Apoptosis in Cancer - Implications for Therapy

Seminars in Oncology

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 90-119

  Schulze Bergkamen, Henning ^a   Krammer, Peter H ^a  

^a GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHAPERONE; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; DEATH RECEPTOR 5; HISTONE DEACETYLASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; PROTEASOME; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RELATED APOPTOSIS INDUCING LIGAND;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER THERAPY; CELL DEATH; DNA DEGRADATION; DNA METHYLATION; DNA STRAND BREAKAGE; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IMMUNE RESPONSE; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RNA INTERFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 1142274315     PISSN: 00937754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2003.11.006     Document Type: Article

References (359)

1. Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR: Apoptosis: A basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26:239-257, 1972
2. Vaux DL: Caspases and apoptosis - Biology and terminology. Cell Death Differ 6:493-494, 1999
3. Krammer PH: CD95's deadly mission in the immune system. Nature 407:789-795, 2000
4. Jacobson MD, Weil M, Raff MC: Programmed cell death in animal development. Cell 88:347-354, 1997
5. Baumann S, Krueger A, Kirchhoff S, et al: Regulation of T cell apoptosis during the immune response. Curr Mol Med 2:257-272, 2002
6. Wyllie AH, Kerr JF, Currie AR: Cell death: The significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 68:251-306, 1980
7. Savill JS, Henson PM, Haslett C: Phagocytosis of aged human neutrophils by macrophages is mediated by a novel "charge-sensitive" recognition mechanism. J Clin Invest 84:1518-1527, 1989
8. Savill J, Fadok V: Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death. Nature 407:784-788, 2000
9. Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Konowal A, et al: Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF. J Clin Invest 101:890-898, 1998
10. Peter ME, Krammer PH: Mechanisms of CD95 (APO-1/Fas)-mediated apoptosis. Curr Opin Immunol 10:545-551, 1998
11. Tartaglia LA, Ayres TM, Wong GH, et al: A novel domain within the 55 kd TNF receptor signals cell death. Cell 74:845-533, 1993
12. Itoh N, Nagata S: A novel protein domain required for apoptosis. Mutational analysis of human Fas antigen. J Biol Chem 268:10932-10937, 1993
13. Schulze-Osthoff K, Ferrari D, Los M, et al: Apoptosis signaling by death receptors. Eur J Biochem 254:439-459, 1998
14. Schmitz I, Kirchhoff S, Krammer PH: Regulation of death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 32:1123-1136, 2000
15. Leithauser F, Dhein J, Mechtersheimer G, et al: Constitutive and induced expression of APO-1, a new member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, in normal and neoplastic cells. Lab Invest 69:415-429, 1993
16. Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, et al: Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 356:314-317, 1992
17. Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P, et al: Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell 75:1169-1178, 1993
18. Suda T, Nagata S: Purification and characterization of the Fas-ligand that induces apoptosis. J Exp Med 179:873-879, 1994
19. Takahashi T, Tanaka M, Brannan CI, et al: Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell 76:969-976, 1994
20. Locksley RM, Killeen N, Lenardo MJ: The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: Integrating mammalian biology. Cell 104:487-501, 2001
21. Tanaka M, Suda T, Haze K, et al: Fas ligand in human serum. Nat Med 2:317-322, 1996
22. Suda T, Hashimoto H, Tanaka M, et al: Membrane Fas ligand kills human peripheral blood T lymphocytes, and soluble Fas ligand blocks the killing. J Exp Med 186:2045-2050, 1997
23. Schneider P, Bodmer JL, Holler N, et al: Characterization of Fas (Apo-1, CD95)-Fas ligand interaction. J Biol Chem 272:18827-18833, 1997
24. Krammer PH: CD95 (APO-1/Fas)-mediated apoptosis: Live and let die. Adv Immunol 71:163-210, 1999
25. Schneider P, Holler N, Bodmer JL, et al: Conversion of membrane-bound Fas(CD95) ligand to its soluble form is associated with downregulation of its proapoptotic activity and loss of liver toxicity. J Exp Med 187:1205-1213, 1998
26. Wiley SR, Schooley K, Smolak PJ, et al: Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis. Immunity 3:673-682, 1995
27. Pan G, O'Rourke K, Chinnaiyan AM, et al: The receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. Science 276:111-113, 1997
28. Pan G, Ni J, Wei YF, et al: An antagonist decoy receptor and a death domain-containing receptor for TRAIL. Science 277:815-818, 1997
29. Walczak H, Degli-Esposti MA, Johnson RS, et al: TRAIL-R2: A novel apoptosis-mediating receptor for TRAIL. EMBO J 16:5386-5397, 1997
30. Trauth BC, Klas C, Peters AM, et al: Monoclonal antibody-mediated tumor regression by induction of apoptosis. Science 245:301-305, 1989
31. Kischkel FC, Hellbardt S, Behrmann I, et al: Cytotoxicity-dependent APO-1 (Fas/CD95)-associated proteins form a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) with the receptor. EMBO J 14:5579-5588, 1995
32. Walczak H, Sprick MR: Biochemistry and function of the DISC. Trends Biochem Sci 26:452-453, 2001
33. Chen M, Wang J: Initiator caspases in apoptosis signaling pathways. Apoptosis 7:313-319, 2002
34. Scaffidi C, Fulda S, Srinivasan A, et al: Two CD95 (APO-1/Fas) signaling pathways. EMBO J 17:1675-1687, 1998
35. Luo X, Budihardjo I, Zou H, et al: Bid, a Bcl2 interacting protein, mediates cytochrome c release from mitochondria in response to activation of cell surface death receptors. Cell 94:481-490, 1998
36. Algeciras-Schimnich A, Shen L, Barnhart BC, et al: Molecular ordering of the initial signaling events of CD95. Mol Cell Biol 22:207-220, 2002
37. Chan FK, Chun HJ, Zheng L, et al: A domain in TNF receptors that mediates ligand-independent receptor assembly and signaling. Science 288:2351-2354, 2000
38. Huang DC, Strasser A: BH3-only proteins - Essential initiators of apoptotic cell death. Cell 103:839-842, 2000
39. Wei MC, Lindsten T, Mootha VK, et al: tBID, a membrane-targeted death ligand, oligomerizes BAK to release cytochrome c. Genes Dev 14:2060-2071, 2000
40. Li P, Nijhawan D, Budihardjo I, et al: Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. Cell 91:479-489, 1997
41. Hengartner MO: The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 407:770-776, 2000
42. Du C, Fang M, Li Y, et al: Smac, a mitochondrial protein that promotes cytochrome c-dependent caspase activation by eliminating IAP inhibition. Cell 102:33-42, 2000
43. Susin SA, Lorenzo HK, Zamzami N, et al: Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. Nature 397:441-446, 1999
44. Evan G, Littlewood T: A matter of life and cell death. Science 281:1317-1322, 1998
45. Kroemer G, Reed JC: Mitochondrial control of cell death. Nat Med 6:513-519, 2000
46. Earnshaw WC, Martins LM, Kaufmann SH: Mammalian caspases: Structure, activation, substrates, and functions during apoptosis. Annu Rev Biochem 68:383-424, 1999
47. Rathmell JC, Thompson CB: The central effectors of cell death in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol 17:781-828, 1999
48. Marguet D, Luciani MF, Moynault A, et al: Engulfment of apoptotic cells involves the redistribution of membrane phosphatidylserine on phagocyte and prey. Nat Cell Biol 1:454-456, 1999
