Autophagy and apoptosis dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 112, Issue , 2014, Pages 24-49

  Ghavami, Saeid ^a   Shojaei, Shahla ^b   Yeganeh, Behzad ^a,i   Ande, Sudharsana R ^a   Jangamreddy, Jaganmohan R ^c   Mehrpour, Maryam ^d   Christoffersson, Jonas ^c   Chaabane, Wiem ^c,e   Moghadam, Adel Rezaei ^f   Kashani, Hessam H ^a   Hashemi, Mohammad ^g,h   Owji, Ali A ^b   Łos, Marek J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^b SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^c LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^d INSERM   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TUNIS   (Tunisia)

^f ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

^g ZAHEDAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^h ZAHEDAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Mitochondria dysfunction; Porteopathies; Resveratrol; RSVA314; RSVA405; Trehalose

Indexed keywords

HUNTINGTIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; CELL FUNCTION; CELL SURVIVAL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; EXCITOTOXICITY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; LYSOSOME; MITOCHONDRION; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ACTIVATING MOLECULE IN BECLIN-1-REGULATED AUTOPHAGY; AD; AIF; ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN; ALS; ALZHEIMER'S DISEASES; AMBRA; AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; AMPA; AMPK; AMYLOID BETA PRECURSOR PROTEIN; AMYLOID-BETA; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; APO-E; APOLIPO-PROTEIN E; APOPTOSIS-INDUCING FACTOR; APP; ATG; AUTOPHAGOSOME-ASSOCIATED LIGHT CHAIN 3; AUTPHAGY RELATED GENES; AΒ; BDNF; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CHAPERON-MEDIATED AUTOPHAGY; CMA; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENDOSOMAL SORTING COMPLEXES REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT; ER; ESCRT; HD; HEK293; HIP-1; HTT; HUMAN EMBRYONIC KIDNEY 293 CELLS; HUNTINGTIN INTERACTING PROTEIN; HUNTINGTIN PROTEIN; HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE; INOSITOL HEXAKISPHOSPHATE KINASES; INSP(6)KS; LAMP; LC3; LRPPRC; LYSOSOMAL ASSOCIATED MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MAP15; MHTT; MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 15; MITOCHONDRIA DYSFUNCTION; MITOCHONDRIAL PERMEABILITY TRANSITION PORE; MITOCHONDRION-ASSOCIATED LEUCINE-RICH PPR-MOTIF CONTAINING PROTEIN; MPTP; MTOR; MUTANT HUNTINGTIN PROTEIN; N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; NCCD; NMDA; NOMENCLATURE COMMITTEE ON CELL DEATH; P53; PARAXONASE ENZYMES; PARKINSON'S DISEASE; PCD; PD; PINK-1; POLY-GLUTAMINE; PON 1-3; PORTEOPATHIES; PQ; PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH; PTEN-INDUCED PUTATIVE KINASE 1; RCAN-1; REGULATOR OF CALCINEURIN-1; RESVERATROL; RSVA314; RSVA405; RUBICON; RUN DOMAIN AND CYSTEINE RICH DOMAIN CONTAINING; TAR DNA-BINDING PROTEIN 43KDA; TDP-43-KDA; TREHALOSE; TUMOR PROTEIN 53; UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME SYSTEM; ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED GENE; UPS; UVRAG; VALOSIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN; VCP; X-BOX BINDING PROTEIN-1; XBP-1; Α-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID; Α-SYN;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASES; HUMANS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEURONS; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES;

EID: 84890803688     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: 18735118     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.004     Document Type: Review

References (382)

1. Abramov A.Y., Canevari L., Duchen M.R. Beta-amyloid peptides induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in astrocytes and death of neurons through activation of NADPH oxidase. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:565-575.
2. Adams J.M., Cory S. Apoptosomes: engines for caspase activation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2002, 14:715-720.
3. Agostinho P., Cunha R.A., Oliveira C. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2010, 16:2766-2778.
4. Agostini M., Tucci P., Melino G. Cell death pathology: perspective for human diseases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2011, 414:451-455.
5. Akiyama H., Barger S., Barnum S., Bradt B., Bauer J., Cole G.M., Cooper N.R., Eikelenboom P., Emmerling M., Fiebich B.L., Finch C.E., Frautschy S., Griffin W.S., Hampel H., Hull M., Landreth G., Lue L., Mrak R., Mackenzie I.R., McGeer P.L., O'Banion M.K., Pachter J., Pasinetti G., Plata-Salaman C., Rogers J., Rydel R., Shen Y., Streit W., Strohmeyer R., Tooyoma I., Van Muiswinkel F.L., Veerhuis R., Walker D., Webster S., Wegrzyniak B., Wenk G., Wyss-Coray T. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 2000, 21:383-421.
6. Akundi R.S., Huang Z., Eason J., Pandya J.D., Zhi L., Cass W.A., Sullivan P.G., Bueler H. Increased mitochondrial calcium sensitivity and abnormal expression of innate immunity genes precede dopaminergic defects in Pink1-deficient mice. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e16038.
7. Alavian S.M., Ande S.R., Coombs K.M., Yeganeh B., Davoodpour P., Hashemi M., Los M., Ghavami S. Virus-triggered autophagy in viral hepatitis - possible novel strategies for drug development. J. Viral Hepat. 2011, 18:821-830.
8. Ali S.F., Binienda Z.K., Imam S.Z. Molecular aspects of dopaminergic neurodegeneration: gene-environment interaction in parkin dysfunction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8:4702-4713.
9. Alvarez-Erviti L., Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Cooper J.M., Caballero C., Ferrer I., Obeso J.A., Schapira A.H.V. Chaperone-mediated autophagy markers in Parkinson disease brains. Arch. Neurol. 2010, 67:1464-1472.
10. Anandatheerthavarada H.K., Biswas G., Robin M.A., Avadhani N.G. Mitochondrial targeting and a novel transmembrane arrest of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein impairs mitochondrial function in neuronal cells. J. Cell Biol. 2003, 161:41-54.
11. Anglade P., Vyas S., Javoy-Agid F., Herrero M.T., Michel P.P., Marquez J., Mouatt-Prigent A., Ruberg M., Hirsch E.C., Agid Y. Apoptosis and autophagy in nigral neurons of patients with Parkinson's disease. Histol. Histopathol. 1997, 12:25-31.
12. Arduino D.M., Esteves A.R., Cardoso S.M. Mitochondria drive autophagy pathology via microtubule disassembly: a new hypothesis for Parkinson disease. Autophagy 2013, 9:112-114.
13. Arrasate M., Mitra S., Schweitzer E.S., Segal M.R., Finkbeiner S. Inclusion body formation reduces levels of mutant huntingtin and the risk of neuronal death. Nature 2004, 431:805-810.
14. Ascherio A., Chen H., Weisskopf M.G., O'Reilly E., McCullough M.L., Calle E.E., Schwarzschild M.A., Thun M.J. Pesticide exposure and risk for Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 2006, 60:197-203.
15. Atkin J.D., Farg M.A., Turner B.J., Tomas D., Lysaght J.A., Nunan J., Rembach A., Nagley P., Beart P.M., Cheema S.S., Horne M.K. Induction of the unfolded protein response in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and association of protein-disulfide isomerase with superoxide dismutase 1. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:30152-30165.
16. Atlashkin V., Kreykenbohm V., Eskelinen E.L., Wenzel D., Fayyazi A., Fischer von Mollard G. Deletion of the SNARE vti1b in mice results in the loss of a single SNARE partner, syntaxin 8. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003, 23:5198-5207.
17. Axe E.L., Walker S.A., Manifava M., Chandra P., Roderick H.L., Habermann A., Griffiths G., Ktistakis N.T. Autophagosome formation from membrane compartments enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and dynamically connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Cell Biol. 2008, 182:685-701.
18. Banati R.B., Daniel S.E., Blunt S.B. Glial pathology but absence of apoptotic nigral neurons in long-standing Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 1998, 13:221-227.
19. Barnett A., Brewer G.J. Autophagy in aging and Alzheimer's disease: pathologic or protective?. J. Alzheimer Dis.: JAD 2011, 25:385-394.
20. Bartley M.G., Marquardt K., Kirchhof D., Wilkins H.M., Patterson D., Linseman D.A. Overexpression of amyloid-beta protein precursor induces mitochondrial oxidative stress and activates the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. J. Alzheimer Dis.: JAD 2012, 28:855-868.
21. Bauer P.O., Goswami A., Wong H.K., Okuno M., Kurosawa M., Yamada M., Miyazaki H., Matsumoto G., Kino Y., Nagai Y., Nukina N. Harnessing chaperone-mediated autophagy for the selective degradation of mutant huntingtin protein. Nat. Biotechnol. 2010, 28:256-263.
22. Berry D.L., Baehrecke E.H. Growth arrest and autophagy are required for salivary gland cell degradation in Drosophila. Cell 2007, 131:1137-1148.
23. Betin V.M., Lane J.D. Caspase cleavage of Atg4D stimulates GABARAP-L1 processing and triggers mitochondrial targeting and apoptosis. J. Cell Sci. 2009, 122:2554-2566.
24. Blackhall L.J. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and palliative care: where we are, and the road ahead. Muscle Nerve 2012, 45:311-318.
25. Blagosklonny M.V. Prospective treatment of age-related diseases by slowing down aging. Am. J. Pathol. 2012, 181:1142-1146.
26. Bogaert E., d'Ydewalle C., Van Den Bosch L. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and excitotoxicity: from pathological mechanism to therapeutic target. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2010, 9:297-304.
27. Bonifati V., Rizzu P., van Baren M.J., Schaap O., Breedveld G.J., Krieger E., Dekker M.C., Squitieri F., Ibanez P., Joosse M., van Dongen J.W., Vanacore N., van Swieten J.C., Brice A., Meco G., van Duijn C.M., Oostra B.A., Heutink P. Mutations in the DJ-1 gene associated with autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism. Science 2003, 299:256-259.
28. Boya P., Kroemer G. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization in cell death. Oncogene 2008, 27:6434-6451.
29. Bradley S.V., Holland E.C., Liu G.Y., Thomas D., Hyun T.S., Ross T.S. Huntingtin interacting protein 1 is a novel brain tumor marker that associates with epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res. 2007, 67:3609-3615.
30. Bradley S.V., Hyun T.S., Oravecz-Wilson K.I., Li L., Waldorff E.I., Ermilov A.N., Goldstein S.A., Zhang C.X., Drubin D.G., Varela K., Parlow A., Dlugosz A.A., Ross T.S. Degenerative phenotypes caused by the combined deficiency of murine HIP1 and HIP1r are rescued by human HIP1. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2007, 16:1279-1292.
31. Burre J., Sharma M., Tsetsenis T., Buchman V., Etherton M.R., Sudhof T.C. Alpha-synuclein promotes SNARE-complex assembly in vivo and in vitro. Science 2010, 329:1663-1667.
32. Cai Z., Yan L.J., Ratka A. Telomere shortening and Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med. 2013, 15:25-48.
33. Camins A., Sureda F.X., Junyent F., Verdaguer E., Folch J., Beas-Zarate C., Pallas M. An overview of investigational antiapoptotic drugs with potential application for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2010, 19:587-604.
34. Cande C., Cecconi F., Dessen P., Kroemer G. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF): key to the conserved caspase-independent pathways of cell death?. J. Cell Sci. 2002, 115:4727-4734.
35. Canu N., Tufi R., Serafino A.L., Amadoro G., Ciotti M.T., Calissano P. Role of the autophagic-lysosomal system on low potassium-induced apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule cells. J. Neurochem. 2005, 92:1228-1242.
