Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 287-306

  Scalbert, Augustin ^a   Manach, Claudine ^a   Morand, Christine ^a   Rémésy, Christian ^a   Jiménez, Liliana ^b  

^a CEMAGREF   (France)

^b DANONE RESEARCH   (France)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Cancers; Cardiovascular diseases; Diabetes; Flavonoids; Neurodegenerative diseases; Osteoporosis; Polyphenols

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; THEOBROMA CACAO;

ANTIOXIDANT; FLAVONOID; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; POLYPHENOLS;

ANIMAL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; FEMALE; HUMAN; NEOPLASM; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; FEMALE; FLAVONOIDS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL; PHENOLS; PRIMARY PREVENTION;

EID: 14744302388     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1040869059096     Document Type: Review

References (301)

1. Scalbert, A. and Williamson, G. 2000. Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J. Nutr., 130:20738-20858.
2. Shahidi, F. and Naczk, M. 1995. Food phenolics, sources, chemistry, effects, applications. Lancaster, PA, Technomic Publishing Co. Inc.
3. Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., and Jimenez, L. 2004. Polyphenols-Food sources and bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., in press.
4. Yang, C.S., Lee, M.J., Chen, L.S., and Yang, G.Y. 1997. Polyphenols as inhibitors of carcinogenesis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105:971-976.
5. Kehrer, J.P. and Smith, C.V. 1994. Free radicals in biology: Sources, reactivities, and roles in the etiology of human diseases. In: Natural antioxidants. 25-62. Frei, B., ed. San Diego, Academic Press.
6. Rice-Evans, C. and Miller, N.J. 1994. Total antioxidant status in plasma and body fluids. Methods Enzymol, 234:279-293.
7. Cao, G., Russell, R.M., Lischner, N., and Prior, R.L. 1998. Serum antioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawberries, spinach, red wine or vitamin C in elderly women. J. Nutr., 128:2383-2390.
8. Ghiselli, A., Serafini, M., Maiani, G., Azzini, E., and Ferro-Luzzi, A. 1995. A fluorescence-based method for measuring total plasma antioxidant capability. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 18:29-36.
9. Benzie, I.F. and Strain, J.J. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": The FRAP assay. Anal. Biochem., 239:70-76.
10. Velioglu, Y.S., Mazza, G., Gao, L., and Oomah, B.D. 1998. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46:4113-4117.
11. Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, N.J., Bolwell, P.O., Bramley, P.M., and Pridham, J.B. 1995. The relative antioxidant activities of plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoids. Free Radical Res., 22:375-383.
12. Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, N.J., and Paganga, G. 1996. Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 20:933-956.
13. [ 13] Guo, C., Cao, G., Sofic, E., and Prior, R.L. 1997. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with coulometric array detection of electroactive components in fruits and vegetables: Relationship to oxygen radical absorbance capacity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 45:1787-1796.
14. Manach, C., Morand, C., Crespy, V., Demigné, C., Texier, O., Régérat, F., and Rémésy, C. 1998. Quercetin is recovered in human plasma as conjugated derivatives which retain antioxidant properties. FEBS Lett., 426:331-336.
15. Cavalieri, E.L., Stack, D.E., Devanesan, P.D., Todorovic, R., Dwivedy, I., Higginbotham, S., Johansson, S.L., Patil, K.D., Gross, M.L., Gooden, J.K., Ramanathan, R., Cerny, R.L., and Rogan, E.G. 1997. Molecular origin of cancer: Catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones as endogenous tumor initiators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94:10937-10942.
16. Bachur, N.R., Gordon, S.L., and Gee, M.V. 1978. A general mechanism for microsomal activation of quinone anticancer agents to free radicals. Cancer Res., 38:1745-1750.
17. Baez, S., Segura-Aguilar, J., Widersten, M., Johansson, A.S., and Mannervik, B. 1997. Glutathione transferases catalyse the detoxication of oxidized metabolites (o-quinones) of catecholamines and may serve as an antioxidant system preventing degenerative cellular processes. Biochem. J., 324:25-28.
18. Zhu, B.T., Ezell, E.L., and Liehr, J.G. 1994. Catechol-O- methyltransferase-catalyzed rapid O-methylation of mutagenic flavonoids. Metabolic inactivation as a possible reason for their lack of carcinogenicity in vivo. J. Biol. Chem., 269:292-299.
19. Dangles, O., Dufour, C., Manach, C., Morand, C., and Rémé sy, C. 2001. Binding of flavonoids to plasma proteins. Methods Enzymol., 335:319-333.
20. Laranjinha, J. 2001. Redox cycles of caffeic acid with alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate. Methods Enzymol., 335:282-295.
21. Haddad, J.J. 2002. Antioxidant and prooxidant mechanisms in the regulation of redox(y)-sensitive transcription factors. Cell Signal, 14:879-897.
22. Whitehead, T.P., Robinson, D., Allaway, S., Syms, J., and Halc, A. 1995. Effect of red wine ingestion on the antioxidant capacity of serum. Clin. Chem., 41:32-35.
23. Miyazawa, T., Fujimoto, K., Suzuki, T., and Yasuda, K. 1994. Determination of phospholipid hydroperoxides using luminol chemiluminescence- high-performance liquid chromatography. Methods Enzymol., 233:324-332.
24. Leenen, R., Roodenburg, A.J., Tijburg, L.B., and Wiseman, S.A. 2000. A single dose of tea with or without milk increases plasma antioxidant activity in humans. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 54:87-92.
25. Serafini, M., Ghiselli, A., and Ferro-Luzzi, A. 1996. In vivo antioxidant effect of green and black tea in man. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 50:28-32.
26. Maxwell, S., and Thorpe, G. 1996. Tea flavonoids have little short term impact on serum antioxidant activity. British Medical Journal, 313:229.
27. Serafini, M., Laranjinha, J.A., Almeida, L.M., and Maiani, G. 2000. Inhibition of human LDL lipid peroxidation by phenol-rich beverages and their impact on plasma total antioxidant capacity in humans. J. Nutr. Biochem., 11:585-590.
28. Serafini, M., Maiani, G., and Ferro-Luzzi, A. 1998. Alcohol-free red wine enhances plasma antioxidant capacity in humans. J. Nutr., 128:1003-1007.
29. Fuhrman, B., Lavy, A., and Aviram, M. 1995. Consumption of red wine with meals reduces the susceptibility of human plasma and low-density lipoprotein to lipid peroxidation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61:549-554.
30. Maxwell, S., Cruickshank, A., and Thoipe, G. 1994. Red wine and antioxidant activity in serum. Lancet, 344:193-194.
31. Carbonneau, M.A., Leger, C.L., Monnier, L., Bonnet, C., Michel, F., Fouret, G., Dedieu, F., and Descomps, B. 1997. Supplementation with wine phenolic compounds increases the antioxidant capacity of plasma and vitamin E of low-density lipoprotein without changing the lipoprotein Cu(2+)-oxidizability: Possible explanation by phenolic location. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 51:682-690.
32. Ghiselli, A., Natella, F., Guidi, A., Montanari, L., Fantozzi, P., and Scaccini, C. 2000. Beer increases plasma antioxidant capacity in humans. J. Nutr. biochem., 11:76-80.
33. Nakagawa, K., Ninomiya, M., Okubo, T., Aoi, N., Juneja, L.R., Kim, M., Yamanaka, K., and Miyazawa, T. 1999. Tea catechin supplementation increases antioxidant capacity and prevents phospholipid hydroperoxidation in plasma of humans. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47:3967-3973.
34. Young, J.F., Nielsen, S.E., Haraldsdottir, J., Daneshvar, B., Lauridsen, S.T., Knuthsen, P., Crozier, A., Sandstrom, B., and Dragsted, L.O. 1999. Effect of fruit juice intake on urinary quercetin excretion and biomarkers of antioxidative status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69:87-94.
35. Rein, D., Lotito, S., Holt, R.R., Keen, C.L., Schmitz, H.H., and Fraga, C.G. 2000. Epicatechin in human plasma: In vivo determination and effect of chocolate consumption on plasma oxidation status. J. Nutr., 130:21098-2114S.
36. Sharpe, P.C., McGrath, L.T., McClean, E., Young, I.S., and Archbold, G.P. 1995. Effect of red wine consumption on lipoprotein (a) and other risk factors for atherosclerosis. Q. J. Med., 88:101-108.
37. Hodgson, J.M., Puddey, I.B., Croft, K.D., Mori, T.A., Rivera, J., and Beilin, L.J. 1999. Isoflavonoids do not inhibit in vivo lipid peroxidation in subjects with high-normal blood pressure. Atherosclerosis, 145:167-172.
