA causing mevalonic acid-uria, a disorder of isoprene biosynthesis. Hum Mol Genet 8: 1523-1528, 1999. doi: 10.1093/hmg/8.8.1523.
122. Houten SM, Schneiders MS, Wanders RJ, Waterham HR. Regulation of isoprenoid/ cholesterol biosynthesis in cells from mevalonate kinase-deficient patients. J Biol Chem 278: 5736-5743, 2003. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206564200.
123. Houten SM, Wanders RJ, Waterham HR. Biochemical and genetic aspects of mevalonate kinase and its deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta 1529: 19-32, 2000. doi:10.1016/S1388-1981(00)00135-9.
124. Hu M-M, Xie X-Q, Yang Q, Liao C-Y, Ye W, Lin H, Shu H-B. TRIM38 negatively regulates TLR3/4-mediated innate immune and inflammatory responses by two sequential and distinct mechanisms. J Immunol 195: 4415-4425, 2015. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1500859.
125. Hu M-M, Yang Q, Xie X-Q, Liao C-Y, Lin H, Liu T-T, Yin L, Shu H-B. Sumoylation promotes the stability of the DNA sensor cGAS and the adaptor STING to regulate the kinetics of response to DNA virus. Immunity 45: 555-569, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.08.014.
126. Hu M-M, Yang Q, Zhang J, Liu S-M, Zhang Y, Lin H, Huang Z-F, Wang Y-Y, Zhang X-D, Zhong B, Shu H-B. TRIM38 inhibits TNF÷-and IL-1-triggered NF-B activation by mediating lysosome-dependent degradation of TAB2/3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111: 1509-1514, 2014. doi:10.1073/pnas.1318227111.
127. Hu XT, Chen W, Zhang FB, Shi QL, Hu JB, Geng SM, He C. Depletion of the proteasome subunit PSMA7 inhibits colorectal cancer cell tumorigenicity and migration. Oncol Rep 22: 1247-1252, 2009.
128. Hu Z, Yan C, Liu P, Huang Z, Ma R, Zhang C, Wang R, Zhang Y, Martinon F, Miao D, Deng H, Wang J, Chang J, Chai J. Crystal structure of NLRC4 reveals its autoinhibition mechanism. Science 341: 172-175, 2013. doi:10.1126/science.1236381.
129. Huang Q, Chang J, Cheung MK, Nong W, Li L, Lee MT, Kwan HS. Human proteins with target sites of multiple post-translational modification types are more prone to be involved in disease. J Proteome Res 13: 2735-2748, 2014. doi:10.1021/pr401019d.
130. Huang YH, Liu XY, Du XX, Jiang ZF, Su XD. The structural basis for the sensing and binding of cyclic di-GMP by STING. Nat Struct Mol Biol 19: 728-730, 2012. doi:10.1038/nsmb.2333.
131. Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Lesage S, Cézard JP, Belaiche J, Almer S, Tysk C, O’Morain CA, Gassull M, Binder V, Finkel Y, Cortot A, Modigliani R, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, Macry J, Colombel JF, Sahbatou M, Thomas G. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 411: 599-603, 2001. doi:10.1038/35079107.
132. Ikeda F, Deribe YL, Skånland SS, Stieglitz B, Grabbe C, Franz-Wachtel M, van Wijk SJ, Goswami P, Nagy V, Terzic J, Tokunaga F, Androulidaki A, Nakagawa T, Pasparakis M, Iwai K, Sundberg JP, Schaefer L, Rittinger K, Macek B, Dikic I. SHARPIN forms a linear ubiquitin ligase complex regulating NF-B activity and apoptosis. Nature 471: 637-641, 2011. doi:10.1038/nature09814.
133. Ikeda K, Orimo A, Higashi Y, Muramatsu M, Inoue S. Efp as a primary estrogen-responsive gene in human breast cancer. FEBS Lett 472: 9-13, 2000. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01421-6.
134. Ikegame S, Takeda M, Ohno S, Nakatsu Y, Nakanishi Y, Yanagi Y. Both RIG-I and MDA5 RNA helicases contribute to the induction of alpha/beta interferon in measles virus-infected human cells. J Virol 84: 372-379, 2010. doi:10.1128/JVI.01690-09.
135. Inn K-S, Gack MU, Tokunaga F, Shi M, Wong L-Y, Iwai K, Jung JU. Linear ubiquitin assembly complex negatively regulates RIG-I-and TRIM25-mediated type I interferon induction. Mol Cell 41: 354-365, 2011. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.12.029.
136. Ishikawa H, Barber GN. STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling. Nature 455: 674-678, 2008. doi:10.1038/nature07317.
137. Ishikawa H, Ma Z, Barber GN. STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity. Nature 461: 788-792, 2009. doi:10.1038/nature08476.
138. Ito M, Shichita T, Okada M, Komine R, Noguchi Y, Yoshimura A, Morita R. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and contributes to ischaemic brain injury. Nat Commun 6: 7360, 2015. doi:10.1038/ncomms8360.
139. Iwai K, Tokunaga F. Linear polyubiquitination: a new regulator of NF-kappaB activation. EMBO Rep 10: 706-713, 2009. doi:10.1038/embor.2009.144.
140. Jäättelä M, Mouritzen H, Elling F, Bastholm L. A20 zinc finger protein inhibits TNF and IL-1 signaling. J Immunol 156: 1166-1173, 1996.
141. Jéru I, Papin S, L’hoste S, Duquesnoy P, Cazeneuve C, Camonis J, Amselem S. Interaction of pyrin with 14.3.3 in an isoform-specific and phosphorylation-dependent manner regulates its translocation to the nucleus. Arthritis Rheum 52: 1848-1857, 2005. doi:10.1002/art.21050.
142. Jia Y, Song T, Wei C, Ni C, Zheng Z, Xu Q, Ma H, Li L, Zhang Y, He X, Xu Y, Shi W, Zhong H. Negative regulation of MAVS-mediated innate immune response by PSMA7. J Immunol 183: 4241-4248, 2009. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901646.
143. Jiang X, Kinch LN, Brautigam CA, Chen X, Du F, Grishin NV, Chen ZJ. Ubiquitin-induced oligomerization of the RNA sensors RIG-I and MDA5 activates antiviral innate immune response. Immunity 36: 959-973, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.022.
144. Juliana C, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Kang S, Farias A, Qin F, Alnemri ES. Non-transcriptional priming and deubiquitination regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Biol Chem 287: 36617-36622, 2012. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.407130.
145. Kang S, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Rogers C, Mayes L, Wang Y, Dillon C, Roback L, Kaiser W, Oberst A, Sagara J, Fitzgerald KA, Green DR, Zhang J, Mocarski ES, Alnemri ES. Caspase-8 scaffolding function and MLKL regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation downstream of TLR3. Nat Commun 6: 7515, 2015. doi:10.1038/ncomms8515.
146. Karve TM, Cheema AK. Small changes huge impact: the role of protein posttranslational modifications in cellular homeostasis and disease. J Amino Acids 2011: 207691, 2011. doi:10.4061/2011/207691.
147. Kato H, Sato S, Yoneyama M, Yamamoto M, Uematsu S, Matsui K, Tsujimura T, Takeda K, Fujita T, Takeuchi O, Akira S. Cell type-specific involvement of RIG-I in antiviral response. Immunity 23: 19-28, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.010.
148. Kato H, Takeuchi O, Sato S, Yoneyama M, Yamamoto M, Matsui K, Uematsu S, Jung A, Kawai T, Ishii KJ, Yamaguchi O, Otsu K, Tsujimura T, Koh C-S, Reis e Sousa C, Matsuura Y, Fujita T, Akira S. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature 441: 101-105, 2006. doi:10.1038/nature04734.
149. Keestra AM, Winter MG, Auburger JJ, Frässle SP, Xavier MN, Winter SE, Kim A, Poon V, Ravesloot MM, Waldenmaier JF, Tsolis RM, Eigenheer RA, Bäumler AJ. Manipulation of small Rho GTPases is a pathogen-induced process detected by NOD1. Nature 496: 233-237, 2013. doi:10.1038/nature12025.
150. Kerur N, Veettil MV, Sharma-Walia N, Bottero V, Sadagopan S, Otageri P, Chandran B. IFI16 acts as a nuclear pathogen sensor to induce the inflammasome in response to Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection. Cell Host Microbe 9: 363-375, 2011. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.008.
151. Kim ML, Chae JJ, Park YH, De Nardo D, Stirzaker RA, Ko H-J, Tye H, Cengia L, DiRago L, Metcalf D, Roberts AW, Kastner DL, Lew AM, Lyras D, Kile BT, Croker BA, Masters SL. Aberrant actin depolymerization triggers the pyrin inflammasome and autoinflammatory disease that is dependent on IL-18, not IL-1. J Exp Med 212: 927-938, 2015. doi:10.1084/jem.20142384.
152. Kim Y, Kang C, Min B, Yi GS. Detection and analysis of disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphism influencing post-translational modification. BMC Med Genomics 8, Suppl 2: S7, 2015. doi:10.1186/1755-8794-8-S2-S7.
153. Kimura T, Jain A, Choi SW, Mandell MA, Schroder K, Johansen T, Deretic V. TRIM-mediated precision autophagy targets cytoplasmic regulators of innate immunity. J Cell Biol 210: 973-989, 2015. doi:10.1083/jcb.201503023.
154. Kirisako T, Kamei K, Murata S, Kato M, Fukumoto H, Kanie M, Sano S, Tokunaga F, Tanaka K, Iwai K. A ubiquitin ligase complex assembles linear polyubiquitin chains. EMBO J 25: 4877-4887, 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601360.