36. Cardona A.E., Pioro E.P., Sasse M.E., Kostenko V., Cardona S.M., Dijkstra I.M., Huang D., Kidd G., Dombrowski S., Dutta R., Lee J.C., Cook D.N., Jung S., Lira S.A., Littman D.R., Ransohoff R.M. Control of microglial neurotoxicity by the fractalkine receptor. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9:917-924.
37. Carra S., Seguin S.J., Lambert H., Landry J. HspB8 chaperone activity toward poly(Q)-containing proteins depends on its association with Bag3, a stimulator of macroautophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:1437-1444.
38. Carri M.T., Cozzolino M. SOD1 and mitochondria in ALS: a dangerous liaison. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 2011, 43:593-599.
39. Cassarino D.S., Fall C.P., Swerdlow R.H., Smith T.S., Halvorsen E.M., Miller S.W., Parks J.P., Parker W.D., Bennett J.P. Elevated reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzyme activities in animal and cellular models of Parkinson's disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1997, 1362:77-86.
40. Cassina P., Peluffo H., Pehar M., Martinez-Palma L., Ressia A., Beckman J.S., Estevez A.G., Barbeito L. Peroxynitrite triggers a phenotypic transformation in spinal cord astrocytes that induces motor neuron apoptosis. J. Neurosci. Res. 2002, 67:21-29.
41. Cataldo A.M., Hamilton D.J., Barnett J.L., Paskevich P.A., Nixon R.A. Properties of the endosomal-lysosomal system in the human central nervous system: disturbances mark most neurons in populations at risk to degenerate in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16:186-199.
42. Cataldo A.M., Peterhoff C.M., Schmidt S.D., Terio N.B., Duff K., Beard M., Mathews P.M., Nixon R.A. Presenilin mutations in familial Alzheimer disease and transgenic mouse models accelerate neuronal lysosomal pathology. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2004, 63:821-830.
43. Cattaneo E., Zuccato C., Tartari M. Normal huntingtin function: an alternative approach to Huntington's disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2005, 6:919-930.
44. Cecconi F., Alvarez-Bolado G., Meyer B.I., Roth K.A., Gruss P. Apaf1 (CED-4 homolog) regulates programmed cell death in mammalian development. Cell 1998, 94:727-737.
45. Cha M.Y., Han S.H., Son S.M., Hong H.S., Choi Y.J., Byun J., Mook-Jung I. Mitochondria-specific accumulation of amyloid beta induces mitochondrial dysfunction leading to apoptotic cell death. PLoS ONE 2012, 7.
46. Chaabane W., User S.D., El-Gazzah M., Jaksik R., Sajjadi E., Rzeszowska-Wolny J., Los M.J. Autophagy, apoptosis, mitoptosis and necrosis: interdependence between those pathways and effects on cancer. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 2013, 61:43-58.
47. Chandra S., Gallardo G., Fernandez-Chacon R., Schluter O.M., Sudhof T.C. Alpha-synuclein cooperates with CSPalpha in preventing neurodegeneration. Cell 2005, 123:383-396.
48. Chao C.C., Hu S., Molitor T.W., Shaskan E.G., Peterson P.K. Activated microglia mediate neuronal cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism. J. Immunol. 1992, 149:2736-2741.
49. Chen H.C., Fong T.H., Hsu P.W., Chiu W.T. Multifaceted effects of rapamycin on functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats through autophagy promotion, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotection. J. Surg. Res. 2013, 179:e203-e210.
50. Chen S., Zhang X.J., Song L., Le W.D. Autophagy dysregulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Pathol. 2012, 22:110-116.
51. Chen Y., Bodles A.M. Amyloid precursor protein modulates beta-catenin degradation. J. Neuroinflammation 2007, 4:29.
52. Cheroni C., Peviani M., Cascio P., Debiasi S., Monti C., Bendotti C. Accumulation of human SOD1 and ubiquitinated deposits in the spinal cord of SOD1G93A mice during motor neuron disease progression correlates with a decrease of proteasome. Neurobiol. Dis. 2005, 18:509-522.
53. Cho Y.S., Challa S., Moquin D., Genga R., Ray T.D., Guildford M., Chan F.K. Phosphorylation-driven assembly of the RIP1-RIP3 complex regulates programmed necrosis and virus-induced inflammation. Cell 2009, 137:1112-1123.
54. Choi H., Park H.H., Koh S.H., Choi N.Y., Yu H.J., Park J., Lee Y.J., Lee K.Y. Coenzyme Q10 protects against amyloid beta-induced neuronal cell death by inhibiting oxidative stress and activating the P13K pathway. Neurotoxicology 2012, 33:85-90.
55. Choi S.A., Kim S.J., Chung K.C. Huntingtin-interacting protein 1-mediated neuronal cell death occurs through intrinsic apoptotic pathways and mitochondrial alterations. FEBS Lett. 2006, 580:5275-5282.
56. Chouliaras L., Sierksma A.S., Kenis G., Prickaerts J., Lemmens M.A., Brasnjevic I., van Donkelaar E.L., Martinez-Martinez P., Losen M., De Baets M.H., Kholod N., van Leeuwen F.W., Hof P.R., van Os J., Steinbusch H.W., van den Hove D.L., Rutten B.P. Erratum: gene-environment interaction research and transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2011, 2010:356862.
57. Ciechanover A. Proteolysis: from the lysosome to ubiquitin and the proteasome. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2005, 6:79-87.
58. Clarke P.G., Puyal J. Autophagic cell death exists. Autophagy 2012, 8:867-869.
59. Crippa V., Carra S., Rusmini P., Sau D., Bolzoni E., Bendotti C., De Biasi S., Poletti A. A role of small heat shock protein B8 (HspB8) in the autophagic removal of misfolded proteins responsible for neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy 2010, 6:958-960.
60. Crippa V., Sau D., Rusmini P., Boncoraglio A., Onesto E., Bolzoni E., Galbiati M., Fontana E., Marino M., Carra S., Bendotti C., De Biasi S., Poletti A. The small heat shock protein B8 (HspB8) promotes autophagic removal of misfolded proteins involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010, 19:3440-3456.
61. Cuervo A.M. Chaperone-mediated autophagy: Dice's 'wild' idea about lysosomal selectivity. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2011, 12:535-541.
62. Cuervo A.M., Stefanis L., Fredenburg R., Lansbury P.T., Sulzer D. Impaired degradation of mutant alpha-synuclein by chaperone-mediated autophagy. Science 2004, 305:1292-1295.
63. Daugas E., Susin S.A., Zamzami N., Ferri K.F., Irinopoulou T., Larochette N., Prevost M.C., Leber B., Andrews D., Penninger J., Kroemer G. Mitochondrion-nuclear translocation of AIF in apoptosis and necrosis. FASEB J. 2000, 14:729-739.
64. Davies S.W., Beardsall K., Turmaine M., DiFiglia M., Aronin N., Bates G.P. Are neuronal intranuclear inclusions the common neuropathology of triplet-repeat disorders with polyglutamine-repeat expansions?. Lancet 1998, 351:131-133.
65. Day J.J., Sweatt J.D. Cognitive neuroepigenetics: a role for epigenetic mechanisms in learning and memory. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2011, 96:2-12.
66. Deckwerth T.L., Elliott J.L., Knudson C.M., Johnson E.M., Snider W.D., Korsmeyer S.J. BAX is required for neuronal death after trophic factor deprivation and during development. Neuron 1996, 17:401-411.
67. Dehay B., Bove J., Rodriguez-Muela N., Perier C., Recasens A., Boya P., Vila M. Pathogenic lysosomal depletion in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:12535-12544.
68. Dickson D.W. The pathogenesis of senile plaques. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1997, 56:321-339.
69. Du H., Guo L., Fang F., Chen D., Sosunov A.A., McKhann G.M., Yan Y., Wang C., Zhang H., Molkentin J.D., Gunn-Moore F.J., Vonsattel J.P., Arancio O., Chen J.X., Yan S.D. Cyclophilin D deficiency attenuates mitochondrial and neuronal perturbation and ameliorates learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease. Nat. Med. 2008, 14:1097-1105.
70. Ebadi M., Sharma S., Shavali S., El Refaey H. Neuroprotective actions of selegiline. J. Neurosci. Res. 2002, 67:285-289.
71. Eisenberg-Lerner A., Bialik S., Simon H.U., Kimchi A. Life and death partners: apoptosis, autophagy and the cross-talk between them. Cell Death Differ. 2009, 16:966-975.
72. Erdal H., Berndtsson M., Castro J., Brunk U., Shoshan M.C., Linder S. Induction of lysosomal membrane permeabilization by compounds that activate p53-independent apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005, 102:192-197.
73. Farfel-Becker T., Vitner E.B., Pressey S.N., Eilam R., Cooper J.D., Futerman A.H. Spatial and temporal correlation between neuron loss and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of neuronopathic Gaucher disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2011, 20:1375-1386.
74. Filomeni G., Graziani I., De Zio D., Dini L., Centonze D., Rotilio G., Ciriolo M.R. Neuroprotection of kaempferol by autophagy in models of rotenone-mediated acute toxicity: possible implications for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 2012, 33:767-785.
75. Floto R.A., Sarkar S., Perlstein E.O., Kampmann B., Schreiber S.L., Rubinsztein D.C. Small molecule enhancers of rapamycin-induced TOR inhibition promote autophagy, reduce toxicity in Huntington's disease models and enhance killing of mycobacteria by macrophages. Autophagy 2007, 3:620-622.
76. Fornai F., Longone P., Cafaro L., Kastsiuchenka O., Ferrucci M., Manca M.L., Lazzeri G., Spalloni A., Bellio N., Lenzi P., Modugno N., Siciliano G., Isidoro C., Murri L., Ruggieri S., Paparelli A. Lithium delays progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105:2052-2057.
77. Fossati S., Ghiso J., Rostagno A. Insights into caspase-mediated apoptotic pathways induced by amyloid-beta in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Neurodegener. Dis. 2012, 10:324-328.
78. Fouillet A., Levet C., Virgone A., Robin M., Dourlen P., Rieusset J., Belaidi E., Ovize M., Touret M., Nataf S., Mollereau B. ER stress inhibits neuronal death by promoting autophagy. Autophagy 2012, 8:915-926.
79. Fuchs Y., Steller H. Programmed cell death in animal development and disease. Cell 2011, 147:742-758.
80. Galasko D., Montine T.J. Biomarkers of oxidative damage and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Biomark. Med. 2010, 4:27-36.
81. Galimberti D., Scarpini E. Inflammation and oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease: friend or foe?. Front. Biosci. (Schol Ed.) 2011, 3:252-266.
82. Galluzzi L., Vanden Berghe T., Vanlangenakker N., Buettner S., Eisenberg T., Vandenabeele P., Madeo F., Kroemer G. Programmed necrosis from molecules to health and disease. Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 2011, 289:1-35.
83. Galter D., Westerlund M., Carmine A., Lindqvist E., Sydow O., Olson L. LRRK2 expression linked to dopamine-innervated areas. Ann. Neurol. 2006, 59:714-719.
84. Galvin J.E., Uryu K., Lee V.M., Trojanowski J.Q. Axon pathology in Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia hippocampus contains alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999, 96:13450-13455.
85. Gandhi S., Wood-Kaczmar A., Yao Z., Plun-Favreau H., Deas E., Klupsch K., Downward J., Latchman D.S., Tabrizi S.J., Wood N.W., Duchen M.R., Abramov A.Y. PINK1-associated Parkinson's disease is caused by neuronal vulnerability to calcium-induced cell death. Mol. Cell 2009, 33:627-638.
