CD95(APO-1/Fas)-mediated apoptosis: Live and let die

Advances in Immunology

Volumn 71, Issue , 1998, Pages 163-210

  Krammer, Peter H ^a  

^a GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CASPASE; CASPASE 2; CASPASE 3; CASPASE 7; CASPASE 8; CASPASE 9; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; FAS ANTIGEN; LIGAND; PROTEIN BCL 2; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; APOPTOSIS; CELL FUNCTION; CHEMOTHERAPY; GENE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; LIGAND BINDING; LIVER; LYMPHOCYTE DEPLETION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE;

EID: 0033491193     PISSN: 00652776     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (315)

1. Adachi, M., Suematsu, S., Kondo, T., Ogasawara, J., Tanaka, T., Yoshida, N., and Nagata, S. (1995). Targeted mutation in the Fas gene causes hyperplasia in peripheral lymphoid organs and liver. Nat. Genet. 11, 294-300.
2. Alderson, M. R., Tough, T. W., Davis Smith, T., Braddy, S., Falk, B., Schooley, K. A., Goodwin, R. G., Smith, C. A., Ramsdell, F., and Lynch, D. H. (1995). Fas ligand mediates activation-induced cell death in human T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 181, 71-77.
3. Alnemri, E. S., Livingston, D. J., Nicholson, D. W., Salvesen, G., Thornberry, N. A., Wong, W. W., and Yuan, J. (1996). Human ICE/CED-3 protease nomenclature. Cell 87, 171.
4. Anderson, D. M., Maraskovsky, E., Billingsley, W. L., Dougall, W. C., Tometsko, M. E., Roux, E. R., Teepe, M. C., DuBose, R. F., Cosman, D., and Galibert, L. (1997). A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature 390, 175-179.
5. Anel, A., Simon, A. K., Auphan, N., Buferne, M., Boyer, C., Golstein, P., and Schmitt-Verhulst, A. M. (1995). Two signalling pathways can lead to Fas ligand expression in CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones. Eur. J. Immunol. 25, 3381-3387.
6. Arai, H., Gordon, D., Nabel, E. G., and Nabel, G. J. (1997). Gene transfer of Fas ligand induces tumor regression in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 13862-13867.
7. Baens, M., Chaffanet, M., Cassiman, J. J., van den Berghe, H., and Marynen, P. (1993). Construction and evaluation of a hncDNA library of human 12p transcribed sequences derived from a somatic cell hybrid. Genomics 16, 214-218.
8. Baumler, C., Herr, I., Bohler, T., Krammer, P. H., and Debatin, K.-M. (1996). Increased ex vivo expression of the CD95 ligand in T cells of HIV infected children. Blood 88,1741-1748.
9. Bajorath, J., and Aruffo, A. (1997). Prediction of the three-dimensional structure of the human Fas receptor by comparative molecular modelling. J. Comput. AidedMol. Des. 11,3-8.
10. Banner, D. W., D'Arcy, A., Janes, W., Gentz, R., Schoenfeld, H. J., Broger, C., Loetscher, H.,and Lesslauer, W. (1993). Crystal structure of the soluble human 55 kd TNF receptor-human TNF beta complex: Implications for TNF receptor activation. Cell 73, 431-445.
11. Bellosillo, B., Dalmau, M., Colomer, D., and Gil, J. (1997). Involvement of CED-3/ICE proteases in the apoptosis of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 89, 3378-3384.
12. Bemdt, C., Möpps, B., Angermiilller, S., Gierschik, P., and Krammer, P. H. (1998). CXCR4 and CD4 mediate a novel type of apoptosis in CD4 positive T cells. Submitted for publication.
13. Bertin, J., Armstrong, R. C., Ottilie, S., Martin, D. A., Wang, Y., Banks, S., Wang, G. H., Senkevich, T. G., Alnemri, E. S., Moss, B., Lenardo, M. J., Tomaselli, K. J., and Cohen, J. I. (1997). Death effector domain-containing herpesvirus and poxvirus proteins inhibit both Fas- and TNFRl-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1172-1176.
14. Beyaert, R., Kidd, V. J., Cornelis, S., Van de Craen, M., Denecker, G., Lahti, J. M., Gururajan, R., Vandenabeele, P., and Fiers, W. (1997). Cleavage of PITSLRE kinases by ICE/CASP-1 and CPP32/CASP-3 during apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 11694-11697.
15. Bing, A., and Dou, Q. P. (1996). Cleavage of retinoblastoma protein during apoptosis: An interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme-like protease as candidate. Cancer Res. 56,438-442.
16. Black, R. A., Rauch, C. T., Kozlosky, C. J., Peschon, J. J., Slack, J. L., Wolfson, M. F., Castner, B. J., Stocking, K. L., Reddy, P., Srinivasan, S., Nelson, N., Boiani, N., Schooley, K. A., Gerhart, M., Davis, R., Fitzner, J. N., Johnson, R. S., Paxton, R. J., March, C. J., and Cerretti, D. P. (1997). A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells. Nature 385, 729-733.
17. Bodmer, J. L., Burns, K., Schneider, P., Hofmann, K., Steiner, V., Thome, M., Bornand, T., Hahne, M., Schroter, M., Becker, K., Wilson, A., French, L. E., Browning, J. L.
18. MacDonald, H. R., and Tschopp, J. (1997). TRAMP., a novel apoptosis-mediating receptor with sequence homology to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and Fas(Apo-l/CD95). Immunity 6, 79-88.
19. Boise, L. H., Gonzalez Garcia, M., Postema, C. E., Ding, L., Lindsten, T., Turka, L. A., Mao, X., Nunez, G., and Thompson, C. B. (1993). Bcl-x, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell 74, 597-608.
20. Boise, L. H., Gottschalk, A. R., Quintans, J., and Thompson, C. B. (1995a). Bcl-2 and Bcl-2-related proteins in apoptosis regulation. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 200, 107-121.
21. 1. Immunity 3, 87-98.
22. Boldin, M. P., Goncharov, T. M., Goltsev, Y. V., and Wallach, D. (1996). Involvement of MACH., a novel MORTl/FADD-interacting protease, in Fas/APO-1- and TNF receptor-induced cell death. Cell 85, 803-815.
23. Boldin, M. P., Varfolomeev, E. E., Pancer, Z., Mett, I. L., Gamonis, J. H., and Wallach, D. (1995). A novel protein that interacts with the death domain of Fas/APO-1 contains a sequence motif related to the death domain. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 7795-7798.
24. Boyd, J. M., Gallo, G. J., Elangovan, B., Houghton, A. B., Malstrom, S., Avery, B. J., Ebb, R. G., Subramanian, T., Chittenden, T., Lutz, R. J., et al. (1995). Bik, a novel death-inducing protein shares a distinct sequence motif with Bcl-2 family proteins and interacts with viral and cellular survival-promoting proteins. Oncogene 11, 1921-1928.
25. Brancolini, C., Benedetti, M., and Schneider, C. (1995). Microfilament reorganization during apoptosis: The role of Gas2, a possible substrate for ICE-like proteases. EMBO J. 14,5179-5190.
26. Brojatsch, J., Naughton, J., Rolls, M. M., Zingler, K., and Young, J. A. (1996). CAR1, a TNFR-related protein, is a cellular receptor for cvtopathic avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses and mediates apoptosis. Cell 87, 845-855.
27. Broome, H. E., Dargan, C. M., Krajewski, S., and Reed, J. C. (1995). Expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax afterT cell activation and IL-2 withdrawal. J. Immunol. 155, 2311-2317.
28. Browning, J. L., Ngam E. K. A., Lawton, P., DeMarinis, J., Tizard, R., Chow, E. P., Hession, C., O'Brine Greco, B., Foley, S. F., and Ware, C. F. (1993). Lymphotoxin beta, a novel member of the TNF family that forms a heteromeric complex with lymphotoxin on the cell surface. Cell 72, 847-856.
29. Branner, T., Mogil, R. J., LaFace, D., Yoo, N. J., Mahboubi, A., Echeverri, F., Martin, S. J., Force, W. R., Lynch, D. H., Ware, C. F., et al. (1995). Cell-autonomous Fas (CD95)/ Fas-ligand interaction mediates activation-induced apoptosis in T-cell hybridomas. Nature 373,441-444.
30. Bunnell, B. A., Heath, L. S., Adams, D. E., Lahti, J. M., and Kidd, V. J. (1990). Increased expression of a 58-kDa protein kinase leads to changes in the CHO cell cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7467-7471.
31. Camerini, D., Walz, G., Loenen, W. A., Borst, J., and Seed, B. (1991). The T cell activation antigen CD27 is a member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor gene family. J. Immunol. 147, 3165-3169.
32. Casciola Rosen, L. A., Anhalt, G. J., and Rosen, A. (1995). DNA-dependent protein kinase is one of a subset of autoantigens specifically cleaved early during apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 182, 1625-1634.
33. Casciola Rosen, L. A., Miller, D. K., Anhalt, G. J., and Rosen, A. (1994). Specific cleavage of the 70-kDa protein component of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein is a characteristic biochemical feature of apoptotic cell death. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30757-30760.
34. Cerretti, D. P., Kozlosky, C. J., Moslev, B., Nelson, N., Van Ness, K., Greenstreet, T. A., March, C. J., Kronheim, S. R., Druck, T., Cannizzaro, L. A., et al. (1992). Molecular cloning of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Science 256, 97-100.
35. Chaudhary, P. M., Eby, M., Jasmin, A., Bookwalter, A., Murray, J., and Hood, L. (1997). Death receptor 5, a new member of the TNFR family, and DR4 induce FADD-dependent apoptosis and activate the NF-kappaB pathway. Immunity 7, 821-830.
36. Chen, Z., Naito, M., Mashima, T., and Tsuruo, T. (1996). Activation of actin-cleavable interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE) family protease CPP-32 during chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 56, 5224-5229.
37. Cheng, J., Zhou, T., Liu, C., Shapiro, J. P., Brauer, M. J., Kiefer, M. C., Barr, P. J., and Mountz, J. D. (1994). Protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis by a soluble form of the Fas molecule. Science 263, 1759-1762.