38. Laughton, M.J., Halliwell, B., Evans, P.J., and Hoult, J.R. 1989. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant actions of the plant phenolics quercetin, gossypol and myricetin. Effects on lipid peroxidation, hydroxyl radical generation and bleomycin-dependent damage to DNA. Biochem. Pharmacol., 38:2859-2865.
39. Shirahata, S., Murakami, H., Nishiyama, K., Yamada, K., Nonaka, G., Nishioka, I., and Omura, H. 1989. DNA breakage by flavan-3-ols and procyanidins in the presence of cupric ion. J. Agric. Food Chem., 37:299-303.
40. Sakagami, H., Kuribayashi, N., Iida, M., Sakagami, T., Takeda, M., Fukuchi, K., Gomi, K., Ohata, H., Momose, K., Kawazoe, Y., Hatano, T., Yoshida, T., and Okuda, T. 1995. Induction of DNA fragmentation by tannin- and lignin-related substances. Anticanc. Res., 15:2121-2128.
41. Vance, R.E. and Teel, R.W. 1989. Effect of tannic acid on rat liver S9 mediated mutagenesis, metabolism and DNA binding of benzo[a]pyrene. Cancer Lett., 47:37-44.
42. Wood, A.W., Huang, M.T., Chang, R.L., Newmark, H.L., Lehr, R.E., Yagi, H., Sayer, J.M., Jerina, D.M., and Conney, A.H. 1982. Inhibition of the mutagenicity of bay-region diol epoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by naturally occurring plant phenols: Exceptional activity of ellagic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79:5513-5517.
43. Sayer, J.M., Yagi, H., Wood, A.W, Conney, A.H., and Jerina, D.M. 1982. Extremely facile reaction between the ultimate carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene-7,8- diol 9,10-epoxide and ellagic acid. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104:5562-5564.
44. Mukhtar, H., Das, M., Del Tito, B.J., and Bickers, D.R. 1984. Protection against 3-mehtylcholanthrene-induced skin tumorigenicity in BALB/c mice by ellagic acid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 119:751-757.
45. Casalini, C., Lodovici, M., Briani, C., Paganelli, G., Remy, S., Cheynier, V., and Dolara, P. 1999. Effect of complex polyphenols and tannins from red wine (WCPT) on chemically induced oxidative DNA damage in the rat. Eur. J. Nutr., 38:190-195.
46. Takagi, A., Sai, K., Umemura, T., Hasegawa, R., and Kurokawa, Y. 1995. Inhibitory effects of vitamin E and ellagic acid on 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation in the liver nuclear DNA of rats treated with 2-nitropropane. Cancer Lett., 91:139-144.
47. Giovannelli, L., Testa, G., De Filippo, C., Cheynier, V., Clifford, M.N., and Dolara, P. 2000. Effect of complex polyphenols and tannins from red wine on DNA oxidative damage of rat colon mucosa in vivo. Eur. J. Nutr., 39:207-212.
48. Lodovici, M., Casalini, C., De Filippo, C., Copeland, E., Xu, X., Clifford, M., and Dolara, P. 2000. Inhibition of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced oxidative DNA damage in rat colon mucosa by black tea complex polyphenols. Food Chem. Toxicol., 38:1085-1088.
49. Huber, W.W., McDaniel, L.P., Kaderlik, K.R., Teitel, C.H., Lang, N.P., and Kadlubar, F.F. 1997. Chemoprotection against the formation of colon DNA adducts from the food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) in the rat. Mutat. Res., 376:115-122.
50. Lampe, J.W. 1999. Health effects of vegetables and fruit: Assessing mechanisms of action in human experimental studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 70:475S-490S.
51. Leighton, F., Cuevas, A., Guasch, V., Perez, D.D., Strobel, P., San Martin, A., Urzua, U., Diez, M.S., Foncea, R., Castillo, O., Mizon, C., Espinoza, M.A., Urquiaga, U., Rozowski, J., Maiz, A., and Germain, A. 1999. Plasma polyphenols and antioxidants, oxidative DNA damage and endothelial function in a diet and wine intervention study in humans. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res., 25:133-141.
52. Boyle, S.P., Dobson, V.L., Duthie, S.J., Kyle, J.A., and Collins, A.R. 2000. Absorption and DNA protective effects of flavonoid glycosides from an onion meal. Eur. J. Nutr., 39:213-223.
53. Lean, M.E., Noroozi, M., Kelly, I., Burns, J., Talwar, D., Sattar, N., and Crozier, A. 1999. Dietary flavonols protect diabetic human lymphocytes against oxidative damage to DNA. Diabetes, 48:176-181.
54. Beatty, E.R., O'Reilly, J.D., England, T.G., McAnlis, G.T., Young, I.S., Geissler, C.A., Sanders, T.A., and Wiseman, H. 2000. Effect of dietary quercetin on oxidative DNA damage in healthy human subjects. Br. J. Nutr., 84:919-925.
55. Young, J.F., Dragstedt, L.O., Haraldsdottir, J., Daneshvar, B., Kal, M.A., Loft, S., Nilsson, L., Nielsen, S.E., Mayer, B., Skibsted, L.H., Huynh-Ba, T., Hermetter, A., and Sandstrom, B. 2002. Green tea extract only affects markers of oxidative status postprandially: Lasting antioxidant effect of flavonoid-free diet. Br. J. Nutr., 87:343-355.
56. Collins, A.R. 1999. Oxidative DNA damage, antioxidants, and cancer. Bioessays, 21:238-246.
57. Liao, K. and Yin, M. 2000. Individual and combined antioxidant effects of seven phenolic agents in human erythrocyte membrane ghosts and phosphatidylcholine liposome systems: Importance of the partition coefficient. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48:2266-2270.
58. daSilva, E.L., Piskula, M.K., Yamamoto, N., Moon, J.H., and Terao, J. 1998. Quercetin metabolites inhibit copper ion-induced lipid peroxidation in rat plasma. FEBS Lett., 430:405-408.
59. Hayek, T., Fuhrman, B., Vaya, J., Rosenblat, M., Belinky, P., Coleman, R., Elis, A., and Aviram, M. 1997. Reduced progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice following consumption of red wine, or its polyphenols quercetin or catechin, is associated with reduced susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and aggregation. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 17:2744-2752.
60. Miura, Y., Chiba, T., Tomita, I., Koizumi, H., Miura, S., Umegaki, K., Hara, Y., Ikeda, M., and Tomita, T. 2001. Tea catechins prevent the development of atherosclerosis in apoprotein E-deficient mice. J. Nutr., 131:27-32.
61. Kaplan, M., Hayek, T., Raz, A., Coleman, R., Dornfeld, L., Vaya, J., and Aviram, M. 2001. Pomegranate juice supplementation to atherosclerotic mice reduces macrophage lipid peroxidation, cellular cholesterol accumulation and development of atherosclerosis. J. Nutr., 131:2082-2089.
62. Yamakoshi, J., Kataoka, S., Koga, T., and Ariga, T. 1999. Proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds attenuates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis, 142:139-149.
63. Zhu, Q.Y., Huang, Y., Tsang, D., and Chen, Z.Y. 1999. Regeneration of alpha-tocopherol in human low-density lipoprotein by green tea catechin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47:2020-2025.
64. Ishikawa, T., Suzukawa, M., Ito, T., Yoshida, H., Ayaori, M., Nishiwaki, M., Yonemura, A., Hara, Y., and Nakamura, H. 1997. Effect of tea flavonoid supplementation on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66:261-266.
65. Kondo, K., Matsumoto, A., Kurata, H., Tanahashi, H., Koda, H., Amachi, T, and Itakura, H. 1994. Inhibition of oxidation of low-density lipoprotein with red wine. Lancet, 344:1152.
66. Kondo, K., Hirano, R., Matsumoto, A., Igarashi, O., and Itakura, H. 1996. Inhibition of LDL oxidation by cocoa. Lancet, 348:1514.
67. Aviram, M., Dornfeld, L., Rosenblat, M., Volkova, N., Kaplan, M., Coleman, R., Hayek, T., Presser, D., and Fuhrman, B. 2000. Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: Studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71:1062-1076.
68. Osakabe, N., Natsume, M., Adachi, T., Yamagishi, M., Hirano, R., Takizawa, T., Itakura, H., and Kondo, K. 2000. Effects of cacao liquor polyphenols on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J. Atheroscler Thromb., 7:164-168.
69. de Rijke, Y.B., Demacker, P.N.M., Assen, N.A., Sloots, L.M., Katan, M.B., and Stalenhoef, A.F.H. 1996. Red wine consumption does not affect oxidizability of low-density lipoproteins in volunteers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63:329-334.