86. Ganguli M., Kukull W.A. Lost in translation: epidemiology, risk, and Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 2010, 67:107-111.
87. Gao H., Yang W., Qi Z., Lu L., Duan C., Zhao C., Yang H. DJ-1 protects dopaminergic neurons against rotenone-induced apoptosis by enhancing ERK-dependent mitophagy. J. Mol. Biol. 2012, 423:232-248.
88. Gao H.M., Hong J.S., Zhang W., Liu B. Distinct role for microglia in rotenone-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:782-790.
89. Garcia I., Crowther A.J., Gama V., Ryan Miller C., Deshmukh M., Gershon T.R. Bax deficiency prolongs cerebellar neurogenesis, accelerates medulloblastoma formation and paradoxically increases both malignancy and differentiation. Oncogene 2012.
90. Geisler S., Holmstrom K.M., Skujat D., Fiesel F.C., Rothfuss O.C., Kahle P.J., Springer W. PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is dependent on VDAC1 and p62/SQSTM1. Nat. Cell Biol. 2010, 12:119-131.
91. Gervais F.G., Singaraja R., Xanthoudakis S., Gutekunst C.A., Leavitt B.R., Metzler M., Hackam A.S., Tam J., Vaillancourt J.P., Houtzager V., Rasper D.M., Roy S., Hayden M.R., Nicholson D.W. Recruitment and activation of caspase-8 by the Huntingtin-interacting protein Hip-1 and a novel partner Hippi. Nat. Cell Biol. 2002, 4:95-105.
92. Ghavami S., Cunnington R.H., Yeganeh B., Davies J.J., Rattan S.G., Bathe K., Kavosh M., Los M.J., Freed D.H., Klonisch T., Pierce G.N., Halayko A.J., Dixon I.M. Autophagy regulates trans fatty acid-mediated apoptosis in primary cardiac myofibroblasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012.
93. Ghavami S., Eshraghi M., Kadkhoda K., Mutawe M.M., Maddika S., Bay G.H., Wesselborg S., Halayko A.J., Klonisch T., Los M. Role of BNIP3 in TNF-induced cell death - TNF upregulates BNIP3 expression. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009, 1793:546-560.
94. Ghavami S., Hashemi M., Ande S.R., Yeganeh B., Xiao W., Eshraghi M., Bus C.J., Kadkhoda K., Wiechec E., Halayko A.J., Los M. Apoptosis and cancer: mutations within caspase genes. J. Med. Genet. 2009, 46:497-510.
95. Ghavami S., Kerkhoff C., Chazin W.J., Kadkhoda K., Xiao W., Zuse A., Hashemi M., Eshraghi M., Schulze-Osthoff K., Klonisch T., Los M. S100A8/9 induces cell death via a novel, RAGE-independent pathway that involves selective release of Smac/DIABLO and Omi/HtrA2. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2008, 1783:297-311.
96. Ghavami S., Mutawe M.M., Schaafsma D., Yeganeh B., Unruh H., Klonisch T., Halayko A.J. Geranylgeranyl transferase 1 modulates autophagy and apoptosis in human airway smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol.: Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2012, 302:L420-L428.
97. Ghavami S., Yeganeh B., Stelmack G.L., Kashani H.H., Sharma P., Cunnington R., Rattan S., Bathe K., Klonisch T., Dixon I.M., Freed D.H., Halayko A.J. Apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in mevalonate cascade inhibition-induced cell death of human atrial fibroblasts. Cell Death Dis. 2012, 3:e330.
98. Ghosh A.P., Cape J.D., Klocke B.J., Roth K.A. Deficiency of pro-apoptotic Hrk attenuates programmed cell death in the developing murine nervous system but does not affect Bcl-x deficiency-induced neuron apoptosis. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 2011, 59:976-983.
99. Ghosh A.P., Klocke B.J., Ballestas M.E., Roth K.A. CHOP potentially co-operates with FOXO3a in neuronal cells to regulate PUMA and BIM expression in response to ER stress. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e39586.
100. Giasson B.I., Duda J.E., Quinn S.M., Zhang B., Trojanowski J.Q., Lee V.M. Neuronal alpha-synucleinopathy with severe movement disorder in mice expressing A53T human alpha-synuclein. Neuron 2002, 34:521-533.
101. Glass C.K., Saijo K., Winner B., Marchetto M.C., Gage F.H. Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell 2010, 140:918-934.
102. Glick D., Barth S., Macleod K.F. Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms. J. Pathol. 2010, 221:3-12.
103. Gomes C., Escrevente C., Costa J. Mutant superoxide dismutase 1 overexpression in NSC-34 cells: effect of trehalose on aggregation, TDP-43 localization and levels of co-expressed glycoproteins. Neurosci. Lett. 2010, 475:145-149.
104. Gong C., Bauvy C., Tonelli G., Yue W., Delomenie C., Nicolas V., Zhu Y., Domergue V., Marin-Esteban V., Tharinger H., Delbos L., Gary-Gouy H., Morel A.P., Ghavami S., Song E., Codogno P., Mehrpour M. Beclin 1 and autophagy are required for the tumorigenicity of breast cancer stem-like/progenitor cells. Oncogene 2012.
105. Gottfried Y., Rotem A., Lotan R., Steller H., Larisch S. The mitochondrial ARTS protein promotes apoptosis through targeting XIAP. EMBO J. 2004, 23:1627-1635.
106. Granic I., Dolga A.M., Nijholt I.M., van Dijk G., Eisel U.L. Inflammation and NF-kappaB in Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. J. Alzheimer Dis.: JAD 2009, 16:809-821.
107. Grosskreutz J., Van Den Bosch L., Keller B.U. Calcium dysregulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Calcium 2010, 47:165-174.
108. Gusdon A.M., Zhu J.H., Van Houten B., Chu C.T. ATP13A2 regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics through macroautophagy. Neurobiol. Dis. 2012, 45:962-972.
109. Gutierrez M.G., Master S.S., Singh S.B., Taylor G.A., Colombo M.I., Deretic V. Autophagy is a defense mechanism inhibiting BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in infected macrophages. Cell 2004, 119:753-766.
110. Gutierrez M.G., Munafo D.B., Beron W., Colombo M.I. Rab7 is required for the normal progression of the autophagic pathway in mammalian cells. J. Cell Sci. 2004, 117:2687-2697.
111. Habibi E., Masoudi-Nejad A., Abdolmaleky H.M., Haggarty S.J. Emerging roles of epigenetic mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. Funct. Integr. Genomics 2011, 11:523-537.
112. Hackam A.S., Yassa A.S., Singaraja R., Metzler M., Gutekunst C.A., Gan L., Warby S., Wellington C.L., Vaillancourt J., Chen N., Gervais F.G., Raymond L., Nicholson D.W., Hayden M.R. Huntingtin interacting protein 1 induces apoptosis via a novel caspase-dependent death effector domain. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:41299-41308.
113. Hailey D.W., Rambold A.S., Satpute-Krishnan P., Mitra K., Sougrat R., Kim P.K., Lippincott-Schwartz J. Mitochondria supply membranes for autophagosome biogenesis during starvation. Cell 2010, 141:656-667.
114. Hakem R., Hakem A., Duncan G.S., Henderson J.T., Woo M., Soengas M.S., Elia A., de la Pompa J.L., Kagi D., Khoo W., Potter J., Yoshida R., Kaufman S.A., Lowe S.W., Penninger J.M., Mak T.W. Differential requirement for caspase 9 in apoptotic pathways in vivo. Cell 1998, 94:339-352.
115. Hansson M.J., Mansson R., Morota S., Uchino H., Kallur T., Sumi T., Ishii N., Shimazu M., Keep M.F., Jegorov A., Elmer E. Calcium-induced generation of reactive oxygen species in brain mitochondria is mediated by permeability transition. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2008, 45:284-294.
116. Hartmann A., Hunot S., Michel P.P., Muriel M.P., Vyas S., Faucheux B.A., Mouatt-Prigent A., Turmel H., Srinivasan A., Ruberg M., Evan G.I., Agid Y., Hirsch E.C. Caspase-3: A vulnerability factor and final effector in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000, 97:2875-2880.
117. Hashemi M., Fazaeli A., Ghavami S., Eskandari-Nasab E., Arbabi F., Mashhadi M.A., Taheri M., Chaabane W., Jain M.V., Los M.J. Functional polymorphisms of FAS and FASL gene and risk of breast cancer - pilot study of 134 cases. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e53075.
118. Hashemi M., Ghavami S., Eshraghi M., Booy E.P., Los M. Cytotoxic effects of intra and extracellular zinc chelation on human breast cancer cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007, 557:9-19.
119. Hashimoto M., Rockenstein E., Crews L., Masliah E. Role of protein aggregation in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Neuromolecular Med. 2003, 4:21-36.
120. Hayes G.M., Woodroofe M.N., Cuzner M.L. Microglia are the major cell type expressing MHC class II in human white matter. J. Neurol. Sci. 1987, 80:25-37.
121. Heath-Engel H.M., Chang N.C., Shore G.C. The endoplasmic reticulum in apoptosis and autophagy: role of the BCL-2 protein family. Oncogene 2008, 27:6419-6433.
122. Heeman B., Van den Haute C., Aelvoet S.A., Valsecchi F., Rodenburg R.J., Reumers V., Debyser Z., Callewaert G., Koopman W.J., Willems P.H., Baekelandt V. Depletion of PINK1 affects mitochondrial metabolism, calcium homeostasis and energy maintenance. J. Cell Sci. 2011, 124:1115-1125.
123. Hellwig C.T., Passante E., Rehm M. The molecular machinery regulating apoptosis signal transduction and its implication in human physiology and pathophysiologies. Curr. Mol. Med. 2011, 11:31-47.
124. Hetz C., Thielen P., Fisher J., Pasinelli P., Brown R.H., Korsmeyer S., Glimcher L. The proapoptotic BCL-2 family member BIM mediates motoneuron loss in a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Death Differ. 2007, 14:1386-1389.
125. Hetz C., Thielen P., Matus S., Nassif M., Court F., Kiffin R., Martinez G., Cuervo A.M., Brown R.H., Glimcher L.H. XBP-1 deficiency in the nervous system protects against amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by increasing autophagy. Genes Dev. 2009, 23:2294-2306.
126. Hetz C.A. ER stress signaling and the BCL-2 family of proteins: from adaptation to irreversible cellular damage. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2007, 9:2345-2355.
127. Hirai K., Aliev G., Nunomura A., Fujioka H., Russell R.L., Atwood C.S., Johnson A.B., Kress Y., Vinters H.V., Tabaton M., Shimohama S., Cash A.D., Siedlak S.L., Harris P.L., Jones P.K., Petersen R.B., Perry G., Smith M.A. Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:3017-3023.
128. Ho C.C., Rideout H.J., Ribe E., Troy C.M., Dauer W.T. The Parkinson disease protein leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 transduces death signals via Fas-associated protein with death domain and caspase-8 in a cellular model of neurodegeneration. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:1011-1016.
129. Holler N., Zaru R., Micheau O., Thome M., Attinger A., Valitutti S., Bodmer J.L., Schneider P., Seed B., Tschopp J. Fas triggers an alternative, caspase-8-independent cell death pathway using the kinase RIP as effector molecule. Nat. Immunol. 2000, 1:489-495.