38. Chinnaiyan, A. M., O'Rourke, K., Tewari, M., and Dixit, V. M. (1995). FADD., a novel death domain-containing protein, interacts with the death domain of Fas and initiates apoptosis. Cell 81, 505-512.
39. Chinnaiyan, A. M., O'Rourke, K., Yu, G. L., Lyons, R. H., Garg, M., Duan, D. R., Xing, L., Gentz, R., Ni, J., and Dixit, V. M. (1996a). Signal transduction by DR3, a death domain-containing receptor related to TNFR-1 and CD95. Science 274, 990-992.
40. Chinnaiyan, A. M., Orth, K., O'Rourke, K., Duan, H., Poirier, G. G., and Dixit, V. M. (1996b). Molecular ordering of the cell death pathway: Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL function upstream of the CED-3-like apoptotic proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 4573-4576.
41. Chinnaiyan, A. M., Tepper, C. G., Seldin, M. F., O'Rourke, K., Kischkel, F. C., Hellbardt, S., Krammer, P. H., Peter, M. E., and Dixit, V. M. (1996c). FADD/MORT1 is a common mediator of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 4961-4965.
42. Chinnaiyan, A. M., O'Rourke, K., Lane, B. R., and Dixit, V. M. (1997). Interaction of CED-4 with CED-3 and CED-9: A molecular framework for cell death. Science 275,1122-1126.
43. Chittenden, T., Harrington, E. A., O'Connor, R., Flemington, C., Lutz, R. J., Evan, G. I., and Guild, B. C. (1995). Induction of apoptosis by the Bcl-2 homologue Bak. Nature 374, 733-736.
44. Chiu, V. K., Walsh, C. M., Liu, C. C., Reed, J. C., and Clark, W. R. (1995). Bcl-2 blocks degranulation but not Fas-based cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Immunol. 154, 2023-2032.
45. L in CD40-mediated rescue from anti-mu-induced apoptosis in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 25, 1352-1357.
46. Chu, K., Niu, X., and Williams, L. T. (1995). A Fas-associated protein factor, FAF1, potentiates Fas-mediated apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11894-11898.
47. Cifone, M. G., De Maria, R., Roncaioli, P., Rippo, M. R., Azuma, M., Lanier, L. L., Santoni, A., and Testi, R. (1994). Apoptotic signaling through CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) activates an acidic sphingomyelinase. J. Exp. Med. 180, 1547-1552.
48. Cook, W. D., Metcalf, D., Nicola, N. A., Burgess, A. W., and Walker, F. (1985). Malignant transformation of a growth factor-dependent myeloid cell line by Abelson virus without evidence of an autocrine mechanism. Cell 41, 677-683.
49. Copeland, K. F., Haaksma, A. G., Goudsmit, J., Krammer, P. H., and Heeney, J. L. (1994). Inhibition of apoptosis in T cells expressing human T cell leukemia virus type I Tax. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 10, 1259-1268.
50. Coustan-Smith, E., Kitanaka, A., Oui, C.-H., McNinch, L., Evans, W. E., Raimondi, S. C., Brehm, F. G., Arico, M., Campano, D. (1996). Clinical relevance of Bcl-2 overexpression in clinical childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 87, 1140-1146.
51. Crowe, P. D., VanArsdale, T. L., Walter, B. N., Ware, C. F., Hession, C., Ehrenfels, B., Browning, J. L., Din, W. S., Goodwin, R. G., and Smith, C. A. (1994). A lymphotoxin-beta-specific receptor. Science 264, 707-710.
52. Cryns, V. L., Bergeron, L., Zhu, H., Li, H., and Yuan, J. (1996). Specific cleavage of alpha-fodrin during Fas- and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis is mediated by an interleukin-lbeta-converting enzynie/Ced-3 protease distinct from the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase protease. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 31277-31282.
53. Cuende, E., Ales Martinez. J. E., Ding, L., Gonzalez Garcia, M., Martinez, G., and Nunez, G. (1993). Programmed cell death by bcl-2-dependent and independent mechanisms in B lymphoma cells. EMBO J. 12, 1555-1560.
54. Cuppen, E., Nagata, S., Wieringa, B., and Hendriks, W. (1997). No evidence for involvement of mouse protein-tyrosine phosphatase-BAS-like Fas-associated phosphatase-1 in Fas-mediated apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 48, 30215-30220.
55. Danley, D. E., Ghuang, T. H., and Bokoch, G. M. (1996). Defective Rho GTPase regulation by IL-1 beta-converting enzyme-mediated cleavage of D4 GDP dissociation inhibitor. J. Immunol. 157, 500-503.
56. Dbaibo, G. S. (1997). Regulation of the stress response by ceramide. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 25, 557-561.
57. Debatin, K. M., and Krammer, P. H. (1995). Resistance to APO-1 (CD95) induced apoptosis in T-ALL is determined by a BCL-2 independent anti-apoptotic program. Leukemia 9, 815-820.
58. Debatin, K.-M. (1997). Cytotoxic drugs, programmed cell death, and the immune system: Defining new roles in an old play. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89, 750-751.
59. Degli-Esposti, M. A., Smolak, P. J., Walczak, H., Waugh, J., Huang, C. P., DuBose, R. F., Goodwin, R. G., and Smith, G. A. (1997a). Cloning and characterization of TRAIL-R3, a novel member of the emerging TRAIL receptor family. J. Exp. Med. 186, 1165-1170.
60. Degli-Esposti, M. A., Dongali, W. C., Smolak, P., Waugh, J. Y., Smith, C. A., and Goodwin, R. G. (1997b). The novel receptor TRAIL-R4 induces NF-kappaB and protects against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, yet retains an incomplete death domain. Immunity 7, 813-820.
61. Dembic, Z., Loetscher, H., Gubler, U., Pan, Y. C., Lahm, H. W., Gentz, R., Brockhaus, M., and Lesslauer, W. (1990). Two human TNF receptors have similar extracellular, but distinct intracellular, domain sequences. Cytokine 2, 231-237.
62. Dhein, J., Daniel, P. T., Trauth, B. C., Oehm, A., Möller, P., and Krammer, P. H. (1992). Induction of apoptosis by monoclonal antibody anti-APO-1 class switch variants is dependent on cross-linking of APO-1 cell surface antigens. J. Immunol. 149, 3166-3173.
63. Dhein, J., Walczak, H., Baumler, C., Debatin, K. M., and Krammer, P. H. (1995). Autocrine T-cell suicide mediated by APO-l(Fas/CD95). Nature 373, 438-441.
64. Dive, C., Evans, G. A., and Whetton, A. D. (1992). Induction of apoptosis-new targets for cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Biol. 3, 417-427.
65. L. is expressed in neuroblastoma cells and modulates chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 55, 2576-2582.
66. Duan, H., Chinnaiyan, A. M., Hudson, P. L., Wing, J. P., He, W. W., and Dixit, V. M. (1996a). ICE-LAP3, a novel mammalian homologue of the Caenorhabclitis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 is activated during Fas- and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 1621-1625.
67. Duan, H., Orth, K., Chinnaiyan, A. M., Poirier, G. G., Froelich, C. J., He, W. W., and Dixit, V. M. (1996b). ICE-LAP6, a novel member of the ICE/Ced-3 gene family, is activated by the cytotoxic T cell protease granzyme B. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16720-16724.
68. Durkop, H., Latza, U., Hummel, M., Eitelbach, F., Seed, B., and Stein, H. (1992). Molecular cloning and expression of a new member of the nerve growth factor receptor family that is characteristic for Hodgkin's disease. Cell 68, 421-427.
69. Eck, M. J., and Sprang, S. R. (1989). The structure of tumor necrosis factor-alpha at 2.6 A resolution: Implications for receptor binding. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 17595-17605.
70. Eck, M. J., Ultsch, M., Rinderknecht, E., de Vos, A. M., and Sprang, S. R. (1992). The structure of human lymphotoxin (tumor necrosis factor-beta) at 1.9-A resolution. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 2119-2122.
71. Emery, J. G., McDonnell, P., Burke, M. B., Deen, K. C., Lyn, S., Silverman, C., Dul, E., Appelbaum, E. R., Eichman, C., DiPrinzio, R., et al. (1998). Osteoprotegerin is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 14363-14367.
72. Emoto, Y., Manome, Y., Meinhardt, G., Kisald, H., Kharbanda, S., Robertson, M., Ghayur, T., Wong, W. W., Kamen, R., Weichselbaum, R., et al. (1995). Proteolytic activation of protein kinase C delta by an ICE-like protease in apoptotic cells. EMBO J. 14,6148-6156.
73. Enari, M., Hase, A., and Nagata, S. (1995a). Apoptosis by a cytosolic extract from Fasactivated cells. EMBO J. 14, 5201-5208.
74. Enari, M., Hug, H., and Nagata, S. (1995b). Involvement of an ICE-like protease in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Nature 375, 78-81.
75. Enari, M., Sakahira, H., Yokoyama, H., Okawa, K., Iwamatsu, A., and Nagata, S. (1998). A caspase-activated Dnase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD. Nature 391, 43-50.
76. Erhardt, P., Tomaselli, K. J., and Cooper, G. M. (1997). Identification of the MDM2 oncoprotein as a substrate for CPP32-like apoptotic proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 15049-15052.
77. Erickson, S. L., de Sauvage, F. J., Kikly, K., Carver Moore, K., Pitts Meek, S., Gillett, N., Sheehan, K. C., Schreiber, R. D., Goeddel, D. V., and Moore, M. W. (1994). Decreased sensitivity to tumour-necrosis factor but normal T-cell development in TNF receptor-2deficient mice. Nature 372, 560-563.
78. Faleiro, L., Kobayashi, R., Fearnhead, H., and Lazebnik, Y. (1997). Multiple species of CPP32 and Mch2 are the major active caspases present in apoptotic cells. EMBO J. 16, 2271-2281.
79. Farber, S., Diamond, L. K., Mercer, R. D., et al. (1948). Temporary remissions in acute leukemia in children produced by folic acid antagonist 4-aminopteoylglutamic acid (aminopterin). N. Engl. J. Med. 28, 787.