70. van het Hof, K.H., deBoer, H.S.M., Wiseman, S.A., Lien, N., Weststrate, J.A., and Tijburg, L.B.M. 1997. Consumption of green or black tea does not increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66:1125-1132.
71. van het Hof, K.H., Wiseman, S.A., Yang, C.S., and Tijburg, L.B. 1999. Plasma and lipoprotein levels of tea catechins following repeated tea consumption. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 220:203-209.
72. Princen, H.M., van Duyvenvoorde, W., Buytenhek, R., Blonk, C., Tijburg, L.B., Langius, J.A., Meinders, A.E., and Pijl, H. 1998. No effect of consumption of green and black tea on plasma lipid and antioxidant levels and on LDL oxidation in smokers. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 18:833-841.
73. Abu-Amsha Caccetta, R.A., Croft, K.D., Beilin, L.J., and Puddey, I.B. 2000. Ingestion of red wine significantly increases plasma phenolic acid concentrations but does not acutely affect ex vivo lipoprotein oxidizability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71:67-74.
74. Kaamanen, M., Adlercreutz, H., Jauhiainen, M., and Tikkanen, M.J. 2003. Accumulation of genistein and lipophilic genistein derivatives in lipoproteins during incubation with human plasma in vitro. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1631:147-152.
75. Maeda, K., Kuzuya, M., Cheng, X.W., Asai, T., Kanda, S., Tamaya-Mori, N., Sasaki, T., Shibata, T., and Iguchi, A. 2003. Green tea catechins inhibit the cultured smooth muscle cell invasion through the basement barrier. Atherosclerosis, 166:23-30.
76. Lu, L.H., Lee, S.S., and Huang, H.C. 1998. Epigallocatechin suppression of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells: Correlation with c-jun and JNK. Br. J. Pharmacol., 124:1227-1237.
77. Tebib, K., Besancon, P., and Rouanet, J.M. 1994. Dietary grape seed tannins affect lipoproteins, lipoprotein lipases and tissue lipids in rats fed hypercholesterolemic diets. J. Nutr., 124:2451-2457.
78. Montforte, M.T., Trovato, A., Kirjavainen, S., Forestieri, A.M., Galati, E.M., and Lo Curto, R.B. 1995. Biological effects of heperidin, a Citrus flavonoid. Hypolipidemic activity on experimenal hypercholesterolemia in rat. Il. Farmaco., 50:595-599.
79. Lee, S.H., Park, Y.B., Bae, K.H., Bok, S.H., Kwon, Y.K., Lee, E.S., and Choi, M.S. 1999. Cholesterol-lowering activity of naringenin via inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and acyl coenzyme A: Cholesterol acyltransferase in rats. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 43:173-180.
80. Bok, S.H., Lee, S.H., Park, Y.B., Bae, K.H., Son, K.H., Jeong, T.S., and Choi, M.S. 1999. Plasma and hepatic cholesterol and hepatic activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase and acyl CoA: Cholesterol transferase are lower in rats fed citrus peel extract or a mixture of citrus bioflavonoids. J. Nutr., 129:1182-1185.
81. Hodgson, J.M., Puddey, I.E., Burke, V., Beilin, L.J., Mori, T.A., and Chan, S.Y. 2002. Acute effects of ingestion of black tea on postprandial platelet aggregation inhuman subjects. Br J. Nutr., 87:141-145.
82. Nestel, P.J., Yamashita, T., Sasahara, T., Pomeroy, S., Dart, A., Komesaroff, P., Owen, A., and Abbey, M. 1997. Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 17:3392-3398.
83. Simons, L.A., von Konigsmark, M., Simons, J., and Celermajer, D.S. 2000. Phytoestrogens do not influence lipoprotein levels or endothelial function in healthy, postmenopausal women. Am. J. Cardiol., 85:1297-1301.
84. Hodgson, J.M., Puddey, I.B., Beilin, L.J., Mori, T.A., and Croft, K.D. 1998. Supplementation with isoflavonoid phytoestrogens does not alter serum lipid concentrations: A randomized controlled trial in humans. J. Nutr., 128:728-732.
85. Sagesaka-Mitane, Y., Miwa, M., and Okada, S. 1990. Platelet aggregation inhibitors in hot water extract of green tea. Chem. Pharm. Bull (Tokyo), 38:790-793.
86. Russo, P., Tedesco, I., Russo, M., Russo, G.L., Venezia, A., and Cicala, C. 2001. Effects of de-alcoholated red wine and its phenolic fractions on platelet aggregation. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., 11:25-29.
87. Ruf, J.C., Berger, J.L., and Renaud, S. 1995. Platelet rebound effect of alcohol withdrawal and wine drinking in rats-Relation to tannins and lipid peroxidation. Arterioscl. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 15:140-144.
88. Wollny, T., Aiello, L., Di Tommaso, D., Bellavia, V., Rotilio, D., Donati, M.B., de Gaetano, G., and Iacoviello, L. 1999. Modulation of haemostatic function and prevention of experimental thrombosis by red wine in rats: A role for increased nitric oxide production. Br. J. Pharmacol., 127:747-755.
89. Demrow, H.S., Slane, P.R., and Folts, J.D. 1995. Administration of wine and grape juice inhibits in vivo platelet activity and thrombosis in stenosed canine coronary arteries. Circulation, 91:1182-1188.
90. Osman, H.E., Maalej, N., Shanmuganayagam, D., and Folts, J.D. 1998. Grape juice but not orange or grapefruit juice inhibits platelet activity in dogs and monkeys. J. Nutr., 128:2307-2312.
91. Rein, D., Paglieroni, T.G., Wun, T., Pearson, D.A., Schmitz, H.H., Gosselin, R., and Keen, C.L. 2000. Cocoa inhibits platelet activation and function. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72:30-35.
92. Keevil, J.G., Osman, H.E., Reed, J.D., and Folts, J.D. 2000. Grape juice, but not orange juice or grapefruit juice, inhibits human platelet aggregation. J. Nutr., 130:53-56.
93. Duffy, S.J., Vita, J.A., Holbrook, M., Swerdloff, P.L., and Keaney, J.F., Jr. 2001. Effect of acute and chronic tea consumption on platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 21:1084-1089.
94. Janssen, K., Mensink, R., Cox, F., Harryvan, J., Hovenier, R., Hollman, R, and Katan, M. 1998. Effects of the flavonoids quercetin and apigenin on hemostasis in healthy volunteers: Results from an in vitro and a dietary supplement study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 67:255-425.
95. Dent, S.B., Peterson, C.T., Brace, L.D., Swain, J.H., Reddy, M.B., Hanson, K.B., Robinson, J.G., and Alekel, D.L. 2001. Soy protein intake by perimenopausal women does not affect circulating lipids and lipoproteins or coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. J. Nutr., 131:2280-2287.
96. Celermajer, D.S., Sorensen, K.E., Gooch, V.M., Spiegelhalter, D.J., Miller, O.I., Sullivan, I.D., Lloyd, J.K., and Deanfield, J.E. 1992. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet, 340:1111-1115.
97. Schächinger, V., Britten, M.B., and Zeiher, A.M. 2000. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation, 101:1899-1906.
98. Andriambeloson, E., Magnier, C., Haan-Archipoff, G., Lobstein, A., Anton, R., Beretz, A., Stoclet, J.C., and Andriantsitohaina, R. 1998. Natural dietary polyphenolic compounds cause endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rat thoracic aorta. J. Nutr., 128:2324-2333.
99. Honoré, E.K., Williams, J.K., Anthony, M.S., and Clarkson, T.B. 1997. Soy isoflavones enhance coronary vascular reactivity in atherosclerotic female macaques. Fertility and Sterility, 67:148-154.
100. Chen, C.K. and Paceasciak, C.R. 1996. Vasorelaxing activity of resveratrol and quercetin in isolated rat aorta. General Pharmacology, 27:363-366.
101. Karim, M., McCormick, K., and Kappagoda, C.T. 2000. Effects of cocoa extracts on endothelium-dependent relaxation. J. Nutr., 130:21058-2108S.
102. Duffy, S.J., Keaney, J.F., Jr., Holbrook, M., Gokce, N., Swerdloff, P.L., Frei, B., and Vita, J.A. 2001. Short- and long-term black tea consumption reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation, 104:151-156.
103. Cuevas, A.M., Guasch, V., Castillo, O., Irribarra, V., Mizon, C., San Martin, A., Strobel, P., Perez, D., Germain, A.M., and Leighton, F. 2000. A high-fat diet induces and red wine counteracts endothelial dysfunction in human volunteers [In Process Citation]. Lipids, 35:143-148.