130. Hombach-Klonisch S., Panigrahi S., Rashedi I., Seifert A., Alberti E., Pocar P., Kurpisz M., Schulze-Osthoff K., Mackiewicz A., Los M. Adult stem cells and their trans-differentiation potential - perspectives and therapeutic applications. J. Mol. Med. (Berl.) 2008, 86:1301-1314.
131. Honarpour N., Du C., Richardson J.A., Hammer R.E., Wang X., Herz J. Adult Apaf-1-deficient mice exhibit male infertility. Dev. Biol. 2000, 218:248-258.
132. Huang Y., Halliday G.M. Aspects of innate immunity and Parkinson's disease. Front. Pharmacol. 2012, 3:33.
133. Huang Y., Mucke L. Alzheimer mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Cell 2012, 148:1204-1222.
134. Iwasaki Y., Negishi T., Inoue M., Tashiro T., Tabira T., Kimura N. Sendai virus vector-mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression ameliorates memory deficits and synaptic degeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 2012, 90:981-989.
135. Iwata A., Nagashima Y., Matsumoto L., Suzuki T., Yamanaka T., Date H., Deoka K., Nukina N., Tsuji S. Intranuclear degradation of polyglutamine aggregates by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:9796-9803.
136. Jain M.V., Paczulla A.M., Klonisch T., Dimgba F.N., Rao S.B., Roberg K., Schweizer F., Lengerke C., Davoodpour P., Palicharla V.R., Maddika S., Los M. Interconnections between apoptotic, autophagic and necrotic pathways: implications for cancer therapy development. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2013, 17:12-29.
137. Jangamreddy J.R., Ghavami S., Grabarek J., Kratz G., Wiechec E., Fredriksson B.A., Rao Pariti R.K., Cieslar-Pobuda A., Panigrahi S., Los M.J. Salinomycin induces activation of autophagy, mitophagy and affects mitochondrial polarity: differences between primary and cancer cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2013, 1833:2057-2069.
138. Jangamreddy J.R., Los M.J. Mitoptosis, a novel mitochondrial death mechanism leading predominantly to activation of autophagy. Hepat. Mon. 2012, 12:49-51.
139. Jankovic J. Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 2008, 79:368-376.
140. Jeyakumar M., Thomas R., Elliot-Smith E., Smith D.A., van der Spoel A.C., d'Azzo A., Perry V.H., Butters T.D., Dwek R.A., Platt F.M. Central nervous system inflammation is a hallmark of pathogenesis in mouse models of GM1 and GM2 gangliosidosis. Brain 2003, 126:974-987.
141. Jin H.J., Kanthasamy A., Ghosh A., Yang Y.J., Anantharam V., Kanthasamy A.G. alpha-Synuclein negatively regulates protein kinase C delta expression to suppress apoptosis in dopaminergic neurons by reducing p300 histone acetyltransferase activity. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:2035-2051.
142. Johansson A.C., Appelqvist H., Nilsson C., Kagedal K., Roberg K., Ollinger K. Regulation of apoptosis-associated lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Apoptosis: Int J Programmed Cell Death 2010, 15:527-540.
143. Johnson J.O., Mandrioli J., Benatar M., Abramzon Y., Van Deerlin V.M., Trojanowski J.Q., Gibbs J.R., Brunetti M., Gronka S., Wuu J., Ding J., McCluskey L., Martinez-Lage M., Falcone D., Hernandez D.G., Arepalli S., Chong S., Schymick J.C., Rothstein J., Landi F., Wang Y.D., Calvo A., Mora G., Sabatelli M., Monsurro M.R., Battistini S., Salvi F., Spataro R., Sola P., Borghero G., Galassi G., Scholz S.W., Taylor J.P., Restagno G., Chio A., Traynor B.J. Exome sequencing reveals VCP mutations as a cause of familial ALS. Neuron 2010, 68:857-864.
144. Johnson M.D., Kinoshita Y., Xiang H., Ghatan S., Morrison R.S. Contribution of p53-dependent caspase activation to neuronal cell death declines with neuronal maturation. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:2996-3006.
145. Kaasik A., Rikk T., Piirsoo A., Zharkovsky T., Zharkovsky A. Up-regulation of lysosomal cathepsin L and autophagy during neuronal death induced by reduced serum and potassium. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2005, 22:1023-1031.
146. Kabeya Y., Kamada Y., Baba M., Takikawa H., Sasaki M., Ohsumi Y. Atg17 functions in cooperation with Atg1 and Atg13 in yeast autophagy. Mol. Biol. Cell 2005, 16:2544-2553.
147. Kabuta T., Suzuki Y., Wada K. Degradation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked mutant Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase proteins by macroautophagy and the proteasome. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:30524-30533.
148. Kawashima T., Inuzuka Y., Okuda J., Kato T., Niizuma S., Tamaki Y., Iwanaga Y., Kawamoto A., Narazaki M., Matsuda T., Adachi S., Takemura G., Kita T., Kimura T., Shioi T. Constitutive SIRT1 overexpression impairs mitochondria and reduces cardiac function in mice. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2011, 51:1026-1036.
149. Kegel K.B., Kim M., Sapp E., McIntyre C., Castano J.G., Aronin N., DiFiglia M. Huntingtin expression stimulates endosomal-lysosomal activity, endosome tubulation, and autophagy. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:7268-7278.
150. Khan M.M., Ahmad A., Ishrat T., Khan M.B., Hoda M.N., Khuwaja G., Raza S.S., Khan A., Javed H., Vaibhav K., Islam F. Resveratrol attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative damage and dopamine depletion in rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 2010, 1328:139-151.
151. Kim D., Nguyen M.D., Dobbin M.M., Fischer A., Sananbenesi F., Rodgers J.T., Delalle I., Baur J.A., Sui G., Armour S.M., Puigserver P., Sinclair D.A., Tsai L.H. SIRT1 deacetylase protects against neurodegeneration in models for Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. EMBO J. 2007, 26:3169-3179.
152. Kim H.S., Suh Y.H. Minocycline and neurodegenerative diseases. Behav. Brain Res. 2009, 196:168-179.
153. Kim J.E., Ryu H.J., Kim M.J., Kim D.W., Kwon O.S., Choi S.Y., Kang T.C. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate phosphatase/chronophin induces astroglial apoptosis via actin-depolymerizing factor/cofilin system in the rat brain following status epilepticus. Glia 2010, 58:1937-1948.
154. Kim Y.J., Yi Y., Sapp E., Wang Y., Cuiffo B., Kegel K.B., Qin Z.H., Aronin N., DiFiglia M. Caspase 3-cleaved N-terminal fragments of wild-type and mutant huntingtin are present in normal and Huntington's disease brains, associate with membranes, and undergo calpain-dependent proteolysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2001, 98:12784-12789.
155. Kitada T., Asakawa S., Hattori N., Matsumine H., Yamamura Y., Minoshima S., Yokochi M., Mizuno Y., Shimizu N. Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature 1998, 392:605-608.
156. Klamt F., Zdanov S., Levine R.L., Pariser A., Zhang Y., Zhang B., Yu L.R., Veenstra T.D., Shacter E. Oxidant-induced apoptosis is mediated by oxidation of the actin-regulatory protein cofilin. Nat. Cell Biol. 2009, 11:1241-1246.
157. Koga H., Martinez-Vicente M., Arias E., Kaushik S., Sulzer D., Cuervo A.M. Constitutive upregulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy in Huntington's disease. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:18492-18505.
158. Komatsu M., Waguri S., Chiba T., Murata S., Iwata J., Tanida I., Ueno T., Koike M., Uchiyama Y., Kominami E., Tanaka K. Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice. Nature 2006, 441:880-884.
159. Korolchuk V.I., Menzies F.M., Rubinsztein D.C. Mechanisms of cross-talk between the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems. FEBS Lett. 2010, 584:1393-1398.
160. Kountouras J., Zavos C., Polyzos S.A., Deretzi G., Vardaka E., Giartza-Taxidou E., Katsinelos P., Rapti E., Chatzopoulos D., Tzilves D., Stergiopoulos C., Christodoulou K. Helicobacter pylori infection and Parkinson's disease: apoptosis as an underlying common contributor. Eur. J. Neurol. 2012, 19:e56.
161. Krebiehl G., Ruckerbauer S., Burbulla L.F., Kieper N., Maurer B., Waak J., Wolburg H., Gizatullina Z., Gellerich F.N., Woitalla D., Riess O., Kahle P.J., Proikas-Cezanne T., Kruger R. Reduced basal autophagy and impaired mitochondrial dynamics due to loss of Parkinson's disease-associated protein DJ-1. PLoS ONE 2010, 5.
162. Kreutzberg G.W. Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci. 1996, 19:312-318.
163. Kroemer G., Jaattela M. Lysosomes and autophagy in cell death control. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2005, 5:886-897.
164. Kuida K., Zheng T.S., Na S., Kuan C., Yang D., Karasuyama H., Rakic P., Flavell R.A. Decreased apoptosis in the brain and premature lethality in CPP32-deficient mice. Nature 1996, 384:368-372.
165. Kwak S., Kawahara Y. Deficient RNA editing of GluR2 and neuronal death in amyotropic lateral sclerosis. J. Mol. Med. (Berl.) 2005, 83:110-120.
166. Lakhani S.A., Masud A., Kuida K., Porter G.A., Booth C.J., Mehal W.Z., Inayat I., Flavell R.A. Caspases 3 and 7: key mediators of mitochondrial events of apoptosis. Science 2006, 311:847-851.
167. Lakshmana M.K., Chung J.Y., Wickramarachchi S., Tak E., Bianchi E., Koo E.H., Kang D.E. A fragment of the scaffolding protein RanBP9 is increased in Alzheimer's disease brains and strongly potentiates amyloid-beta peptide generation. FASEB J. 2010, 24:119-127.
168. Lamy L., Ngo V.N., Emre N.C., Shaffer A.L., Yang Y., Tian E., Nair V., Kruhlak M.J., Zingone A., Landgren O., Staudt L.M. Control of autophagic cell death by caspase-10 in multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell 2013, 23:435-449.
169. Lazarou M., Jin S.M., Kane L.A., Youle R.J. Role of PINK1 binding to the TOM complex and alternate intracellular membranes in recruitment and activation of the E3 ligase parkin. Dev. Cell 2012, 22:320-333.
170. Leavitt B.R., van Raamsdonk J.M., Shehadeh J., Fernandes H., Murphy Z., Graham R.K., Wellington C.L., Raymond L.A., Hayden M.R. Wild-type huntingtin protects neurons from excitotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 2006, 96:1121-1129.
171. Lee E.W., Seo J., Jeong M., Lee S., Song J. The roles of FADD in extrinsic apoptosis and necroptosis. BMB Rep. 2012, 45:496-508.
172. Lee F.K., Wong A.K., Lee Y.W., Wan O.W., Chan H.Y., Chung K.K. The role of ubiquitin linkages on alpha-synuclein induced-toxicity in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem. 2009, 110:208-219.
173. Lee I.H., Cao L., Mostoslavsky R., Lombard D.B., Liu J., Bruns N.E., Tsokos M., Alt F.W., Finkel T. A role for the NAD-dependent deacetylase Sirt1 in the regulation of autophagy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105:3374-3379.
174. Lee J.A., Beigneux A., Ahmad S.T., Young S.G., Gao F.B. ESCRT-III dysfunction causes autophagosome accumulation and neurodegeneration. Curr. Biol. 2007, 17:1561-1567.
175. Lee S., Sato Y., Nixon R.A. Lysosomal proteolysis inhibition selectively disrupts axonal transport of degradative organelles and causes an Alzheimer's-like axonal dystrophy. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:7817-7830.