49. Fadok VA, Chimini G: The phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Semin Immunol 13:365-372, 2001
50. Berndt C, Mopps B, Angermuller S, et al: CXCR4 and CD4 mediate a rapid CD95-independent cell death in CD4(+) T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:12556-12561, 1998
51. Borner C, Monney L: Apoptosis without caspases: An inefficient molecular guillotine? Cell Death Differ 6:497-507, 1999
52. Xiang J, Chao DT, Korsmeyer SJ: BAX-induced cell death may not require interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme-like proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:14559-14563, 1996
53. Sperandio S, de Belle I, Bredesen DE: An alternative, nonapoptotic form of programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:14376-14381, 2000
54. Muller M, Wilder S, Bannasch D, et al: p53 activates the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) gene in response to DNA damage by anticancer drugs. J Exp Med 188:2033-2045, 1998
55. Takimoto R, El-Deiry WS: Wild-type p53 transactivates the KILLER/DR5 gene through an intronic sequence-specific DNA-binding site. Oncogene 19:1735-1743, 2000
56. Krueger A, Baumann S, Krammer PH, et al: FLICE-inhibitory proteins: Regulators of death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 21:8247-8254, 2001
57. Krueger A, Schmitz I, Baumann S, et al: Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein splice variants inhibit different steps of caspase-8 activation at the CD95 death-inducing signaling complex. J Biol Chem 276:20633-20640, 2001
58. Varadhachary AS, Edidin M, Hanlon AM, et al: Phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase blocks CD95 aggregation and caspase-8 cleavage at the death-inducing signaling complex by modulating lateral diffusion of CD95. J Immunol 166:6564-6569, 2001
59. Green DR: Apoptosis. Death deceiver. Nature 396:629-630, 1998
60. Cory S, Adams JM: The Bcl2 family: Regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch. Nat Rev Cancer 2:647-656, 2002
61. Kaufmann T, Schlipf S, Sanz J, et al: Characterization of the signal that directs Bcl-x(L), but not Bcl-2, to the mitochondrial outer membrane. J Cell Biol 160:53-64, 2003
62. Jurgensmeier JM, Xie Z, Deveraux Q, et al: Bax directly induces release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:4997-5002, 1998
63. Narita M, Shimizu S, Ito T, et al: Bax interacts with the permeability transition pore to induce permeability transition and cytochrome c release in isolated mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:14681-14686, 1998
64. Saito M, Korsmeyer SJ, Schlesinger PH: BAX-dependent transport of cytochrome c reconstituted in pure liposomes. Nat Cell Biol 2:553-555, 2000
65. Marsden VS, O'Connor L, O'Reilly LA, et al: Apoptosis initiated by Bcl-2-regulated caspase activation independently of the cytochrome c/Apaf-1/caspase-9 apoptosome. Nature 419:634-637, 2002
66. Shirane M, Nakayama KI: Inherent calcineurin inhibitor FKBP38 targets Bcl-2 to mitochondria and inhibits apoptosis. Nat Cell Biol 5:28-37, 2003
67. Salvesen GS, Duckett CS: IAP proteins: Blocking the road to death's door. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3:401-410, 2002
68. Ambrosini G, Adida C, Altieri DC: A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma. Nat Med 3:917-921, 1997
69. Verhagen AM, Ekert PG, Pakusch M, et al: Identification of DIABLO, a mammalian protein that promotes apoptosis by binding to and antagonizing IAP proteins. Cell 102:43-53, 2000
70. Shi Y: Mechanisms of caspase activation and inhibition during apoptosis. Mol Cell 9:459-470, 2002
71. Altieri DC: Validating survivin as a cancer therapeutic target. Nat Rev Cancer 3:46-54, 2003
72. Korsmeyer SJ: Chromosomal translocations in lymphoid malignancies reveal novel proto-oncogenes. Annu Rev Immunol 10:785-807, 1992
73. Evan GI, Vousden KH: Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer. Nature 411:342-348, 2001
74. Green DR, Evan GI: A matter of life and death. Cancer Cell 1:19-30, 2002
75. Evan GI, Wyllie AH, Gilbert CS, et al: Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 69:119-128, 1992
76. Bissonnette RP, Echeverri F, Mahboubi A, et al: Apoptotic cell death induced by c-myc is inhibited by bcl-2. Nature 359:552-554, 1992
77. Harrington EA, Bennett MR, Famdi A, et al: c-Myc-induced apoptosis in fibroblasts is inhibited by specific cytokines. EMBO J 13:3286-3295, 1994
78. Sabbatini P, Lin J, Levine AJ, et al: Essential role for p53-mediated transcription in E1A-induced apoptosis. Genes Dev 9:2184-2192, 1995
79. Lukashev ME, Werb Z: ECM signaling: Orchestrating cell behaviour and misbehaviour. Trends Cell Biol 8:437-441, 1998
80. Giancotti FG, Ruoslahti E: Integrin signaling. Science 285:1028-1032, 1999
81. Khwaja A, Rodriguez-Viciana P, Wennstrom S, et al: Matrix adhesion and Ras transformation both activate a phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase and protein kinase B/Akt cellular survival pathway. EMBO J 16:2783-2793, 1997
82. Grossmann J: Molecular mechanisms of "detachment-induced apoptosis - anoikis". Apoptosis 7:247-260, 2002
83. Puthalakath H, Huang DC, O'Reilly LA, et al: The proapoptotic activity of the Bcl-2 family member Bim is regulated by interaction with the dynein motor complex. Mol Cell 3:287-296, 1999
84. Puthalakath H, Villunger A, O'Reilly LA, et al: Bmf: A proapoptotic BH3-only protein regulated by interaction with the myosin V actin motor complex, activated by anoikis. Science 293:1829-1832, 2001
85. Oulton R, Harrington L: Telomeres, telomerase, and cancer: Life on the edge of genomic stability. Curr Opin Oncol 12:74-81, 2000
86. Hahn WC, Stewart SA, Brooks MW, et al: Inhibition of telomerase limits the growth of human cancer cells. Nat Med 5:1164-1170, 1999
87. Zhang X, Mar V, Zhou W, et al: Telomere shortening and apoptosis in telomerase-inhibited human tumor cells. Genes Dev 13:2388-2399, 1999
88. Franke TF, Yang SI, Chan TO, et al: The protein kinase encoded by the Akt proto-oncogene is a target of the PDGF-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Cell 81:727-736, 1995
89. Datta SR, Dudek H, Tao X, et al: Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-ntrinsic death machinery. Cell 91:231-241, 1997
90. Tanno S, Mitsuuchi Y, Altomare DA, et al: AKT activation up-regulates insulin-like growth factor I receptor expression and promotes invasiveness of human pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 61:589-593, 2001
91. Datta SR, Brunet A, Greenberg ME: Cellular survival: A play in three Akts. Genes Dev 13:2905-2927, 1999
92. Stambolic V, Mak TW, Woodgett JR: Modulation of cellular apoptotic potential: Contributions to oncogenesis. Oncogene 18:6094-6103, 1999
93. Maehama T, Dixon JE: PTEN: A tumour suppressor that functions as a phospholipid phosphatase. Trends Cell Biol 9:125-128, 1999
94. Bonneau D, Longy M: Mutations of the human PTEN gene. Hum Mutat 16:109-122, 2000
95. Kandel ES, Hay N: The regulation and activities of the multifunctional serine/threonine kinase Akt/PKB. Exp Cell Res 253:210-229, 1999
96. Leslie NR, Downes CP: PTEN: The down side of PI 3-kinase signaling. Cell Signal 14:285-295, 2002
97. Stambolic V, Suzuki A, de la Pompa JL, et al: Negative regulation of PKB/Akt-dependent cell survival by the tumor suppressor PTEN. Cell 95:29-39, 1998
