Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer

Nature

Volumn 411, Issue 6835, 2001, Pages 342-348

  Evan, Gerard I ^a   Vousden, Karen H ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TUMORS;

CELL CYCLE;

CELLS;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER; CANCER CELL; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INVASION; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL CYCLE; CELL PROLIFERATION; HUMAN; METAZOON; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE; CELL DIVISION; CELL SURVIVAL; CLONE CELLS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; VARIATION (GENETICS);

METAZOA;

EID: 0035902115     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/35077213     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Hanahan, D. & Weinberg, R. A. The hallmarks of cancer Cell 100, 57-70 (2000).
2. Oller, A. R., Rastogi, P., Morgenthaler, S. & Thilly, W. G. A statistical model to estimate variance in long term-low dose mutation assays: testing of the model in a human lymphoblastoid mutation assay. Mutat. Res. 216, 149-161 (1989).
3. Evan, G. & Littlewood, T. A matter of life and cell death. Science 281, 1317-1322 (1998).
4. 1 events and regulation of cell proliferation. Science 246, 603-608 (1989).
5. Roovers, K. & Assoian, R. K. Integrating the MAP kinase signal into the G1 phase cell cycle machinery. BioEssays 22, 818-826 (2000).
6. Massague, J., Blain, S. W. & Lo, R. S. TGFβ signaling in growth control, cancer, and heritable disorders. Cell 103, 295-309 (2000).
7. Sangfelt, O., Erickson, S. & Grander, D. Mechanisms of interferon-induced cell cycle arrest. Front. Biosci. 5, D479-D487 (2000).
8. Zhu, L. & Skoultchi, A. I. Coordinating cell proliferation and differentiation. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11, 91-97 (2000).
9. Bach, S. P., Renehan, A. G. & Potten, C. S. Stem cells: the intestinal stem cell as a paradigm. Carcinogenesis 21, 469-476 (2000).
10. Booth, C. & Potten, C. S. Gut instincts: thoughts on intestinal epithelial stem cells. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1493-1499 (2000).
11. Fuchs, E. & Segre, J. A. Stem cells: a new lease on life. Cell 100, 143-155 (2000).
12. Raff, M. C. Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature 356, 397-400 (1992).
13. Raff, M. et al. Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival: lessons from the nervous system. Science 262, 695-700 (1993).
14. DePinho, R. A. The age of cancer. Nature 408, 248-254 (2000).
15. Hunter, T. Signaling - 2000 and beyond. Cell 100, 113-127 (2000).
16. Harbour, J. W. & Dean, D. C. The Rb/E2F pathway: expanding roles and emerging paradigms. Genes Dev. 14, 2393-2409 (2000).
17. Sherr, C. J. Cancer cell cycles. Science 274, 1672-1677 (1996).
18. Baudino, T. A. & Cleveland, J. L. The Max network gone mad. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 691-702 (2001).
19. Stocker, H. & Hafen, E. Genetic control of cell size. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 10, 529-535 (2000).
20. Johnston, L. A., Prober, D. A., Edgar, B. A., Eisenman, R. N. & Gallant, P. Drosophila myc regulates cellular growth during development. Cell 98, 779-790 (1999).
21. Iritani, B. M. & Eisenman, R. N. c-Myc enhances protein synthesis and cell size during B lymphocyte development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 13180-13185 (1999).
22. Elend, M. & Eilers, M. Cell growth: downstream of Myc - to grow or to cycle? Curr. Biol. 9, R936-R938 (1999).
23. Dang, C. V. et al. Function of the c-Myc oncogenic transcription factor. Exp. Cell Res. 253, 63-77 (1999).
24. Pelengaris, S., Littlewood, T., Khan, M., Elia, G. & Evan, G. Reversible activation of c-Myc in skin: induction of a complex neoplastic phenotype by a single oncogenic lesion. Mol. Cell 3, 565-577 (1999).
25. Pelengaris, S., Rudolph, B. & Littlewood, T. Action of Myc in vivo - proliferation and apoptosis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 10, 100-105 (2000).
26. Gu, W. et al. Interaction of myogenic factors and the retinoblastoma protein mediates muscle cell commitment and differentiation. Cell 72, 309-324 (1993).
27. Lasorella, A., Noseda, M., Beyna, M. & Iavarone, A. Id2 is a retinoblastoma protein target and mediates signalling by Myc oncoproteins. Nature 407, 592-598 (2000).
28. Walczak, H. & Krammer, P. H. The CD95 (APO-1/Fas) and the TRAII, (APO-21) apoptosis systems. Exp. Cell Res. 256, 58-66 (2000).
29. Vander Heiden, M. G. et al. Outer mitochondrial membrane permeability can regulate coupled respiration and cell survival. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4666-4671 (2000).
30. Hengartner, M. O. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 407, 770-776 (2000).