80. Farrow, S. N., White, J. H., Martinou, I., Raven, T., Pun, K. T., Grinham, C. J., Martinou, J. C., and Brown, R. (1995). Cloning of a bcl-2 homologue by interaction with adenovirus E1B. Nature 374, 731-733.
81. Faucheu, C., Blanchet, A. M., Collard Dutilleul, V., Lalanne, J. L., and Diu Hercend, A. (1996). Identification of a cysteine protease closely related to interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. Eur. J. Biochem. 236, 207-213.
82. Faucheu, C., Diu, A., Chan, A. W., Blanchet, A. M., Miossec, C., Herve, F., Collard Dutilleul, V., Gu, Y., Aldape, R. A., Lippke, J. A., et al. (1995). A novel human protease similar to the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme induces apoptosis in transfected cells. EMBO J. 14, 1914-1922.
83. Fernandes-Alnemri, T., Armstrong, R. C., Krebs, J., Srinivasula, S. M., Wang, L., Bullrich, F., Fritz, L. C., Trapani, J. A., Tomaselli, K. J., Litwack, G., and Alnemri, E. S. (1996). In vitro activation of CPP32 and Mch3 by Mch4, a novel human apoptotic cysteine protease containing two FADD-like domains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 7464-7469.
84. Fernandes-Alnemri, T., Litwack, G., and Alnemri, E. S. (1994). CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 and mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30761-30764.
85. Fernandes-Alnemri, T., Litwack, G., and Alnemri, E. S. (1995a). Mch2, a new member of the apoptotic Ced-3/ICE cysteine protease gene family. Cancer Res. 55, 2737-2742.
86. Fernandes-Alnemri, T., Takahashi, A., Armstrong, R., Krebs, J., Fritz, L., Tomaselli, K. J., Wang, L., Yu, Z., Croce, C. M., Salveson, G., et al., (1995b). Mch3, a novel human apoptotic cysteine protease highly related to CPP32. Cancer Res. 55, 6045-6052.
87. Fisher, D. E. (1994). Apoptosis in cancer therapy: Crossing the threshold. Cell 78,539-542.
88. Fisher, G. H., Rosenberg, F. J., Straus, S. E., Dale, J. K., Middleton, L. A., Lin, A. Y., Strober, W., Lenardo, M. J., and Puck, J. M. (1995). Dominant interfering Fas gene mutations impair apoptosis in a human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Cell 81, 935-946.
89. French, L. E., Hahne, M., Viard, I., Radlgruber, G., Zanone, R., Becker, K., Muller, C., and Tschopp, J. (1996). Fas and Fas ligand in embryos and adult mice: Ligand expression in several immune-privileged tissues and coexpression in adult tissues characterized by apoptotic cell turnover. J. Cell. Biol. 133, 335-343.
90. Friesen, C., Herr, I., Krammer, P. H., and Debatin, K.-M. (1996). Involvement of the CD95(APO-l/Fas) receptor/ligand system in drug induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. Nature Med. 2, 574-577.
91. Friesen, C., Fulda, S., and Debatin, K.-M. (1997). Deficient activation of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) system in drug-resistant cells. Leukemia 11, 1833-1841.
92. Fulda, S., Los, M., Friesen, C., Scaffidi, C. A., Mier, W., Benedict, M., Nuñez, G., Krammer, P. H., Peter, M. E., and Debatin, K.-M. (1998). Betulinic acid triggers CD95(APO-l/ Fas) and p53-independent apoptosis via activation of caspases in neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer Res. 57, 4956-4964.
93. Fulda, S., Sieverts, H., Friesen, C., Herr, I., and Debatin, K.-M. (1997). The CD95 (APO-1/ Fas) system mediates drag induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Res. 57, 3823-3829.
94. Galle, P. R., Hofmann, W. J., Walczak, H., Schaller, H., Otto, G., Stremmel, W., Krammer, P. H., and Runkel, L. (1995). Involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor and ligand in liver damage. J. Exp. Med. 182, 1223-1230.
95. Geley, S., Hartmann, B. L., Kapelari, K., Egle, A., Villunger, A., Heidacher, D. Greil, R., Auer, B., and Kofler, R. (1997). The interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme inhibitor CrmA prevents APO-1/Fas- but not glucocorticoid-induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and apoptosis in lymphoblastic leukemia cells. FEBS Lett. 402, 36-40.
96. Ghayur, T., Banerjee, S., Hugunin, M., Butler, D., Herzog, L., Carter, A., Quintal, L., Sekut, L., Talanian, R., Paskind, M., Wong, W., Kamen, R., Tracey, D., and Allen, H. (1997). Caspase-1 processes IFN-gamma-inducing factor and regulates LPS-induced IFN-gamma production. Nature 386, 619-623.
97. Ghayur, T., Hugunin, M., Talanian, R. V., Ratnofsky, S., Quinlan, C., Emoto, Y., Pandey, P., Datta, R., Huang, Y., Kharbanda, S., Allen, H.', Kamen, R., Wong, W., and Kufe, D. (1996). Proteolytic activation of protein kinase C delta by an ICE/CED 3-like protease induces characteristics of apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 184, 2399-2404.
98. Godfrey, W. R., Fagnoni, F. F., Harara, M. A., Buck, D., and Engleman, E. G. (1994). Identification of a human OX-40 ligand, a costimulator of CD4+ T cells with homology to tumor necrosis factor. J. Exp. Med. 180, 757-762.
99. Goltsev, Y. V., Kovalenko, A. V., Arnold, E., Varfolomeev, E. E., Brodianskii, V. M., and Wallach, D. (1997). CASH., a novel caspase homologue with death effector domains. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 19641-19644.
100. Goodwin, R. G., Alderson, M. R., Smith, C. A., Armitage, R. J., VandenBos, T., Jerzy, R., Tough, T. W., Schoenborn, M. A., Davis Smith, T., Hennen, K., et al. (1993a). Molecular and biological characterization of a ligand for CD27 defines a new family of cytokines with homology to tumor necrosis factor. Cell 73, 447-456.
101. Goodwin, R. G., Din, W. S., Davis Smith, T., Anderson, D. M., Gimpel, S. D., Sato, T. A., Maliszewski, C. R., Brannan, C. I., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., et al. (1993b). Molecular cloning of a ligand for the inducible T cell gene 4-1BB: A member of an emerging family of cytokines with homology to tumor necrosis factor. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 2631-2641.
102. Gorczyca, W., Bigman, K., Mittelman, A., Ahmed, T., Gong, J., Melamed, M. R., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1993). Induction of DNA strand breaks associated with apoptosis during treatment of leukemias. Leukemia 7, 659-670.
103. Gottschalk, A. R., Boise, L. H., Thompson, C. B., and Quintans, J. (1994). Identification of immunosuppressant-induced apoptosis in a murine B-cell line and its prevention by bcl-x but not bcl-2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7350-7354.
104. Graf, D., Korthauer, U., Mages, H. W., Senger, G., and Kroczek, R. A. (1992). Cloning of TRAP., a ligand for CD40 on human T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 22, 3191-3194.
105. Graninger, W. B., Seto, M., Boutain, B., Goldman, P., and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1987). Expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-2-Ig fusion transcripts in normal and neoplastic cells. J. Clin. Invest. 80, 1512-1515.
106. Gray, P. W., Aggarwal, B. B., Benton, C. V., Bringman, T. S., Henzel, W. J., Jarrett, J. A., Leung, D. W., Moffat, B., Ng, P., Svedersky, L. P., et al. (1984). Cloning and expression of cDNA for human lymphotoxin, a lymphokine with tumour necrosis activity. Nature 312, 721-724.
107. Grell, M., Douni, E., Wajant, H., Lohden, M., Clauss, M., Maxeiner, B., Georgopoulos, S., Lesslauer, W., Kollias, G., Pfizenmaier, K., et al. (1995). The transmembrane form of tumor necrosis factor is the prime activating ligand of the 80 kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor. Cell 83, 793-802.
108. Gu, Y., Kuida, K., Tsutsui, H., Ku, G., Hsiao, K., Fleming, M. A., Hayashi, N., Higashino, K., Okamura, H., Nakanishi, K., Kurimoto, M., Tanimoto, T., Flavell, R. A., Sato, V., Harding, M. W., Livingston, D. J., and Su, M. S. (1997). Activation of interferon-gamma inducing factor mediated by interleukin-lbeta converting enzyme. Science 275, 206-209.
109. Gu, Y., Sarnecki, C., Aldape, R. A., Livingston, D. J., and Su, M. S. (1995). Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme and its homologs TX and Nedd-2. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18715-18718.
110. Hahne, M., Rimoldi, D., Schroter, M., Romero, P., Schreier, M., French, L. E., Schneider, P., Bornand, T., Fontana, A., Lienard, D., Cerottini, J., and Tschopp, J. (1996). Melanoma cell expression of Fas(Apo-l/CD95) ligand: Implications for tumor immune escape. Science 274, 1363-1366.
111. L, and initiates cell death. Cell Biol. 94, 11333-11338.
112. Hanada, M., Aime Sempe, C., Sato, T., and Reed, J. C. (1995). Structure-function analysis of Bcl-2 protein. Identification of conserved domains important for homodimerization with Bcl-2 and heterodimerization with Bax. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 11962-11969.
113. Hata, H., Matsuzaki, H., Takeya, M., Yoshida, M., Sonoki, T., Nagasaki, A., Kuribayashi, N., Kawano, F., and Takatsuki, K. (1995). Expression of Fas/APO-l(CD95) and apoptosis in tumor cells from patients with plasma cell disorders. Blood 86, 1939-1945.
114. Hermine, O., Haioun, C., Lepage, E., d'Agay, M.-F., Briere, J., Lavignac, C., Fillet, G., Salles, G., Marolleau, J.-P., Diebold, J., Reyes, F., and Gaulard, P. (1996). Prognostic significance of Bcl-2 protein expression in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood 87, 265-272.
115. Herr, I., Bohler, T., Wilhelm, D., Angel, P., and Debatin, K.-M. (1997). Activation of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) signaling by ceramide mediates cancer therapy induced apoptosis. EMBO J. 16, 6200-6208.
116. Hsu, H., Solovyev, I., Colombero, A., Elliott, R., Kelley, M., and Boyle, W. J. (1997). ATAR., a novel tumor necrosis factor receptor family member, signals through TRAF2 and TRAF5. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13471-13474.