98. Ali IU, Schriml LM, Dean M: Mutational spectra of PTEN/MMAC1 gene: A tumor suppressor with lipid phosphatase activity. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1922-1932, 1999
99. Zhou XP, Loukola A, Salovaara R, et al: PTEN mutational spectra, expression levels, and subcellular localization in microsatellite stable and unstable colorectal cancers. Am J Pathol 161:439-447, 2002
100. Eng C: Genetics of Cowden syndrome: Through the looking glass of oncology. Int J Oncol 12:701-710, 1998
101. Downward J: Targeting RAS signaling pathways in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 3:11-22, 2003
102. Shields JM, Pruitt K, McFall A, et al: Understanding Ras: "It ain't over" "til it's over". Trends Cell Biol 10:147-154, 2000
103. Zuber J, Tchernitsa OI, Hinzmann B, et al: A genome-wide survey of RAS transformation targets. Nat Genet 24:144-152, 2000
104. Reuther GW, Der CJ: The Ras branch of small GTPases: Ras family members don't fall far from the tree. Curr Opin Cell Biol 12:157-165, 2000
105. Shaulian E, Karin M: AP-1 as a regulator of cell life and death. Nat Cell Biol 4:E131-136, 2002
106. Eferl R, Ricci R, Kenner L, et al: Liver tumor development. c-Jun antagonizes the proapoptotic activity of p53. Cell 112:181-192, 2003
107. Downward J: Mechanisms and consequences of activation of protein kinase B/Akt. Curr Opin Cell Biol 10:262-267, 1998
108. De Ruiter ND, Burgering BM, Bos JL: Regulation of the Forkhead transcription factor AFX by Ral-dependent phosphorylation of threonines 447 and 451. Mol Cell Biol 21:8225-8235, 2001
109. Ries S, Biederer C, Woods D, et al: Opposing effects of Ras on p53: Transcriptional activation of mdm2 and induction of p19ARF. Cell 103:321-330, 2000
110. Levine AJ: p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88:323-331, 1997
111. Hainaut P, Hollstein M: p53 and human cancer: The first ten thousand mutations. Adv Cancer Res 77:81-137, 2000
112. Bullock AN, Fersht AR: Rescuing the function of mutant p53. Nat Rev Cancer 1:68-76, 2001
113. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, et al: p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 253:49-53, 1991
114. Donehower LA: The p53-deficient mouse: A model for basic and applied cancer studies. Semin Cancer Biol 7:269-278, 1996
115. Hoeijmakers JH: Genome maintenance mechanisms for preventing cancer. Nature 411:366-374, 2001
116. Woods DB, Vousden KH: Regulation of p53 function. Exp Cell Res 264:56-66, 2001
117. Jacobs JJ, Kieboom K, Marino S, et al: The oncogene and Polycomb-group gene bmi-1 regulates cell proliferation and senescence through the ink4a locus. Nature 397:164-168, 1999
118. Maestro R, Dei Tos AP, Hamamori Y, et al: Twist is a potential oncogene that inhibits apoptosis. Genes Dev 13:2207-2217, 1999
119. Schmitt CA, McCurrach ME, de Stanchina E, et al: INK4a/ARF mutations accelerate lymphomagenesis and promote chemoresistance by disabling p53. Genes Dev 13:2670-2677, 1999
120. Sherr CJ, Weber JD: The ARF/p53 pathway. Curr Opin Genet Dev 10:94-99, 2000
121. Esteller M, Sparks A, Toyota M, et al: Analysis of adenomatous polyposis coli promoter hypermethylation in human cancer. Cancer Res 60:4366-4371, 2000
122. Robertson KD, Jones PA: The human ARF cell cycle regulatory gene promoter is a CpG island which can be silenced by DNA methylation and down-regulated by wild-type p53. Mol Cell Biol 18:6457-6473, 1998
123. Samuels-Lev Y, O'Connor DJ, Bergamaschi D, et al: ASPP proteins specifically stimulate the apoptotic function of p53. Mol Cell 8:781-794, 2001
124. Bergamaschi D, Samuels Y, O'Neil NJ, et al: iASPP oncoprotein is a key inhibitor of p53 conserved from worm to human. Nat Genet 33:162-167, 2003
125. Kamimura A, Kamachi M, Nishihira J, et al: Intracellular distribution of macrophage migration inhibitory factor predicts the prognosis of patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer 89:334-341, 2000
126. Hudson JD, Shoaibi MA, Maestro R, et al: A proinflammatory cytokine inhibits p53 tumor suppressor activity. J Exp Med 190:1375-1382, 1999
127. Senoo M, Seki N, Ohira M, et al: A second p53-related protein, p73L, with high homology to p73. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 248:603-607, 1998
128. Osada M, Ohba M, Kawahara C, et al: Cloning and functional analysis of human p51, which structurally and functionally resembles p53. Nat Med 4:839-843, 1998
129. Yang A, Kaghad M, Wang Y, et al: p63, a p53 homolog at 3q27-29, encodes multiple products with transactivating, death-inducing, and dominant-negative activities. Mol Cell 2:305-316, 1998
130. Trink B, Okami K, Wu L, et al: A new human p53 homologue. Nat Med 4:747-748, 1998
131. Kaghad M, Bonnet H, Yang A, et al: Monoallelically expressed gene related to p53 at 1p36, a region frequently deleted in neuroblastoma and other human cancers. Cell 90:809-819, 1997
132. De Laurenzi V, Melino G: Evolution of functions within the p53/p63/p73 family. Ann NY Acad Sci 926:90-100, 2000
133. Strand S, Hofmann WJ, Hug H, et al: Lymphocyte apoptosis induced by CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand-expressing tumor cells - A mechanism of immune evasion? Nat Med 2:1361-1366, 1996
134. Moller P, Koretz K, Leithauser F, et al: Expression of APO-1 (CD95), a member of the NGF/TNF receptor superfamily, in normal and neoplastic colon epithelium. Int J Cancer 57:371-377, 1994
135. Volkmann M, Schiff JH, Hajjar Y, et al: Loss of CD95 expression is linked to most but not all p53 mutants in European hepatocellular carcinoma. J Mol Med 79:594-600, 2001
136. Muller M, Strand S, Hug H, et al: Drug-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells is mediated by the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor/ligand system and involves activation of wild-type p53. J Clin Invest 99:403-413, 1997
137. Maeda T, Yamada Y, Moriuchi R, et al: Fas gene mutation in the progression of adult T cell leukemia. J Exp Med 189:1063-1071, 1999
138. Landowski TH, Gleason-Guzman MC, Dalton WS: Selection for drug resistance results in resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Blood 89:1854-1861, 1997
139. Straus SE, Jaffe ES, Puck JM, et al: The development of lymphomas in families with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome with germline Fas mutations and defective lymphocyte apoptosis. Blood 98:194-200, 2001
140. Pitti RM, Marsters SA, Lawrence DA, et al: Genomic amplification of a decoy receptor for Fas ligand in lung and colon cancer. Nature 396:699-703, 1998
141. Cheng J, Zhou T, Liu C, et al: Protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis by a soluble form of the Fas molecule. Science 263:1759-1762, 1994
142. Ugurel S, Rappl G, Tilgen W, et al: Increased soluble CD95 (sFas/CD95) serum level correlates with poor prognosis in melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 7:1282-1286, 2001
143. Shin MS, Kim HS, Lee SH, et al: Mutations of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) and receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) genes in metastatic breast cancers. Cancer Res 61:4942-4946, 2001
144. Lee SH, Shin MS, Kim HS, et al: Alterations of the DR5/TRAIL receptor 2 gene in non-small cell lung cancers. Cancer Res 59:5683-5686, 1999
145. Nguyen T, Zhang XD, Hersey P: Relative resistance of fresh isolates of melanoma to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res 7:966s-973s, 2001 (suppl)