176. Li J., Huang K.X., Le W.D. Establishing a novel C. elegans model to investigate the role of autophagy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2013, 34:644-650.
177. Li L., Zhang X., Le W. Altered macroautophagy in the spinal cord of SOD1 mutant mice. Autophagy 2008, 4:290-293.
178. Li Y., Sun L.G., Cai T.J., Zhang Y., Lv S.J., Wang Y., Ye L.P. alpha-Synuclein overexpression during manganese-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res. Bull. 2010, 81:428-433.
179. Liang C., Feng P., Ku B., Dotan I., Canaani D., Oh B.H., Jung J.U. Autophagic and tumour suppressor activity of a novel Beclin1-binding protein UVRAG. Nat. Cell Biol. 2006, 8:688-699.
180. Liang C.C., Wang C., Peng X., Gan B., Guan J.L. Neural-specific deletion of FIP200 leads to cerebellar degeneration caused by increased neuronal death and axon degeneration. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:3499-3509.
181. Liang Q.L., Ouyang X.S., Schneider L., Zhang J.H. Reduction of mutant huntingtin accumulation and toxicity by lysosomal cathepsins D and B in neurons. Mol. Neurodegener. 2011, 6.
182. Liberski P.P., Sikorska B., Bratosiewicz-Wasik J., Gajdusek D.C., Brown P. Neuronal cell death in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases) revisited: from apoptosis to autophagy. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2004, 36:2473-2490.
183. Lipinski M.M., Zheng B., Lu T., Yan Z.Y., Py B.F., Ng A., Xavier R.J., Li C., Yankner B.A., Scherzer C.R., Yuan J.Y. Genome-wide analysis reveals mechanisms modulating autophagy in normal brain aging and in Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107:14164-14169.
184. Liu D., Pitta M., Jiang H., Lee J.H., Zhang G., Chen X., Kawamoto E.M., Mattson M.P. Nicotinamide forestalls pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer mice: evidence for improved neuronal bioenergetics and autophagy procession. Neurobiol. Aging 2013, 34:1564-1580.
185. Liu G.H., Qu J., Suzuki K., Nivet E., Li M., Montserrat N., Yi F., Xu X., Ruiz S., Zhang W., Wagner U., Kim A., Ren B., Li Y., Goebl A., Kim J., Soligalla R.D., Dubova I., Thompson J., Yates J., Esteban C.R., Sancho-Martinez I., Izpisua Belmonte J.C. Progressive degeneration of human neural stem cells caused by pathogenic LRRK2. Nature 2012, 491:603-607.
186. Liu Y., Su Y., Wang J., Sun S., Wang T., Qiao X., Run X., Li H., Liang Z. Rapamycin decreases tau phosphorylation at Ser214 through regulation of cAMP-dependent kinase. Neurochem. Int. 2013, 62:458-467.
187. Liu H., Wang P., Song W., Sun X. Degradation of regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) is mediated by both chaperone-mediated autophagy and ubiquitin proteasome pathways. FASEB J. 2009, 23(10):3383-3392.
188. Los M., Mozoluk M., Ferrari D., Stepczynska A., Stroh C., Renz A., Herceg Z., Wang Z.-Q., Schulze-Osthoff K. Activation and caspase-mediated inhibition of PARP: a molecular switch between fibroblast necrosis and apoptosis in death receptor signaling. Mol. Biol. Cell 2002, 13:978-988.
189. Los M., van de Craen M., Penning C.L., Schenk H., Westendorp M., Baeuerle P.A., Dröge W., Krammer P.H., Fiers W., Schulze-Osthoff K. Requirement of an ICE/Ced-3 protease for Fas/Apo-1-1mediated apoptosis. Nature 1995, 371:81-83.
190. Los M., Wesselborg S., Schulze-Osthoff K. The role of caspases in development, immunity, and apoptotic signal transduction: lessons from knockout mice. Immunity 1999, 10:629-639.
191. Lu J.H., Tan J.Q., Durairajan S.S.K., Liu L.F., Zhang Z.H., Ma L., Shen H.M., Chan H.Y.E., Li M. Isorhynchophylline, a natural alkaloid, promotes the degradation of alpha-synuclein in neuronal cells via inducing autophagy. Autophagy 2012, 8:98-108.
192. Luheshi L.M., Crowther D.C., Dobson C.M. Protein misfolding and disease: from the test tube to the organism. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2008, 12:25-31.
193. Lustbader J.W., Cirilli M., Lin C., Xu H.W., Takuma K., Wang N., Caspersen C., Chen X., Pollak S., Chaney M., Trinchese F., Liu S., Gunn-Moore F., Lue L.F., Walker D.G., Kuppusamy P., Zewier Z.L., Arancio O., Stern D., Yan S.S., Wu H. ABAD directly links Abeta to mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Science 2004, 304:448-452.
194. Maddika S., Ande S.R., Wiechec E., Hansen L.L., Wesselborg S., Los M. Akt-mediated phosphorylation of CDK2 regulates its dual role in cell cycle progression and apoptosis. J. Cell Sci. 2008, 121:979-988.
195. Maeda T., Guan J.Z., Koyanagi M., Higuchi Y., Makino N. Aging-associated alteration of telomere length and subtelomeric status in female patients with Parkinson's disease. J. Neurogenet. 2012, 26:245-251.
196. Magrane J., Hervias I., Henning M.S., Damiano M., Kawamata H., Manfredi G. Mutant SOD1 in neuronal mitochondria causes toxicity and mitochondrial dynamics abnormalities. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2009, 18:4552-4564.
197. Majumder S., Richardson A., Strong R., Oddo S. Inducing autophagy by rapamycin before, but not after, the formation of plaques and tangles ameliorates cognitive deficits. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e25416.
198. Manczak M., Anekonda T.S., Henson E., Park B.S., Quinn J., Reddy P.H. Mitochondria are a direct site of A beta accumulation in Alzheimer's disease neurons: implications for free radical generation and oxidative damage in disease progression. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2006, 15:1437-1449.
199. Manjithaya R., Nazarko T.Y., Farre J.C., Subramani S. Molecular mechanism and physiological role of pexophagy. FEBS Lett. 2010, 584:1367-1373.
200. Mantovani S., Garbelli S., Pasini A., Alimonti D., Perotti C., Melazzini M., Bendotti C., Mora G. Immune system alterations in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients suggest an ongoing neuroinflammatory process. J. Neuroimmunol. 2009, 210:73-79.
201. Marambaud P., Zhao H., Davies P. Resveratrol promotes clearance of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:37377-37382.
202. Marino G., Madeo F., Kroemer G. Autophagy for tissue homeostasis and neuroprotection. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2011, 23:198-206.
203. Marobbio C.M., Pisano I., Porcelli V., Lasorsa F.M., Palmieri L. Rapamycin reduces oxidative stress in frataxin-deficient yeast cells. Mitochondrion 2012, 12:156-161.
204. Marongiu R., Spencer B., Crews L., Adame A., Patrick C., Trejo M., Dallapiccola B., Valente E.M., Masliah E. Mutant Pink1 induces mitochondrial dysfunction in a neuronal cell model of Parkinson's disease by disturbing calcium flux. J. Neurochem. 2009, 108:1561-1574.
205. Martin L.J. Mitochondrial and cell death mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010, 3:839-915.
206. Martin L.J. Mitochondrial pathobiology in ALS. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 2011, 43:569-579.
207. Martin L.J., Liu Z. Opportunities for neuroprotection in ALS using cell death mechanism rationales. Drug Discov. Today: Dis. Models 2004, 1:135-143.
208. Martinez-Vicente M., Sovak G., Cuervo A.M. Protein degradation and aging. Exp. Gerontol. 2005, 40:622-633.
209. Martinez-Vicente M., Talloczy Z., Wong E., Tang G.M., Koga H., Kaushik S., de Vries R., Arias E., Harris S., Sulzer D., Cuervo A.M. Cargo recognition failure is responsible for inefficient autophagy in Huntington's disease. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:U567-U574.
210. Maruyama W., Akao Y., Carrillo M.C., Kitani K., Youdium M.B., Naoi M. Neuroprotection by propargylamines in Parkinson's disease: suppression of apoptosis and induction of prosurvival genes. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2002, 24:675-682.
211. Matsunaga K., Saitoh T., Tabata K., Omori H., Satoh T., Kurotori N., Maejima I., Shirahama-Noda K., Ichimura T., Isobe T., Akira S., Noda T., Yoshimori T. Two Beclin 1-binding proteins, Atg14L and Rubicon, reciprocally regulate autophagy at different stages. Nat. Cell Biol. 2009, 11:385-396.
212. Matus S., Castillo K., Hetz C. Hormesis Protecting neurons against cellular stress in Parkinson disease. Autophagy 2012, 8:997-1001.
213. Matus S., Nassif M., Glimcher L.H., Hetz C. XBP-1 deficiency in the nervous system reveals a homeostatic switch to activate autophagy. Autophagy 2009, 5:1226-1228.
214. McGeer P.L., Itagaki S., Boyes B.E., McGeer E.G. Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains. Neurology 1988, 38:1285-1291.
215. McGeer P.L., McGeer E.G. Inflammatory processes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 2002, 26:459-470.
216. McGuire S.O., Ling Z.D., Lipton J.W., Sortwell C.E., Collier T.J., Carvey P.M. Tumor necrosis factor alpha is toxic to embryonic mesencephalic dopamine neurons. Exp. Neurol. 2001, 169:219-230.
217. Mendelsohn A.R., Larrick J.W. Rapamycin as an antiaging therapeutic?: targeting mammalian target of rapamycin to treat Hutchinson-Gilford progeria and neurodegenerative diseases. Rejuvenation Res. 2011, 14:437-441.
218. Miller G.R., Mitchell D.J., Moore H.D. Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012.
219. Milnerwood A.J., Gladding C.M., Pouladi M.A., Kaufman A.M., Hines R.M., Boyd J.D., Ko R.W., Vasuta O.C., Graham R.K., Hayden M.R., Murphy T.H., Raymond L.A. Early increase in extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signaling and expression contributes to phenotype onset in Huntington's disease mice. Neuron 2010, 65:178-190.
220. Minati L., Edginton T., Bruzzone M.G., Giaccone G. Current concepts in Alzheimer's disease: a multidisciplinary review. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen. 2009, 24:95-121.
221. Miura M. Apoptotic and non-apoptotic caspase functions in neural development. Neurochem. Res. 2011, 36:1253-1260.
222. Mizuno Y., Hattori N., Kubo S.I., Sato S., Nishioka K., Hatano T., Tomiyama H., Funayama M., Machida Y., Mochizuki H. Progress in the pathogenesis and genetics of Parkinson's disease. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 2008, 363:2215-2227.
223. Mizushima N. Autophagy: process and function. Genes Dev. 2007, 21:2861-2873.
224. Mizushima N. The role of the Atg1/ULK1 complex in autophagy regulation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2010, 22:132-139.
225. Mizushima N., Levine B., Cuervo A.M., Klionsky D.J. Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion. Nature 2008, 451:1069-1075.
226. Moreau K., Luo S., Rubinsztein D.C. Cytoprotective roles for autophagy. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2010, 22:206-211.
227. Mormone E., Matarrese P., Tinari A., Cannella M., Maglione V., Farrace M.G., Piacentini M., Frati L., Malorni W., Squitieri F. Genotype-dependent priming to self- and xeno-cannibalism in heterozygous and homozygous lymphoblasts from patients with Huntington's disease. J. Neurochem. 2006, 98:1090-1099.