117. Hu, S., Vincenz, C., Buller, M., and Dixit, V. M. (1997a). A novel family of viral death effector domain-containing molecules that inhibit both CD95- and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chain. 272,9621-9624.
118. Hu, S., Vincenz, C., Ni, J., Gentz, R., and Dixit, V. M. (1997b). I-FLICE., a novel inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor receptor-1- and CD95-indueed apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 17255-17257.
119. Huang, B., Eberstadt, M., Olejniczak, E. T., Meadows, R. P., and Fesik, S. W. (1996). NMR structure and mutagenesis of the Fas (APO-1/CD95) death domain. Nature 384,638-641.
120. Inohara, N., Koseki, T., Hu, Y., Chen, S., and Nunez, G. (1997). CLARP., a death effector domain-containing protein interacts with caspase-S and regulates apoptosis. Cell Biol. 94, 10717-10722.
121. Irmler, M., Thome, M., Hahne, M., Schneider, P., Hofmann, K., Steiner, V., Bodmer, J. L., Schroter, M., Bums, K., Mattmann, C., Rimoldi, D., French, L. E., and Tschopp, J. (1997). Inhibition of death receptor signals by cellular FLIP. Nature 388, 190-195.
122. Itoh, N., Yonehara, S., Ishii, A., Yonehara, M., Mizushima, S., Sameshima, M., Hase, A., Seto, Y., and Nagata, S. (1991). The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 66, 233-243.
123. Itoh, N., Tsujimoto, Y., and Nagata, S. (1993). Effect of bcl-2 on Fas antigen-mediated cell death. J. Immunol. 151, 621-627.
124. Jäättelä, M., Benedict, M., Tewari, M., Shayman, J. A., and Dixit, V. M. (1995). Bcl-x and Bcl-2 inhibit TNF and Fas-induced apoptosis and activation of phospholipase A2 in breast carcinoma cells. Oncogene 10, 2297-2305.
125. Janicke, R. U., Walker, P. A., Lin, X. Y., and Porter, A. G. (1996). Specific cleavage of the retinoblastoma protein by an ICE-like protease in apoptosis. EMBO J. 15, 6969-6978.
126. Johnson, D., Lanahan, A., Buck, C. R., Sehgal, A., Morgan, C., Mercer, E., Bothwell, M., and Chao, M. (1986). Expression and structure of the human NGF receptor. Cell 47,545-554.
127. Jones, E. Y., Stuart, D. I., and Walker, N. P. (1992). Crystal structure of TNF. Immunol. Ser. 56,93-127.
128. Ju, S. T., Panka, D. J., Cui, H., Ettinger, R., el Khatib, M., Sherr, D. H., Stanger, B. Z., and Marshak Rothstein, A. (1995). Fas(CD95)/FasL interactions required for programmed cell death after T-cell activation. Nature 373, 444-448.
129. Kamens, J., Paskind, M., Hugunin, M., Talanian, R. V., Allen, H., Banach, D., Bump, N., Hackett, M., Johnston, C. G., Li, P., et al. (1995). Identification and characterization of ICH-2, a novel member of the interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme family of cysteine proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 15250-15256.
130. Kayagaki, N., Kawasaki, A., Ebata, T., Ohmoto, H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, S., Yoshino, K., Okumura, K., and Yagita, H. (1995). Metalloproteinase-mediated release of human Fas ligand. J. Exp. Med. 182, 1777-1783.
131. Kayalar, C., Ord, T., Testa, M. P., Zhong, L. T., and Bredesen, D. E. (1996). Cleavage of actin by interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme to reverse DNase I inhibition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 2234-2238.
132. Kaufmann, S. H., Desnoyers, S., Ottaviano, Y., Davidson, N. E., and Poirier, C. G. (1993). Specific proteolytic cleavage of polv (ADP-ribose) polymerase: An early marker of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Cancer Bes. 53, 3976-3985.
133. Kerr, J. F., Wyllie, A. H., and Currie, A. R. (1972). Apoptosis: A basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer 26, 239-257.
134. Kiefer, M. C., Brauer, M. J., Powers, V. C., Wu, J. J., Umansky, S. R., Tomei, L. D., and Barr, P. J. (1995). Modulation of apoptosis by the widely distributed Bcl-2 homologue Bak. Nature 374, 736-739.
135. Kischkel, F. C., Hellbardt, S., Behrmann, I., Germer, M., Pawlita, M., Krammer, P. II., and Peter, M. E. (1995). Cytotoxicity-dependent APO-1 (Fas/CD95)-associated proteins form a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) with the receptor. EMBO J. 14, 5579-5588.
136. Kischkel, F. C., Kioschis, P., Weitz, S., Poustka, A., Lichter, P., and Krammer, P. H. (1998). Localization of the human and murine caspase-8 (FLICE/MACH/Mch5) genes by FISH. Submitted for publication.
137. Kitson, J., Raven, T., Jiang, Y. P., Goeddel, D. V., Giles, K. M., Pun, K. T., Grinham, C. J., Brown, R., and Farrow, S. N. (1996). A death-domain-containing receptor that mediates apoptosis. Nature 384, 372-375.
138. Klas, C., Debatin, K.-M., Jonker, R. R., and Krammer, P. H. (1993). Activation interferes with the apoptotic pathway in mature human T cells. Int. Immunol. 5(6), 625-630.
139. Knipping, E., Debatin, K.-M., Heilig, B., Eder, A., and Krammer, P. H. (1995). Identification of soluble APO-1 in supernatants of human B and T cell lines and increased serum levels in B and T cell leukemias. Blood 85, 1562-1569.
140. Kolesnick, R. N., Haimovitz Friedman, A., and Fuks, Z. (1994). The sphingomyelin signal transduction pathway mediates apoptosis for tumor necrosis factor, Fas, and ionizing radiation. Biochem. Cell Biol. 72, 471-474.
141. Kozopas, K. M., Yang, T., Buchan, H. L., Zhou, P., and Craig, R. W. (1993). MCL1, a gene expressed in programmed myeloid cell differentiation, has sequence similarity to BCL2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 3516-3520.
142. Krajewski, S., Blomqvist, C., Franssila, K., Krajewska, M., Wasenius, V.-M., Niskanen, E., Nordling, S., and Reed, J. C. (1995). Reduced expression of proapoptotic gene Bax is associated with poor response rates to combination chemotherapy and shorter survival in women with metastatic breast adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 55, 4471-4478.
143. Krajewski, S., Krajewska, M., Shabaik, A., Miyashita, T., Wang, H. G., and Reed, J. C. (1994). Immunohistochemical determination of in vivo distribution of Bax, a dominant inhibitor of Bcl-2. Am. J. Pathol. 145, 1323-1336.
144. Krammer, P. H. (1997). The tumor strikes back: New data on expression of the CD95(APO-1/Fas) receptor/ligand system may cause paradigm changes in our view on drug treatment and tumor immunology. Cell Death Diff. 4, 362-364.
145. Krammer, P. H., Behrmann I., Daniel, P., Dhein J., and Debatin K.-M. (1994a). Regulation of apoptosis in the immune system. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6, 279-289.
146. Krammer, P. H., Dhein, J., Walczak, H., Behrmann, I., Mariani, S., Matiba, B., Fath, M., Daniel, P. T., Knipping, E., Westendorp, M. O., Stricker, K., Baumler, C., Hellbardt, S., Germer, M., Peter, M. E., Debatin, K.-M. (1994b). The role of APO-1 mediated apoptosis in the immune system. Immunol. Rev. 142, 175-191.
147. Krammer, P. H., Galle, P. R., Mailer, P., and Debatin, K.-M. (1998). CD95(APO-l/Fas)mediated apoptosis in normal and malignant liver-, colon- and hematopoietic cells. In "Advances in Cancer Research" (G. F. Vande Wonde and G. Klein, eds.), vol. 75, pp. 252-273. Academic Press.
148. Kuida, K., Lippke, J. A., Ku, G., Harding, M. W., Livingston, D. J., Su, M. S., and Flavell, R. A. (1995). Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Science 267, 2000-2003.
149. Kuida, K., Zheng, T. S., Na, S., Kuan, C., Yang, D., Karasuyama, H., Rakic, P., and Flavell, R. A. (1996). Decreased apoptosis in the brain and premature lethality in CPP32- deficient mice. Nature 384, 368-372.
150. Kumar, S., Kinoshita, M., Noda, M., Copeland, N. G., and Jenkins, N. A. (1994). Induction of apoptosis by the mouse Nedd2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3 and the mammalian IL-1 beta-converting enzyme. Genes. Dev. 8, 1613-1626.
151. Kwon, B. S., Tan, K. B., Ni, J., Lee, K. O., Kim, K. K., Kim, Y. J., Wang, S., Gentz, R., Yu, G. L., Harrop, J., Lyn, S. D., Silverman, C., Porter, T. C., Tnmeh, A., and Young, P. R. (1997). A newly identified member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with a wide tissue distribution and involvement in lymphocyte activation. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 14272-14276.
152. Lacey, D. L., Timms, E., Tan, H. L., Kelley, M. J., Dunstan, G. R., Burgess, T., Elliott, R., Golombero, A., Elliott, G., Scully, S., et al. (1998). Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 93, 165-176.
153. Lahti, J. M., Xiang, J., Heath, L. S., Campana, D., and Kidd, V. J. (1995). PITSLRE protein kinase activity is associated with apoptosis. Mol. Cell Biol. 15, 1-11.
154. Leithänser, F., Dhein, J., Mechtersheimer, G., Koretz, K., Bruderlein, S., Henne, C., Schmidt, A., Debatin, K. M., Krammer, P. H., and Möller, P. (1993). Constitutive and induced expression of APO-1, a new member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, in normal and neoplastic cells. Lab. Invest. 69, 415-429.
155. Lenardo, M. J. (1991). lnterleukin-2 programs mouse alpha beta T lymphocytes for apoptosis. Nature 353, 858-861.
156. Levine, A. J. (1997). p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88, 323-331.
157. Li, P., Allen, H., Benerjee, S., Franklin, S., Herzog, L., Johnston, C., McDowell, J., Paskind, M., Rodman, L., Salfeld, J., et al, (1995). Mice deficient in IL-1 beta-converting enzyme are defective in production of mature IL-1 beta and resistant to endotoxic shock. Cell 80, 401-411.