146. Fisher MJ, Virmani AK, Wu L, et al: Nucleotide substitution in the ectodomain of trail receptor DR4 is associated with lung cancer and head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7:1688-1697, 2001
147. Irmler M, Thome M, Hahne M, et al: Inhibition of death receptor signals by cellular FLIP. Nature 388:190-195, 1997
148. Tepper CG, Seldin MF: Modulation of caspase-8 and FLICE-inhibitory protein expression as a potential mechanism of Epstein-Barr virus tumorigenesis in Burkitt's lymphoma. Blood 94:1727-1737, 1999
149. Thome M, Schneider P, Hofmann K, et al: Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors. Nature 386:517-521, 1997
150. Hu S, Vincenz C, Ni J, et al: I-FLICE, a novel inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor receptor-1-and CD-95-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 272:17255-17257, 1997
151. Bertin J, Armstrong RC, Ottilie S, et al: Death effector domain-containing herpesvirus and poxvirus proteins inhibit both Fas- and TNFR1-induced apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:1172-1176, 1997
152. Sturzl M, Hohenadl C, Zietz C, et al: Expression of K13/v-FLIP gene of human herpesvirus 8 and apoptosis in Kaposi's sarcoma spindle cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1725-1733, 1999
153. Medema JP, Toes RE, Scaffidi C, et al: Cleavage of FLICE (caspase-8) by granzyme B during cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced apoptosis. Eur J Immunol 27:3492-3498, 1997
154. Debatin KM, Poncet D, Kroemer G: Chemotherapy: Targeting the mitochondrial cell death pathway. Oncogene 21:8786-8803, 2002
155. Chandra J, Mansson E, Gogvadze V, et al: Resistance of leukemic cells to 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine is due to a lack of calcium-dependent cytochrome c release. Blood 99:655-663, 2002
156. Giraud S, Bonod-Bidaud C, Wesolowski-Louvel M, et al: Expression of human ANT2 gene in highly proliferative cells: GRBOX, a new transcriptional element, is involved in the regulation of glycolytic ATP import into mitochondria. J Mol Biol 281:409-418, 1998
157. Zamzami N, Susin SA, Marchetti P, et al: Mitochondrial control of nuclear apoptosis. J Exp Med 183:1533-1544, 1996
158. Weller M, Malipiero U, Aguzzi A, et al: Protooncogene bcl-2 gene transfer abrogates Fas/APO-1 antibody-mediated apoptosis of human malignant glioma cells and confers resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and therapeutic irradiation. J Clin Invest 95:2633-2643, 1995
159. Hermine O, Haioun C, Lepage E, et al: Prognostic significance of bcl-2 protein expression in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA). Blood 87:265-272, 1996
160. Campos L, Rouault JP, Sabido O, et al: High expression of bcl-2 protein in acute myeloid leukemia cells is associated with poor response to chemotherapy. Blood 81:3091-3096, 1993
161. Miyashita T, Reed JC: bcl-2 gene transfer increases relative resistance of S49.1 and WEHI7.2 lymphoid cells to cell death and DNA fragmentation induced by glucocorticoids and multiple chemotherapeutic drugs. Cancer Res 52:5407-5411, 1992
162. Schmitt CA, Rosenthal CT, Lowe SW: Genetic analysis of chemoresistance in primary murine lymphomas. Nat Med 6:1029-1035, 2000
163. Findley HW, Gu L, Yeager AM, et al: Expression and regulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Bax correlate with p53 status and sensitivity to apoptosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 89:2986-2993, 1997
164. Sartorius UA, Krammer PH: Upregulation of Bcl-2 is involved in the mediation of chemotherapy resistance in human small cell lung cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer 97:584-592, 2002
165. McDonnell TJ, Korsmeyer SJ: Progression from lymphoid hyperplasia to high-grade malignant lymphoma in mice transgenic for the t(14; 18). Nature 349:254-256, 1991
166. Strasser A, Harris AW, Corcoran LM, et al: Bcl-2 expression promotes B- but not T-lymphoid development in scid mice. Nature 368:457-460, 1994
167. Vaux DL, Cory S, Adams JM: Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature 335:440-442, 1988
168. Takayama S, Sato T, Krajewski S, et al: Cloning and functional analysis of BAG-1: A novel Bcl-2-binding protein with anti-cell death activity. Cell 80:279-284, 1995
169. Zeiner M, Gehring U: A protein that interacts with members of the nuclear hormone receptor family: Identification and cDNA cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:11465-11469, 1995
170. Townsend PA, Dublin E, Hart IR, et al: BAG-i expression in human breast cancer: Interrelationship between BAG-1 RNA, protein, HSC70 expression and clinico-pathological data. J Pathol 197:51-59, 2002
171. Kudoh M, Knee DA, Takayama S, et al: Bag1 proteins regulate growth and survival of ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 62:1904-1909, 2002
172. Sawitzki B, Amersi F, Ritter T, et al: Upregulation of bag-1 by ex vivo gene transfer protects rat livers from ischemia/ reperfusion injury. Hum Gene Ther 13:1495-1504, 2002
173. Catlett-Falcone R, Landowski TH, Oshiro MM, et al: Constitutive activation of Stat3 signaling confers resistance to apoptosis in human U266 myeloma cells. Immunity 10:105-115, 1999
174. Reed JC: The survivin saga goes in vivo. J Clin Invest 108:965-969, 2001
175. Grossman D, McNiff JM, Li F, et al: Expression and targeting of the apoptosis inhibitor, survivin, in human melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 113:1076-1081, 1999
176. Tanaka K, Iwamoto S, Gon G, et al: Expression of survivin and its relationship to loss of apoptosis in breast carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 6:127-134, 2000
177. Kawasaki H, Altieri DC, Lu CD, et al: Inhibition of apoptosis by survivin predicts shorter survival rates in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 58:5071-5074, 1998
178. Satoh K, Kaneko K, Hirota M, et al: Expression of survivin is correlated with cancer cell apoptosis and is involved in the development of human pancreatic duct cell tumors. Cancer 92:271-278, 2001
179. Hoffman WH, Biade S, Zilfou JT, et al: Transcriptional repression of the anti-apoptotic survivin gene by wild type p53. J Biol Chem 277:3247-3257, 2002
180. Grossman D, Kim PJ, Schechner JS, et al: Inhibition of melanoma tumor growth in vivo by survivin targeting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:635-640, 2001
181. Mesri M, Wall NR, Li J, et al: Cancer gene therapy using a survivin mutant adenovirus. J Clin Invest 108:981-990, 2001
182. Dierlamm J, Baens M, Wlodarska I, et al: The apoptosis inhibitor gene API2 and a novel 18q gene, MLT, are recurrently rearranged in the t(11;18)(q21;q21)p6ssociated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. Blood 93:3601-3609, 1999
183. Rampino N, Yamamoto H, Ionov Y, et al: Somatic frameshift mutations in the BAX gene in colon cancers of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Science 275:967-969, 1997
184. Meijerink JP, Mensink EJ, Wang K, et al: Hematopoietic malignancies demonstrate loss-of-function mutations of BAX. Blood 91:2991-2997, 1998
185. Panaretakis T, Pokrovskaja K, Shoshan MC, et al: Activation of Bak, Bax, and BH3-only proteins in the apoptotic response to doxorubicin. J Biol Chem 277:44317-44326, 2002
186. Yin C, Knudson CM, Korsmeyer SJ, et al: Bax suppresses tumorigenesis and stimulates apoptosis in vivo. Nature 385:637-640, 1997
187. Ionov Y, Yamamoto H, Krajewski S, et al: Mutational inactivation of the proapoptotic gene BAX confers selective advantage during tumor clonal evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:10872-10877, 2000