228. Motoyama N., Wang F., Roth K.A., Sawa H., Nakayama K., Negishi I., Senju S., Zhang Q., Fujii S., et al. Massive cell death of immature hematopoietic cells and neurons in Bcl-x-deficient mice. Science 1995, 267:1506-1510.
229. Mughal W., Dhingra R., Kirshenbaum L.A. Striking a balance: autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis in a normal and failing heart. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 2012, 14:540-547.
230. Nagata E., Saiardi A., Tsukamoto H., Satoh T., Itoh Y., Itoh J., Shibata M., Takizawa S., Takagi S. Inositol hexakisphosphate kinases promote autophagy. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2010, 42:2065-2071.
231. Nakagawa T., Zhu H., Morishima N., Li E., Xu J., Yankner B.A., Yuan J. Caspase-12 mediates endoplasmic-reticulum-specific apoptosis and cytotoxicity by amyloid-beta. Nature 2000, 403:98-103.
232. Narendra D., Tanaka A., Suen D.F., Youle R.J. Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy. J. Cell Biol. 2008, 183:795-803.
233. Neumann M., Sampathu D.M., Kwong L.K., Truax A.C., Micsenyi M.C., Chou T.T., Bruce J., Schuck T., Grossman M., Clark C.M., McCluskey L.F., Miller B.L., Masliah E., Mackenzie I.R., Feldman H., Feiden W., Kretzschmar H.A., Trojanowski J.Q., Lee V.M. Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Science 2006, 314:130-133.
234. Nijholt D.A.T., De Kimpe L., Elfrink H.L., Hoozemans J.J.M., Scheper W. Removing protein aggregates: the role of proteolysis in neurodegeneration. Curr. Med. Chem. 2011, 18:2459-2476.
235. Nishitsuji K., Tomiyama T., Ishibashi K., Ito K., Teraoka R., Lambert M.P., Klein W.L., Mori H. The E693Delta mutation in amyloid precursor protein increases intracellular accumulation of amyloid beta oligomers and causes endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in cultured cells. Am. J. Pathol. 2009, 174:957-969.
236. Nixon R.A., Yang D.S. Autophagy and neuronal cell death in neurological disorders. CSH Perspect. Biol. 2012, 4.
237. Nizzari M., Venezia V., Repetto E., Caorsi V., Magrassi R., Gagliani M.C., Carlo P., Florio T., Schettini G., Tacchetti C., Russo T., Diaspro A., Russo C. Amyloid precursor protein and Presenilin1 interact with the adaptor GRB2 and modulate ERK 1,2 signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:13833-13844.
238. Nunomura A., Moreira P.I., Castellani R.J., Lee H.G., Zhu X., Smith M.A., Perry G. Oxidative damage to RNA in aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurotox. Res. 2012, 22:231-248.
239. Oh Y.K., Shin K.S., Kang S.J. AIF translocates to the nucleus in the spinal motor neurons in a mouse model of ALS. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 406:205-210.
240. Ohmi K., Greenberg D.S., Rajavel K.S., Ryazantsev S., Li H.H., Neufeld E.F. Activated microglia in cortex of mouse models of mucopolysaccharidoses I and IIIB. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100:1902-1907.
241. Ohta K., Mizuno A., Ueda M., Li S., Suzuki Y., Hida Y., Hayakawa-Yano Y., Itoh M., Ohta E., Kobori M., Nakagawa T. Autophagy impairment stimulates PS1 expression and gamma-secretase activity. Autophagy 2010, 6:345-352.
242. Olanow C.W., Rascol O., Hauser R., Feigin P.D., Jankovic J., Lang A., Langston W., Melamed E., Poewe W., Stocchi F., Tolosa E. A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson's disease. New Engl. J. Med. 2009, 361:1268-1278.
243. Olcese J.M., Cao C., Mori T., Mamcarz M.B., Maxwell A., Runfeldt M.J., Wang L., Zhang C., Lin X., Zhang G., Arendash G.W. Protection against cognitive deficits and markers of neurodegeneration by long-term oral administration of melatonin in a transgenic model of Alzheimer disease. J. Pineal Res. 2009, 47:82-96.
244. Ondo W.G., Hunter C., Isaacson S.H., Silver D.E., Stewart R.M., Tetrud J.W., Davidson A. Tolerability and efficacy of switching from oral selegiline to Zydis selegiline in patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2011, 17:117-118.
245. Ono K., Naiki H., Yamada M. The development of preventives and therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease that inhibit the formation of beta-amyloid fibrils (fAbeta), as well as destabilize preformed fAbeta. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2006, 12:4357-4375.
246. Orr C.F., Rowe D.B., Mizuno Y., Mori H., Halliday G.M. A possible role for humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Brain 2005, 128:2665-2674.
247. Pallepati P., Averill-Bates D.A. Activation of ER stress and apoptosis by hydrogen peroxide in HeLa cells: protective role of mild heat preconditioning at 40 degrees C. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2011, 1813:1987-1999.
248. Pandi-Perumal S.R., Bahammam A.S., Brown G.M., Spence D.W., Bharti V.K., Kaur C., Hardeland R., Cardinali D.P. Melatonin antioxidative defense: therapeutical implications for aging and neurodegenerative processes. Neurotox. Res. 2012.
249. Parkinson Study Group A controlled trial of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease: the TEMPO Study. Arch Neurol 2002, 59:1937-1943.
250. Parkinson Study Group Mixed lineage kinase inhibitor CEP-1347 fails to delay disability in early Parkinson disease. Neurology 2007, 69:1480-1490.
251. Pasinelli P., Brown R.H. Molecular biology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: insights from genetics. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 7:710-723.
252. Perier C., Bove J., Vila M. Mitochondria and programmed cell death in Parkinson's disease: apoptosis and beyond. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2012, 16:883-895.
253. Pickford F., Masliah E., Britschgi M., Lucin K., Narasimhan R., Jaeger P.A., Small S., Spencer B., Rockenstein E., Levine B., Wyss-Coray T. The autophagy-related protein beclin 1 shows reduced expression in early Alzheimer disease and regulates amyloid beta accumulation in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 2008, 118:2190-2199.
254. Pickrell A.M., Fukui H., Wang X., Pinto M., Moraes C.T. The striatum is highly susceptible to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation dysfunctions. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:9895-9904.
255. Picone P., Carrotta R., Montana G., Nobile M.R., San Biagio P.L., Di Carlo M. Abeta oligomers and fibrillar aggregates induce different apoptotic pathways in LAN5 neuroblastoma cell cultures. Biophys. J. 2009, 96:4200-4211.
256. Polymeropoulos M.H., Lavedan C., Leroy E., Ide S.E., Dehejia A., Dutra A., Pike B., Root H., Rubenstein J., Boyer R., Stenroos E.S., Chandrasekharappa S., Athanassiadou A., Papapetropoulos T., Johnson W.G., Lazzarini A.M., Duvoisin R.C., Di Iorio G., Golbe L.I., Nussbaum R.L. Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease. Science 1997, 276:2045-2047.
257. Puthalakath H., O'Reilly L.A., Gunn P., Lee L., Kelly P.N., Huntington N.D., Hughes P.D., Michalak E.M., McKimm-Breschkin J., Motoyama N., Gotoh T., Akira S., Bouillet P., Strasser A. ER stress triggers apoptosis by activating BH3-only protein Bim. Cell 2007, 129:1337-1349.
258. Qin L., Wu X., Block M.L., Liu Y., Breese G.R., Hong J.S., Knapp D.J., Crews F.T. Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Glia 2007, 55:453-462.
259. Qin Z.H., Wang Y.M., Kegel K.B., Kazantsev A., Apostol B.L., Thompson L.M., Yoder J., Aronin N., DiFiglia M. Autophagy regulates the processing of amino terminal huntingtin fragments. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2003, 12:3231-3244.
260. Qiu C., De Ronchi D., Fratiglioni L. The epidemiology of the dementias: an update. Curr. Opin. Psychiatr. 2007, 20:380-385.
261. Querfurth H.W., LaFerla F.M. Alzheimer's disease. New Engl. J. Med. 2010, 362:329-344.
262. Rahvar M., Nikseresht M., Shafiee S.M., Naghibalhossaini F., Rasti M., Panjehshahin M.R., Owji A.A. Effect of oral resveratrol on the BDNF gene expression in the hippocampus of the rat brain. Neurochem. Res. 2011, 36:761-765.
263. Raine C.S. Multiple sclerosis: immune system molecule expression in the central nervous system. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1994, 53:328-337.
264. Rascol O., Fitzer-Attas C.J., Hauser R., Jankovic J., Lang A., Langston J.W., Melamed E., Poewe W., Stocchi F., Tolosa E., Eyal E., Weiss Y.M., Olanow C.W. A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson's disease (the ADAGIO study): prespecified and post-hoc analyses of the need for additional therapies, changes in UPDRS scores, and non-motor outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 2011, 10:415-423.
265. Rashedi I., Panigrahi S., Ezzati P., Ghavami S., Los M. Autoimmunity and apoptosis - therapeutic implications. Curr. Med. Chem. 2007, 14:3139-3151.
266. Rasool S., Albay R., Martinez-Coria H., Breydo L., Wu J., Milton S., Misra S., Tran A., Pensalfini A., Laferla F., Kayed R., Glabe C.G. Vaccination with a non-human random sequence amyloid oligomer mimic results in improved cognitive function and reduced plaque deposition and micro hemorrhage in Tg2576 mice. Mol. Neurodegener. 2012, 7:37.
267. Ratovitski T., Nakamura M., D'Ambola J., Chighladze E., Liang Y., Wang W., Graham R., Hayden M.R., Borchelt D.R., Hirschhorn R.R., Ross C.A. N-terminal proteolysis of full-length mutant huntingtin in an inducible PC12 cell model of Huntington's disease. Cell Cycle 2007, 6:2970-2981.
268. Ravikumar B., Berger Z., Vacher C., O'Kane C.J., Rubinsztein D.C. Rapamycin pre-treatment protects against apoptosis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2006, 15:1209-1216.
269. Ravikumar B., Duden R., Rubinsztein D.C. Aggregate-prone proteins with polyglutamine and polyalanine expansions are degraded by autophagy. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2002, 11:1107-1117.
270. Ravikumar B., Sarkar S., Davies J.E., Futter M., Garcia-Arencibia M., Green-Thompson Z.W., Jimenez-Sanchez M., Korolchuk V.I., Lichtenberg M., Luo S., Massey D.C., Menzies F.M., Moreau K., Narayanan U., Renna M., Siddiqi F.H., Underwood B.R., Winslow A.R., Rubinsztein D.C. Regulation of mammalian autophagy in physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol. Rev. 2010, 90:1383-1435.
271. Ravikumar B., Vacher C., Berger Z., Davies J.E., Luo S., Oroz L.G., Scaravilli F., Easton D.F., Duden R., O'Kane C.J., Rubinsztein D.C. Inhibition of mTOR induces autophagy and reduces toxicity of polyglutamine expansions in fly and mouse models of Huntington disease. Nat. Genet. 2004, 36:585-595.
272. Reef S., Zalckvar E., Shifman O., Bialik S., Sabanay H., Oren M., Kimchi A. A short mitochondrial form of p19ARF induces autophagy and caspase-independent cell death. Mol. Cell 2006, 22:463-475.
273. Reimertz C., Kogel D., Rami A., Chittenden T., Prehn J.H. Gene expression during ER stress-induced apoptosis in neurons: induction of the BH3-only protein Bbc3/PUMA and activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. J. Cell Biol. 2003, 162:587-597.
274. Repnik U., Stoka V., Turk V., Turk B. Lysosomes and lysosomal cathepsins in cell death. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012, 1824:22-33.