155. Kitamura A, Sasaki Y, Abe T, Kano H, Yasutomo K. An inherited mutation in NLRC4 causes autoinflammation in human and mice. J Exp Med 211: 2385-2396, 2014. doi: 10.1084/jem.20141091.
156. Kobayashi KS, Chamaillard M, Ogura Y, Henegariu O, Inohara N, Nuñez G, Flavell RA. Nod2-dependent regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the intestinal tract. Science 307: 731-734, 2005. doi:10.1126/science.1104911.
157. Kofoed EM, Vance RE. Innate immune recognition of bacterial ligands by NAIPs determines inflammasome specificity. Nature 477: 592-595, 2011. doi:10.1038/nature10394.
158. Konno H, Konno K, Barber GN. Cyclic dinucleotides trigger ULK1 (ATG1) phosphor-ylation of STING to prevent sustained innate immune signaling. Cell 155: 688-698, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.049.
159. Kowalinski E, Lunardi T, McCarthy AA, Louber J, Brunel J, Grigorov B, Gerlier D, Cusack S. Structural basis for the activation of innate immune pattern-recognition receptor RIG-I by viral RNA. Cell 147: 423-435, 2011. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.039.
160. Krendel M, Zenke FT, Bokoch GM. Nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 mediates cross-talk between microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton. Nat Cell Biol 4: 294-301, 2002. doi:10.1038/ncb773.
161. Ku NO, Omary MB. Expression, glycosylation, and phosphorylation of human keratins 8 and 18 in insect cells. Exp Cell Res 211: 24-35, 1994. doi:10.1006/excr.1994.1054.
162. Kubota T, Matsuoka M, Chang TH, Tailor P, Sasaki T, Tashiro M, Kato A, Ozato K. Virus infection triggers SUMOylation of IRF3 and IRF7, leading to the negative regulation of type I interferon gene expression. J Biol Chem 283: 25660-25670, 2008. doi:10.1074/jbc.M804479200.
163. Kufer TA, Kremmer E, Banks DJ, Philpott DJ. Role for erbin in bacterial activation of Nod2. Infect Immun 74: 3115-3124, 2006. doi:10.1128/IAI.00035-06.
164. Kuijk LM, Beekman JM, Koster J, Waterham HR, Frenkel J, Coffer PJ. HMG-CoA reductase inhibition induces IL-1beta release through Rac1/PI3K/PKB-dependent caspase-1 activation. Blood 112: 3563-3573, 2008. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-03-144667.
165. Kuijk LM, Mandey SH, Schellens I, Waterham HR, Rijkers GT, Coffer PJ, Frenkel J. Statin synergizes with LPS to induce IL-1beta release by THP-1 cells through activation of caspase-1. Mol Immunol 45: 2158-2165, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.12.008.
166. Kumar Y, Radha V, Swarup G. Interaction with Sug1 enables Ipaf ubiquitination leading to caspase 8 activation and cell death. Biochem J 427: 91-104, 2010. doi:10.1042/BJ20091349.
167. Kupz A, Guarda G, Gebhardt T, Sander LE, Short KR, Diavatopoulos DA, Wijburg OL, Cao H, Waithman JC, Chen W, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Whitney PG, Heath WR, Curtiss R III, Tschopp J, Strugnell RA, Bedoui S. NLRC4 inflammasomes in dendritic cells regulate noncognate effector function by memory CD8 T cells. Nat Immunol 13: 162-169, 2012. doi:10.1038/ni.2195.
168. Lausch E, Janecke A, Bros M, Trojandt S, Alanay Y, De Laet C, Hübner CA, Meinecke P, Nishimura G, Matsuo M, Hirano Y, Tenoutasse S, Kiss A, Rosa RF, Unger SL, Renella R, Bonafé L, Spranger J, Unger S, Zabel B, Superti-Furga A. Genetic deficiency of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase associated with skeletal dysplasia, cerebral calcifications and autoimmunity. Nat Genet 43: 132-137, 2011. doi:10.1038/ng.749.
169. Lee EG, Boone DL, Chai S, Libby SL, Chien M, Lodolce JP, Ma A. Failure to regulate TNF-induced NF-kappaB and cell death responses in A20-deficient mice. Science 289: 2350-2354, 2000. doi:10.1126/science.289.5488.2350.
170. Lee KH, Biswas A, Liu YJ, Kobayashi KS. Proteasomal degradation of Nod2 protein mediates tolerance to bacterial cell wall components. J Biol Chem 287: 39800-39811, 2012. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.410027.
171. Lee YS, Park JS, Kim JH, Jung SM, Lee JY, Kim SJ, Park SH. Smad6-specific recruitment of Smurf E3 ligases mediates TGF-1-induced degradation of MyD88 in TLR4 signalling. Nat Commun 2: 460, 2011. doi:10.1038/ncomms1469.
172. Lenschow DJ, Lai C, Frias-Staheli N, Giannakopoulos NV, Lutz A, Wolff T, Osiak A, Levine B, Schmidt RE, García-Sastre A, Leib DA, Pekosz A, Knobeloch KP, Horak I, Virgin HW IV. IFN-stimulated gene 15 functions as a critical antiviral molecule against influenza, herpes, and Sindbis viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 1371-1376, 2007. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607038104.
173. Li S, Iakoucheva LM, Mooney SD, Radivojac P. Loss of post-translational modification sites in disease. Pac Symp Biocomput 2010: 337-347, 2010. doi:10.1142/9789814295291_0036.
174. Li T, Chen J, Cristea IM. Human cytomegalovirus tegument protein pUL83 inhibits IFI16-mediated DNA sensing for immune evasion. Cell Host Microbe 14: 591-599, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.10.007.
175. Li T, Diner BA, Chen J, Cristea IM. Acetylation modulates cellular distribution and DNA sensing ability of interferon-inducible protein IFI16. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 10558-10563, 2012. doi:10.1073/pnas.1203447109.
176. Li XD, Sun L, Seth RB, Pineda G, Chen ZJ. Hepatitis C virus protease NS3/4A cleaves mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein off the mitochondria to evade innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 17717-17722, 2005. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508531102.
177. Li XD, Wu J, Gao D, Wang H, Sun L, Chen ZJ. Pivotal roles of cGAS-cGAMP signaling in antiviral defense and immune adjuvant effects. Science 341: 1390-1394, 2013. doi:10.1126/science.1244040.
178. Liao KC, Mogridge J. Expression of Nlrp1b inflammasome components in human fibroblasts confers susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin. Infect Immun 77: 4455-4462, 2009. doi:10.1128/IAI.00276-09.
179. Lightfield KL, Persson J, Trinidad NJ, Brubaker SW, Kofoed EM, Sauer JD, Dunipace EA, Warren SE, Miao EA, Vance RE. Differential requirements for NAIP5 in activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome. Infect Immun 79: 1606-1614, 2011. doi:10.1128/IAI.01187-10.
180. Lin SC, Chung JY, Lamothe B, Rajashankar K, Lu M, Lo YC, Lam AY, Darnay BG, Wu H. Molecular basis for the unique deubiquitinating activity of the NF-kappaB inhibitor A20. J Mol Biol 376: 526-540, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.11.092.
181. Lindor NM, Arsenault TM, Solomon H, Seidman CE, McEvoy MT. A new autosomal dominant disorder of pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne: PAPA syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 72: 611-615, 1997. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)63565-9.
182. Liu S, Cai X, Wu J, Cong Q, Chen X, Li T, Du F, Ren J, Wu YT, Grishin NV, Chen ZJ. Phosphorylation of innate immune adaptor proteins MAVS, STING, and TRIF induces IRF3 activation. Science 347: aaa2630, 2015. doi:10.1126/science.aaa2630.
183. Liu Y, Jesus AA, Marrero B, Yang D, Ramsey SE, Montealegre Sanchez GA, Tenbrock K, Wittkowski H, Jones OY, Kuehn HS, Lee CC, DiMattia MA, Cowen EW, Gonzalez B, Palmer I, DiGiovanna JJ, Biancotto A, Kim H, Tsai WL, Trier AM, Huang Y, Stone DL, Hill S, Kim HJ, St Hilaire C, Gurprasad S, Plass N, Chapelle D, Horkayne-Szakaly I, Foell D, Barysenka A, Candotti F, Holland SM, Hughes JD, Mehmet H, Issekutz AC, Raffeld M, McElwee J, Fontana JR., Minniti CP, Moir S, Kastner DL, Gadina M, Steven AC, Wingfield PT, Brooks SR, Rosenzweig SD, Fleisher TA, Deng Z, Boehm M, Paller AS, Goldbach-Mansky R. Activated STING in a vascular and pulmonary syndrome. N Engl J Med 371: 507-518, 2014. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1312625.
184. Liu Y, Li J, Chen J, Li Y, Wang W, Du X, Song W, Zhang W, Lin L, Yuan Z. Hepatitis B virus polymerase disrupts K63-linked ubiquitination of STING to block innate cytosolic DNA-sensing pathways. J Virol 89: 2287-2300, 2015. doi:10.1128/JVI.02760-14.
185. Loo Y-M, Fornek J, Crochet N, Bajwa G, Perwitasari O, Martinez-Sobrido L, Akira S, Gill MA, García-Sastre A, Katze MG, Gale M Jr.. Distinct RIG-I and MDA5 signaling by RNA viruses in innate immunity. J Virol 82: 335-345, 2008. doi:10.1128/JVI.01080-07.
186. Lopez-Castejon G, Luheshi NM, Compan V, High S, Whitehead RC, Flitsch S, Kirov A, Prudovsky I, Swanton E, Brough D. Deubiquitinases regulate the activity of caspase-1 and interleukin-1 secretion via assembly of the inflammasome. J Biol Chem 288: 2721-2733, 2013. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.422238.