188. Soengas MS, Capodieci P, Polsky D, et al: Inactivation of the apoptosis effector Apaf-1 in malignant melanoma. Nature 409:207-211, 2001
189. Perkins C, Kim CN, Fang G, et al: Overexpression of Apaf-1 promotes apoptosis of untreated and paclitaxel- or etoposide-treated HL-60 cells. Cancer Res 58:4561-4566, 1998
190. Fu WN, Bertoni F, Kelsey SM, et al: Role of DNA methylation in the suppression of Apaf-1 protein in human leukaemia. Oncogene 22:451-455, 2003
191. Liston P, Fong WG, Kelly NL, et al: Identification of XAF1 as an antagonist of XIAP anti-Caspase activity. Nat Cell Biol 3:128-133, 2001
192. Teitz T, Wei T, Valentine MB, et al: Caspase 8 is deleted or silenced preferentially in childhood neuroblastomas with amplification of MYCN. Nat Med 6:529-535, 2000
193. Shivapurkar N, Toyooka S, Eby MT, et al: Differential inactivation of caspase-8 in lung cancers. Cancer Biol Ther 1:65-69, 2002
194. Baldwin AS Jr: The NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: New discoveries and insights. Annu Rev Immunol 14:649-683, 1996
195. Karin M, Cao Y, Greten FR, et al: NF-kappaB in cancer: From innocent bystander to major culprit. Nat Rev Cancer 2:301-310, 2002
196. Perkins ND: The Rel/NF-kappa B family: Friend and foe. Trends Biochem Sci 25:434-440, 2000
197. Arlt A, Schafer H: NFkappaB-dependent chemoresistance in solid tumors. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 40:336-347, 2002
198. Wang CY, Mayo MW, Baldwin AS Jr: TNF- and cancer therapy-induced apoptosis: Potentiation by inhibition of NF-kappaB. Science 274:784-787, 1996
199. Karin M, Lin A: NF-kappaB at the crossroads of life and death. Nat Immunol 3:221-227, 2002
200. Webster GA, Perkins ND: Transcriptional cross talk between NF-kappaB and p53. Mol Cell Biol 19:3485-3495, 1999
201. Xiao G, Sun SC: Activation of IKKalpha and IKKbeta through their fusion with HTLV-I tax protein. Oncogene 19:5198-5203, 2000
202. Ravagnan L, Gurbuxani S, Susin SA, et al: Heat-shock protein 70 antagonizes apoptosis-inducing factor. Nat Cell Biol 3:839-843, 2001
203. Jaattela M, Wissing D, Kokholm K, et al: Hsp70 exerts its anti-apoptotic function downstream of caspase-3-like proteases. EMBO J 17:6124-6134, 1998
204. Nylandsted J, Rohde M, Brand K, et al: Selective depletion of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) activates a tumor-specific death program that is independent of caspases and bypasses Bcl-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7871-7876, 2000
205. Shresta S, Pham CT, Thomas DA, et al: How do cytotoxic lymphocytes kill their targets? Curr Opin Immunol 10:581-587, 1998
206. Kagi D, Ledermann B, Burki K, et al: Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perforin-deficient mice. Nature 369:31-37, 1994
207. Heibein JA, Goping IS, Barry M, et al: Granzyme B-mediated cytochrome c release is regulated by the Bcl-2 family members bid and Bax. J Exp Med 192:1391-1402, 2000
208. Medema JP, de Jong J, Peltenburg LT, et al: Blockade of the granzyme B/perforin pathway through overexpression of the serine protease inhibitor PI-9/SPI-6 constitutes a mechanism for immune escape by tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:11515-11520, 2001
209. Medema JP, Schuurhuis DH, Rea D, et al: Expression of the serpin serine protease inhibitor 6 protects dendritic cells from cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced apoptosis: Differential modulation by T helper type 1 and type 2 cells. J Exp Med 194:657-667, 2001
210. Igney FH, Krammer PH: Immune escape of tumors: Apoptosis resistance and tumor counterattack. J Leukoc Biol 71:907-920, 2002
211. Igney FH, Behrens CK, Krammer PH: Tumor counter-attack-concept and reality. Eur J Immunol 30:725-731, 2000
212. Behrens CK, Igney FH, Arnold B, et al: CD95 ligand-expressing tumors are rejected in anti-tumor TCR transgenic perforin knockout mice. J Immunol 166:3240-3247, 2001
213. Chen JJ, Sun Y, Nabel GJ: Regulation of the proinflammatory effects of Fas ligand (CD95L). Science 282:1714-1717, 1998
214. Sellers WR, Fisher DE: Apoptosis and cancer drug targeting. J Clin Invest 104:1655-1661, 1999
215. Johnstone RW, Ruefli AA, Lowe SW: Apoptosis: A link between cancer genetics and chemotherapy. Cell 108:153-164, 2002
216. Zhu H, Fearnhead HO, Cohen GM: An ICE-like protease is a common mediator of apoptosis induced by diverse stimuli in human monocytic THP.1 cells. FEBS Lett 374:303-308, 1995
217. Ryan KM, Phillips AC, Vousden KH: Regulation and function of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Curr Opin Cell Biol 13:332-337, 2001
218. Sherr CJ: The ink4a/arf network in tumour suppression. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:731-737, 2001
219. Miyashita T, Reed JC: Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80:293-299, 1995
220. Oda E, Ohki R, Murasawa H, et al: Noxa, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family and candidate mediator of p53-induced apoptosis. Science 288:1053-1058, 2000
221. Nakano K, Vousden KH: PUMA, a novel proapoptotic gene, is induced by p53. Mol Cell 7:683-694, 2001
222. Guan B, Yue P, Clayman GL, et al: Evidence that the death receptor DR4 is a DNA damage-inducible, p53-regulated gene. J Cell Physiol 188:98-105, 2001
223. Wu GS, Burns TF, McDonald ER, 3rd et al: KILLER/DR5 is a DNA damage-inducible p53-regulated death receptor gene. Nat Genet 17:141-143, 1997
224. Vogelstein B, Lane D, Levine AJ: Surfing the p53 network. Nature 408:307-310, 2000
225. Bennett M, Macdonald K, Chan SW, et al: Cell surface trafficking of Fas: A rapid mechanism of p53-mediated apoptosis. Science 282:290-293, 1998
226. Fulda S, Meyer E, Friesen C, et al: Cell type specific involvement of death receptor and mitochondrial pathways in drug-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 20:1063-1075, 2001
227. Kidd JF, Pilkington MF, Schell MJ, et al: Paclitaxel affects cytosolic calcium signals by opening the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. J Biol Chem 277:6504-6510, 2002
228. Robertson JD, Gogvadze V, Zhivotovsky B, et al: Distinct pathways for stimulation of cytochrome c release by etoposide. J Biol Chem 275:32438-32443, 2000
229. Friesen C, Herr I, Krammer PH, et al: Involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/FAS) receptor/ligand system in drug-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. Nat Med 2:574-577, 1996
230. Muller M, Strand S, Hug H, et al: Drug-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells is mediated by the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor/ligand system and involves activation of wild-type p53. J Clin Invest 99:403-413, 1997
231. Muller M, Scaffidi CA, Galle PR, et al: The role of p53 and the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) death system in chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Eur Cytokine Netw 9:685-686, 1998
232. Eichhorst ST, Muller M, Li-Weber M, et al: A novel AP-1 element in the CD95 ligand promoter is required for induction of apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells upon treatment with anticancer drugs. Mol Cell Biol 20:7826-7837, 2000
233. Herr I, Debatin KM: Cellular stress response and apoptosis in cancer therapy. Blood 98:2603-2614, 2001
234. Kasibhatla S, Brunner T, Genestier L, et al: DNA damaging agents induce expression of Fas ligand and subsequent apoptosis in T lymphocytes via the activation of NF-kappa B and AP-1. Mol Cell 1:543-551, 1998