158. Lichter, P., Walczak, H., Weitz, S. Behrmann, I., and Krammer, P. H. (1992). The human APO-1 antigen maps to 10q23, a region which is syntenic with mouse chromosome 19. Genomics 14, 179-180.
159. Lin, E. Y., Orlofsky, A., Berger, M. S., and Prystowsky, M. B. (1993). Characterization of A1, a novel hemopoietic-specific early-response gene with sequence similarity to bcl-2. J. Immunol. 151, 1979-1988.
160. Lippke, J. A., Gu, Y., Sarnecki, C., Caron, P. R., and Su, M. S. (1996). Identification and characterization of GPP32/Mch2 homolog 1, a novel cysteine protease similar to CPP32. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 1825-1828.
161. Liu, X., Zou, H., Slaughter, G., and Wang, X. (1997). DFF. a heterodimeric protein that functions downstream of caspase-3 to trigger DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. Cell 89, 175-184.
162. Loetscher, H., Pan, Y. C., Lahm, H. W., Gentz, R., Brockhaus, M., Tabuchi, H., and Lesslauer, W. (1990). Molecular cloning and expression of the human 55 kd tumor necrosis factor receptor. Cell 61, 351-359.
163. Los, M., Herr, I., Friesen, G., Fulda, S., Schulze-Osthoff, K., and Debatin, K.-M. (1997). Crossresistance of CD95- and drug-induced apoptosis as a consequence of deficient activation of caspases (ICE/Ced-3 proteases). Blood 90, 3118-3129.
164. Los, M., Van de Craen, M., Penning, L. C., Schenk, H., Westendorp, M., Baeuerle, P. A., Dröge, W., Krammer, P. H., Fiers, W., and Schulze Osthoff, K. (1995). Requirement of an ICE/CED-3 protease for Fas/APO-1-mediated apoptosis. Nature 375, 81-83.
165. Lowe, S. W., Ruley, H. E., Jacks, T., and Housnian, D. E. (1993). p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents. Cell 74, 957-967.
166. Mallett, S., Fossum, S., and Barclay, A. N. (1990). Characterization of the MRC OX40 antigen of activated CD4 positive T lymphocytes: A molecule related to nerve growth factor receptor. EMBO J. 9, 1063-1068.
167. Mariani, S. M., Matiba, B., Bäumler, C., and Krammer, P. H. (1995). Regulation of cell surface APO-1/Fas (CD95) ligand expression by metalloproteases. Eur. J. Immunol. 25, 2303-2307.
168. Mariani, S. M., and Krammer, P. H. (1998). Differential regulation of TRAIL/AP02L and CD95L in transformed cells of the T and B lymphocyte lineage. Eur. J. Immunol. 28, 973-982.
169. Marsters, S. A., Sheridan, J. P., Donahue, C. J., Pitti, R. M., Gray, C. L., Goddard, A. D., Bauer, K. D., and Ashkenazi, A. (1996). Apo-3, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, contains a death domain and activates apoptosis and NF-kappa B. Curr. Biol. 6, 1669-1676.
170. Marsters, S. A., Sheridan, J. P., Pitti, R. M., Huang, A. D., Skubatch, A. D., Baldwin, A. D., Yuan, A. D., Gurney, A. D., and Goddard, A. D. (1997). A novel receptor for AP02L/TRAIL contains a truncated death domain. Curr. Biol. 7, 1003-1006.
171. Martin, S. J., O'Brien, G. A., Nishioka, W. K., McGahon, A. J., Mahboubi, A., Saido, T. C., and Green, D. R. (1995a). Proteolysis of fodrin (non-erythroid spectrin) during apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 6425-6428.
172. Martin, S. J., Reutelingsperger, C. P., McGahon, A. J., Rader, J. A., van Schie, R. C., LaFace, D. M., and Green, D. R. (1995b). Early redistribution of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine is a general feature of apoptosis regardless of the initiating stimulus: Inhibition by overexpression of Bcl-2 and Abl. J. Exp. Med. 182, 1545-1556.
173. Mashima, T., Naito, M., Fujita, N., Noguchi, K., and Tsuruo, T. (1995). Identification of actin as a substrate of ICE and an ICE-like protease and involvement of an ICE-like protease but not ICE in VP-16-induced U937 apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 217, 1185-1192.
174. Mashima, T., Naito, M., Noguchi, K., Miller, D. K., Nicholson, D. W., and Tsumo, T. (1997). Actin cleavage by CPP-32/apopain during the development of apoptosis. Oncogene 14, 1007-1012.
175. McDonnell, T. J., Deane, N., Platt, F. M., Nunez, G., Jaeger, U., McKearn, J. P., and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1989). bcl-2-immunoglobulin transgenic mice demonstrate extended B cell survival and follicular lymphoproliferation. Cell 57, 79-88.
176. Medema, J. P., Scaffidi, C., Kischkel, F. C., Shevchenko, A., Mann, M., Krammer, P. H., and Peter, M. E. (1997a). FLICE is activated by association with the CD95 death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). EMBO J. 16, 2794-2804.
177. Medema, J. P., Toes, R. E. M., Scaffidi, C., Zheng, T. S., Flavell, R. A., Melief, C. J. M., Peter, M. E., Offringa, R., and Krammer, P. H. (1997b). FLICE activation by granzyme B during CTL mediated apoptosis. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 3492-3498.
178. L acts downstream of FLICE/caspase-8. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 3388-3393.
179. Memon, S. A., Moreno, M. B., Petrak, D., and Zacharchuk, C. M. (1995). Bcl-2 blocks glucocorticoid- but not Fas- or activation-induced apoptosis in a T cell hybridoma. J. Immunol. 155, 4644-4652.
180. Metcalf, D., Roberts, T. M., Cherington, V., and Dunn, A. R. (1987). The in vitro behavior of hemopoietic cells transformed by polyoma middle T antigen parallels that of primary human myeloid leukemic cells. EMBO J. 6, 3703-3709.
181. Micheau, O., Solary, E., Hammann, A., Martin, F., and Dimanche-Boitrel, M. T. (1997). Sensitization of cancer cells treated with cytotoxic dmgs to Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89, 783-789.
182. Min, Y. H., Lee, S., Lee, J. W., Chong, S. Y., Halm, J. S., and Ko, Y. W. (1996). Expression of Fas antigen in acute myeloid leukemia is associated with therapeutic response to chemotherapy. Br. J. Haematol. 93, 928-930.
183. Miossec, C., Dutilleul, V., Fassy, F., and Diu-Hercend, A. (1997). Evidence for CPP32 activation in the absence of apoptosis during T lymphocyte stimulation. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13459-13462.
184. Mittl, P. R., Di Marco, S., Krebs, J. F., Bai, X., Karanewsky, D. S., Priestle, J. P., Tomaselli, K. J., and Grutter, M. G. (1997). Structure of recombinant human CPP32 in complex with the tetrapeptide acetvl-Asp-Val-Ala-Asp fluoromethyl ketone. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 6539-6547.
185. Miura, M., Friedlander, R. M., and Yuan, J. (1995). Tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis is mediated by a CrmA-sensitive cell death pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sri. USA 92, 8318-8322.
186. Miyashita, T., and Reed, J. C. (1992). bcl-2 gene transfer increases relative resistance of S49.1 and WEH17.2 lymphoid cells to cell death and DNA fragmentation induced by glucocorticoids and multiple chemotherapeutic drugs. Cancer Res. 52, 5407-5411.
187. Miyashita, T., and Reed, J. C. (1993). Bcl-2 oncoprotein blocks chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in a human leukemia cell line. Blood 81, 151-157.
188. Miyashita, T., Krajewski, S., Krajewska, M., Wang, H. G., Lin, H. K., Liebermann, D. A., Hoffman, B., and Reed, J. C. (1994). Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of Bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 9, 1799-1805.
189. Miyashita, T., and Reed, J. G. (1995). Tumor suppressor p.53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80, 293-299.
190. Moller, P., Koretz, K., Leithauser, F., Brüderlein, S., Henne, G., Quentmeier, A., and Krammer, P. H. (1994). Expressions of APO-1 (CD95), a member of the NGF/TNF receptor superfamily, in normal and neoplastic colon epithelium. Int. J. Cancer 57, 1-7.
191. Mongkolsapaya, J., Cowper, A. E., Xu, X. N., Morris, G., McMichael, A. J., Bell, J. I., and Screaton, G. R. (1998). Lymphocyte inhibitor of TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand): A new receptor protecting lymphocytes from the death ligand TRAIL. J. Immunol. 160, 3-6.
192. Montgomery, R. I., Warner, M. S., Lum, B. J., and Spear, P. G. (1996). Herpes simplex virus-1 entry into cells mediated by a novel member of the TNF/NGF receptor family. Cell 87, 427-436.
193. Moss, M. L., Jin, S. L., Milla, M. E.,, Burkhart, W., Garter, H. L., Ghen, W. J., Glay, W. C., Didsbury, J. H., Hassler, D., Hoffman, C. H., Kost, T. A., Lambert, M. H., Leesnitzer, M. A., McGauley, P., McGeehan, G., Mitchell, J., Moyer, M., Pahel, G., Rocque, W., Overton, L. K., Schoenen, F., Seaton, T., Su, J. L., Warner, J., Becherer, J. D., et al. (1997). Cloning of a disintegrin metalloproteinase that processes precursor tumour-necrosis factor-alpha. Nature 385, 733-736.
194. Müller, M., Strand, S., Hug, H., Heinemann, E. M., Walczak, H., Hofmann, W. J., et al. (1997). Drug induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells is mediated by the CD95 (APO-1/ Fas) receptor/ligand system and involves activation of wild-type p53. J. Clin. Invest. 99, 403-413.
195. Munday, N. A., Vaillancourt. J. P., Ali, A., Casano, F. J., Miller, D. K., Molineaux, S. M., Yamin, T. T., Yu, V. L., and Nicholson, D. W. (1995). Molecular cloning and pro-apoptotic activity of ICErelII and ICErelIII., members of the IGE/CED-3 family of cysteine pro-teases. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 15870-15876.