187. Luo WW, Li S, Li C, Lian H, Yang Q, Zhong B, Shu HB. iRhom2 is essential for innate immunity to DNA viruses by mediating trafficking and stability of the adaptor STING. Nat Immunol 17: 1057-1066, 2016. doi:10.1038/ni.3510.
188. Ma Z, Jacobs SR, West JA, Stopford C, Zhang Z, Davis Z, Barber GN, Glaunsinger BA, Dittmer DP, Damania B. Modulation of the cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway by gammaherpesviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: E4306-E4315, 2015. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503831112.
189. Maharaj NP, Wies E, Stoll A, Gack MU. Conventional protein kinase C-÷ (PKC-÷) and PKC-negatively regulate RIG-I antiviral signal transduction. J Virol 86: 1358-1371, 2012. doi:10.1128/JVI.06543-11.
190. Malakhov MP, Kim KI, Malakhova OA, Jacobs BS, Borden EC, Zhang DE. Highthroughput immunoblotting. Ubiquitiin-like protein ISG15 modifies key regulators of signal transduction. J Biol Chem 278: 16608-16613, 2003. doi:10.1074/jbc.M208435200.
191. Malakhova OA, Kim KI, Luo JK, Zou W, Kumar KG, Fuchs SY, Shuai K, Zhang DE. UBP43 is a novel regulator of interferon signaling independent of its ISG15 isopeptidase activity. EMBO J 25: 2358-2367, 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601149.
192. Malakhova OA, Yan M, Malakhov MP, Yuan Y, Ritchie KJ, Kim KI, Peterson LF, Shuai K, Zhang DE. Protein ISGylation modulates the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Genes Dev 17: 455-460, 2003. doi:10.1101/gad.1056303.
193. Mandey SH, Schneiders MS, Koster J, Waterham HR. Mutational spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlations in mevalonate kinase deficiency. Hum Mutat 27: 796-802, 2006. doi:10.1002/humu.20361.
194. Manji GA, Wang L, Geddes BJ, Brown M, Merriam S, Al-Garawi A, Mak S, Lora JM, Briskin M, Jurman M, Cao J, DiStefano PS, Bertin J. PYPAF1, a PYRIN-containing Apaf1-like protein that assembles with ASC and regulates activation of NF-kappa B. J Biol Chem 277: 11570-11575, 2002. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112208200.
195. Mankan AK, Schmidt T, Chauhan D, Goldeck M, Höning K, Gaidt M, Kubarenko AV, Andreeva L, Hopfner KP, Hornung V. Cytosolic RNA:DNA hybrids activate the cGAS-STING axis. EMBO J 33: 2937-2946, 2014. doi:10.15252/embj.201488726.
196. Manzanillo PS, Shiloh MU, Portnoy DA, Cox JS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates the DNA-dependent cytosolic surveillance pathway within macrophages. Cell Host Microbe 11: 469-480, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.03.007.
197. Mariathasan S, Monack DM. Inflammasome adaptors and sensors: intracellular reglators of infection and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 7: 31-40, 2007. doi:10.1038/nri1997.
198. Marinis JM, Homer CR, McDonald C, Abbott DW. A novel motif in the Crohn’s disease susceptibility protein, NOD2, allows TRAF4 to down-regulate innate immune responses. J Biol Chem 286: 1938-1950, 2011. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.189308.
199. Martin BN, Wang C, Willette-Brown J, Herjan T, Gulen MF, Zhou H, Bulek K, Franchi L, Sato T, Alnemri ES, Narla G, Zhong XP, Thomas J, Klinman D, Fitzgerald KA, Karin M, Nuñez G, Dubyak G, Hu Y, Li X. IKK÷ negatively regulates ASC-dependent inflammasome activation. Nat Commun 5: 4977, 2014. doi:10.1038/ncomms5977.
200. Martinon F, Burns K, Tschopp J. The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta. Mol Cell 10: 417-426, 2002. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00599-3.
201. Masters SL. Specific inflammasomes in complex diseases. Clin Immunol 147: 223-228, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2012.12.006.
202. Masters SL, Dunne A, Subramanian SL, Hull RL, Tannahill GM, Sharp FA, Becker C, Franchi L, Yoshihara E, Chen Z, Mullooly N, Mielke LA, Harris J, Coll RC, Mills KHG, Mok KH, Newsholme P, Nuñez G, Yodoi J, Kahn SE, Lavelle EC, O’Neill LAJ. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by islet amyloid polypeptide provides a mechanism for enhanced IL-1 in type 2 diabetes. Nat Immunol 11: 897-904, 2010. doi:10.1038/ni.1935.
203. Masters SL, Gerlic M, Metcalf D, Preston S, Pellegrini M, O’Donnell JA, McArthur K, Baldwin TM, Chevrier S, Nowell CJ, Cengia LH, Henley KJ, Collinge JE, Kastner DL, Feigenbaum L, Hilton DJ, Alexander WS, Kile BT, Croker BA. NLRP1 inflammasome activation induces pyroptosis of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Immunity 37: 1009-1023, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.08.027.
204. Masters SL, Lagou V, Jéru I, Baker PJ, Van Eyck L, Parry DA, Lawless D, De Nardo D, Garcia-Perez JE, Dagley LF, Holley CL, Dooley J, Moghaddas F, Pasciuto E, Jeandel P-Y, Sciot R, Lyras D, Webb AI, Nicholson SE, De Somer L, van Nieuwenhove E, Ruuth-Praz J, Copin B, Cochet E, Medlej-Hashim M, Megarbane A, Schroder K, Savic S, Goris A, Amselem S, Wouters C, Liston A. Familial autoinflammation with neutrophilic dermatosis reveals a regulatory mechanism of pyrin activation. Sci Transl Med 8: 332ra45, 2016. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1471.
205. Masters SL, Simon A, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL. Horror autoinflammaticus: the molecular pathophysiology of autoinflammatory disease. Annu Rev Immunol 27: 621-668, 2009. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141627.
206. Masumoto J, Dowds TA, Schaner P, Chen FF, Ogura Y, Li M, Zhu L, Katsuyama T, Sagara J, Taniguchi S, Gumucio DL, Núñez G, Inohara N. ASC is an activating adaptor for NF-B and caspase-8-dependent apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 303: 69-73, 2003. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00309-7.
207. Matmati M, Jacques P, Maelfait J, Verheugen E, Kool M, Sze M, Geboes L, Louagie E, McGuire C, Vereecke L, Chu Y, Boon L, Staelens S, Matthys P, Lambrecht BN, Schmidt-Supprian M, Pasparakis M, Elewaut D, Beyaert R, van Loo G. A20 (TNFAIP3) deficiency in myeloid cells triggers erosive polyarthritis resembling rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet 43: 908-912, 2011. doi:10.1038/ng.874.
208. Matusiak M, Van Opdenbosch N, Vande Walle L, Sirard JC, Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M. Flagellin-induced NLRC4 phosphorylation primes the inflammasome for activation by NAIP5. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: 1541-1546, 2015. doi:10.1073/pnas.1417945112.
209. Mayor A, Martinon F, De Smedt T, Pétrilli V, Tschopp J. A crucial function of SGT1 and HSP90 in inflammasome activity links mammalian and plant innate immune responses. Nat Immunol 8: 497-503, 2007. doi:10.1038/ni1459.
210. McDonald C, Chen FF, Ollendorff V, Ogura Y, Marchetto S, Lécine P, Borg JP, Nuñez G. A role for Erbin in the regulation of Nod2-dependent NF-kappaB signaling. J Biol Chem 280: 40301-40309, 2005. doi:10.1074/jbc.M508538200.
211. Menger H, Kruse K, Spranger J. Spondyloenchondrodysplasia. J Med Genet 26: 93-99, 1989. doi:10.1136/jmg.26.2.93.
212. Miao EA, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Dors M, Clark AE, Bader MW, Miller SI, Aderem A. Cytoplasmic flagellin activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1beta via Ipaf. Nat Immunol 7: 569-575, 2006. doi:10.1038/ni1344.
213. Miceli-Richard C, Lesage S, Rybojad M, Prieur AM, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Häfner R, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Thomas G, Hugot JP. CARD15 mutations in Blau syndrome. Nat Genet 29: 19-20, 2001. doi:10.1038/ng720.
214. Mishra BB, Rathinam VA, Martens GW, Martinot AJ, Kornfeld H, Fitzgerald KA, Sassetti CM. Nitric oxide controls the immunopathology of tuberculosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent processing of IL-1. Nat Immunol 14: 52-60, 2013. doi:10.1038/ni.2474.
215. Monroe KM, Yang Z, Johnson JR., Geng X, Doitsh G, Krogan NJ, Greene WC. IFI16 DNA sensor is required for death of lymphoid CD4 T cells abortively infected with HIV. Science 343: 428-432, 2014. doi:10.1126/science.1243640.
216. Moriwaki K, Farias Luz N, Balaji S, De Rosa MJ, O’Donnell CL, Gough PJ, Bertin J, Welsh RM, Chan FK-M. The mitochondrial phosphatase PGAM5 is dispensable for necroptosis but promotes inflammasome activation in macrophages. J Immunol 196: 407-415, 2016. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1501662.
217. Mortimer L, Moreau F, MacDonald JA, Chadee K. NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition is disrupted in a group of auto-inflammatory disease CAPS mutations. Nat Immunol 17: 1176-1186, 2016. doi:10.1038/ni.3538.
218. Mukai K, Konno H, Akiba T, Uemura T, Waguri S, Kobayashi T, Barber GN, Arai H, Taguchi T. Activation of STING requires palmitoylation at the Golgi. Nat Commun 7: 11932, 2016. doi:10.1038/ncomms11932.
219. Mukherjee A, Morosky SA, Delorme-Axford E, Dybdahl-Sissoko N, Oberste MS, Wang T, Coyne CB. The coxsackievirus B 3C protease cleaves MAVS and TRIF to attenuate host type I interferon and apoptotic signaling. PLoS Pathog 7: e1001311, 2011. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001311.