235. Fulda S, Sieverts H, Friesen C, et al: The CD95 (APO-1/Fas) system mediates drug-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Res 57:3823-3829, 1997
236. Houghton JA, Harwood FG, Tillman DM: Thymine-less death in colon carcinoma cells is mediated via fas signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:8144-8149, 1997
237. Eichhorst ST, Muerkoster S, Weigand MA, et al: The chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil induces apoptosis in mouse thymocytes in vivo via activation of the CD95(APO-1/Fas) system. Cancer Res 61:243-248, 2001
238. Tolomeo M, Dusonchet L, Meli M, et al: The CD95/CD95 ligand system is not the major effector in anticancer drug-mediated apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 5:735-742, 1998
239. Petak I, Tillman DM, Harwood FG, et al: Fas-dependent and -independent mechanisms of cell death following DNA damage in human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 60:2643-2650, 2000
240. Wieder T, Essmann F, Prokop A, et al: Activation of caspase-8 in drug-induced apoptosis of B-lymphoid cells is independent of CD95/Fas receptor-ligand interaction and occurs downstream of caspase-3. Blood 97:1378-1387, 2001
241. Nagane M, Pan G, Weddle JJ, et al: Increased death receptor 5 expression by chemotherapeutic agents in human gliomas causes synergistic cytotoxicity with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 60:847-853, 2000
242. Keane MM, Ettenberg SA, Nau MM, et al: Chemotherapy augments TRAIL-induced apoptosis in breast cell lines. Cancer Res 59:734-741, 1999
243. Fisher DE: Apoptosis in cancer therapy: Crossing the threshold. Cell 78:539-542, 1994
244. Fulda S, Scaffidi C, Pietsch T, et al: Activation of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) pathway in drug- and gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis of brain tumor cells. Cell Death Differ 5:884-893, 1998
245. Fulda S, Susin SA, Kroemer G, et al: Molecular ordering of apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs in neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Res 58:4453-4460, 1998
246. Persidis A: Cancer multidrug resistance. Nat Biotechnol 17:94-95, 1999
247. Cole SP, Bhardwaj G, Gerlach JH, et al: Overexpression of a transporter gene in a multidrug-resistant human lung cancer cell line. Science 258:1650-1654, 1992
248. Palissot V, Belhoussine R, Carpentier Y, et al: Resistance to apoptosis induced by topoisomerase I inhibitors in multidrug-resistant HL60 leukemic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 245:918-922, 1998
249. Hirose M: Biology and modulation of multidrug resistance (MDR) in hematological malignancies. Int J Hematol 76:206-211, 2002 (suppl 2)
250. Smyth MJ, Krasovskis E, Sutton VR, et al: The drug efflux protein, P-glycoprotein, additionally protects drug-resistant tumor cells from multiple forms of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:7024-7029, 1998
251. Synold TW, Relling MV, Boyett JM, et al: Blast cell methotrexate-polyglutamate accumulation in vivo differs by lineage, ploidy, and methotrexate dose in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Invest 94:1996-2001, 1994
252. Banerjee D, Mayer-Kuckuk P, Capiaux G, et al: Novel aspects of resistance to drugs targeted to dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1587:164-173, 2002
253. Simonsen CC, Levinson AD: Isolation and expression of an altered mouse dihydrofolate reductase cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:2495-2499, 1983
254. Srimatkandada S, Schweitzer BI, Moroson BA, et al: Amplification of a polymorphic dihydrofolate reductase gene expressing an enzyme with decreased binding to methotrexate in a human colon carcinoma cell line, HCT-8R4, resistant to this drug. J Biol Chem 264:3524-3528, 1989
255. Leichman CG, Lenz HJ, Leichman L, et al: Quantitation of intratumoral thymidylate synthase expression predicts for disseminated colorectal cancer response and resistance to protracted-infusion fluorouracil and weekly leucovorin. J Clin Oncol 15:3223-3229, 1997
256. Peters GJ, Backus HH, Freemantle S, et al: Induction of thymidylate synthase as a 5-fluorouracil resistance mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1587:194-205, 2002
257. Torres-Garcia SJ, Cousineau L, Caplan S, et al: Correlation of resistance to nitrogen mustards in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with enhanced removal of melphalan-induced DNA cross-links. Biochem Pharmacol 38:3122-3123, 1989
258. Wang ZM, Chen ZP, Xu ZY, et al: In vitro evidence for homologous recombinational repair in resistance to melphalan. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1473-1478, 2001
259. Lowe SW, Lin AW: Apoptosis in cancer. Carcinogenesis 21:485-495, 2000
260. Brown JM, Wouters BG: Apoptosis, p53, and tumor cell sensitivity to anticancer agents. Cancer Res 59:1391-1399, 1999
261. Aas T, Borresen AL, Geisler S, et al: Specific P53 mutations are associated with de novo resistance to doxorubicin in breast cancer patients. Nat Med 2:811-814, 1996
262. Neri LM, Borgatti P, Tazzari PL, et al: The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT1 pathway involvement in drug and all-trans-retinoic acid resistance of leukemia cells. Mol Cancer Res 1:234-246, 2003
263. Miyashita T, Reed JC: Bcl-2 oncoprotein blocks chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in a human leukemia cell line. Blood 81:151-157, 1993
264. Zhou P, Qian L, Kozopas KM, et al: Mcl-1, a Bcl-2 family member, delays the death of hematopoietic cells under a variety of apoptosis-inducing conditions. Blood 89:630-643, 1997
265. Kaufmann SH, Karp JE, Svingen PA, et al: Elevated expression of the apoptotic regulator Mcl-1 at the time of leukemic relapse. Blood 91:991-1000, 1998
266. Krajewski S, Blomqvist C, Franssila K, et al: Reduced expression of proapoptotic gene BAX is associated with poor response rates to combination chemotherapy and shorter survival in women with metastatic breast adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 55:4471-4478, 1995
267. Zaffaroni N, Pennati M, Colella G, et al: Expression of the anti-apoptotic gene survivin correlates with taxol resistance in human ovarian cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 59:1406-1412, 2002
268. Tran J, Master Z, Yu JL, et al: A role for survivin in chemoresistance of endothelial cells mediated by VEGF. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:4349-4354, 2002
269. Mendelsohn J, Fan Z: Epidermal growth factor receptor family and chemosensitization. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:341-343, 1997
270. Kim AH, Khursigara G, Sun X, et al: Akt phosphorylates and negatively regulates apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. Mol Cell Biol 21:893-901, 2001
271. Bentires-Alj M, Barbu V, Fillet M, et al: NF-kappaB transcription factor induces drug resistance through MDR1 expression in cancer cells. Oncogene 22:90-97, 2003
272. Sethi T, Rintoul RC, Moore SM, et al: Extracellular matrix proteins protect small cell lung cancer cells against apoptosis: A mechanism for small cell lung cancer growth and drug resistance in vivo. Nat Med 5:662-668, 1999
273. Walczak H, Bouchon A, Stahl H, et al: Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand retains its apoptosis-inducing capacity on Bcl-2- or Bcl-xL-overexpressing chemotherapy-resistant tumor cells. Cancer Res 60:3051-3057, 2000