196. Muzio, M., Chinnaiyan, A. M., Kischkel, F. C., O'Rourke, K., Shevchenko, A., Ni, J., Scaffidi, C., Bretz, J. D., Zhang, M., Gentz, R., Mann, M., Krammer, P. H., Peter, M. E., and Dixit, V. M. (1996). FLICE., a novel FADD-homologous ICE/CED-3-like protease, is recruited to the CD95 (Fas/APO-1) death-inducing signaling complex. Cell 85, 817-827.
197. Muzio, M., Salvesen, G. S., and Dixit, V. M. (1997). FLIGE induced apoptosis in a cell-free system: Cleavage of caspase zymogens. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 2952-2956.
198. Na, S., Chuang, T. H., Cunningham, A., Turi, T. G., Hanke, J. H., Bokoch, G. M., and Danley, D. E. (1996). D4-GDI., a substrate of CPP32, is proteolyzed during Fas-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 11209-11213.
199. Nagata, S., and Golstein, P. (1995). The Fas death factor. Science 267, 1449-1456.
200. Nakamura, T., Tashiro, K., Nazarea, M., Nakano, T., Sasayama, S., and Honjo, T. (1995). The murine lymphotoxin-beta receptor cDNA: Isolation by the signal sequence murine lymphotoxin-beta receptor cDNA: Isolation by the signal sequence trap and chromosomal mapping. Genomics 30, 312-319.
201. Neamati, N., Fernandez, A., Wright, S., Kiefer, J., and McConkey, D. J. (1995). Degradation of lamin B1 precedes oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in apoptotic thymocytes and isolated thymocyte nuclei. J. Immunol. 154, 3788-3795.
202. Neilan, J. G., Lu, Z., Afonso, C. L., Kutish, G. F., Sussman, M. D., and Rock, D. L. (1993). An African swine fever virus gene with similarity to the proto-oncogene bcl-2 and the Epstein-Barr virus gene BHRF1. J. Virol. 67, 4391-4394.
203. Ni, R., Tomita, Y., Matsuda, K., Ichihara, A., Ishimura, K., Ogasawara, J., and Nagata, S. (1994). Fas-mediated apoptosis in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes. Exp. Cell. Res. 215, 332-337.
204. Nicholson, D. W., Ali, A., Thornberry, N. A., Vaillancourt, J. P., Ding, C. K., Gallant, M., Gareau, Y., Griffin, P. R., Labelle, M., Lazebnik, Y. A., et al. (1995). Identification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis. Nature 376, 37-43.
205. Nocentini, G., Giunchi, L., Ronchetti, S., Krausz, L. T., Bartoli, A., Moraca, R., Migliorati, G., and Riccardi, C. (1997). A new member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor family inhibits T cell receptor-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94,6216-6221.
206. O'Connell, J., O'Sullivan, G. C., Collins, J. K., and Shanahan, F. (1996). The Fas counterattack: Fas-mediated T cell killing by colon cancer cells expressing Fas ligand. J. Exp. Med. 184, 1075-1082.
207. Ochm, A., Behrmann, I., Falk, W., Pawlila, M., Maier, G., Klas, C., Li Weber, M., Richards, S., Dhein, J., Trauth, B. C., et al. (1992). Purification and molecular cloning of the APO-1 cell surface antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily: Sequence identity with the Fas antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 267,10709-10715.
208. Okura, T., Gong, L., Kamitani, T., Wada, T., Okura, I., Wei, C. F., Chang, H. M., and Yeh, E. T. (1996). Protection against Fas/APO-1- and tumor necrosis factor-mediated cell death by a novel protein, sentrin. J. Immunol. 157, 4277-4281.
209. Oltvai, Z. N., Milliman, C. L., and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1993). Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74,609-619.
210. Orth, K., Chinnaiyan, A. M., Garg, M., Froelich, C. J., and Dixit, V. M. (1996a). The CED-3/ICE-like protease Mch2 is activated during apoptosis and cleaves the death substrate lamin A. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16443-16446.
211. Orth, K., O'Rourke, K., Salvesen, G. S., and Dixit, V. M. (1996b). Molecular ordering of apoptotic mammalian CED-3/ICE-like proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 20977-20980.
212. Owen Schaub, L. B., Yonehara, S., Crump, W. L., and Grimm, E. A. (1992). DNA fragmentation and cell death is selectively triggered in activated human lymphocytes by Fas antigen engagement. Cell. Immunol. 140, 197-205.
213. Pai, J. T., Brown, M. S., and Goldstein, J. L. (1996). Purification and cDNA cloning of a second apoptosis-related cysteine protease that cleaves and activates sterol regulatory element binding proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 5437-5442.
214. Pan, G., Ni, J., Wei, Y. F., Yu, C., Gentz, R., and Dixit, V. M. (1997a). An antagonist decoy receptor and a death domain-containing receptor for TRAIL. Science 277, 815-818.
215. Pan, G., O'Rourke, K., Chinnaiyan, A. M., Gentz, R., Ebner, R., Ni, J., and Dixit, V. M. (1997b). The receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. Science 276, 111-113.
216. Pennica, D., Nedwin, G. E., Hayflick, J. S., Seeburg, P. H., Derynck, R., Palladino, M. A., Kohr, W. J., Aggarwal, B. B., and Goeddel, D. V. (1984). Human tumour necrosis factor: Precursor structure, expression and homology to lymphotoxin. Nature 312, 724-729.
217. Peter, M. E., Medema, J. P., and Krammer, P. H. (1997). Does the Caenorhabditis elegans protein CED-4 contain a region of homology to the mammalian death effector domain? Cell Death Diff. 4, 523-525.
218. Peter, M. E., Scaffidi, C., Medema, J. P., Kischkel, F. and Krammer, P. H. (1998). The death receptors. In "Apoptosis: Biology, Mechanisms and Role in Disease" (S. Kumar, ed.). Springer, Heidelberg.
219. Pfeffer, K., Matsuyama, T., Kundig, T. M., Wakeham, A., Kishihara, K., Shahinian, A., Wiegmann, K., Ohashi, P. S., Kronke, M., and Mak, T. W. (1993). Mice deficient for the 55 kd tumor necrosis factor receptor are resistant to endotoxic shock, yet succumb to L. monocytogenes infection. Cell 73, 457-467.
220. Pitti, R. M., Marsters, S. A., Ruppert, S., Donahue, C. J., Moore, A., and Ashkenazi, A. (1996). Induction of apoptosis by Apo-2 ligand, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor cytokine family. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 12687-12690.
221. Rasper, D. M., Vaillancourt, J. P., Hadano, S., Houtzager, V. M., Seiden, I., Keen, S. L. C., Tawa, P., Xanthoudakis, S., Nasir, J., Martindale, D., Koop, B. F., Peterson, E. P., Thornberry, N. A., Huang, J. Q., Black, S. C., Hornung, F., Lenardo, M. J., Hayden, M. R., Roay, S., and Nicholson, D. W. (1998). Cell death attenuation by "Usurpin", a mammalian DED-caspase homologue that precludes caspase-8 recruitment and activation by the CD95(Fas, APO-1) receptor complex. In press.
222. Reed, J. C. (1994). Bcl-2 and the regulation of programmed cell death. J. Cell Biol. 124,1-6.
223. Reed, J. C., Cuddy, M., Slabiak, T., Croce, C. M., and Nowell, P. C. (1988). Oncogenic potential of bcl-2 demonstrated by gene transfer. Nature 336, 259-261.
224. Rieux Laucat, F., Le Deist, F., Hivroz, C., Roberts, I. A., Debatin, K. M., Fischer, A., and de Villartay, J. P. (1995). Mutations in Fas associated with human lymphoproliferative syndrome and autoimmunity. Science 268, 1347-1349.
225. Rothe, J., Lesslauer, W., Lotscher, H., Lang, Y., Koebel, P., Kontgen, F., Althage, A., Zinkernagel, R., Steinmetz, M., and Bluethmann, H. (1993). Mice lacking the tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 are resistant to TNF-mediated toxicity but highly susceptible to infection by Listeria monocytogenes. Nature 364, 798-802.
226. Rothstein, T. L., Wang, J. K., Panka, D. J., Foote, L. C., Wang, Z. U., Stanger, B., Cui, H., Ju, S. T., and Marshak-Rothstein, A. (1995). Protection against Fas-dependent Th1-mediated apoptosis by antigen receptor engagement in B cells. Nature 374, 163-165.
227. Rudel, T., and Bokoch, G. M. (1997). Membrane and morphological changes in apoptotic cells regulated by caspase-mediated activation of PAK2. Science 276, 1571-1574.
228. Sakahira, H., Enari, M., and Nagata, S. (1998). Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis. Nature 391, 96-99.
229. Sato, T., Irie, S., Kitada, S., and Reed, J. C. (1995). FAP-1: A protein tyrosine phosphatase that associates with Fas. Science 268, 411-415.
230. Scaffidi, C., Medema, J. P., Krammer, P. II., and Peter, M. E. (1997). FLICE is predominantly expressed as two functionally active isoforms, caspase-8/a and caspase-8/b. J. Biol. Chetn. 272, 26953-26958.
231. Scaffidi, C., Fulda, S., Srinivasan, A., Friesen, C., Feng, L., Tomaselli, K. J., Debatin, K.-M., Krammer, P. H., and Peter, M. E. (1998). Two CD95(APO-l/Fas) signaling pathways. EMBO J. 17, 1675-1687.
232. Schall, T. J., Lewis, M., Koller, K. J., Lee, A., Rice, G. C., Wong, G. H., Gatanaga, T., Granger, G. A., Lentz, R., Raab, H., et al. (1990). Molecular cloning and expression of a receptor for human tumor necrosis factor. Cell 61, 361-370.
233. Schlegel, J., Peters, I., Orrenius, S., Miller, D. K., Thornberry, N. A., Yamin, T. T., and Nicholson, D. W. (1996). CPP32/apopain is a key interleukin 1 beta converting enzyme-like protease involved in Fas-mediated apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 1841-1844.