104. Peters, U., Poole, C., and Arab, L. 2001. Does tea affect cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol., 154:495-503.
105. Rotondo, S., Di Castelnuovo, A., and de Gaetano, G. 2001. The relationship between wine consumption and cardiovascular risk: From epidemiological evidence to biological plausibility. Ital. Heart J., 2:1-8.
106. Hertog, M.G.L., Sweetman, P.M., Fehily, A.M., Elwood, P.C., and Kromhout, D. 1997. Antioxidant flavonols and ischemic heart disease in a Welsh population of men: The Caerphilly Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65:1489-1494.
107. Woodward, M. and Tunstall-Pedoe, H. 1999. Coffee and tea consumption in the Scottish Heart Health Study follow up: Conflicting relations with coronary risk factors, coronary disease, and all cause mortality. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 53:481-487.
108. Knekt, P., Jarvinen, R., Reunanen, A., and Maatela, J. 1996. Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: A cohort study. British Medical Journal, 312:478-481.
109. Hertog, M.G.L., Kromhout, D., Aravanis, C., Blackburn, H., Buzina, R., Fidanza, F., Giampaoli, S., Jansen, A., Menotti, A., Nedeljkovic, S., Pekkarinen, M., Simic, B.S., Toshima, H., Feskens, E.J.M., Hollman, P.C.H., and Katan, M.B. 1995. Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the Seven Countries Study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 155:381-386.
110. Hirvonen, T., Pietinen, P., Virtanen, M., Ovaskainen, M.L., Hakkinen, S., Albanes, D., and Virtamo, J. 2001. Intake of flavonols and flavones and risk of coronary heart disease in male smokers. Epidemiology, 12:62-67.
111. Yochum, L., Kushi, L.H., Meyer, K., and Folsom, A.R. 1999. Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Am. J. Epidemiol., 149:943-949.
112. Arts, I.C., Jacobs, D.R., Jr., Harnack, L.J., Gross, M., and Folsom, A.R. 2001. Dietary catechins in relation to coronary heart disease death among postmenopausal women. Epidemiology, 12:668-675.
113. Arts, I.C., Hollman, P.C., Feskens, E.J., Bueno de Mesquita, H.B., and Kromhout, D. 2001. Catechin intake might explain the inverse relation between tea consumption and ischemic heart disease: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 74:227-232.
114. Yang, C.S., Landau, J.M., Huang, M.T., and Newmark, H.L. 2001. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by dietary polyphenolic compounds. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 21:381-406.
115. Johnson, I.T., Williamson, G., and Musk, S.R.R. 1994. Anticarcinogenic factors in plant foods: A new class of nutrients?. Nutr. Res. Rev., 7:175-204.
116. Suschetet, M., Siess, M.-H., Le Bon, A.-M., and Canivenc-Lavier, M.-C. 1997. Anticarcinogenic properties of some flavonoids. In: Polyphenols 96, 165-204. Vercauteren, J., Chèze, C., and Triaud, J. ed. Paris, INRA Editions.
117. Talalay, P., De Long, M.J., and Prochaska, H.J. 1988. Identification of a common chemical signal regulating the induction of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:8261-8265.
118. Webster, R.P., Gawde, M.D., and Bhattacharya, R.K. 1996. Protective effect of rutin, a flavonol glycoside, on the carcinogen-induced DNA damage and repair enzymes in rats. Cancer Letters, 109:185-191.
119. Imanishi, H., Sasaki, Y.F., Ohta, T., Watanabe, M., Kato, T., and Shirasu, Y. 1991. Tea tannin components modify the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in mutagen-treated cultured mammalian cells and mice. Mutation Res., 259:79-87.
120. Agullo, G., Gametpayrastre, L., Fernandez, Y., Anciaux, N., Demigne, C., and Remsey, C. 1996. Comparative effects of flavonoids on the growth, viability and metabolism of a colonic adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29 cells). Cancer Letters, 105:61-70.
121. Kuntz, S., Wenzel, U., and Daniel, H. 1999. Comparative analysis of the effects of flavonoids on proliferation, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in human colon cancer cell lines. Eur J. Nutr., 38:133-142.
122. Dong, Z., Ma, W., Huang, C., and Yang, C.S. 1997. Inhibition of tumor promoter-induced activator protein 1 activation and cell transformation by tea polyphenols, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, and theaflavins. Cancer Res., 57:4414-4419.
123. Barthelman, M., Bair, W.B., 3rd, Stickland, K.K., Chen, W., Timmermann, B.N., Valcic, S., Dong, Z., and Bowden, G.T. 1998. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3- gallate inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced AP-1 activity. Carcinogenesis, 19:2201-2204.
124. Lin, J.K., Chen, Y.C., Huang, Y.T., and Lin-Shiau, S.Y. 1997. Suppression of protein kinase C and nuclear oncogene expression as possible molecular mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by apigenin and curcumin. J. Cell Biochem. Suppl., 28-29:39-48.
125. Schneider, Y., Vincent, F., Duranton, B., Badolo, L., Gosse, F., Bergmann, C., Seiler, N., and Raul, F. 2000. Anti-proliferative effect of resveratrol, a natural component of grapes and wine, on human colonic cancer cells. Cancer Lett., 158:85-91.
126. Gupta, S., Ahmad, N., Mohan, R.R., Husain, M.M., and Mukhtar, H. 1999. Prostate cancer chemoprevention by green tea: In vitro and in vivo inhibition of testosterone-mediated induction of ornithine decarboxylase. Cancer Res., 59:2115-2120.
127. Metz, N., Lobstein, A., Schneider, Y., Gosse, F., Schleiffer, R., Anton, R., and Raul, F. 2000. Suppression of azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic lesions and inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 activity in the colonic mucosa of rats drinking a crude green tea extract. Nutr. Cancer, 38:60-64.
128. Kuiper, G.G., Lemmen, J.G., Calisson, B., Corton, J.C., Safe, S.H., van der Saag, P.T., van der Burg, B., and Gustafsson, J.A. 1998. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology, 139:4252-4263.
129. Collins-Burow, B.M., Burow, M.E., Duong, B.N., and McLachlan, J.A. 2000. Estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of flavonoid phytochemicals through estrogen receptor binding-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Nutr. Cancer, 38:229-244.
130. Lamartiniere, C.A., Cotroneo, M.S., Fritz, W.A., Wang, J. 2002. Mentor-Marcel, R., and Elgavish, A., Genistein chemoprevention: Timing and mechanisms of action in murine mammary and prostate. J. Nutr., 132:552S-558S.
131. Ishikawa, Y. and Kitamura, M. 2000. Bioflavonoid quercetin inhibits mitosis and apoptosis of glomerular cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res., Commun., 279:629-634.
132. Gee, J.M., Kara, H., and Johnson, I.T. 2002. Suppression of intestinal crypt cell proliferation and aberrant crypt foci by dietary quercetin in rats. Nutr. Cancer, 43:193-201.
133. Spencer, J.P., Schroeter, H., Kuhnle, G., Srai, S.K., Tyrrell, R. M., Hahn, U., and Rice-Evans, C. 2001. Epicatechin and its in vivo metabolite, 3′-O-methyl epicatechin, protect human fibroblasts from oxidative-stress-induced cell death involving caspase-3 activation. Biochem. J., 354:493-500.
134. Ishikawa, Y. and Kitamura, M. 2000. Anti-apoptotic effect of quercetin: Intervention in the JNK- and ERK-mediated apoptotic pathways. Kidney Int., 58:1078-1087.
135. McCarty, M.F. 1998. Polyphenol-mediated inhibition of AP-1 transactivating activity may slow cancer growth by impeding angiogenesis and tumor invasiveness. Med. Hypotheses, 50:511-514.
136. Cao, Y. and Cao, R. 1999. Angiogenesis inhibited by drinking tea. Nature, 398:381.
137. Demeule, M., Brossard, M., Page, M., Gingras, D., and Beliveau, R. 2000. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition by green tea catechins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1478:51-60.
138. Maeda-Yamamoto, M., Kawahara, H., Tahara, N., Tsuji, K., Hara, Y., and Isemura, M. 1999. Effects of tea polyphenols on the invasion and matrix metalloproteinases activities of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47:2350-2354.
139. Naasani, I., Oh-Hashi, F., Oh-Hara, T., Feng, W.Y., Johnston, J., Chan, K., and Tsuruo, T. 2003. Blocking telomerase by dietary polyphenols is a major mechanism for limiting the growth of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer. Res., 63:824-830.