220. Mund T, Pelham HR. Control of the activity of WW-HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases by NDFIP proteins. EMBO Rep 10: 501-507, 2009. doi:10.1038/embor.2009.30.
221. Murakami S. Hepatitis B virus X protein: a multifunctional viral regulator. J Gastroenterol 36: 651-660, 2001. doi:10.1007/s005350170027.
222. Nachbur U, Stafford CA, Bankovacki A, Zhan Y, Lindqvist LM, Fiil BK, Khakham Y, Ko H-J, Sandow JJ, Falk H, Holien JK, Chau D, Hildebrand J, Vince JE, Sharp PP, Webb AI, Jackman KA, Mühlen S, Kennedy CL, Lowes KN, Murphy JM, Gyrd-Hansen M, Parker MW, Hartland EL, Lew AM, Huang DCS, Lessene G, Silke J. A RIPK2 inhibitor delays NOD signalling events yet prevents inflammatory cytokine production. Nat Commun 6: 6442, 2015. doi:10.1038/ncomms7442.
223. Narayan K, Waggoner L, Pham ST, Hendricks GL, Waggoner SN, Conlon J, Wang JP, Fitzgerald KA, Kang J. TRIM13 is a negative regulator of MDA5-mediated type I interferon production. J Virol 88: 10748-10757, 2014. doi:10.1128/JVI.02593-13.
224. Navarro V, Scott C, Briggs TA, Barete S, Frances C, Lebon P, Maisonobe T, Rice GI, Wouters CH, Crow YJ. Two further cases of spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD) with immune dysregulation. Am J Med Genet A 146A: 2810-2815, 2008. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32518.
225. Nellimarla S, Mossman KL. Extracellular dsRNA: its function and mechanism of cellular uptake. J Interferon Cytokine Res 34: 419-426, 2014. doi:10.1089/jir.2014.0002.
226. Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, Nicolae DL, Chen FF, Ramos R, Britton H, Moran T, Karaliuskas R, Duerr RH, Achkar JP, Brant SR, Bayless TM, Kirschner BS, Hanauer SB, Nuñez G, Cho JH. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 411: 603-606, 2001. doi:10.1038/35079114.
227. Opipari, AW Jr., Hu HM, Yabkowitz R, Dixit VM. The A20 zinc finger protein protects cells from tumor necrosis factor cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 267: 12424-12427, 1992.
228. Orzalli MH, Broekema NM, Diner BA, Hancks DC, Elde NC, Cristea IM, Knipe DM. cGAS-mediated stabilization of IFI16 promotes innate signaling during herpes simplex virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: E1773-E1781, 2015. doi:10.1073/pnas.1424637112.
229. Orzalli MH, Broekema NM, Knipe DM. Relative contributions of herpes simplex virus 1 ICP0 and vhs to loss of cellular IFI16 vary in different human cell types. J Virol 90: 8351-8359, 2016. doi:10.1128/JVI.00939-16.
230. Orzalli MH, DeLuca NA, Knipe DM. Nuclear IFI16 induction of IRF-3 signaling during herpesviral infection and degradation of IFI16 by the viral ICP0 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: E3008-E3017, 2012. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211302109.
231. Oshiumi H, Matsumoto M, Hatakeyama S, Seya T. Riplet/RNF135, a RING finger protein, ubiquitinates RIG-I to promote interferon-beta induction during the early phase of viral infection. J Biol Chem 284: 807-817, 2009. doi:10.1074/jbc.M804259200.
232. Oshiumi H, Miyashita M, Inoue N, Okabe M, Matsumoto M, Seya T. The ubiquitin ligase Riplet is essential for RIG-I-dependent innate immune responses to RNA virus infection. Cell Host Microbe 8: 496-509, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2010.11.008.
233. Oshiumi H, Miyashita M, Matsumoto M, Seya T. A distinct role of Riplet-mediated K63-Linked polyubiquitination of the RIG-I repressor domain in human antiviral innate immune responses. PLoS Pathog 9: e1003533, 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003533.
234. Ouyang S, Song X, Wang Y, Ru H, Shaw N, Jiang Y, Niu F, Zhu Y, Qiu W, Parvatiyar K, Li Y, Zhang R, Cheng G, Liu ZJ. Structural analysis of the STING adaptor protein reveals a hydrophobic dimer interface and mode of cyclic di-GMP binding. Immunity 36: 1073-1086, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.019.
235. Pan Y, Li R, Meng JL, Mao HT, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Smurf2 negatively modulates RIG-I-dependent antiviral response by targeting VISA/MAVS for ubiquitination and degradation. J Immunol 192: 4758-4764, 2014. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302632.
236. Papin S, Cuenin S, Agostini L, Martinon F, Werner S, Beer HD, Grütter C, Grütter M, Tschopp J. The SPRY domain of Pyrin, mutated in familial Mediterranean fever patients, interacts with inflammasome components and inhibits proIL-1 processing. Cell Death Differ 14: 1457-1466, 2007. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402142.
237. Park S, Ha SD, Coleman M, Meshkibaf S, Kim SO. p62/SQSTM1 enhances NOD2-mediated signaling and cytokine production through stabilizing NOD2 oligomerization. PLoS One 8: e57138, 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057138.
238. Park YH, Wood G, Kastner DL, Chae JJ. Pyrin inflammasome activation and RhoA signaling in the autoinflammatory diseases FMF and HIDS. Nat Immunol 17: 914-921, 2016. doi:10.1038/ni.3457.
239. Pauli EK, Chan YK, Davis ME, Gableske S, Wang MK, Feister KF, Gack MU. The ubiquitin-specific protease USP15 promotes RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling by deubiquitylating TRIM25. Sci Signal 7: ra3, 2014. doi:10.1126/scisignal.2004577.
240. Paz S, Vilasco M, Arguello M, Sun Q, Lacoste J, Nguyen TL, Zhao T, Shestakova EA, Zaari S, Bibeau-Poirier A, Servant MJ, Lin R, Meurs EF, Hiscott J. Ubiquitin-regulated recruitment of IkappaB kinase epsilon to the MAVS interferon signaling adapter. Mol Cell Biol 29: 3401-3412, 2009. doi:10.1128/MCB.00880-08.
241. Peisley A, Lin C, Wu B, Orme-Johnson M, Liu M, Walz T, Hur S. Cooperative assembly and dynamic disassembly of MDA5 filaments for viral dsRNA recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 21010-21015, 2011. doi:10.1073/pnas.1113651108.
242. Peisley A, Wu B, Xu H, Chen ZJ, Hur S. Structural basis for ubiquitin-mediated antiviral signal activation by RIG-I. Nature 509: 110-114, 2014. doi:10.1038/nature13140.
243. Peltzer N, Rieser E, Taraborrelli L, Draber P, Darding M, Pernaute B, Shimizu Y, Sarr A, Draberova H, Montinaro A, Martinez-Barbera JP, Silke J, Rodriguez TA, Walczak H. HOIP deficiency causes embryonic lethality by aberrant TNFR1-mediated endothelial cell death. Cell Reports 9: 153-165, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.066.
244. Pichlmair A, Schulz O, Tan C-P, Rehwinkel J, Kato H, Takeuchi O, Akira S, Way M, Schiavo G, Reis e Sousa C. Activation of MDA5 requires higher-order RNA structures generated during virus infection. J Virol 83: 10761-10769, 2009. doi:10.1128/JVI.00770-09.
245. Porter KA, Duffy EB, Nyland P, Atianand MK, Sharifi H, Harton JA. The CLRX.1/NOD24 (NLRP2P) pseudogene codes a functional negative regulator of NF-B, pyrin-only protein 4. Genes Immun 15: 392-403, 2014. doi:10.1038/gene.2014.30.
246. Poyet JL, Srinivasula SM, Tnani M, Razmara M, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES. Identification of Ipaf, a human caspase-1-activating protein related to Apaf-1. J Biol Chem 276: 28309-28313, 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.C100250200.
247. Pras E, Aksentijevich I, Gruberg L, Balow JE Jr., Prosen L, Dean M, Steinberg AD, Pras M, Kastner DL. Mapping of a gene causing familial Mediterranean fever to the short arm of chromosome 16. N Engl J Med 326: 1509-1513, 1992. doi:10.1056/NEJM199206043262301.
248. Py BF, Kim MS, Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg H, Yuan J. Deubiquitination of NLRP3 by BRCC3 critically regulates inflammasome activity. Mol Cell 49: 331-338, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.11.009.
249. Qin Y, Zhou MT, Hu MM, Hu YH, Zhang J, Guo L, Zhong B, Shu HB. RNF26 temporally regulates virus-triggered type I interferon induction by two distinct mechanisms. PLoS Pathog 10: e1004358, 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004358.
250. Qu Y, Misaghi S, Izrael-Tomasevic A, Newton K, Gilmour LL, Lamkanfi M, Louie S, Kayagaki N, Liu J, Kömüves L, Cupp JE, Arnott D, Monack D, Dixit VM. Phosphorylation of NLRC4 is critical for inflammasome activation. Nature 490: 539-542, 2012. doi:10.1038/nature11429.
251. Qu Y, Misaghi S, Newton K, Maltzman A, Izrael-Tomasevic A, Arnott D, Dixit VM. NLRP3 recruitment by NLRC4 during Salmonella infection. J Exp Med 213: 877-885, 2016. doi:10.1084/jem.20132234.
252. Rajsbaum R, García-Sastre A, Versteeg GA. TRIMmunity: the roles of the TRIM E3-ubiquitin ligase family in innate antiviral immunity. J Mol Biol 426: 1265-1284, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2013.12.005.