275. Resende R., Ferreiro E., Pereira C., Oliveira C.R. ER stress is involved in Abeta-induced GSK-3beta activation and tau phosphorylation. J. Neurosci. Res. 2008, 86:2091-2099.
276. Resende R., Ferreiro E., Pereira C., Resende de Oliveira C. Neurotoxic effect of oligomeric and fibrillar species of amyloid-beta peptide 1-42: involvement of endoplasmic reticulum calcium release in oligomer-induced cell death. Neuroscience 2008, 155:725-737.
277. Reyes N.A., Fisher J.K., Austgen K., VandenBerg S., Huang E.J., Oakes S.A. Blocking the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway preserves motor neuron viability and function in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 2010, 120:3673-3679.
278. Rhein V., Song X., Wiesner A., Ittner L.M., Baysang G., Meier F., Ozmen L., Bluethmann H., Drose S., Brandt U., Savaskan E., Czech C., Gotz J., Eckert A. Amyloid-beta and tau synergistically impair the oxidative phosphorylation system in triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106:20057-20062.
279. Rose C., Menzies F.M., Renna M., Acevedo-Arozena A., Corrochano S., Sadiq O., Brown S.D., Rubinsztein D.C. Rilmenidine attenuates toxicity of polyglutamine expansions in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010, 19:2144-2153.
280. Rowland L.P., Shneider N.A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 344:1688-1700.
281. Rubinsztein D.C. The roles of intracellular protein-degradation pathways in neurodegeneration. Nature 2006, 443:780-786.
282. Rubinsztein D.C., Carmichael J. Huntington's disease: molecular basis of neurodegeneration. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 2004, 5.
283. Rubinsztein D.C., Marino G., Kroemer G. Autophagy and aging. Cell 2011, 146:682-695.
284. Rubinsztein D.C., Shpilka T., Elazar Z. Mechanisms of autophagosome biogenesis. Curr. Biol. 2012, 22:R29-R34.
285. Sadri-Vakili G., Cha J.H. Mechanisms of disease: histone modifications in Huntington's disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. 2006, 2:330-338.
286. Sala G., Tremolizzo L., Melchionda L., Stefanoni G., Derosa M., Susani E., Pagani A., Perini M., Pettini P., Tavernelli F., Zarcone D., Ferrarese C. A panel of macroautophagy markers in lymphomonocytes of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. 2012, 13:119-124.
287. Samii A., Nutt J.G., Ransom B.R. Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2004, 363:1783-1793.
288. Sarkar S., Davies J.E., Huang Z., Tunnacliffe A., Rubinsztein D.C. Trehalose, a novel mTOR-independent autophagy enhancer, accelerates the clearance of mutant huntingtin and alpha-synuclein. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:5641-5652.
289. Sasaki S. Autophagy in spinal cord motor neurons in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2011, 70:349-359.
290. Sawa A., Wiegand G.W., Cooper J., Margolis R.L., Sharp A.H., Lawler J.F., Greenamyre J.T., Snyder S.H., Ross C.A. Increased apoptosis of Huntington disease lymphoblasts associated with repeat length-dependent mitochondrial depolarization. Nat. Med. 1999, 5:1194-1198.
291. Saxena S., Cabuy E., Caroni P. A role for motoneuron subtype-selective ER stress in disease manifestations of FALS mice. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:627-636.
292. Schapira A.H. Etiology of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2006, 66:S10-S23.
293. Schapira A.H.V. Mitochondrial diseases. Lancet 2012, 379:1825-1834.
294. Seidl S.E., Potashkin J.A. The promise of neuroprotective agents in Parkinson's disease. Front. Neurol. 2011, 2:68.
295. Seshadri S., Wolf P.A. Lifetime risk of stroke and dementia: current concepts, and estimates from the Framingham Study. Lancet Neurol. 2007, 6:1106-1114.
296. Settembre C., Di Malta C., Polito V.A., Garcia Arencibia M., Vetrini F., Erdin S., Erdin S.U., Huynh T., Medina D., Colella P., Sardiello M., Rubinsztein D.C., Ballabio A. TFEB links autophagy to lysosomal biogenesis. Science 2011, 332:1429-1433.
297. Shaw P.J. Molecular and cellular pathways of neurodegeneration in motor neurone disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 2005, 76:1046-1057.
298. Shehadeh J., Fernandes H.B., Zeron Mullins M.M., Graham R.K., Leavitt B.R., Hayden M.R., Raymond L.A. Striatal neuronal apoptosis is preferentially enhanced by NMDA receptor activation in YAC transgenic mouse model of Huntington disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2006, 21:392-403.
299. Shen S., Kepp O., Kroemer G. The end of autophagic cell death?. Autophagy 2012, 8:1-3.
300. Shen S., Kepp O., Michaud M., Martins I., Minoux H., Metivier D., Maiuri M.C., Kroemer R.T., Kroemer G. Association and dissociation of autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis by systematic chemical study. Oncogene 2011, 30:4544-4556.
301. Sheng Z.H., Cai Q. Mitochondrial transport in neurons: impact on synaptic homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2012, 13:77-93.
302. Shi P., Wei Y.M., Zhang J.Y., Gal J., Zhu H.N. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a converging point of multiple pathological pathways in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2010, 20:S311-S324.
303. Shindler K.S., Latham C.B., Roth K.A. Bax deficiency prevents the increased cell death of immature neurons in bcl-x-deficient mice. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:3112-3119.
304. Shrivastava M., Vivekanandhan S., Pati U., Behari M., Das T.K. Mitochondrial perturbance and execution of apoptosis in platelet mitochondria of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int. J. Neurosci. 2011, 121:149-158.
305. Shults C.W. Coenzyme Q10 in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr. Med. Chem. 2003, 10:1917-1921.
306. Siklos L., Engelhardt J., Harati Y., Smith R.G., Joo F., Appel S.H. Ultrastructural evidence for altered calcium in motor nerve terminals in amyotropic lateral sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 1996, 39:203-216.
307. Silva D.F.F., Esteves A.R., Arduino D.M., Oliveira C.R., Cardoso S.M. Amyloid-beta-induced mitochondrial dysfunction impairs the autophagic lysosomal pathway in a tubulin dependent pathway. J. Alzheimer Dis.: JAD 2011, 26:565-581.
308. Smaili S.S., Ureshino R.P., Rodrigues L., Rocha K.K., Carvalho J.T., Oseki K.T., Bincoletto C., Lopes G.S., Hirata H. The role of mitochondrial function in glutamate-dependent metabolism in neuronal cells. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2011, 17:3865-3877.
309. Soo K.Y., Atkin J.D., Farg M., Walker A.K., Horne M.K., Nagley P. Bim links ER stress and apoptosis in cells expressing mutant SOD1 associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS ONE 2012, 7.
310. Sotthibundhu A., Sykes A.M., Fox B., Underwood C.K., Thangnipon W., Coulson E.J. Beta-amyloid(1-42) induces neuronal death through the p75 neurotrophin receptor. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:3941-3946.
311. Spencer B., Potkar R., Trejo M., Rockenstein E., Patrick C., Gindi R., Adame A., Wyss-Coray T., Masliah E. Beclin 1 gene transfer activates autophagy and ameliorates the neurodegenerative pathology in alpha-synuclein models of Parkinson's and Lewy body diseases. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:13578-13588.
312. Spilman P., Podlutskaya N., Hart M.J., Debnath J., Gorostiza O., Bredesen D., Richardson A., Strong R., Galvan V. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin abolishes cognitive deficits and reduces amyloid-beta levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e9979.
313. Sreedharan J., Blair I.P., Tripathi V.B., Hu X., Vance C., Rogelj B., Ackerley S., Durnall J.C., Williams K.L., Buratti E., Baralle F., de Belleroche J., Mitchell J.D., Leigh P.N., Al-Chalabi A., Miller C.C., Nicholson G., Shaw C.E. TDP-43 mutations in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Science 2008, 319:1668-1672.
314. Steele J.W., Gandy S. Latrepirdine (Dimebon(R)), a potential Alzheimer therapeutic, regulates autophagy and neuropathology in an Alzheimer mouse model. Autophagy 2013, 9:617-618.
315. Stone D.K., Reynolds A.D., Mosley R.L., Gendelman H.E. Innate and adaptive immunity for the pathobiology of Parkinson's disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2009, 11:2151-2166.
316. Storch A., Jost W.H., Vieregge P., Spiegel J., Greulich W., Durner J., Muller T., Kupsch A., Henningsen H., Oertel W.H., Fuchs G., Kuhn W., Niklowitz P., Koch R., Herting B., Reichmann H. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on symptomatic effects of coenzyme Q(10) in Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 2007, 64:938-944.
317. Stroh C., Cassens U., Samraj A., Sibrowski W., Schulze-Osthoff K., Los M. The role of caspases in cryoinjury: caspase inhibition strongly improves the recovery of cryopreserved hematopoietic and other cells. FASEB J. 2002, 16:1651-1653.
318. Subramaniam S., Sixt K.M., Barrow R., Snyder S.H. Rhes, a striatal specific protein, mediates mutant-huntingtin cytotoxicity. Science 2009, 324:1327-1330.
319. Sulzer D. Clues to how alpha-synuclein damages neurons in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2010, 25:S27-S31.
320. Surova O., Zhivotovsky B. Various modes of cell death induced by DNA damage. Oncogene 2012.
321. Suzuki K. Selective autophagy in budding yeast. Cell Death Differ. 2013, 20:43-48.
322. Takahashi Y., Coppola D., Matsushita N., Cualing H.D., Sun M., Sato Y., Liang C., Jung J.U., Cheng J.Q., Mule J.J., Pledger W.J., Wang H.G. Bif-1 interacts with Beclin 1 through UVRAG and regulates autophagy and tumorigenesis. Nat. Cell Biol. 2007, 9:1142-1151.
323. Takahashi Y., Meyerkord C.L., Hori T., Runkle K., Fox T.E., Kester M., Loughran T.P., Wang H.G. Bif-1 regulates Atg9 trafficking by mediating the fission of Golgi membranes during autophagy. Autophagy 2011, 7:61-73.
324. Takahashi Y., Meyerkord C.L., Wang H.G. BARgaining membranes for autophagosome formation: Regulation of autophagy and tumorigenesis by Bif-1/Endophilin B1. Autophagy 2008, 4:121-124.
325. Tanaka H., Shimazaki H., Kimura M., Izuta H., Tsuruma K., Shimazawa M., Hara H. Apoptosis-inducing factor and cyclophilin A cotranslocate to the motor neuronal nuclei in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model mice. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2011, 17:294-304.
326. Tashiro Y., Urushitani M., Inoue H., Koike M., Uchiyama Y., Komatsu M., Tanaka K., Yamazaki M., Abe M., Misawa H., Sakimura K., Ito H., Takahashi R. Motor neuron-specific disruption of proteasomes, but not autophagy, replicates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:42984-42994.
327. Tatton W.G., Chalmers-Redman R.M. Modulation of gene expression rather than monoamine oxidase inhibition: (-)-deprenyl-related compounds in controlling neurodegeneration. Neurology 1996, 47:S171-S183.
328. Taylor R.C., Dillin A. Aging as an event of proteostasis collapse. CSH Perspect. Biol. 2011, 3.
329. Tendi E.A., Cunsolo R., Bellia D., Messina R.L., Paratore S., Calissano P., Cavallaro S. Drug target identification for neuronal apoptosis through a genome scale screening. Curr. Med. Chem. 2010, 17:2906-2920.