274. Knight MJ, Riffkin CD, Muscat AM, et al: Analysis of FasL and TRAIL induced apoptosis pathways in glioma cells. Oncogene 20:5789-5798, 2001
275. El-Deiry WS: Insights into cancer therapeutic design based on p53 and TRAIL receptor signaling. Cell Death Differ 8:1066-1075, 2001
276. Sheikh MS, Burns TF, Huang Y, et al: p53-dependent and -independent regulation of the death receptor KILLER/ DR5 gene expression in response to genotoxic stress and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Cancer Res 58:1593-1598, 1998
277. Lacour S, Hammann A, Wotawa A, et al: Anticancer agents sensitize tumor cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated caspase-8 activation and apoptosis. Cancer Res 61:1645-1651, 2001
278. Chinnaiyan AM, Prasad U, Shankar S, et al: Combined effect of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and ionizing radiation in breast cancer therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:1754-1759, 2000
279. Old LJ: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Science 230:630-632, 1985
280. Vassalli P: The pathophysiology of tumor necrosis factors. Annu Rev Immunol 10:411-452, 1992
281. Kircheis R, Wightman L, Kursa M, et al: Tumor-targeted gene delivery: An attractive strategy to use highly active effector molecules in cancer treatment. Gene Ther 9:731-735, 2002
282. Ogasawara J, Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Adachi M, et al: Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice. Nature 364:806-809, 1993
283. Walczak H, Miller RE, Ariail K, et al: Tumoricidal activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vivo. Nat Med 5:157-163, 1999
284. Kim K, Fisher MJ, Xu SQ, et al: Molecular determinants of response to TRAIL in killing of normal and cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 6:335-346, 2000
285. Ashkenazi A, Pai RC, Fong S, et al: Safety and antitumor activity of recombinant soluble Apo2 ligand. J Clin Invest 104:155-162, 1999
286. Griffith TS, Chin WA, Jackson GC, et al: Intracellular regulation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells. J Immunol 161:2833-2840, 1998
287. Siegmund D, Hadwiger P, Pfizenmaier K, et al: Selective inhibition of FLICE-like inhibitory protein expression with small interfering RNA oligonucleotides is sufficient to sensitize tumor cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Mol Med 8:725-732, 2002
288. LeBlanc H, Lawrence D, Varfolomeev E, et al: Tumor-cell resistance to death receptor-induced apoptosis through mutational inactivation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 homolog Bax. Nat Med 8:274-281, 2002
289. Wajant H, Pfizenmaier K, Scheurich P: TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its receptors in tumor surveillance and cancer therapy. Apoptosis 7:449-459, 2002
290. Franco AV, Zhang XD, Van Berkel E, et al: The role of NF-kappa B in TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis of melanoma cells. J Immunol 166:5337-5345, 2001
291. Leverkus M, Sprick MR, Wachter T, et al: Proteasome inhibition results in TRAIL sensitization of primary keratinocytes by removing the resistance-mediating block of effector caspase maturation. Mol Cell Biol 23:777-790, 2003
292. Liu Q, Gazitt Y: Potentiation of dexamethasone, taxol and Ad-p53-induced apoptosis by Bcl-2 anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotides in drug-resistant multiple myeloma cells. Blood 101:4105-4114, 2003
293. Wang JL, Zhang ZJ, Choksi S, et al: Cell permeable Bcl-2 binding peptides: A chemical approach to apoptosis induction in tumor cells. Cancer Res 60:1498-1502, 2000
294. Banker DE, Cooper JJ, Fennell DA, et al: PK11195, a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand, chemosensitizes acute myeloid leukemia cells to relevant therapeutic agents by more than one mechanism. Leuk Res 26:91-106, 2002
295. Hardwick M, Fertikh D, Culty M, et al: Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) in human breast cancer: Correlation of breast cancer cell aggressive phenotype with PBR expression, nuclear localization, and PBR-mediated cell proliferation and nuclear transport of cholesterol. Cancer Res 59:831-842, 1999
296. Fantin VR, Berardi MJ, Scorrano L, et al: A novel mitochondriotoxic small molecule that selectively inhibits tumor cell growth. Cancer Cell 2:29-42, 2002
297. Shinoura N, Sakurai S, Asai A, et al: Over-expression of APAF-1 and caspase-9 augments radiation-induced apoptosis in U-373MG glioma cells. Int J Cancer 93:252-261, 2001
298. Srinivasula SM, Hegde R, Saleh A, et al: A conserved XIAP-interaction motif in caspase-9 and Smac/DIABLO regulates caspase activity and apoptosis. Nature 410:112-116, 2001
299. Fulda S, Wick W, Weller M, et al: Smac agonists sensitize for Apo2L/TRAIL- or anticancer drug-induced apoptosis and induce regression of malignant glioma in vivo. Nat Med 8:808-815, 2002
300. Kanwar JR, Shen WP, Kanwar RK, et al: Effects of survivin antagonists on growth of established tumors and B7-1 immunogene therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1541-1552, 2001
301. Pennati M, Colella G, Folini M, et al: Ribozyme-mediated attenuation of survivin expression sensitizes human melanoma cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. J Clin Invest 109:285-286, 2002
302. Yamamoto T, Manome Y, Nakamura M, et al: Down-regulation of survivin expression by induction of the effector cell protease receptor-1 reduces tumor growth potential and results in an increased sensitivity to anticancer agents in human colon cancer. Eur J Cancer 38:2316-2324, 2002
303. Schmitz M, Diestelkoetter P, Weigle B, et al: Generation of survivin-specific CD8+ T effector cells by dendritic cells pulsed with protein or selected peptides. Cancer Res 60:4845-4849, 2000
304. Bischoff JR, Kim DH, Williams A, et al: An adenovirus mutant that replicates selectively in p53-deficient human tumor cells. Science 274:373-376, 1996
305. Nemunaitis J, Swisher SG, Timmons T, et al: Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfer in sequence with cisplatin to tumors of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 18:609-622, 2000
306. Seth P, Brinkmann U, Schwartz GN, et al: Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to human breast tumor cells: an approach for cancer gene therapy and bone marrow purging. Cancer Res 56:1346-1351, 1996
307. Selivanova G, Ryabchenko L, Jansson E, et al: Reactivation of mutant p53 through interaction of a C-terminal peptide with the core domain. Mol Cell Biol 19:3395-3402, 1999
308. Blagosklonny MV, Toretsky J, Neckers L: Geldanamycin selectively destabilizes and conformationally alters mutated p53. Oncogene 11:933-939, 1995
309. Neckers L: Hsp90 inhibitors as novel cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Trends Mol Med 8:55s-61s, 2002 (suppl)
310. Adams J, Elliott PJ: New agents in cancer clinical trials. Oncogene 19:6687-6692, 2000
311. Li B, Dou QP: Bax degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent pathway: Involvement in tumor survival and progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:3850-3855, 2000
312. Hortobagyi GN, Ueno NT, Xia W, et al: Cationic liposome-mediated E1A gene transfer to human breast and ovarian cancer cells and its biologic effects: A phase I clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 19:3422-3433, 2001