253. Rayamajhi M, Zak DE, Chavarria-Smith J, Vance RE, Miao EA. Cutting edge: mouse NAIP1 detects the type III secretion system needle protein. J Immunol 191: 3986-3989, 2013. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1301549.
254. Reddy BA, Etkin LD. A unique bipartite cysteine-histidine motif defines a subfamily of potential zinc-finger proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 6330, 1991. doi:10.1093/nar/19.22.6330.
255. Reimand J, Wagih O, Bader GD. Evolutionary constraint and disease associations of post-translational modification sites in human genomes. PLoS Genet 11: e1004919, 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004919.
256. Renella R, Schaefer E, LeMerrer M, Alanay Y, Kandemir N, Eich G, Costa T, Ballhausen D, Boltshauser E, Bonafé L, Giedion A, Unger S, Superti-Furga A. Spondyloenchondrodysplasia with spasticity, cerebral calcifications, and immune dysregulation: clinical and radiographic delineation of a pleiotropic disorder. Am J Med Genet A 140: 541-550, 2006. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31081.
257. Richards N, Schaner P, Diaz A, Stuckey J, Shelden E, Wadhwa A, Gumucio DL. Interaction between pyrin and the apoptotic speck protein (ASC) modulates ASCinduced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 276: 39320-39329, 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104730200.
258. Roberts TL, Idris A, Dunn JA, Kelly GM, Burnton CM, Hodgson S, Hardy LL, Garceau V, Sweet MJ, Ross IL, Hume DA, Stacey KJ. HIN-200 proteins regulate caspase activation in response to foreign cytoplasmic DNA. Science 323: 1057-1060, 2009. doi:10.1126/science.1169841.
259. Romberg N, Al Moussawi K, Nelson-Williams C, Stiegler AL, Loring E, Choi M, Overton J, Meffre E, Khokha MK, Huttner AJ, West B, Podoltsev NA, Boggon TJ, Kazmierczak BI, Lifton RP. Mutation of NLRC4 causes a syndrome of enterocolitis and autoinflammation. Nat Genet 46: 1135-1139, 2014. doi:10.1038/ng.3066.
260. Rongvaux A, Jackson R, Harman CC, Li T, West AP, de Zoete MR, Wu Y, Yordy B, Lakhani SA, Kuan CY, Taniguchi T, Shadel GS, Chen ZJ, Iwasaki A, Flavell RA. Apoptotic caspases prevent the induction of type I interferons by mitochondrial DNA. Cell 159: 1563-1577, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.037.
261. Rothenfusser S, Goutagny N, DiPerna G, Gong M, Monks BG, Schoenemeyer A, Yamamoto M, Akira S, Fitzgerald KA. The RNA helicase Lgp2 inhibits TLR-independent sensing of viral replication by retinoic acid-inducible gene-I. J Immunol 175: 5260-5268, 2005. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5260.
262. Roussel L, Rousseau S. IL-17 primes airway epithelial cells lacking functional Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) to increase NOD1 responses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 391: 505-509, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.088.
263. Saito T, Owen DM, Jiang F, Marcotrigiano J, Gale M Jr.. Innate immunity induced by composition-dependent RIG-I recognition of hepatitis C virus RNA. Nature 454: 523-527, 2008. doi:10.1038/nature07106.
264. Saitoh T, Fujita N, Hayashi T, Takahara K, Satoh T, Lee H, Matsunaga K, Kageyama S, Omori H, Noda T, Yamamoto N, Kawai T, Ishii K, Takeuchi O, Yoshimori T, Akira S. Atg9a controls dsDNA-driven dynamic translocation of STING and the innate im-mune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 20842-20846, 2009. doi:10.1073/pnas.0911267106.
265. Sarkar A, Duncan M, Hart J, Hertlein E, Guttridge DC, Wewers MD. ASC directs NF-kappaB activation by regulating receptor interacting protein-2 (RIP2) caspase-1 interactions. J Immunol 176: 4979-4986, 2006. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.4979.
266. Sastalla I, Crown D, Masters SL, McKenzie A, Leppla SH, Moayeri M. Transcriptional analysis of the three Nlrp1 paralogs in mice. BMC Genomics 14: 188, 2013. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-188.
267. Sato S, Li K, Kameyama T, Hayashi T, Ishida Y, Murakami S, Watanabe T, Iijima S, Sakurai Y, Watashi K, Tsutsumi S, Sato Y, Akita H, Wakita T, Rice CM, Harashima H, Kohara M, Tanaka Y, Takaoka A. The RNA sensor RIG-I dually functions as an innate sensor and direct antiviral factor for hepatitis B virus. Immunity 42: 123-132, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.016.
268. Satoh T, Kato H, Kumagai Y, Yoneyama M, Sato S, Matsushita K, Tsujimura T, Fujita T, Akira S, Takeuchi O. LGP2 is a positive regulator of RIG-I-and MDA5-mediated antiviral responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 1512-1517, 2010. doi:10.1073/pnas.0912986107.
269. Schafer BL, Bishop RW, Kratunis VJ, Kalinowski SS, Mosley ST, Gibson KM, Tanaka RD. Molecular cloning of human mevalonate kinase and identification of a missense mutation in the genetic disease mevalonic aciduria. J Biol Chem 267: 13229-13238, 1992.
270. Schmid-Burgk JL, Chauhan D, Schmidt T, Ebert TS, Reinhardt J, Endl E, Hornung V. A genome-wide CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) screen identifies NEK7 as an essential component of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Biol Chem 291: 103-109, 2016. doi:10.1074/jbc.C115.700492.
271. Schorr S, Legum C, Ochshorn M. Spondyloenchondrodysplasia. Enchondromatomosis with severe platyspondyly in two brothers. Radiology 118: 133-139, 1976. doi:10.1148/118.1.133.
272. Schroder K, Sagulenko V, Zamoshnikova A, Richards AA, Cridland JA, Irvine KM, Stacey KJ, Sweet MJ. Acute lipopolysaccharide priming boosts inflammasome activation independently of inflammasome sensor induction. Immunobiology 217: 1325-1329, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.020.
273. Sellge G, Kufer TA. PRR-signaling pathways: learning from microbial tactics. Semin Immunol 27: 75-84, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.009.
274. Seo GJ, Yang A, Tan B, Kim S, Liang Q, Choi Y, Yuan W, Feng P, Park HS, Jung JU. Akt kinase-mediated checkpoint of cGAS DNA sensing pathway. Cell Reports 13: 440-449, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.007.
275. Shang G, Zhu D, Li N, Zhang J, Zhu C, Lu D, Liu C, Yu Q, Zhao Y, Xu S, Gu L. Crystal structures of STING protein reveal basis for recognition of cyclic di-GMP. Nat Struct Mol Biol 19: 725-727, 2012. doi:10.1038/nsmb.2332.
276. Shao F, Vacratsis PO, Bao Z, Bowers KE, Fierke CA, Dixon JE. Biochemical charaterization of the Yersinia YopT protease: cleavage site and recognition elements in Rho GTPases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 904-909, 2003. doi:10.1073/pnas.252770599.
277. Shi CS, Qi HY, Boularan C, Huang NN, Abu-Asab M, Shelhamer JH, Kehrl JH. SARS-coronavirus open reading frame-9b suppresses innate immunity by targeting mitochondria and the MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 signalosome. J Immunol 193: 3080-3089, 2014. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1303196.
278. Shi H, Wang Y, Li X, Zhan X, Tang M, Fina M, Su L, Pratt D, Bu CH, Hildebrand S, Lyon S, Scott L, Quan J, Sun Q, Russell J, Arnett S, Jurek P, Chen D, Kravchenko VV, Mathison JC, Moresco EM, Monson NL, Ulevitch RJ, Beutler B. NLRP3 activation and mitosis are mutually exclusive events coordinated by NEK7, a new inflammasome component. Nat Immunol 17: 250-258, 2016. doi:10.1038/ni.3333.
279. Shinohara ML, Lu L, Bu J, Werneck MB, Kobayashi KS, Glimcher LH, Cantor H. Osteopontin expression is essential for interferon-alpha production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 7: 498-506, 2006. doi:10.1038/ni1327.
280. Shu C, Yi G, Watts T, Kao CC, Li P. Structure of STING bound to cyclic di-GMP reveals the mechanism of cyclic dinucleotide recognition by the immune system. Nat Struct Mol Biol 19: 722-724, 2012. doi:10.1038/nsmb.2331.
281. Simon A, Kremer HP, Wevers RA, Scheffer H, De Jong JG, Van Der Meer JW, Drenth JP. Mevalonate kinase deficiency: evidence for a phenotypic continuum. Neurology 62: 994-997, 2004. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000115390.33405.F7.
282. Song H, Liu B, Huai W, Yu Z, Wang W, Zhao J, Han L, Jiang G, Zhang L, Gao C, Zhao W. The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM31 attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by promoting proteasomal degradation of NLRP3. Nat Commun 7: 13727, 2016. doi:10.1038/ncomms13727.
283. Song HY, Rothe M, Goeddel DV. The tumor necrosis factor-inducible zinc finger protein A20 interacts with TRAF1/TRAF2 and inhibits NF-kappaB activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 6721-6725, 1996. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.13.6721.
284. Spalinger MR, Kasper S, Gottier C, Lang S, Atrott K, Vavricka SR, Scharl S, Gutte PM, Grütter MG, Beer HD, Contassot E, Chan AC, Dai X, Rawlings DJ, Mair F, Becher B, Falk W, Fried M, Rogler G, Scharl M. NLRP3 tyrosine phosphorylation is controlled by protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22. J Clin Invest 126: 1783-1800, 2016. doi:10.1172/JCI83669.