31. Puthalakath, H., Huang, D. C., O'Reilly, L. A., King, S. M. & Strassèr, A. The proapoptotic activity of the Bcl-2 family member Bim is regulated by interaction with the dynein motor complex. Mol. Cell 3, 287-296 (1999).
32. Yu, H. & Rohan, T. Role of the insulin-like growth factor family in cancer development and progression. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 92, 1472-1489 (2000).
33. Datta, S. R., Brunet, A. & Greenberg, M. F. Cellular survival: a play in three Akts. Genes Dev. 13, 2905-2927 (1999).
34. Stambolic, V., Mak, T. W. & Woodgett, J. R. Modulation of cellular apoptotic potential: contributions to oncogenesis. Oncogene 18, 6094-6103 (1999).
35. Maehama, T. & Dixon, J. E. PTEN: a tumour suppressor that functions as a phospholipid phosphatase. Trends Cell Biol. 9, 125-128 (1999).
36. Bonneau, D. & Longy, M. Mutations of the human PTEN gene. Hum. Mutat. 16, 109-122 (2000).
37. Kandel, E. S. & Hay, N. The regulation and activities of the multifunctional serine/threonine kinase Akt/PKB. Exp. Cell Res. 253, 210-229 (1999).
38. Soengas, M. S. et al. Inactivation of the apoptosis effector Apaf-1 in malignant melanoma. Nature 409, 207-211 (2001).
39. Evan, G. et al. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 163, 119-125 (1992).
40. Askew, D., Ashmun, R., Simmons, B. & Cleveland, J. Constitutive c-myc expression in IL-3-dependent myeloid cell line suppresses cycle arrest and accelerates apoptosis. Oncogene 6, 1915-1922 (1991).
41. Harrington, F. A., Fanidi, A. & Evan, G. I. Oncogenes and cell death. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 4, 120-129 (1994).
42. Evan, G. & Littlewood, T. The role of c-myc in cell growth. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 3, 44-49 (1993).
43. Almasan, A. et al. Deficiency of retinoblastoma protein leads to inappropriate S-phase entry, activation of E2F-responsive genes, and apoptosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5436-5440 (1995).
44. Qin, X. Q., Livingston, D. M., Kaelin, W. G. Jr & Adams, P. D. Deregulated transcription factor E2F-1 expression leads to S-phase entry and p53-mediated apoptosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 10918-10922 (1994).
45. Shan, B. & Lee, W. H. Deregulated expression of E2F-1 induces S-phase entry and leads to apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 8166-8173 (1994).
46. Wu, X. & Levine, A. J. p53 and E2F-1 cooperate to mediate apoptosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3602-3606 (1994).
47. Dimri, G., P., Itahana, K., Acosta, M. & Campisi, J. Regulation of a senescence checkpoint response by the E2F1 transcription factor and p14(ARF) tumor suppressor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 273-285 (2000).
48. Hirakawa, T. & Ruley, H. E. Rescue of cells from ras oncogene-induced growth arrest by a second, complementing, oncogene. Proc Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85, 1519-1523 (1988).
49. Ferbeyre, G. et al. PMI is induced by oncogenic ras and promotes premature senescence. Genes Dev. 14, 2015-2027 (2000).
50. Serrano, M., Lin, A. W., McCurrach, M. E., Beach, D. & Lowe, S. W. Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a. Cell 88, 593-602 (1997).
51. Fanidi, A., Harrington, E. & Evan, G. Cooperative interaction between c-myc and bcl-2 proto-oncogenes. Nature 359, 554-556 (1992).
52. Bissonnette, R., Ėcheverri, E., Mahboubi, A. & Green, D. Apoptotic cell death induced by c-mycis inhibited by bcl-2. Nature 359, 552-554 (1992).
53. Wagner, A. J., Small, M. B. & Hay, N. Myc-mediated apoptosis is blocked by ectopic expression of bcl-2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 2432-2440 (1993).
54. Harrington, E. A., Bennett, M. R., Fanidi, A. & Evan, G. I. c-Myc-induced apoptosis in fibroblasts is inhibited by specific cytokines. EMBO J. 13, 3286-3295 (1994).
55. Strasser, A., Harris, A. W., Bath, M. L. & Cory, S. Novel primitive lymphoid tumours induced in transgenic mice by cooperation between myc and bcl-2. Nature 348, 331-333 (1990).
56. Phillips, A. C., Frnst, M. K., Bates, S., Rice, N. R. & Vousden, K. H. E2F-1 potentiates cell death by blocking anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. Mol. Cell. 4, 771-781 (1999).
57. Hueber, A.-O. et al. Requirement for the CD95 receptor-ligand pathway in c-Myc induced apoptosis. Science 278, 1305-1309 (1997).
58. Klefstrom, J. et al. c-Myc induces cellular susceptibility to the cytotoxic action of TNF-α. EMBO J. 13, 5442-5450 (1994).
59. Lutz, W., Fulda, S., Jeremias, I., Debatin, K. M. & Schwab, M. MycN and IFNγ cooperate in apoptosis of human neuroblastoma cells. Oncogene 17, 339-346 (1998).
60. Sherr, C. J. & Weber, J. D. The ARF/p53 pathway. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 10, 94-99 (2000).