140. Flohe, L., Brigelius-Flohe, R., Saliou, C., Traber, M. G., and Packer, L. 1997. Redox regulation of NF-kappa B activation. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 22:1115-1126.
141. Ahmad, N., Gupta, S., and Mukhtar, H. 2000. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate differentially modulates nuclear factor kappaB in cancer cells versus normal cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 376:338-346.
142. Suganuma, M., Sueoka, E., Sueoka, N., Okabe, S., and Fujiki, H. 2000. Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea polyphenols based on inhibition of TNF-alpha expression. Biofactors, 13:67-72.
143. Nomura, M., Ma, W., Chen, N., Bode, A.M., and Dong, Z. 2000. Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced NF-kappaB activation by tea polyphenols, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavins. Carcinogenesis, 21:1885-1890.
144. Ferry, D.R., Smith, A., Malkhandi, J., Fyfe, D.W., de Takats, P.O., Anderson, D., Baker, J., and Kerr, D.J. 1996. Phase I clinical trial of the flavonoid quercetin: pharmacokinetics and evidence for in vivo tyrosine kinase inhibition. Clin. Cancer Res., 2:659-668.
145. Jang, M., Cai, L., Udeani, G.O., Slowing, K.V., Thomas, C.F., Beecher, C.W.W., Fong, H.H.S., Farnsworth, N.R., Kinghorn, A.D., Mehta, R.G., and Pezzuto, J.M. 1997. Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science, 275:218-220.
146. Frankel, E.N., Waterhouse, A.L., and Teissedre, P.L. 1995. Principal phenolic phytochemicals in selected California wines and their antioxidant activity in inhibiting oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins. J. Agric. Food Chem., 43:890-894.
147. Lutz, U., Lugli, S., Bitsch, A., Schlatter, J., and Lutz, W.K. 1997. Dose response for the stimulation of cell division by caffeic acid in forestomach and kidney of the male F344 rat. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 39:131-137.
148. Hsieh, C.Y., Santell, R.C., Haslam, S.Z., and Helferich, W.O. 1998. Estrogenic effects of genistein on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive
149. Davis, J.N., Kucuk, O., and Sarkar, F.H. 2002. Expression of prostatespecific antigen is transcriptionally regulated by genistein in prostate cancer cells. Mol. Carcinog., 34:91-101.
150. Levites, Y., Weinreb, O., Maor, G., Youdim, M.B., and Mandel, S. 2001. Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. J. Neurochem., 78:1073-1082.
151. Rucker, R. and Storms, D. 2002. Interspecies comparisons of micronutrient requirements: Metabolic vs. absolute body size. J. Nutr., 132:2999-3000.
152. Kimira, M., Arai, Y., Shimoi, K., and Watanabe, S. 1998. Japanese intake of flavonoids and isoflavonoids from foods. J. Epidemiol., 8:168-175.
153. Shimoi, K., Saka, N., Nozawa, R., Sato, M., Amano, I., Nakayama, T., and Kinae, N. 2001. Deglucuronidation of a flavonoid, luteolin monoglucuronide, during inflammation. Drug Metab. Dispos., 29:1521-1524.
154. Spencer, J.P., Schroeter, H., Crossthwaithe, A.J., Kuhnle, G., Williams, R.J., and Rice-Evans, C. 2001. Contrasting influences of glucuronidation and O-methylation of epicatechin on hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in neurons and fibroblasts. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 31:1139-1146.
155. Yoshizumi, M., Tsuchiya, K., Suzaki, Y., Kirima, K., Kyaw, M., Moon, J.H., Terao, J., and Tamaki, T. 2002. Quercetin glucuronide prevents VSMC hypertrophy by angiotensin II via the inhibition of JNK and AP-1 signaling pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 293:1458-1465.
156. Zhang, Y., Song, T.T., Cunnick, J.E., Murphy, P.A., and Hendrich, S. 1999. Daidzein and genistein glucuronides in vitro are weakly estrogenic and activate human natural killer cells at nutritionally relevant concentrations. J. Nutr., 129:399-405.
157. Sturgeon, C. 2002. Practice guidelines for tumor marker use in the clinic. Clin. Chem., 48:1151-1159.
158. Fujimoto, N., Sueoka, N., Sueoka, E., Okabe, S., Suganuma, M., Harada, M., and Fujiki, H. 2002. Lung cancer prevention with (-)-epigallocatechin gallate using monitoring by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein B1. Int. J. Oncol, 20:1233-1239.
159. Urban, D., Irwin, W., Kirk, M., Markiewicz, M.A., Myers, R., Smith, M., Weiss, H., Grizzle, W.E., and Barnes, S. 2001. The effect of isolated soy protein on plasma biomarkers in elderly men with elevated serum prostate specific antigen. J. Urol., 165:294-300.
160. Lu, L.J., Anderson, K.E., Grady, J.J., Kohen, F., and Nagamani, M. 2000. Decreased ovarian hormones during a soya diet: Implications for breast cancer prevention. Cancer Res., 60:4112-4121.
161. Suganuma, M., Okabe, S., Kai, Y., Sueoka, N., Sueoka, E., and Fujiki, H. 1999. Synergistic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate with (-)-epicatechin, sulindac, or tamoxifen on cancer-preventive activity in the human lung cancer cell line PC-9. Cancer Res., 59:44-47.
162. Scambia, G., Ranelletti, F.O., Benedetti Panici, P., Bonanno, G., De Vincenzo, R., Piantelli, M., and Mancuso, S. 1990. Synergistic antiproliferative activity of quercetin and cisplatin on ovarian cancer cell growth. Anticancer Drugs, 1:45-48.
163. Cipak, L., Rauko, P., Miadokova, E., Cipakova, I., and Novotny, L. 2003. Effects of flavonoids on cisplatin-induced apoptosis of HL-60 and L1210 leukemia cells. Leuk. Res., 27:65-72.
164. Sadzuka, Y., Sugiyama, T., and Hirota, S. 1998. Modulation of cancel-chemotherapy by green tea. Clin Cancer Res., 4:153-156.
165. Bracke, M.E., Depypere, H.T., Boterberg, T., Van Marck, V.L., Vennekens, K.M., Vanluchene, E., Nuytinck, M., Serreyn, R., and Mareel, M.M. 1999. Influence of tangeretin on tamoxifen's therapeutic benefit in mammary cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 91:354-359.
166. Tavani, A. and La Vecchia, C. 2000. Coffee and cancer: A review of epidemiological studies, 1990-1999. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 9:241-256.
167. Sun, C.L., Yuan, J.M., Lee, M.J., Yang, C.S., Gao, Y.T., Ross, R.K., and Yu, M.C. 2002. Urinary tea polyphenols in relation to gastric and esophageal cancers: A prospective study of men in Shanghai, China. Carcinogenesis., 23:1497-1503.
168. Su, L.J. and Arab, L. 2002. Tea consumption and the reduced risk of colon cancer-results from a national prospective cohort study. Public Health Nutr., 5:419-425.
169. Blot, W.J., McLaughlin, J.K., and Chow, W.H. 1997. Cancer rates among drinkers of black tea. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 37:739-760.
170. Yang, C.S., Maliakal, P., and Meng, X. 2002. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol, 42:25-54.
171. Hoshiyama, Y., Kawaguchi, T., Miura, Y., Mizoue, T., Tokui, N., Yatsuya, H., Sakata, K., Kondo, T., Kikuchi, S., Toyoshima, H., Hayakawa, N., Tamakoshi, A., Ohno, Y., and Yoshimura, T. 2004. A nested case-control study of stomach cancer in relation to green tea consumption in Japan. Br. J. Cancer., 90:135-138.
172. Hartman, T.J., Tangrea, J.A., Pietinen, P., Malila, N., Virtanen, M., Taylor, P.R., and Albanes, D. 1998. Tea and coffee consumption and risk of colon and rectal cancer in middle-aged Finnish men. Nutr. Cancer, 31:41-48.
173. Gronbaek, M., Becker, U., Johansen, D., Tonnesen, H., Jensen, G., and Sorensen, T.I.A. 1998. Population based cohort study of the association between alcohol intake and cancer of the upper digestive tract. Brit. Med. J., 317:844-847.
174. Prescott, E., Gronbaek, M., Becker, U., and Sorensen, T.I. 1999. Alcohol intake and the risk of lung cancer: Influence of type of alcoholic beverage. Am. J. Epidemiol., 149:463-470.
175. Bosetti, C., La Vecchia, C., Negri, E., and Franceschi, S. 2000. Wine and other types of alcoholic beverages and the risk of esophageal cancer. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 54:918-920.