285. Speer SD, Li Z, Buta S, Payelle-Brogard B, Qian L, Vigant F, Rubino E, Gardner TJ, Wedeking T, Hermann M, Duehr J, Sanal O, Tezcan I, Mansouri N, Tabarsi P, Mansouri D, Francois-Newton V, Daussy CF, Rodriguez MR, Lenschow DJ, Freiberg AN, Tortorella D, Piehler J, Lee B, García-Sastre A, Pellegrini S, Bogunovic D. ISG15 deficiency and increased viral resistance in humans but not mice. Nat Commun 7: 11496, 2016. doi:10.1038/ncomms11496.
286. Spiropoulou CF, Ranjan P, Pearce MB, Sealy TK, Albariño CG, Gangappa S, Fujita T, Rollin PE, Nichol ST, Ksiazek TG, Sambhara S. RIG-I activation inhibits ebolavirus replication. Virology 392: 11-15, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.032.
287. Stehlik C, Fiorentino L, Dorfleutner A, Bruey J-M, Ariza EM, Sagara J, Reed JC. The PAAD/PYRIN-family protein ASC is a dual regulator of a conserved step in nuclear factor kappaB activation pathways. J Exp Med 196: 1605-1615, 2002. doi:10.1084/jem.20021552.
288. Stehlik C, Krajewska M, Welsh K, Krajewski S, Godzik A, Reed JC. The PAAD/PYRIN-only protein POP1/ASC2 is a modulator of ASC-mediated nuclear-factor-kappa B and pro-caspase-1 regulation. Biochem J 373: 101-113, 2003. doi:10.1042/bj20030304.
289. Stratmann SA, Morrone SR, van Oijen AM, Sohn J. The innate immune sensor IFI16 recognizes foreign DNA in the nucleus by scanning along the duplex. eLife 4: e11721, 2015. doi:10.7554/eLife.11721.
290. Stremlau M, Owens CM, Perron MJ, Kiessling M, Autissier P, Sodroski J. The cytoplasmic body component TRIM5alpha restricts HIV-1 infection in Old World monkeys. Nature 427: 848-853, 2004. doi:10.1038/nature02343.
291. Stuart LM, Paquette N, Boyer L. Effector-triggered versus pattern-triggered immunity: how animals sense pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol 13: 199-206, 2013. doi:10.1038/nri3398.
292. Su YC, Tu ZL, Yang CY, Chin KH, Chuah ML, Liang ZX, Chou SH. Crystallization studies of the murine c-di-GMP sensor protein STING. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 68: 906-910, 2012. doi:10.1107/S1744309112024372.
293. Sun L, Wu J, Du F, Chen X, Chen ZJ. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway. Science 339: 786-791, 2013. doi:10.1126/science.1232458.
294. Sun L, Xing Y, Chen X, Zheng Y, Yang Y, Nichols DB, Clementz MA, Banach BS, Li K, Baker SC, Chen Z. Coronavirus papain-like proteases negatively regulate antiviral innate immune response through disruption of STING-mediated signaling. PLoS One 7: e30802, 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030802.
295. Sun Z, Ren H, Liu Y, Teeling JL, Gu J. Phosphorylation of RIG-I by casein kinase II inhibits its antiviral response. J Virol 85: 1036-1047, 2011. doi:10.1128/JVI.01734-10.
296. Suzuki S, Franchi L, He Y, Muñoz-Planillo R, Mimuro H, Suzuki T, Sasakawa C, Núñez G. Shigella type III secretion protein MxiI is recognized by Naip2 to induce Nlrc4 inflammasome activation independently of Pkc. PLoS Pathog 10: e1003926, 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003926.
297. Takahasi K, Kumeta H, Tsuduki N, Narita R, Shigemoto T, Hirai R, Yoneyama M, Horiuchi M, Ogura K, Fujita T, Inagaki F. Solution structures of cytosolic RNA sensor MDA5 and LGP2 C-terminal domains: identification of the RNA recognition loop in RIG-I-like receptors. J Biol Chem 284: 17465-17474, 2009. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.007179.
298. Takashima K, Oshiumi H, Takaki H, Matsumoto M, Seya T. RIOK3-mediated phosphorylation of MDA5 interferes with its assembly and attenuates the innate immune response. Cell Reports 11: 192-200, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.027.
299. Tattoli I, Travassos LH, Carneiro LA, Magalhaes JG, Girardin SE. The Nodosome: Nod1 and Nod2 control bacterial infections and inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 29: 289-301, 2007. doi:10.1007/s00281-007-0083-2.
300. The French FMF Consortium. A candidate gene for familial Mediterranean fever. Nat Genet 17: 25-31, 1997. doi:10.1038/ng0997-25.
301. The French FMF Consortium. Localization of the familial Mediterranean fever gene (FMF) to a 250-kb interval in non-Ashkenazi Jewish founder haplotypes. Am J Hum Genet 59: 603-612, 1996.
302. The International FMF Consortium. Ancient missense mutations in a new member of the RoRet gene family are likely to cause familial Mediterranean fever. Cell 90: 797-807, 1997. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80539-5.
303. Tidow N, Chen X, Müller C, Kawano S, Gombart AF, Fischel-Ghodsian N, Koeffler HP. Hematopoietic-specific expression of MEFV, the gene mutated in familial Mediterranean fever, and subcellular localization of its corresponding protein, pyrin. Blood 95: 1451-1455, 2000.
304. Tigno-Aranjuez JT, Asara JM, Abbott DW. Inhibition of RIP2’s tyrosine kinase activity limits NOD2-driven cytokine responses. Genes Dev 24: 2666-2677, 2010. doi:10.1101/gad.1964410.
305. Tokunaga F, Nakagawa T, Nakahara M, Saeki Y, Taniguchi M, Sakata S, Tanaka K, Nakano H, Iwai K. SHARPIN is a component of the NF-B-activating linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. Nature 471: 633-636, 2011. doi:10.1038/nature09815.
306. Tokunaga F, Sakata S, Saeki Y, Satomi Y, Kirisako T, Kamei K, Nakagawa T, Kato M, Murata S, Yamaoka S, Yamamoto M, Akira S, Takao T, Tanaka K, Iwai K. Involvement of linear polyubiquitylation of NEMO in NF-kappaB activation. Nat Cell Biol 11: 123-132, 2009. doi:10.1038/ncb1821.
307. Tromp G, Kuivaniemi H, Raphael S, Ala-Kokko L, Christiano A, Considine E, Dhulipala R, Hyland J, Jokinen A, Kivirikko S, Korn R, Madhatheri S, McCarron S, Pulkkinen L, Punnett H, Shimoya K, Spotila L, Tate A, Williams CJ. Genetic linkage of familial granulomatous inflammatory arthritis, skin rash, and uveitis to chromosome 16. Am J Hum Genet 59: 1097-1107, 1996.
308. Tsuchida T, Zou J, Saitoh T, Kumar H, Abe T, Matsuura Y, Kawai T, Akira S. The ubiquitin ligase TRIM56 regulates innate immune responses to intracellular double stranded DNA. Immunity 33: 765-776, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.10.013.
309. Turer EE, Tavares RM, Mortier E, Hitotsumatsu O, Advincula R, Lee B, Shifrin N, Malynn BA, Ma A. Homeostatic MyD88-dependent signals cause lethal inflammation in the absence of A20. J Exp Med 205: 451-464, 2008. doi:10.1084/jem.20071108.
310. Unterholzner L, Keating SE, Baran M, Horan KA, Jensen SB, Sharma S, Sirois CM, Jin T, Latz E, Xiao TS, Fitzgerald KA, Paludan SR, Bowie AG. IFI16 is an innate immune sensor for intracellular DNA. Nat Immunol 11: 997-1004, 2010. doi:10.1038/ni.1932.
311. Urano T, Saito T, Tsukui T, Fujita M, Hosoi T, Muramatsu M, Ouchi Y, Inoue S. Efp targets 14-3-3 sigma for proteolysis and promotes breast tumour growth. Nature 417: 871-875, 2002. doi:10.1038/nature00826.
312. Van Der Biezen EA, Jones JD. Plant disease-resistance proteins and the gene-for-gene concept. Trends Biochem Sci 23: 454-456, 1998. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01311-5.
313. Van der Burgh R, Pervolaraki K, Turkenburg M, Waterham HR, Frenkel J, Boes M. Unprenylated RhoA contributes to IL-1 hypersecretion in mevalonate kinase deficiency model through stimulation of Rac1 activity. J Biol Chem 289: 27757-27765, 2014. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.571810.
314. Van der Meer JW, Vossen JM, Radl J, van Nieuwkoop JA, Meyer CJ, Lobatto S, van Furth R. Hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever: a new syndrome. Lancet 1: 1087-1090, 1984. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92505-4.
315. Van Gorp H, Saavedra PHV, de Vasconcelos NM, Van Opdenbosch N, Vande Walle L, Matusiak M, Prencipe G, Insalaco A, Van Hauwermeiren F, Demon D, Bogaert DJ, Dullaers M, De Baere E, Hochepied T, Dehoorne J, Vermaelen KY, Haerynck F, De Benedetti F, Lamkanfi M. Familial Mediterranean fever mutations lift the obligatory requirement for microtubules in Pyrin inflammasome activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113: 14384-14389, 2016. doi:10.1073/pnas.1613156113.
316. Vance RE. The NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasomes. Curr Opin Immunol 32: 84-89, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2015.01.010.
317. Vande Walle L, Van Opdenbosch N, Jacques P, Fossoul A, Verheugen E, Vogel P, Beyaert R, Elewaut D, Kanneganti TD, van Loo G, Lamkanfi M. Negative regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by A20 protects against arthritis. Nature 512: 69-73, 2014.
318. Vaughan CJ, Murphy MB, Buckley BM. Statins do more than just lower cholesterol. Lancet 348: 1079-1082, 1996. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)05190-2.