234. Schlossman, S. F., Bonmsell, L., Gilks, W., Harlan, J. M., Kislumoto, T., Morimoto, C., Ritz, J., Shaw, S., Silverstein, R., Springer, T., Tedder, T. F., and Todd, R. F. (eds.) (1995). "Leucocyte Typing V: White Cell Differentiation Antigens." Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop and Conference, Vol. 1. Oxford Univ. Press, London.
235. Schneider, P., Bodiner, J. L., Thome, M., Hofmann, K., Holler, N., and Tschopp, J. (1997). Characterization of two receptors for TRAIL. FEBS Lett. 416, 329-334.
236. Schraven, B., and Peter, M. E. (1995). APO-1(CD95)-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat cells does not involve src kinases or CD45. FEBS Lett. 368, 491-494.
237. Screaton, G. R., Mongkolsapaya, J., Xn, X. N., Cowper, A. E., McMichael, A. J., and Bell, J. I. (1997a). TRICK2, a new alternatively spliced receptor that transduces the cytotoxic signal from TRAIL. Curr. Biol. 7, 693-696.
238. Screaton, G. R., Xu, X. N., Olsen, A. L., Cowper, A. E., Tan, R., McMichael, A. J. and Bell, J. I. (1997b). LARD: A new lymphoid-specific death domain containing receptor regulated by alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4615-4619.
239. Sedlak, T. W., Oltvai, Z. N., Yang, E., Wang, K., Boise, L. H., Thompson, C. B., and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1995). Multiple Bcl-2 family members demonstrate selective dimerizations with Bax. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7834-7838.
240. Seino, K., Kayagaki, N., Okumura, K., and Yagita, H. (1997). Antitumor effect of locally produced CD95 ligand. Nature Med. 3, 165-170.
241. Sentman, C. L., Shutter, J. R., Hockenbery, D., Kanagawa, O., and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1991). Bcl-2 inhibits multiple forms of apoptosis but not negative selection in thymocytes. Cell 67, 879-888.
242. Sheridan, J. P., Marsters, S. A., Pitti, R. M., Gurney, A., Skubatch, M., Baldwin, D., Ramakrishnan, L., Gray, C. L., Baker, K., Wood, W. I., Goddard, A. D., Godowski, P., and Ashkenazi, A. (1997). Control of TRAIL-induced apoptosis by a family of signaling and decoy receptors. Science 277, 818-821.
243. Shirai, T., Yamaguchi, H., Ito, H., Todd, C. W., and Wallace, R. B. (1985). Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene for human tumour necrosis factor. Nature 313, 803-806.
244. Shu, H. B., Halpin, D. R., and Goeddel, D. V. (1997). Casper is a FADD- and caspase-related inducer of apoptosis. Immunity 6, 751-763.
245. Singer, G. G., and Abbas, A. K. (1994). The Fas antigen is involved in peripheral but not thymic deletion of T lymphocytes in T cell receptor transgenic mice. Immunity 1,365-371.
246. Smith, C. A., Davis, T., Anderson, D., Solam, L., Beckmann, M. P., Jerzy, R., Dower, S. K., Cosman, D., and Goodwin, R. G. (1990). A receptor for tumor necrosis factor defines an unusual family of cellular and viral proteins. Science 248, 1019-1023.
247. Smith, C. A., Gruss, H. J., Davis, T., Anderson, D., Farrah, T., Baker, E., Sutherland, G. R., Brannan, C. I., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., et al. (1993). CD30 antigen, a marker for Hodgkin's lymphoma, is a receptor whose ligand defines an emerging family of cytokines with homology to TNF. Cell 73, 1349-1360.
248. Smith, D. J., McGuire, M. J., Tocci, M. J., and Thiele, D. L. (1997). IL-1 beta convertase (ICE) does not play a requisite role in apoptosis induced in T lymphoblasts by Fas-dependent or Fas-independent CTL effector mechanisms. J. Immunol. 158, 163-170.
249. Song, Q., Lees Miller, S. P., Kumar, S., Zhang, Z., Chan, D. W., Smith, G. C., Jackson, S. P., Alnemri, E. S., Litwack, G., Khanna, K. K., and Lavin, M. F. (1996). DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit: A target for an ICE-like protease in apoptosis. EMBO J. 15, 3238-3246.
250. Song, Q., Wei, T., Lees Miller, S., Alnemri, E., Watters, D., and Lavin, M. F. (1997). Resistance of actin to cleavage during apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 157-162.
251. Srinivasula, S. M., Ahmad, M., Femandes-Alnemri, T., Litwack, G., and Alnemri, E. S. (1996a). Molecular ordering of the Fas-apoptotie pathway: The Fas/APO-1 protease Mch5 is a CrmA-inhibitable protease that activates multiple Ced-3/ICE-like cysteine proteases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14486-14491.
252. Srinivasula, S. M., Ahmad, M., Ottilie, S., Bullrich, F., Banks, S., Wang, Y., Femandes-Alnemri, T.,. Croce, C. M., Litwack, G., Tomaselli, K. J., Armstrong, R. C., and Alnemri, E. S. (1997). FLAME-1, a novel FADD-like anti-apoptotic molecule that regulates Fas/ TNFR1-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 18542-18545.
253. Srinivasula, S. M., Femandes-Alnemri, T., Zangrilli, J., Robertson, N., Armstrong, R. C., Wang, L., Trapani, J. A., Tomaselli, K. J., Litwack, G., and Alnemri, E. S. (1996b). The Ced-3/interleukin 1beta converting enzyme-like homolog Mch6 and the lamin-eleaving enzyme Mch2alpha are substrates for the apoptotic mediator CPP32. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27099-27106.
254. Stahnke, C., Hecker, S., Kohne, E., and Debatin, K.-M. (1997). Expression of the APO-1 antigen and induction of apoptosis in hematopoietic cells. Exp Hematol. (in press).
255. Stamenkovic, I., Clark, E. A., and Seed, B. (1989). A B-lymphoeyte activation molecule related to the nerve growth factor receptor and induced by cytokines in carcinomas. EMBO J. 8, 1403-1410.
256. Stanger, B. Z., Leder, P., Lee, T. H., Kim, E., and Seed, B. (1995). RIP: A novel protein containing a death domain that interacts with Fas/APO-1 (CD95) in yeast and causes cell death. Cell 81, 513-523.
257. Strand, S., Hofmann, W. J., Hug, H., Müller, M., Otto, G., Strand, D., Mariani, S. M., Stremmel, W., Krammer, P. H., and Galle, P. R. (1996). Lymphocyte apoptosis induced by CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand-expressing tumor cells: A mechanism of immune evasion? Nature Med. 2, 1361-1366.
258. Strasser, A., Harris, A. W., Bath, M. L., and Cory, S. (1990). Novel primitive lymphoid tumours induced in transgenic mice by cooperation between myc and bcl-2. Nature 348,331-333.
259. Strasser, A., Harris, A. W., and Cory, S. (1991a). Bcl-2 transgene inhibits T cell death and perturbs thymic self-censorship. Cell 67, 889-899.
260. Strasser, A., Harris, A. W., Huang, D. C., Krammer, P. H., and Cory, S. (1995). Bcl-2 and Fas/APO-1 regulate distinct pathways to lymphocyte apoptosis. EMBO J. 14, 6136-6147.
261. Strasser, A., Whittingham, S., Vaux, D. L., Bath, M. L., Adams, J. M., Cory, S., and Harris, A. W. (1991b). Enforced Bel-2 expression in B-lymphoid cells prolongs antibody responses and elicits autoimmune disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8661-8665.
262. Suda, T., Hashimoto, H., Tanaka, M., Ochi, T., and Nagata, S. (1997). Membrane Fas ligand kills human peripheral blood T lymphocytes, and soluble Fas ligand blocks the killing. J. Exp. Med. 186, 2045-2050.
263. Suda, T., Takahashi, T., Golstein, P., and Nagata, S. (1993). Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell 75, 1169-1178.
264. Suda, T., Tanaka, M., Miwa, K., and Nagata, S. (1996). Apoptosis of mouse naive T cells induced bv recombinant soluble Fas ligand and activation-induced resistance to Fas ligand. J. Immunol. 157,3918-3924.
265. s sensitizes MCF-7 cells to chemotherapy-indueed apoptosis. Cancer Res. 55, 2507-2510.
266. Sytwu, H. K., Liblau, R. S., and McDevitt, H. O. (1996). The roles of Fas/APO-1 (CD95) and TNF in antigen-induced programmed cell death in T cell receptor transgenic mice. Immunity 5, 17-30.
267. Takahashi, T., Tanaka, M., Brannan, C. I., Jenkins, N. A., Copeland, N. G., Suda, T., and Nagata, S. (1994a). Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell 76, 969-976.
268. Takahashi, T., Tanaka, M., Inazawa, J., Abe, T., Suda, T., and Nagata, S. (1994b). Human Fas ligand: Gene structure, chromosomal location and species specificity. Int. Immunol. 6, 1567-1574.
269. Takayama, S., Sato, T., Krajewski, S., Kochel, K., Irie, S., Millan, J. A., and Reed, J. C. (1995). Cloning and functional analysis of BAG-1: A novel Bcl-2-binding protein with anti-cell death activity. Cell 80, 279-284.
270. Tanaka, M., Itai, T., Adachi, M., Nagata, S. (1998). Downregulation of Fas ligand by shedding. Nature Med. 4, 31-36.
271. Tanaka, M., Suda, T., Haze, K., Nakamura, N., Sato, K., Kimura, F., Motoyoshi, K., Mizuki, M., Tagawa, S., Ohga, S., Hatake, K., Dnimmond, A. H., and Nagata, S. (1996). Fas ligand in human serum. Nature Med. 2, 317-322.
272. Tanaka, M., Suda, T., Takahashi, T., and Nagata, S. (1995). Expression of the functional soluble form of human fas ligand in activated lymphocytes. EMBO J. 14, 1129-1135.
273. Tanaka, M., Suda, T., Yatomi, T., Nakamura, N., Nagata, S. (1997). Lethal effect of recombinant human Fas ligand in mice pretreated with Propionibacterium acnes. J. Immunol 158, 2303-2309.
274. Tartaglia, L. A., Ayres, T. M., Wong, G. H., and Goeddel, D. V. (1993). A novel domain within the 55 kd TNF receptor signals cell death. Cell 74, 845-853.