176. Carpenter, C.L., Morgenstern, H., and London, S.J. 1998. Alcoholic beverage consumption and lung cancer risk among residents of Los Angeles County. J. Nutr., 128:694-700.
177. Viel, J.F., Perarnau, J.M., Challier, B., and Faivre-Nappez, I. 1997. Alcoholic calories, red wine consumption and breast cancer among premenopausal women. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 13:639-643.
178. Ferraroni, M., Decarli, A., Franceschi, S., and La Vecchia, C. 1998. Alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer: A multicentre Italian case-control study. Eur. J. Cancer, 34:1403-1409.
179. Lopez-Carrillo, L., Lopez-Cervantes, M., Ramirez-Espitia, A., Rueda, C., Fernandez-Ortega, C., and Orozco-Rivadeneyra, S. 1998. Alcohol consumption and gastric cancer in Mexico. Cad. Saude. Publica., 14(Suppl 3):25-32.
180. Rose, G. and Day, S. 1990. The population mean predicts the number of deviant individuals. Brit. Med. J., 301:1031-1034.
181. Knekt, P., Kumpulainen, J., Jarvinen, R., Rissanen, H., Heliovaara, M., Reunanen, A., Hakulinen, T., and Aromaa, A. 2002. Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76:560-568.
182. Knekt, P., Jarvinen, R., Seppanen, R., Heliovaara, M., Teppo, L., Pukkala, E., and Aromaa, A. 1997. Dietary flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer and other malignant neoplasms. American Journal of Epidemiology, 146:223-230.
183. Stefani, E.D., Boffetta, P., Deneo-Pellegrini, H., Mendilaharsu, M., Carzoglio, J.C., Ronco, A., and Olivera, L. 1999. Dietary antioxidants and lung cancer risk: A case-control study in Uruguay. Nutr. Cancer, 34:100-110.
184. [ 184] Le Marchand, L., Murphy, S.P., Hankin, J.H., Wilkens, L.R., and Kolonel, L.N. 2000. Intake of flavonoids and lung cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 92:154-160.
185. Hirvonen, T., Virtamo, J., Korhonen, P., Albanes, D., and Pietinen, P. 2001. Flavonol and flavone intake and the risk of cancer in male smokers (Finland). Cancer Causes Control, 12:789-796.
186. Garcia-Closas, R., Agudo, A., Gonzalez, C.A., and Riboli, E. 1998. Intake of specific carotenoids and flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer in women in Barcelona, Spain. Nutr. Cancer, 32:154-158.
187. Goldbohm, R.A., Hertog, M.G.L., Brants, H.A.M., van Poppel, G., and van denBrandt, P.A. 1997. Intake of flavonoids and cancer risk: A prospective cohort study, in COST 916 Bioactive plant cell wall components in nutrition and health, 159-166. Amado, R., Andersson, H., Bardocz, S., and Serra, F. European Communities, Aberdeen, Scotland.
188. Garcia-Closas, R., Gonzalez, C.A., Agudo, A., and Riboli, E. 1999. Intake of specific carotenoids and flavonoids and the risk of gastric cancer in Spain. Cancer Causes Control, 10:71-75.
189. De Stefani, E., Ronco, A., Mendilaharsu, M., and Deneo-Pellegrini, H. 1999. Diet and risk of cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract-II. Nutrients. Oral. Oncol., 35:22-26.
190. Arts, I.C., Hollman, P.C., Bueno De Mesquita, H.B., Feskens, E.J., and Kromhout, D. 2001. Dietary catechins and epithelial cancer incidence: The Zutphen elderly study. Int. J. Cancer, 92:298-302.
191. Arts, I.C., Jacobs, D.R., Jr., Gross, M., Harnack, L.J., and Folsom, A.R. 2002. Dietary catechins and cancer incidence among postmenopausal women: The Iowa Women's Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 13:373-382.
192. Messina, M.J., Persky, V., Setchell, K.D.R., and Barnes, S. 1994. Soy intake and cancer risk: A review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Nutr. Cancer, 21:113-131.
193. Jacobs, D.R., Jr., Marquart, L., Slavin, J., and Kushi, L.H. 1998. Wholegrain intake and cancer: An expanded review and meta-analysis. Nutr. Cancer, 30:85-96.
194. Adlercreutz, H., Fotsis, T., Heikkinen, R., Dwyer, J.T., Woods, M., Goldin, B.R., and Gorbach, S.L. 1982. Excretion of the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol and of equol in omnivorous and vegetarian postmenopausal women and in women with breast cancer. Lancet, 2:1295-1299.
195. Murkies, A., Dalais, F.S., Briganti, E.M., Burger, H.G., Healy, D.L., Wahlqvist, M.L., and Davis, S.R. 2000. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: A case control study. Menopause, 7:289-296.
196. Ingram, D., Sanders, K., Kolybaba, M., and Lopez, D. 1997. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Lancet, 350:990-994.
197. den Tonkelaar, I., Keinan-Boker, L., Veer, P.V., Arts, C.J., Adlercreutz, H., Thijssen, J.H., and Peeters, P.H. 2001. Urinary phytoestrogens and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10:223-228.
198. Hulten, K., Winkvist, A., Lenner, P., Johansson, R., Adlercreutz, H., and Hallmans, G. 2002. An incident case-referent study on plasma enterolactone and breast cancer risk. Eur. J. Nutr., 41:168-176.
199. Strom, S.S., Yamamura, Y., Duphorne, C.M., Spitz, M.R., Babaian, R.J., Pillow, P.C., and Hursting, S.D. 1999. Phytoestrogen intake and prostate cancer: A case-control study using a new database. Nutr. Cancer, 33:20-25.
200. Akaza, H., Miyanaga, N., Takashima, N., Naito, S., Hirao, Y., Tsukamoto, T., and Mori, M. 2002. Is daidzein non-metabolizer a high risk for prostate cancer? A case-controlled study of serum soybean isoflavone concentration. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., 32:296-300.
201. Stattin, P., Adlercreutz, H., Tenkanen, L., Jellum, E., Lumme, S., Hallmans, G., Harvei, S., Teppo, L., Stumpf, K., Luostarinen, T., Lehtinen, M., Dillner, J., and Hakama, M. 2002. Circulating enterolactone and prostate cancer risk: A Nordic nested case-control study. Int. J. Cancer, 99:124-129.
202. McCann, S.E., Moysich, K.B., Freudenheim, J.L., Ambrosone, C.B., and Shields, P.G. 2002. The risk of breast cancer associated with dietary lignans differs by CYP17 genotype in women. J. Nutr., 132:3036-3041.
203. Hertog, M.G.L., Hollman, P.C.H., Katan, M.B., and Kromhout, D. 1993. Intake of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids and their determinants in adults in The Netherland. Nutr. Cancer, 20:21-29.
204. Cantuti-Castelvetri, I., Shukitt-Hale, B., and Joseph, J.A. 2000. Neurobehavioral aspects of antioxidants in aging. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 18:367-381.
205. Halliwell, B. 2001. Role of free radicals in the neurodegenerative diseases: Therapeutic implications for antioxidant treatment. Drugs Aging, 18:685-716.
206. Joseph, J.A., Shukitt-Hale, B., Denisova, N.A., Prior, R.L., Cao, G., Martin, A., Taglialatela, G., and Bickford, P.C. 1998. Long-term dietary strawberry, spinach, or vitamin E supplementation retards the onset of age-related neuronal signal-transduction and cognitive behavioral deficits. J. Neurosci., 18:8047-8055.
207. Joseph, J.A., Shukitt-Hale, B., Denisova, N.A., Bielinski, D., Martin, A., McEwen, J.J., and Bickford, P.C. 1999. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. J. Neurosci., 19:8114-8121.
208. Martin, A., Prior, R., Shukitt-Hale, B., Cao, G., and Joseph, J.A. 2000. Effect of fruits, vegetables, or vitamin E-rich diet on vitamins E and C distribution in peripheral and brain tissues: Implications for brain function. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 55:B144-B151.
209. Matsuoka, Y., Hasegawa, H., Okuda, S., Muraki, T., Uruno, T., and Kubota, K. 1995. Ameliorative effects of tea catechins on active oxygen-related nerve cell injuries. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 274:602-608.
210. Sun, G.Y., Xia, J., Draczynska-Lusiak, B., Simonyi, A., and Sun, A.Y. 1999. Grape polyphenols protect neurodegenerative changes induced by chronic ethanol administration. Neuroreport, 10:93-96.
211. Yan, J.J., Cho, J.Y., Kim, H.S., Kim, K.L., Jung, J.S., Huh, S.O., Suh, H.W., Kim, Y.H., and Song, D.K. 2001. Protection against beta-amyloid peptide toxicity in vivo with long-term administration of ferulic acid. Br. J. Pharmacol, 133:89-96.