330. Terman A., Kurz T., Navratil M., Arriaga E.A., Brunk U.T. Mitochondrial turnover and aging of long-lived postmitotic cells: the mitochondrial-lysosomal axis theory of aging. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2010, 12:503-535.
331. Tipton K.F., Boyce S., O'Sullivan J., Davey G.P., Healy J. Monoamine oxidases: certainties and uncertainties. Curr. Med. Chem. 2004, 11:1965-1982.
332. Tooze S.A., Schiavo G. Liaisons dangereuses: autophagy, neuronal survival and neurodegeneration. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2008, 18:504-515.
333. Trempe J.F., Fon E.A. Structure and function of Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1, the three musketeers of neuroprotection. Front. Neurol. 2013, 4:38.
334. Twig G., Shirihai O.S. The interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2011, 14:1939-1951.
335. Uchiyama Y. Autophagic cell death and its execution by lysosomal cathepsins. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 2001, 64:233-246.
336. Vadakkadath Meethal S., Atwood C.S. Lactate dyscrasia: a novel explanation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol. Aging 2012, 33:569-581.
337. Vance C., Rogelj B., Hortobágyi T., De Vos K.J., Nishimura A.L., Sreedharan J., Hu X., Smith B., Ruddy D., Wright P., Ganesalingam J., Williams K.L., Tripathi V., Al-Saraj S., Al-Chalabi A., Leigh P.N., Blair I.P., Nicholson G., de Belleroche J., Gallo J.M., Miller C.C., Shaw C.E. Mutations in FUS, an RNA processing protein, cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 6. Science 2009, 323:1208-1211.
338. Vandenabeele P., Galluzzi L., Vanden Berghe T., Kroemer G. Molecular mechanisms of necroptosis: an ordered cellular explosion. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2010, 11:700-714.
339. Vekrellis K., Xilouri M., Emmanouilidou E., Rideout H.J., Stefanis L. Pathological roles of alpha-synuclein in neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2011, 10:1015-1025.
340. Vila M., Przedborski S. Targeting programmed cell death in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2003, 4:365-375.
341. Vingtdeux V., Chandakkar P., Zhao H., d'Abramo C., Davies P., Marambaud P. Novel synthetic small-molecule activators of AMPK as enhancers of autophagy and amyloid-beta peptide degradation. FASEB J. 2011, 25:219-231.
342. Vingtdeux V., Giliberto L., Zhao H., Chandakkar P., Wu Q., Simon J.E., Janle E.M., Lobo J., Ferruzzi M.G., Davies P., Marambaud P. AMP-activated protein kinase signaling activation by resveratrol modulates amyloid-beta peptide metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:9100-9113.
343. Vis J.C., Schipper E., de Boer-van Huizen R.T., Verbeek M.M., de Waal R.M., Wesseling P., ten Donkelaar H.J., Kremer B. Expression pattern of apoptosis-related markers in Huntington's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2005, 109:321-328.
344. Vogiatzi T., Xilouri M., Vekrellis K., Stefanis L. Wild type alpha-synuclein is degraded by chaperone-mediated autophagy and macroautophagy in neuronal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:23542-23556.
345. Wahner A.D., Bronstein J.M., Bordelon Y.M., Ritz B. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may protect against Parkinson disease. Neurology 2007, 69:1836-1842.
346. Walker F.O. Huntington's disease. Lancet 2007, 369:218-228.
347. Walker L.C., LeVine H. The cerebral proteopathies: neurodegenerative disorders of protein conformation and assembly. Mol. Neurobiol. 2000, 21:83-95.
348. Wang L.H., Besirli C.G., Johnson E.M. Mixed-lineage kinases: a target for the prevention of neurodegeneration. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2004, 44:451-474.
349. Wang P., Li B., Zhou L., Fei E., Wang G. The kdel receptor induces autophagy to promote the clearance of neurodegenerative disease-related proteins. Neuroscience 2011, 190:43-55.
350. Wang X. The antiapoptotic activity of melatonin in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2009, 15:345-357.
351. Wang X., Sirianni A., Pei Z., Cormier K., Smith K., Jiang J., Zhou S., Wang H., Zhao R., Yano H., Kim J.E., Li W., Kristal B.S., Ferrante R.J., Friedlander R.M. The melatonin MT1 receptor axis modulates mutant Huntingtin-mediated toxicity. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:14496-14507.
352. Webb J.L., Ravikumar B., Rubinsztein D.C. Microtubule disruption inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion: implications for studying the roles of aggresomes in polyglutamine diseases. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2004, 36:2541-2550.
353. Weishaupt J.H., Bartels C., Polking E., Dietrich J., Rohde G., Poeggeler B., Mertens N., Sperling S., Bohn M., Huther G., Schneider A., Bach A., Siren A.L., Hardeland R., Bahr M., Nave K.A., Ehrenreich H. Reduced oxidative damage in ALS by high-dose enteral melatonin treatment. J. Pineal Res. 2006, 41:313-323.
354. Wellington C.L., Leavitt B.R., Hayden M.R. Huntington disease: new insights on the role of huntingtin cleavage. J. Neural Trans. Suppl. 2000, 1-17.
355. Wellington C.L., Singaraja R., Ellerby L., Savill J., Roy S., Leavitt B., Cattaneo E., Hackam A., Sharp A., Thornberry N., Nicholson D.W., Bredesen D.E., Hayden M.R. Inhibiting caspase cleavage of huntingtin reduces toxicity and aggregate formation in neuronal and nonneuronal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:19831-19838.
356. Werneburg N., Guicciardi M.E., Yin X.M., Gores G.J. TNF-alpha-mediated lysosomal permeabilization is FAN and caspase 8/Bid dependent. Am. J. Physiol.: Gastrointest. Liver physiol. 2004, 287:G436-G443.
357. White F.A., Keller-Peck C.R., Knudson C.M., Korsmeyer S.J., Snider W.D. Widespread elimination of naturally occurring neuronal death in Bax-deficient mice. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:1428-1439.
358. Wiechec E. Implications of genomic instability in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2011, 11:445-453.
359. Wiechec E., Hansen L.L. The effect of genetic variability on drug response in conventional breast cancer treatment. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 625:122-130.
360. Wu D.C., Jackson-Lewis V., Vila M., Tieu K., Teismann P., Vadseth C., Choi D.K., Ischiropoulos H., Przedborski S. Blockade of microglial activation is neuroprotective in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson disease. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:1763-1771.
361. Wu Y., Li X., Zhu J.X., Xie W., Le W., Fan Z., Jankovic J., Pan T. Resveratrol-activated AMPK/SIRT1/autophagy in cellular models of Parkinson's disease. Neurosignals 2011, 19:163-174.
362. Wu Y.T., Tan H.L., Shui G., Bauvy C., Huang Q., Wenk M.R., Ong C.N., Codogno P., Shen H.M. Dual role of 3-methyladenine in modulation of autophagy via different temporal patterns of inhibition on class I and III phosphoinositide 3-kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:10850-10861.
363. Wyss-Coray T. Inflammation in Alzheimer disease: driving force, bystander or beneficial response?. Nat. Med. 2006, 12:1005-1015.
364. Xie R., Nguyen S., McKeehan K., Wang F., McKeehan W.L., Liu L.Y. Microtubule-associated protein 1S (MAP1S) bridges autophagic components with microtubules and mitochondria to affect autophagosomal biogenesis and degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286:10367-10377.
365. Xilouri M., Stefanis L. Autophagy in the central nervous system: implications for neurodegenerative disorders. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2010, 9:701-719.
366. Yakovlev A.G., Ota K., Wang G., Movsesyan V., Bao W.L., Yoshihara K., Faden A.I. Differential expression of apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 and caspase-3 genes and susceptibility to apoptosis during brain development and after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:7439-7446.
367. Yamamoto A., Friedlein A., Imai Y., Takahashi R., Kahle P.J., Haass C. Parkin phosphorylation and modulation of its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:3390-3399.
368. Yamanaka K., Sasagawa Y., Ogura T. Recent advances in p97/VCP/Cdc48 cellular functions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012, 1823:130-137.
369. Yang D.S., Kumar A., Stavrides P., Peterson J., Peterhoff C.M., Pawlik M., Levy E., Cataldo A.M., Nixon R.A. Neuronal apoptosis and autophagy cross talk in aging PS/APP mice, a model of Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 2008, 173:665-681.
370. Yoshida H., Kong Y.Y., Yoshida R., Elia A.J., Hakem A., Hakem R., Penninger J.M., Mak T.W. Apaf1 is required for mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis and brain development. Cell 1998, 94:739-750.
371. Youdim M.B., Bar Am O., Yogev-Falach M., Weinreb O., Maruyama W., Naoi M., Amit T. Rasagiline: neurodegeneration, neuroprotection, and mitochondrial permeability transition. J. Neurosci. Res. 2005, 79:172-179.
372. Youle R.J., van der Bliek A.M. Mitochondrial fission, fusion, and stress. Science 2012, 337:1062-1065.
373. Yu L., Wan F., Dutta S., Welsh S., Liu Z., Freundt E., Baehrecke E.H., Lenardo M. Autophagic programmed cell death by selective catalase degradation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103:4952-4957.
374. Yu W.F., Mechawar N., Krantic S., Quirion R. alpha 7 Nicotinic receptor activation reduces beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-independent death through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. J. Neurochem. 2011, 119:848-858.
375. Yu W.H., Cuervo A.M., Kumar A., Peterhoff C.M., Schmidt S.D., Lee J.H., Mohan P.S., Mercken M., Farmery M.R., Tjernberg L.O., Jiang Y., Duff K., Uchiyama Y., Naslund J., Mathews P.M., Cataldo A.M., Nixon R.A. Macroautophagy - a novel Beta-amyloid peptide-generating pathway activated in Alzheimer's disease. J. Cell Biol. 2005, 171:87-98.
376. Zhang K., Shi P., An T., Wang Q., Wang J., Li Z., Duan W., Li C., Guo Y. Food restriction-induced autophagy modulates degradation of mutant SOD1 in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model. Brain Res. 2013.
377. Zhang X.J., Li L.A., Chen S., Yang D.H., Wang Y., Zhang X., Wang Z., Le W.D. Rapamycin treatment augments motor neuron degeneration in SOD1 (G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Autophagy 2011, 7:412-425.
378. Zheng S., Clabough E.B., Sarkar S., Futter M., Rubinsztein D.C., Zeitlin S.O. Deletion of the huntingtin polyglutamine stretch enhances neuronal autophagy and longevity in mice. PLoS Genet. 2010, 6:e1000838.
379. Zhou W., Zhu M., Wilson M.A., Petsko G.A., Fink A.L. The oxidation state of DJ-1 regulates its chaperone activity toward alpha-synuclein. J. Mol. Biol. 2006, 356:1036-1048.
380. Zimprich A., Biskup S., Leitner P., Lichtner P., Farrer M., Lincoln S., Kachergus J., Hulihan M., Uitti R.J., Calne D.B., Stoessl A.J., Pfeiffer R.F., Patenge N., Carbajal I.C., Vieregge P., Asmus F., Muller-Myhsok B., Dickson D.W., Meitinger T., Strom T.M., Wszolek Z.K., Gasser T. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology. Neuron 2004, 44:601-607.
381. Zou T., Xiao B., Tang J., Zhang H., Tang X. Downregulation of Pael-R expression in a Parkinson's disease cell model reduces apoptosis. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2012, 19:1433-1436.
382. Zuccato C., Valenza M., Cattaneo E. Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutical targets in Huntington's disease. Physiol. Rev. 2010, 90:905-981.