275. Tepper, C. G., Jayadev, S., Liu, B., Bielawska, A., Wolff, R., Yonehara, S., Hannun, Y. A., and Seldin, M. F. (1995). Role for ceramide as an endogenous mediator of Fas-induced cytotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 8443-8447.
276. Tewari, M., Beidler, D. R., and Dixit, V. M. (1995a). CrmA-inhibitable cleavage of the 70-kDa protein component of the Ul small nuclear ribonucleoprotein during Fas- and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18738-18741.
277. Tewari, M., and Dixit, V. M. (1995). Fas- and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis is inhibited by the poxvirus crmA gene product. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 3255-3260.
278. Tewari, M., Quan, L. T., O'Rourke, K., Desnoyers, S., Zeng, Z., Beidler, D. R., Poirier, G. G., Salvesen, G. S., and Dixit, V. M. (1995b). Yama/CPP32 beta, a mammalian homolog of CED-3, is a CrmA-inhibitable protease that cleaves the death substrate poly(ADPribose) polymerase. Cell 81, 801-809.
279. Thome, M., Schneider, P., Hofmann, K., Fickenscher, H., Meinl, E., Neipel, F., Mattmann, C., Burns, K., Bodmer, J. L., Schroter, M., Scaffidi, C., Krammer, P. H., Peter, M. E., and Tschopp, J. (1997). Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors. Nature 386, 517-521.
280. Thomberry, N. A., Bull, H. G., Calaycay, J. R., Chapman, K. T., Howard, A. D., Kostura, M. J., Miller, D. K., Molineaux, S. M., Weidner, J. R., Aunins, J., et al. (1992). A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleuldn-1 beta processing in monocytes. Nature 356, 768-774.
281. Trauth, B. C., Klas, C., Peters, A. M., Matzku, S., Möller, P., Falk, W., Debatin, K. M., and Krammer, P. H. (1989). Monoclonal antibody-mediated tumor regression by induction of apoptosis. Science 245, 301-305.
282. Tsujimoto, Y., Finger, L. R., Yunis, J., Nowell, P. C., and Croce, C. M. (1984). Cloning of the chromosome breakpoint of neoplastic B cells with the t(14; 18) chromosome translocation. Science 226, 1097-1099.
283. Ullrich, A., Gray, A., Berman, C., Coussens, L., and Dull, T. J. (1983). Sequence homology of human and mouse beta-NGF subunit genes. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 48, 435-442.
284. Van Parijs, L., Ibraghimov, A., and Abbas, A. K. (1996). The roles of costimulation and Fas in T cell apoptosis and peripheral tolerance. Immunity 4, 321-328.
285. Vanhaesebroeck, B., Reed, J. C., De Valck, D., Grooten, J., Miyashita, T., Tanaka, S., Beyaert, R., Van Roy, F., and Fiers, W. (1993). Effect of bcl-2 proto-oncogene expression on cellular sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-mediated cytotoxicity. Oncogene 8, 1075-1081.
286. Vaux, D. L., Aguila, H. L., and Weissman, I. L. (1992). Bcl-2 prevents death of factor-deprived cells but fails to prevent apoptosis in targets of cell mediated killing. Int. Immunol. 4, 821-824.
287. Vaux, D. L., Cory, S., and Adams, J. M. (1988). Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature 335, 440-442.
288. Vincenz, C., and Dixit, V. M. (1997). Fas-associated death domain protein interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme 2 (FLICE2), an ICE/Ced-3 homologue, is proximally involved in CD95- and p55-mediated death signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 6578-6583.
289. Vogt, C. (1842). Untersuclnmgen über die Entwicklungsgeschiehte der Geburtshelferkroete (Alytes obstetricans).
290. Walczak, H., Degli-Esposti, M. A., Johnson, R. S., Smolak, P. J., Waugh, J. Y., Boiani, N., Timour, M. S., Gerhart, M. J., Schooley, K. A., Smith, C. A., Goodwin, R. G., and Rauch, C. T. (1997). TRAIL-R2: A novel apoptosis-mediating receptor for TRAIL. EMBO J. 16, 5386-5397.
291. Walker, N. P., Talanian, R. V., Brady, K. D., Dang, L. C., Bump, N. J., Ferenz, C. R., Franklin, S., Ghayur, T., Hackett, M. C., Hammill, L. D., et al. (1994). Crystal structure of the cysteine protease interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme: A (p20/pl0)2 homodimer. Cell 78, 343-352.
292. Wang, A. M., Creasey, A. A., Ladner, M. B., Lin, L. S., Strickler, J., Van Arsdell, J. N., Yamamoto, R., and Mark, D. F. (1985). Molecular cloning of the complementary DNA for human tumor necrosis factor. Science 228, 149-154.
293. Wang, L., Miura, M., Bergeron, L., Zhu, H., and Yuan, J. (1994). Ich-1, an Iee/eed-3-related gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death. Cell 78, 739-750.
294. Wang, S., Miura, M., Jung, Y. K., Zhu, H., Gagliardini, V., Shi, L., Greenberg, A. H., and Yuan, J. (1996). Identification and characterization of Ich-3, a member of the interleukin-lbeta converting enzyme (ICE)/Ced-3 family and an upstream regulator of ICE. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 20580-20587.
295. Wang, X., Pai, J. T., Wiedenfeld, E. A., Medina, J. C., Slaughter, C. A., Goldstein, J. L., and Brown, M. S. (1995). Purification of an interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme-related cysteine protease that cleaves sterol regulatory element-binding proteins between the leucine zipper and transmembrane domains. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18044-18050.
296. Watanabe-Fukunaga, R., Brannan, C. I., Itoll, N., Yonehara, S., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., and Nagata, S. (1992). The c-DNA structure, expression, and chromosomal assignment of the mouse Fas antigen. J. Immunol. 148, 1274-1279.
297. Waterhouse, N., Kumar, S., Song, Q., Strike, P., Sparrow, L., Dreyfuss, G., Alnemri, E. S., Litwack, G., Lavin, M., and Watters, D. (1996). Heteronuclear ribonucleoproteins C1 and C2, components of the spliceosome, are specific targets of interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme-like proteases in apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 29335-29341.
298. Westendorp, M. O., Frank, R., Ochsenbauer, C., Stricker, K., Dhein, J., Walczak, H., Debatin, K. M., and Krammer, P. H. (1995). Sensitization of T cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis by HIV-1 Tat and gp120. Nature 375, 497-500.
299. Wiley, S. R., Schooley, K., Smolak, P. J., Din, W. S., Huang, C. P., Nicholl, J. K., Sutherland, G. R., Smith, T. D., Rauch, C., Smith, C. A., et al. (1995). Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis. Immunity 3, 673-682.
300. Wilson, K. P., Black, J. A., Thomson, J. A., Kim, E. E., Griffith, J. P., Navia, M. A., Murcko, M. A., Chambers, S. P., Aldape, R. A., Raybuck, S. A., et al. (1994). Structure and mechanism of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Nature 370, 270-275.
301. Wissing, D., Mouritzen, H., Egeblad, M., Poirier, G. G., and Jaattela, M. (1997). Involvement of caspase-dependent activation of cytosolic phospholipase. A2 in tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 5073-5077.
302. Wright, D. A., Futcher, B., Ghosh, P., and Geha, R. S. (1996). Association of human Fas (CD95) with a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBC-FAP). J. Biol. Chetn. 271, 31037-31043.
303. Wu, M., Lee, H., Bellas, R. E., Schauer, S. L., Arsura, M., Katz, D., FitzGerald, M. J., Rothstein, T. L., Sherr, D. H., and Sonenshein, G. E. (1996). Inhibition of NF-kappaB/ Rel induces apoptosis of murine B cells. EMBO J. 15, 4682-4690.
304. + T cells. Immunol. Rev. 146, 223-239.
305. Yang, E., Zha, J., Jockel, J., Boise, L. H., Thompson, C. B., and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1995). Bad, a heterodimeric partner for Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell 80, 285-291.
306. Yang, J., Liu, X., Bhalla, K., Kim, C. N., Ibrado, A. M., Cai, J., Peng, T. I., Jones, D. P., and Wang, X. (1997a). Prevention of apoptosis by Bcl-2: Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria blocked. Science 275, 1129-1132.
307. Yang, X., Khosravi-Far, R., Chang, H. Y., and Baltimore, D. (1997b). Daxx, a novel Fasbinding protein that activates JNK and apoptosis. Cell 89, 1067-1076.
308. Yasuda, H., Shima, N., Nakagawa, N., Yamaguchi, K., Kinosaki, M., Mochizuki, S.,Tomoyasu, A., Yano, K., Goto, M., Murakami, A., et al. (1998). Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3597-3602.
309. Yin, X. M., Oltvai, Z. N., Veis Novack, D. J., Linette, G. P., and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1994). Bcl-2 gene family and the regulation of programmed cell death. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 59, 387-393.
310. Yonehara, S., Ishii, A., and Yonehara, M. (1989). A cell-killing monoclonal antibody (antiFas) to a cell surface receptor antigen co-downregulated with the receptor of tumor necrosis factor. J. Exp. Med. 169, 1747-1756.
311. Yoshihiro, K., Zhou, Y. W., Zhang, X. L., Chen, T. X., Tanaka, S., Azuma, E., and Sakurai, M. (1997). Fas/APO-l(CD95)-mediated cytotoxicity is responsible for the apoptotic cell death of leukaemic cells induced by interIeukin-2-activated T-cells. Br. J. Haematol. 96, 147-157.
312. Yuan, J., Shaham, S., Ledoux, S., Ellis, H. M., and Horvitz, H. R. (1993). The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. Cell 75, 641-652.
313. Zheng, L., Fisher, G., Miller, R. E., Peschon, J., Lynch, D. H., and Lenardo, M. J. (1995). Induction of apoptosis in mature T cells by tumour necrosis factor. Nature 377, 348-351.
314. 2+ in the formation of high molecular weight DNA fragments in thymocyte apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202, 120-127.
315. Zimmerman, C., Brduscha Riem, K., Blaser, C., Zinkernagel, R. M., and Pircher, H. (1996). Visualization, characterization, and turnover of CD8+ memory T cells in virus-infected hosts. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1367-1375.