212. Lim, G.P., Chu, T., Yang, F., Beech, W., Frautschy, S.A., and Cole, G.M. 2001. The curry spice curcumin reduces oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse. J. Neurosci., 21:8370-8377.
213. Levites, Y., Amit, T., Youdim, M.B., and Mandel, S. 2002. Involvement of protein kinase C activation and cell survival/cell cycle genes in green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate neuroprotective action Attenuation of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and cell death by tea extracts in neuronal cultures. J. Biol. Chem., 63:21-29.
214. Levites, Y., Youdim, M.B., Maor, G., and Mandel, S. 2002. Attenuation of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and cell death by tea extracts in neuronal cultures. Biochem. Pharmacol., 63:21-29.
215. Choi, Y.T., Jung, C.H., Lee, S.R., Bae, J.H., Baek, W.K., Suh, M.H., Park, J., Park, C.W., and Suh, S.I. 2001. The green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate attenuates beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Life. Sci., 70:603-614.
216. Chang, H.C., Churchwell, M.I., Delclos, K.B., Newbold, R.R., and Doerge, D.R. 2000. Mass spectrometric determination of genistein tissue distribution in diet-exposed Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Nutr., 130:1963-1970.
217. Tsai, T.H. 2002. Determination of naringin in rat blood, brain, liver, and bile using microdialysis and its interaction with cyclosporin a, a p-glycoprotein modulator. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50:6669-6674.
218. Mullen, W., Graf, B.A., Caldwell, S.T., Hartley, R.C., Duthie, G.G., Edwards, C.A., Lean, M.E., and Crozier, A. 2002. Determination of flavonol metabolites in plasma and tissues of rats by HPLC-radiocounting and tandem mass spectrometry following oral ingestion of [2-(14)C]quercetin-4′-glucoside. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50:6902-6909.
219. Peng, H.W., Cheng, F.C., Huang, Y.T., Chen, C.F., and Tsai, T.H. 1998. Determination of naringenin and its glucuronide conjugate in rat plasma and brain tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B. Biomed. Sci. Appl., 714:369-374.
220. Orgogozo, J.-M., Dartigues, J.-E., Lafont, S., Letenneur, L., Commenges, D., Salamon, R., Renaud, S., and Breteler, M.B. 1997. Wine consumption and dementia in the ederly: A prospective community study in the Bordeaux area. Rev. Neurol. (Paris), 153:185-192.
221. Lindsay, J., Laurin, D., Verreault, R., Hebert, R., Helliwell, B., Hill, G.B., and McDowell, I. 2002. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: A prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Am. J. Epidemiol., 156:445-453.
222. Truelsen, T., Thudium, D., and Gronbaek, M. 2002. Amount and type of alcohol and risk of dementia: The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Neurology, 59:1313-1319.
223. Zuccala, G., Onder, G., Pedone, C., Cesari, M., Landi, F., Bernabei, R., and Cocchi, A. 2001. Dose-related impact of alcohol consumption on cognitive function in advanced age: results of a multicenter survey. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res., 25:1743-1748.
224. Commenges, D., Scotet, V., Renaud, S., Jacqmin-Gadda, H., Barberger-Gateau, P., and Dartigues, J.F. 2000. Intake of flavonoids and risk of dementia. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 16:357-363.
225. Maries, R.J. and Farnsworth, N.R. 1995. Antidiabetic plants and their active constituants. Phytomedicine, 2:137-189.
226. Gray, A.M. and Flatt, P.R. 1997. Nature's own pharmacy: The diabetes perspective. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 56:507-517.
227. Hsu, F.L., Chen, Y.C., and Cheng, J.T. 2000. Caffeic acid as active principle from the fruit of Xanthium strumarium to lower plasma glucose in diabetic rats. Planta. Med., 66:228-230.
228. Liu, I.M., Hsu, F.L., Chen, C.F., and Cheng, J.T. 2000. Antihyperglycemic action of isoferulic acid in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Br. J. Pharmacol., 129:631-636.
229. Liu, I.M., Chi, T.C., Hsu, F.L., Chen, C.F., and Cheng, J.T. 1999. Isoferulic acid as active principle from the rhizoma of Cimicifuga dahurica to lower plasma glucose in diabetic rats. Planta. Med., 65:712-714.
230. Matsui, T., Ebuchi, S., Kobayashi, M., Fukui, K., Sugita, K., Terahara, N., and Matsumoto, K. 2002. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of diacylated anthocyanin derived from Ipomoea batatas cultivar Ayamurasaki can be achieved through the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory action. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50:7244-7248.
231. Geetha, B.S., Mathew, B.C., and Augusti, K.T. 1994. Hypoglycemic effects of leucodelphinidin derivative isolated from Ficus bengalensis (Linn). Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 38:220-222.
232. Peungvicha, P., Temsiririrkkul, R., Prasain, J.K., Tezuka, Y., Kadota, S., Thirawarapan, S.S., and Watanabe, H. 1998. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid: A hypoglycemic constituent of aqueous extract of Pandanus odorus root. J. Ethnopharmacol., 62:79-84.
233. Matsumoto, N., Ishigaki, F., Ishigaki, A., Iwashina, H., and Hara, Y. 1993. Reduction of blood glucose levels by tea catechin. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 57:525-527.
234. Shenoy, C. 2000. Hypoglycemic activity of bio-tea in mice. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 38:278-279.
235. Peungvicha, P., Thirawarapan, S.S., and Watanabe, H. 1998. Possible mechanism of hypoglycemic effect of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, a constituent of Pandanus odorus root. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 78:395-398.
236. Matsui, T., Ueda, T., Oki, T., Sugita, K., Terahara, N., and Matsumoto, K. 2001. Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory action of natural acylated anthocyanins. 2. alpha-Glucosidase inhibition by isolated acylated anthocyanins. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49:1952-1956.
237. Song, J., Kwon, O., Chen, S., Daruwala, R., Eck, P., Park, J.B., and Levine, M. 2002. Flavonoid inhibition of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1 (SVCT1) and glucose transporter isoform 2 (GLUT2), intestinal transporters for vitamin C and Glucose. J. Biol. Chem., 277:15252-15260.
238. Welsch, C.A., Lachance, P.A., and Wasserman, B.P. 1989. Effects of native and oxidized phenolic compounds on sucrase activity in rat brush border membrane vesicles. J. Nutr., 119:1737-1740.
239. Gee, J.M., DuPont, M.S., Day, A.J., Plumb, G.W., Williamson, G., and Johnson, I.T. 2000. Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway. J. Nutr., 130:2765-2771.
240. Dimitrakoudis, D., Vranic, M., and Klip, A. 1992. Effects of hyperglycemia on glucose transporters of the muscle: Use of the renal glucose reabsorption inhibitor phlorizin to control glycemia. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 3:1078-1091.
241. Cheng, J.T. and Liu, I.M. 2000. Stimulatory effect of caffeic acid on alpha1A-adrenoceptors to increase glucose uptake into cultured C2C12 cells. Naunyn. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 362:122-127.
242. Anderson, R.A. and Polansky, M.M. 2002. Tea enhances insulin activity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50:7182-7186.
243. Shisheva, A. and Shechter, Y. 1992. Quercetin selectively inhibits insulin receptor function in vitro and the bioresponses of insulin and insulinomimetic agents in rat adipocytes. Biochemistry, 31:8059-8063.
244. Fiorentini, D., Hakim, G., Bonsi, L., Bagnara, G.P., Maraldi, T., and Landi, L. 2001. Acute regulation of glucose transport in a human megakaryocytic cell line: difference between growth factors and H(2)O(2). Free Radic. Biol. Med., 31:923-931.
245. Vera, J.C., Reyes, A.M., Carcamo, J.G., Velasquez, E.V., Rivas, C.I., Zhang, R.H., Strobel, P., Iribarren, R., Scher, H.I., Siebe, J.C., et al. 1996. Genistein is a natural inhibitor of hexose and dehydroascorbic acid transport through the glucose transporter, GLUT1. J. Biol. Chem., 271:8719-8724.
246. Waltner-Law, M.E., Wang, X.L., Law, B.K., Hall, R.K., Nawano, M., and Granner, D.K. 2002. Epigallocatechin gallate, a constituent of green tea, represses hepatic glucose production. J. Biol. Chem., 277:34933-34940.
247. Arion, W.J., Canfield, W.K., Ramos, F.C., Schindler, P.W., Burer, H.J., Hemmerle, H., Schubert, G., Below, P., and Herling, A.W. 1997. Chlorogenic acid and hydroxynitrobenzaldehyde: new inhibitors of hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 339:315-322.