319. Venkataraman T, Valdes M, Elsby R, Kakuta S, Caceres G, Saijo S, Iwakura Y, Barber GN. Loss of DExD/H box RNA helicase LGP2 manifests disparate antiviral responses. J Immunol 178: 6444-6455, 2007. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6444.
320. Ver Heul AM, Fowler CA, Ramaswamy S, Piper RC. Ubiquitin regulates caspase recruitment domain-mediated signaling by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins NOD1 and NOD2. J Biol Chem 288: 6890-6902, 2013. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.413781.
321. Viala J, Chaput C, Boneca IG, Cardona A, Girardin SE, Moran AP, Athman R, Mémet S, Huerre MR, Coyle AJ, DiStefano PS, Sansonetti PJ, Labigne A, Bertin J, Philpott DJ, Ferrero RL. Nod1 responds to peptidoglycan delivered by the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island. Nat Immunol 5: 1166-1174, 2004. doi:10.1038/ni1131.
322. Von Moltke J, Ayres JS, Kofoed EM, Chavarría-Smith J, Vance RE. Recognition of bacteria by inflammasomes. Annu Rev Immunol 31: 73-106, 2013. doi:10.1146/annurevmmunol-032712-095944.
323. Waite AL, Schaner P, Hu C, Richards N, Balci-Peynircioglu B, Hong A, Fox M, Gumucio DL. Pyrin and ASC co-localize to cellular sites that are rich in polymerizing actin. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 234: 40-52, 2009. doi:10.3181/0806-RM-184.
324. Wang Q, Liu X, Cui Y, Tang Y, Chen W, Li S, Yu H, Pan Y, Wang C. The E3 ubiquitin ligase AMFR and INSIG1 bridge the activation of TBK1 kinase by modifying the adaptor STING. Immunity 41: 919-933, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.11.011.
325. Wang Y, Hasegawa M, Imamura R, Kinoshita T, Kondo C, Konaka K, Suda T. PYNOD, a novel Apaf-1/CED4-like protein is an inhibitor of ASC and caspase-1. Int Immunol 16: 777-786, 2004. doi:10.1093/intimm/dxh081.
326. Wang Y, Lian Q, Yang B, Yan S, Zhou H, He L, Lin G, Lian Z, Jiang Z, Sun B. TRIM30÷is a negative-feedback regulator of the intracellular DNA and DNA virus-triggered response by targeting STING. PLoS Pathog 11: e1005012, 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005012.
327. Wang Y, Tong X, Ye X. Ndfip1 negatively regulates RIG-I-dependent immune signaling by enhancing E3 ligase Smurf1-mediated MAVS degradation. J Immunol 189: 5304-5313, 2012. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1201445.
328. Wassermann R, Gulen MF, Sala C, Perin SG, Lou Y, Rybniker J, Schmid-Burgk JL, Schmidt T, Hornung V, Cole ST, Ablasser A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis differentially activates cGAS-and inflammasome-dependent intracellular immune responses through ESX-1. Cell Host Microbe 17: 799-810, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.05.003.
329. Weber M, Sediri H, Felgenhauer U, Binzen I, Bänfer S, Jacob R, Brunotte L, García-Sastre A, Schmid-Burgk JL, Schmidt T, Hornung V, Kochs G, Schwemmle M, Klenk H-D, Weber F. Influenza virus adaptation PB2-627K modulates nucleocapsid inhibition by the pathogen sensor RIG-I. Cell Host Microbe 17: 309-319, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.01.005.
330. Wei C, Ni C, Song T, Liu Y, Yang X, Zheng Z, Jia Y, Yuan Y, Guan K, Xu Y, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Yang X, Wang Y, Wen C, Wu Q, Shi W, Zhong H. The hepatitis B virus X protein disrupts innate immunity by downregulating mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein. J Immunol 185: 1158-1168, 2010. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903874.
331. Wen C, Yan Z, Yang X, Guan K, Xu C, Song T, Zheng Z, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Xu T, Dou J, Liu J, Xu Q, He X, Wei C, Zhong H. Identification of tyrosine-9 of MAVS as critical target for inducible phosphorylation that determines activation. PLoS One 7: e41687, 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041687.
332. Wertz IE, O’Rourke KM, Zhou H, Eby M, Aravind L, Seshagiri S, Wu P, Wiesmann C, Baker R, Boone DL, Ma A, Koonin EV, Dixit VM. De-ubiquitination and ubiquitin ligase domains of A20 downregulate NF-kappaB signalling. Nature 430: 694-699, 2004. doi:10.1038/nature02794.
333. West AP, Khoury-Hanold W, Staron M, Tal MC, Pineda CM, Lang SM, Bestwick M, Duguay BA, Raimundo N, MacDuff DA, Kaech SM, Smiley JR., Means RE, Iwasaki A, Shadel GS. Mitochondrial DNA stress primes the antiviral innate immune response. Nature 520: 553-557, 2015. doi:10.1038/nature14156.
334. White MJ, McArthur K, Metcalf D, Lane RM, Cambier JC, Herold MJ, van Delft MF, Bedoui S, Lessene G, Ritchie ME, Huang DC, Kile BT. Apoptotic caspases suppress mtDNA-induced STING-mediated type I IFN production. Cell 159: 1549-1562, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.036.
335. Wies E, Wang MK, Maharaj NP, Chen K, Zhou S, Finberg RW, Gack MU. Dephosphorylation of the RNA sensors RIG-I and MDA5 by the phosphatase PP1 is essential for innate immune signaling. Immunity 38: 437-449, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.018.
336. Williams KL, Lich JD, Duncan JA, Reed W, Rallabhandi P, Moore C, Kurtz S, Coffield VM, Accavitti-Loper MA, Su L, Vogel SN, Braunstein M, Ting JPY. The CATERPILLER protein monarch-1 is an antagonist of toll-like receptor-, tumor necrosis factor ÷-, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced pro-inflammatory signals. J Biol Chem 280: 39914-39924, 2005. doi:10.1074/jbc.M502820200.
337. Wise CA, Gillum JD, Seidman CE, Lindor NM, Veile R, Bashiardes S, Lovett M. Mutations in CD2BP1 disrupt binding to PTP PEST and are responsible for PAPA syndrome, an autoinflammatory disorder. Hum Mol Genet 11: 961-969, 2002. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.8.961.
338. Woodward JJ, Iavarone AT, Portnoy DA. c-di-AMP secreted by intracellular Listeria monocytogenes activates a host type I interferon response. Science 328: 1703-1705, 2010. doi:10.1126/science.1189801.
339. Wu J, Meng Z, Jiang M, Pei R, Trippler M, Broering R, Bucchi A, Sowa JP, Dittmer U, Yang D, Roggendorf M, Gerken G, Lu M, Schlaak JF. Hepatitis B virus suppresses toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses in murine parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells. Hepatology 49: 1132-1140, 2009. doi:10.1002/hep.22751.
340. Wu J, Sun L, Chen X, Du F, Shi H, Chen C, Chen ZJ. Cyclic GMP-AMP is an endogenous second messenger in innate immune signaling by cytosolic DNA. Science 339: 826-830, 2013. doi:10.1126/science.1229963.
341. Xia P, Wang S, Xiong Z, Ye B, Huang LY, Han ZG, Fan Z. IRTKS negatively regulates antiviral immunity through PCBP2 sumoylation-mediated MAVS degradation. Nat Commun 6: 8132, 2015. doi:10.1038/ncomms9132.
342. Xia P, Ye B, Wang S, Zhu X, Du Y, Xiong Z, Tian Y, Fan Z. Glutamylation of the DNA sensor cGAS regulates its binding and synthase activity in antiviral immunity. Nat Immunol 17: 369-378, 2016. doi:10.1038/ni.3356.
343. Xiang W, Zhang Q, Lin X, Wu S, Zhou Y, Meng F, Fan Y, Shen T, Xiao M, Xia Z, Zou J, Feng XH, Xu P. PPMIA silences cytosolic RNA sensing and antiviral defense through direct dephosphorylation of MAVS and TBK1. Sci Adv 2: e1501889, 2016. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501889.
344. Xing Y, Chen J, Tu J, Zhang B, Chen X, Shi H, Baker SC, Feng L, Chen Z. The papain-like protease of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus negatively regulates type I interferon pathway by acting as a viral deubiquitinase. J Gen Virol 94: 1554-1567, 2013. doi:10.1099/vir.0.051169-0.
345. Xu H, Yang J, Gao W, Li L, Li P, Zhang L, Gong Y-N, Peng X, Xi JJ, Chen S, Wang F, Shao F. Innate immune sensing of bacterial modifications of Rho GTPases by the Pyrin inflammasome. Nature 513: 237-241, 2014. doi:10.1038/nature13449.
346. Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Barnich N, Hisamatsu T, Podolsky DK. MDP-NOD2 stimulation induces HNP-1 secretion, which contributes to NOD2 antibacterial function. Inflamm Bowel Dis 16: 736-742, 2010. doi:10.1002/ibd.21144.
347. Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Barnich N, Xavier R, Hisamatsu T, Podolsky DK. Centaurin beta1 down-regulates nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains 1-and 2-dependent NF-kappaB activation. J Biol Chem 281: 36060-36070, 2006. doi:10.1074/jbc.M602383200.
348. Yan Y, Jiang W, Liu L, Wang X, Ding C, Tian Z, Zhou R. Dopamine controls systemic inflammation through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome. Cell 160: 62-73, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.047.
349. Yang L, Tang Z, Zhang H, Kou W, Lu Z, Li X, Li Q, Miao Z. PSMA7 directly interacts with NOD1 and regulates its function. Cell Physiol Biochem 31: 952-959, 2013. doi: 10.1159/000350113.