61. Woods, D. B. & Vousden, K. H. Regulation of p53 function. Exp. Cell Res. 264, 56-66 (2001).
62. Frame, S. et al. Epithelial carcinogenesis in the mouse: correlating the genetics and the biology. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 353, 839-845 (1998).
63. Fearon, E. R. & Vogelstein, B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61, 759-767 (1990).
64. Jacobs, J. J., Kieboom, K., Marino, S., DePinho, R. A. & van Lohuizen, M. The oncogene and Polycomb-group gene bmi-1 regulates cell proliferation and senescence through the ink4a locus. Nature 397, 164-168 (1999).
65. Maestro, R. et al. twist is a potential ongogene that inhibits apoptosis. Genes Dev. 13, 2207-2217 (1999).
66. ARI) and is amplified in a subset of human breast cancers. Nature Genet. 26, 291-299 (2000).
67. Esteller, M. et al. Hypermethylation-associated inactivation of p14(ARF) is independent of p16(INK4a) methylation and p53 mutational status. Cancer Res. 60, 129-133 (2000).
68. Robertson, K. D. & Jones, P. A. The human ARF cell cycle regulatory gene promoter is a CpG island which can be silenced by DNA methylation and down-regulated by wild-type p53. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 6457-6473 (1998).
69. Ries, S. et al. Opposing effects of Ras on p53: transcriptional activation of mdm2 and induction of p19ARF. Cell 103, 321-330 (2000).
70. Kemp, C. J., Donehower, L. A., Bradley, A. & Balmain, A. Reduction of p53 gene dosage does not increase initiation or promotion but enhances malignant progression of chemically induced skin tumors. Cell 74, 813-822 (1993).
71. Greenhalgh, D. A., Wang, X. J., Donehower, L. A. & Roop, D. R. Paradoxical tumor inhibitory effect of p53 loss in transgenic mice expressing epidermal-targeted v-rasHa, v-fos, or human transforming growth factor alpha. Cancer Res. 56, 4413-4423 (1996).
72. Wang, X. J., Greenhalgh, D. A., Dunehower, L. A. & Roop, D. R. Cooperation between Ha-ras and fos or transforming growth factor alpha overcomes a paradoxic tumor-inhibitory effect of p53 loss in transgenic mouse epidermis. Mol. Carcinogenesis 29, 67-75 (2000).
73. Counter, C. M. et al. Telomere shortening associated with chromosome instability is arrested in immortal cells which express telomerase activity. EMBO J. 11, 1921-1929 (1992).
74. Lengauer, C., Kinzler, K. W. & Vogelstein, B. Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature 396, 643-649 (1998).
75. Rutherford, S. I., & Lindquist, S. Hsp90 as a capacitor for morphological evolution. Nature 396, 336-342 (1998).
76. Schmitt, C. A. & Lowe, S. W. Apoptosis and therapy. J. Pathol. 187, 127-137 (1999).
77. Gibbs, J. B. Mechanism-based target identification and drug discovery in cancer research. Science 287, 1969-1973 (2000).
78. Felsher, D. W. & Bishop, J. M. Reversible tumorigenesis by myc in hematopoietic lineages. Mol. Cell 4, 199-207 (1999).
79. Chin, L. et al. Essential role for oncogenic Ras in tumour maintenance. Nature 400, 468-472 (1999).
80. Brandvold, K. A., Neiman, P. & Ruddell, A. Angiogenesis is an early event in the generation of myc-induced lymphomas. Oncogene 19, 2780-2785 (2000).
81. Breit, S. et al. The N-myc oncogene in human neuroblastoma cells: down-regulation of an angiogenesis inhibitor identified as activin A. Cancer Res. 60, 4596-4601 (2000).
82. Ngo, C. V. et al. An in vivo function for the transforming Myc protein: elicitation of the angiogenic phenotype. Cell Growth Differ. 11, 201-210 (2000).
83. Janz, A., Sevignani, C., Kenyon, K., Ngo, C. V. & Thomas-Tikhonenko, A. Activation of the myc oncoprotein leads to increased turnover of thrombospondin-1 mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 2268-2275 (2000).
84. O'Dwyer, M. E. & Druker, B. J. Status of bcr-abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myelogenous leukamia. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 12, 594-597 (2000).
85. Morin, M. J. From oncogene to drug: development of small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors as anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic agents. Oncogene 19, 6574-6583 (2000).
86. Krek, W. VHL takes HIF's breath away. Nature Cell Biol. 2, E1-E3 (2000).
87. Huang, Y. Q., Li, J. J. & Karpatkin, S. Thrombin inhibits tumor cell growth in association with upregulation of p21(waf/cip1) and caspases via a p53-independent, STAT-1-dependent pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 6462-6468 (2000).
88. Komarov, P. G. et al. A chemical inhibitor of p53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy. Science 285, 1733-1737 (1999).
89. Chen, Y. N. et al. Selective killing of transformed cells by cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 antagonists. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 4325-4329 (1999).