313. Yoo GH, Hung MC, Lopez-Berestein G, et al: Phase I trial of intratumoral liposome E1A gene therapy in patients with recurrent breast and head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7:1237-1245, 2001
314. Villaret D, Glisson B, Kenady D, et al: A multicenter phase II study of tgDCC-E1A for the intratumoral treatment of patients with recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 24:661-669, 2002
315. Mymryk JS: Tumour suppressive properties of the adenovirus 5 E1A oncogene. Oncogene 13:1581-1589, 1996
316. Ueno NT, Bartholomeusz C, Herrmann JL, et al: E1A-mediated paclitaxel sensitization in HER-2/neu-overexpressing ovarian cancer SKOV3. ip1 through apoptosis involving the caspase-3 pathway. Clin Cancer Res 6:250-259, 2000
317. Lamfers ML, Grill J, Dirven CM, et al: Potential of the conditionally replicative adenovirus Ad5-Delta24RGD in the treatment of malignant gliomas and its enhanced effect with radiotherapy. Cancer Res 62:5736-5742, 2002
318. Opalka B, Dickopp A, Kirch HC: Apoptotic genes in cancer therapy. Cells Tissues Organs 172:126-132, 2002
319. Sawyers CL: Research on resistance to cancer drug Gleevec. Science 294:1834, 2001 (letter)
320. Sawyers CL, Hochhaus A, Feldman E, et al: Imatinib induces hematologic and cytogenetic responses in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in myeloid blast crisis: Results of a phase II study. Blood 99:3530-3539, 2002
321. Farrow B, Mark Evers B: Activation of PPARgamma increases PTEN expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 301:50-53, 2003
322. Skorski T, Bellacosa A, Nieborowska-Skorska M, et al: Transformation of hematopoietic cells by BCR/ABL requires activation of a PI-3k/Akt-dependent pathway. EMBO J 16:6151-6161, 1997
323. Reuter CW, Morgan MA, Bergmann L: Targeting the Ras signaling pathway: A rational, mechanism-based treatment for hematologic malignancies? Blood 96:1655-1669, 2000
324. Cox AD, Der CJ: Farnesyltransferase inhibitors: Promises and realities. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2:388-393, 2002
325. Crooke ST: Potential roles of antisense technology in cancer chemotherapy. Oncogene 19:6651-6659, 2000
326. Sebolt-Leopold JS, Dudley DT, Herrera R, et al: Blockade of the MAP kinase pathway suppresses growth of colon tumors in vivo. Nat Med 5:810-816, 1999
327. Mehren MM, Adams GP, Weiner LM: Monoclonal antibody therapy for cancer. Annu Rev Med 54:343-369, 2003
328. Cobleigh MA, Vogel CL, Tripathy D, et al: Multinational study of the efficacy and safety of humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in women who have HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after chemotherapy for metastatic disease. J Clin Oncol 17:2639-2648, 1999
329. Wakeling AE: Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2:382-387, 2002
330. de Bono JS, Rowinsky EK: Therapeutics targeting signal transduction for patients with colorectal carcinoma. Bt Med Bull 64:227-254, 2002
331. Shawver LK, Slamon D, Ullrich A: Smart drugs: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy. Cancer Cell 1:117-123, 2002
332. Dalen H, Neuzil J: Alpha-tocopheryl succinate sensitises a T lymphoma cell line to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by suppressing NF-kappaB activation. Br J Cancer 88:153-158, 2003
333. Bayon Y, Ortiz MA, Lopez-Hernandez FJ, et al: Inhibition of IkappaB kinase by a new class of retinoid-related anticancer agents that induce apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 23:1061-1074, 2003
334. Feinberg AP: Cancer epigenetics takes center stage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:392-394, 2001
335. Reid GK, Besterman JM, MacLeod AR: Selective inhibition of DNA methyltransferase enzymes as a novel strategy for cancer treatment. Curr Opin Mol Ther 4:130-137, 2002
336. Sausville EA: Complexities in the development of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor drugs. Trends Mol Med 8:32s-37s, 2002 (suppl)
337. Schwartz GK: CDK inhibitors: Cell cycle arrest versus apoptosis. Cell Cycle 1:122-123, 2002
338. Mitsiades N, Mitsiades CS, Richardson PG, et al: Molecular sequelae of histone deacetylase inhibition in human malignant B cells. Blood 101:4055-4622, 2003
339. Almond JB, Cohen GM: The proteasome: A novel target for cancer chemotherapy. Leukemia 16:433-443, 2002
340. Adams J, Palombella VJ, Sausville EA, et al: Proteasome inhibitors: A novel class of potent and effective antitumor agents. Cancer Res 59:2615-2622, 1999
341. Lopes UG, Erhardt P, Yao R, et al: p53-dependent induction of apoptosis by proteasome inhibitors. J Biol Chem 272:12893-12896, 1997
342. Almond JB, Snowden RT, Hunter A, et al: Proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis of B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells involves cytochrome c release and caspase activation, accompanied by formation of an approximately 700 kDa Apaf-1 containing apoptosome complex. Leukemia 15:1388-1397, 2001
343. Anderson KC: Moving disease biology from the laboratory to the clinic. Semin Oncol 29:17-20, 2002
344. Waldmann TA: Monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and therapy. Science 252:1657-1662, 1991
345. Maloney DG, Grillo-Lopez AJ, White CA, et al: IDEC-C2B8 (Rituximab) anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood 90:2188-2195, 1997
346. Witzig TE, White CA, Wiseman GA, et al: Phase I/II trial of IDEC-Y2B8 radioimmunotherapy for treatment of relapsed or refractory CD20(+) B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 17:3793-3803, 1999
347. Jansen B, Zangemeister-Wittke U: Antisense therapy for cancer - The time of truth. Lancet Oncol 3:672-683, 2002
348. Chi KN, Gleave ME, Klasa R, et al: A phase I dose-finding study of combined treatment with an antisense Bcl-2 oligonucleotide (Genasense) and mitoxantrone in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7:3920-3927, 2001
349. Elbashir SM, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, et al: Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature 411:494-498, 2001
350. Paddison PJ, Caudy AA, Hannon GJ: Stable suppression of gene expression by RNAi in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:1443-1448, 2002
351. Borkhardt A: Blocking oncogenes in malignant cells by RNA interference - New hope for a highly specific cancer treatment? Cancer Cell 2:167-168, 2002
352. Zhao M, Beauregard DA, Loizou L, et al: Non-invasive detection of apoptosis using magnetic resonance imaging and a targeted contrast agent. Nat Med 7:1241-1244, 2001
353. Khan J, Wei JS, Ringner M, et al: Classification and diagnostic prediction of cancers using gene expression profiling and artificial neural networks. Nat Med 7:673-679, 2001
354. Ramaswamy S, Golub TR: DNA microarrays in clinical oncology. J Clin Oncol 20:1932-1941, 2002
355. Dhanasekaran SM, Barrette TR, Ghosh D, et al: Delineation of prognostic biomarkers in prostate cancer. Nature 412:822-826, 2001
356. Ross DT, Scherf U, Eisen MB, et al: Systematic variation in gene expression patterns in human cancer cell lines. Nat Genet 24:227-235, 2000
357. Alizadeh AA, Eisen MB, Davis RE, et al: Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 403:503-511, 2000
358. Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, et al: Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 406:747-752, 2000
359. van't Veer LJ, Dai H, van de Vijver MJ, et al: Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 415:530-536, 2002