350. Yang Y, Liang Y, Qu L, Chen Z, Yi M, Li K, Lemon SM. Disruption of innate immunity due to mitochondrial targeting of a picornaviral protease precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 7253-7258, 2007. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611506104.
351. Yeon HB, Lindor NM, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne syndrome maps to chromosome 15q. Am J Hum Genet 66: 1443-1448, 2000. doi:10.1086/302866.
352. Yonashiro R, Ishido S, Kyo S, Fukuda T, Goto E, Matsuki Y, Ohmura-Hoshino M, Sada K, Hotta H, Yamamura H, Inatome R, Yanagi S. A novel mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase plays a critical role in mitochondrial dynamics. EMBO J 25: 3618-3626, 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601249.
353. Yoneyama M, Kikuchi M, Matsumoto K, Imaizumi T, Miyagishi M, Taira K, Foy E, Loo Y-M, Gale M Jr., Akira S, Yonehara S, Kato A, Fujita T. Shared and unique functions of the DExD/H-box helicases RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 in antiviral innate immunity. J Immunol 175: 2851-2858, 2005. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.2851.
354. Yoneyama M, Kikuchi M, Natsukawa T, Shinobu N, Imaizumi T, Miyagishi M, Taira K, Akira S, Fujita T. The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses. Nat Immunol 5: 730-737, 2004. doi:10.1038/ni1087.
355. Yoo J-S, Kato H, Fujita T. Sensing viral invasion by RIG-I like receptors. Curr Opin Microbiol 20: 131-138, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2014.05.011.
356. Yoo YS, Park YY, Kim JH, Cho H, Kim SH, Lee HS, Kim TH, Sun Kim Y, Lee Y, Kim CJ, Jung JU, Lee JS, Cho H. The mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase MARCH5 resolves MAVS aggregates during antiviral signalling. Nat Commun 6: 7910, 2015. doi:10.1038/ncomms8910.
357. You F, Sun H, Zhou X, Sun W, Liang S, Zhai Z, Jiang Z. PCBP2 mediates degradation of the adaptor MAVS via the HECT ubiquitin ligase AIP4. Nat Immunol 10: 1300-1308, 2009. doi:10.1038/ni.1815.
358. Yu CY, Chang TH, Liang JJ, Chiang RL, Lee YL, Liao CL, Lin YL. Dengue virus targets the adaptor protein MITA to subvert host innate immunity. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002780, 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002780.
359. Yu J-W, Farias A, Hwang I, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES. Ribotoxic stress through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activates in vitro the human pyrin inflammasome. J Biol Chem 288: 11378-11383, 2013. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.448795.
360. Yu J-W, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Datta P, Wu J, Juliana C, Solorzano L, McCormick M, Zhang Z, Alnemri ES. Pyrin activates the ASC pyroptosome in response to engagement by autoinflammatory PSTPIP1 mutants. Mol Cell 28: 214-227, 2007. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.08.029.
361. Yu JW, Wu J, Zhang Z, Datta P, Ibrahimi I, Taniguchi S, Sagara J, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES. Cryopyrin and pyrin activate caspase-1, but not NF-kappaB, via ASC oligomerization. Cell Death Differ 13: 236-249, 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401734.
362. Zeng W, Sun L, Jiang X, Chen X, Hou F, Adhikari A, Xu M, Chen ZJ. Reconstitution of the RIG-I pathway reveals a signaling role of unanchored polyubiquitin chains in innate immunity. Cell 141: 315-330, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.029.
363. Zhang J, Hu MM, Wang YY, Shu HB. TRIM32 protein modulates type I interferon induction and cellular antiviral response by targeting MITA/STING protein for K63-linked ubiquitination. J Biol Chem 287: 28646-28655, 2012. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.362608.
364. Zhang M, Zhang M-X, Zhang Q, Zhu G-F, Yuan L, Zhang D-E, Zhu Q, Yao J, Shu H-B, Zhong B. USP18 recruits USP20 to promote innate antiviral response through deubiquitinating STING/MITA. Cell Res 26: 1302-1319, 2016. doi:10.1038/cr.2016.125.
365. Zhang R, Zhao J, Song Y, Wang X, Wang L, Xu J, Song C, Liu F. The E3 ligase RNF34 is a novel negative regulator of the NOD1 pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem 33: 1954-1962, 2014. doi:10.1159/000362972.
366. Zhang X, Bogunovic D, Payelle-Brogard B, Francois-Newton V, Speer SD, Yuan C, Volpi S, Li Z, Sanal O, Mansouri D, Tezcan I, Rice GI, Chen C, Mansouri N, Mahdaviani SA, Itan Y, Boisson B, Okada S, Zeng L, Wang X, Jiang H, Liu W, Han T, Liu D, Ma T, Wang B, Liu M, Liu JY, Wang QK, Yalnizoglu D, Radoshevich L, Uzé G, Gros P, Rozenberg F, Zhang SY, Jouanguy E, Bustamante J, García-Sastre A, Abel L, Lebon P, Notarangelo LD, Crow YJ, Boisson-Dupuis S, Casanova JL, Pellegrini S. Human intracellular ISG15 prevents interferon-÷/ over-amplification and auto-inflammation. Nature 517: 89-93, 2015. doi:10.1038/nature13801.
367. Zhang X, Shi H, Wu J, Zhang X, Sun L, Chen C, Chen ZJ. Cyclic GMP-AMP containing mixed phosphodiester linkages is an endogenous high-affinity ligand for STING. Mol Cell 51: 226-235, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.05.022.
368. Zhang X, Yu H, Zhao J, Li X, Li J, He J, Xia Z, Zhao J. IKK negatively regulates RIG-Ivia direct phosphorylation. J Med Virol 88: 712-718, 2016. doi:10.1002/jmv.24376.
369. Zhao Y, Alonso C, Ballester I, Song JH, Chang SY, Guleng B, Arihiro S, Murray PJ, Xavier R, Kobayashi KS, Reinecker HC. Control of NOD2 and Rip2-dependent innate immune activation by GEF-H1. Inflamm Bowel Dis 18: 603-612, 2012. doi:10.1002/ibd.21851.
370. Zhao Y, Shao F. The NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome in innate immune detection of bacterial flagellin and type III secretion apparatus. Immunol Rev 265: 85-102, 2015. doi:10.1111/imr.12293.
371. Zhao Y, Yang J, Shi J, Gong YN, Lu Q, Xu H, Liu L, Shao F. The NLRC4 inflammasome receptors for bacterial flagellin and type III secretion apparatus. Nature 477: 596-600, 2011. doi:10.1038/nature10510.
372. Zhong B, Yang Y, Li S, Wang YY, Li Y, Diao F, Lei C, He X, Zhang L, Tien P, Shu HB. The adaptor protein MITA links virus-sensing receptors to IRF3 transcription factor activation. Immunity 29: 538-550, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.09.003.
373. Zhong B, Zhang L, Lei C, Li Y, Mao AP, Yang Y, Wang YY, Zhang XL, Shu HB. The ubiquitin ligase RNF5 regulates antiviral responses by mediating degradation of the adaptor protein MITA. Immunity 30: 397-407, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.01.008.
374. Zhong FL, Mamaï O, Sborgi L, Boussofara L, Hopkins R, Robinson K, Szeverényi I, Takeichi T, Balaji R, Lau A, Tye H, Roy K, Bonnard C, Ahl PJ, Jones LA, Baker P, Lacina L, Otsuka A, Fournie PR, Malecaze F, Lane EB, Akiyama M, Kabashima K, Connolly JE, Masters SL, Soler VJ, Omar SS, McGrath JA, Nedelcu R, Gribaa M, Denguezli M, Saad A, Hiller S, Reversade B. Germline NLRP1 mutations cause skin inflammatory and cancer susceptibility syndromes via inflammasome activation. Cell 167:.e17187-202, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.001.
375. Zhou Q, Wang H, Schwartz DM, Stoffels M, Park YH, Zhang Y, Yang D, Demirkaya E, Takeuchi M, Tsai WL, Lyons JJ, Yu X, Ouyang C, Chen C, Chin DT, Zaal K, Chandrasekharappa SC, P Hanson E, Yu Z, Mullikin JC, Hasni SA, Wertz IE, Ombrello AK, Stone DL, Hoffmann P, Jones A, Barham BK, Leavis HL, van Royen-Kerkof A, Sibley C, Batu ED, Gül A, Siegel RM, Boehm M, Milner JD, Ozen S, Gadina M, Chae J, Laxer RM, Kastner DL, Aksenti-jevich I. Loss-of-function mutations in TNFAIP3 leading to A20 haploinsufficiency cause an early-onset autoinflammatory disease. Nat Genet 48: 67-73, 2016. doi:10.1038/ng.3459.
376. Zhou X, You F, Chen H, Jiang Z. Poly(C)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) mediates house-keeping degradation of mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS). Cell Res 22: 717-727, 2012. doi:10.1038/cr.2011.184.
377. Zhu J, Zhang Y, Ghosh A, Cuevas RA, Forero A, Dhar J, Ibsen MS, Schmid-Burgk JL, Schmidt T, Ganapathiraju MK, Fujita T, Hartmann R, Barik S, Hornung V, Coyne CB, Sarkar SN. Antiviral activity of human OASL protein is mediated by enhancing signaling of the RIG-I RNA sensor. Immunity 40: 936-948, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.007.
378. Zoumpoulidou G, Broceño C, Li H, Bird D, Thomas G, Mittnacht S. Role of the tripartite motif protein 27 in cancer development. J Natl Cancer Inst 104: 941-952, 2012. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs224.
379. Zurek B, Schoultz I, Neerincx A, Napolitano LM, Birkner K, Bennek E, Sellge G, Lerm M, Meroni G, Söderholm JD, Kufer TA. TRIM27 negatively regulates NOD2 by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. PLoS One 7: e41255, 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041255.