248. Ohno, T., Kato, N., Ishii, C., Shimizu, M., Ito, Y., Tomono, S., and Kawazu, S. 1993. Genistein augments cyclic adenosine 3′5′- monophosphate(cAMP) accumulation and insulin release in MIN6 cells. Endocr. Res., 19:273-285.
249. Johnston, K.L., Clifford, M.N., and Morgan, L.M. 2003. Coffee acutely modifies gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose tolerance in humans: glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 78:728-733.
250. Bonina, F.P, Leotta, C., Scalia, G., Puglia, C., Trombetta, D., Tringali, G., Roccazzello, A.M., Rapisarda, P., and Saija, A. 2002. Evaluation of oxidative stress in diabetic patients after supplementation with a standardised red orange extract. Diabetes Nutr. Metab., 15:14-19.
251. Manuel y Keenoy, B., Vertommen, J., and De Leeuw, I. 1999. The effect of flavonoid treatment on the glycation and antioxidant status in Type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Nutr. Metab., 12:256-263.
252. Suresh Babu, P. and Srinivasan, K. 1998. Amelioration of renal lesions associated with diabetes by dietary curcumin in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Mol. Cell Biochem., 181:87-96.
253. van Dam, R.M. and Feskens, E.J. 2002. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet, 360:1477-1478.
254. Naismith, D.J., Akinyanju, P.A., Szanto, S., and Yudkin, J. 1970. The effect, in volunteers, of coffee and decaffeinated coffee on blood glucose, insulin, plasma lipids and some factors involved in blood clotting. Nutr. Metab., 12:144-151.
255. Anderson, J.J.B. and Garner, S.C. 1997. The effects of phytoestrogens on bone. Nutrition Research, 17:1617-1632.
256. Nakajima, D., Kim, C.S., Oh, T.W., Yang, C.Y., Naka, T., Igawa, S., and Ohta, F. 2001. Suppressive effects of genistein dosage and resistance exercise on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Human Sci., 20:285-291.
257. Ishimi, Y., Arai, N., Wang, X., Wu, J., Umegaki, K., Miyaura, C., Takeda, A., and Ikegami, S. 2000. Difference in effective dosage of genistein on bone and uterus in ovariectomized mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 274:697-701.
258. Ishida, H., Uesugi, T., Hirai, K., Toda, T., Nukaya, H., Yokotsuka, K., and Tsuji, K. 1998. Preventive effects of the plant isoflavones, daidzin and genistin, on bone loss in ovariectomized rats fed a calcium-deficient diet. Biol. Pharm. Bull, 21:62-66.
259. Picherit, C., Coxam, V., Bennetau-Pelissero, C., Kati-Coulibaly, S., Davicco, M.J., Lebecque, P., and Barlet, J.P. 2000. Daidzein is more efficient than genistein in preventing ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. J. Nutr., 130:1675-1681.
260. Arjmandi, B.H., Birnbaum, R., Goyal, N.V., Getlinger, M.J., Juma, S., Alekel, L., Hasler, C.M., Drum, M.L., Mollis, B.W., and Kukreja, S.C. 1998. Bone-sparing effect of soy protein in ovarian hormone-deficient rats is related to its isoflavone content. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 68:1364S-1368S.
261. Picherit, C., Bennetau-Pelissero, C., Chanteranne, B., Lebecque, P., Davicco, M.J., Barlet, J.P., and Coxam, V. 2001. Soybean isoflavones dose-dependently reduce bone turnover but do not reverse established osteopenia in adult ovariectomized rats. J. Nutr., 131:723-728.
262. Rassi, C.M., Lieberherr, M., Chaumaz, G., Pointillart, A., and Cournot, G. 2002. Down-regulation of osteoclast differentiation by daidzein via caspase 3. J. Bone Miner Res., 17:630-638.
263. Fanti, P., Monier-Faugere, M.C., Geng, Z., Schmidt, J., Morris, P.E., Cohen, D., and Malluche, H.H. 1998. The phytoestrogen genistein reduces bone loss in short-term ovariectomized rats. Osteoporos. Int., 8:274-281.
264. Tsuchida, K., Mizushima, S., Toba, M., and Soda, K. 1999. Dietary soybeans intake and bone mineral density among 995 middle-aged women in Yokohama. J. Epidemiol., 9:14-19.
265. Chiechi, L.M., Secreto, G., D'Amore, M., Fanelli, M., Venturelli, E., Cantatore, F., Valerio, T., Laselva, G., and Loizzi, P. 2002. Efficacy of a soy rich diet in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis: The Menfis randomized trial. Maturitas, 42:295-300.
266. Scheiber, M.D., Liu, J.H., Subbiah, M.T., Rebar, R.W., and Setchell, K.D. 2001. Dietary inclusion of whole soy foods results in significant reductions in clinical risk factors for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in normal postmenopausal women. Menopause, 8:384-392.
267. Kardinaal, A.F., Morton, M.S., Bruggemann-Rotgans, I.E., and van Beresteijn, B.C. 1998. Phyto-oestrogen excretion and rate of bone loss in postmenopausal women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 52:850-855.
268. Alekel, D.L., Germain, A.S., Peterson, C.T., Hanson, K.B., Stewart, J.W., and Toda, T. 2000. Isoflavone-rich soy protein isolate attenuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72:844-852.
269. Yamori, Y., Moriguchi, E.H., Teramoto, T., Miura, A., Fukui, Y., Honda, K.I., Fukui, M., Nara, Y., Taira, K., and Moriguchi, Y. 2002. Soybean isoflavones reduce postmenopausal bone resorption in female Japanese immigrants in Brazil: A ten-wk study. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 21:560-563.
270. Uesugi, T., Fukui, Y., and Yamori, Y. 2002. Beneficial effects of soybean isoflavone supplementation on bone metabolism and serum lipids in postmenopausal Japanese women: A four-wk study. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 21:97-102.
271. Morabito, N., Crisafulli, A., Vergara, C., Gaudio, A., Lasco, A., Frisina, N., D'Anna, R., Corrado, F., Pizzoleo, M.A., Cincotta, M., Altavilla, D., Ientile, R., and Squadrito, F. 2002. Effects of genistein and hormone-replacement therapy on bone loss in early postmenopausal women: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J. Bone Miner. Res., 17:1904-1912.
272. Horcajada-Molteni, M.N., Crespy, V., Coxam, V., Davicco, M.J., Remesy, C., and Barlet, J.P. 2000. Rutin inhibits ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in rats. J. Bone Miner. Res., 15:2251-2258.
273. Horcajada-Molteni, M.-N., and Coxam, V. 2001. Flavonols and isoflavones prevent bone loss in the ovariectomized rat: A model for post-menopausal osteoporosis. In: Nutritional aspects of osteoporosis. 325-340. Burckhardt, P., Dawson-Hugues, B., and Heaney, R.P., ed. San Diego, Academic Press.
274. Muhlbauer, R.C. and Li, F. 1999. Effect of vegetables on bone metabolism. Nature, 401:343-344.
275. Hegarty, V.M., May, H.M., and Khaw, K.-T. 2000. Tea drinking and bone mineral density in older women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71:1003-1425.
276. Sakamoto, W., Nishihira, J., Fujie, K., Iizuka, T., Handa, H., Ozaki, M., and Yukawa, S. 2001. Effect of coffee consumption on bone metabolism. Bone, 28:332-336.
277. Clifford, M.N. and Scalbert, A. 2000. Ellagitannins, occurrence in food, bioavailability and cancer prevention. J. Food Sci. Agric., 80:1118-1125.
278. Barotto, N.N., Lopez, C.B., Eynard, A.R., Fernandez Zapico, M.E., and Valentich, M.A. 1998. Quercetin enhances pretumorous lesions in the NMU model of rat pancreatic carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett., 129:1-6.
279. Pereira, M.A., Grubbs, C.J., Barnes, L.H., Li, H., Olson, G.R., Eto, I., Juliana, M., Whitaker, L.M., Kelloff, G.J., Steele, V.E., and Lubet, R.A. 1996. Effects of the phytochemicals, curcumin and quercetin, upon azoxymethane-induced colon cancer and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene-induced mammary cancer in rats. Carcinogenesis, 17:1305-1311.
280. Breinholt, V. and Larsen, J.C. 1998. Detection of weak estrogenic flavonoids using a recombinant yeast strain and a modified MCF7 cell proliferation assay. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 11:622-629.
281. Tamir, S., Eizenberg, M., Somjen, D., Stern, N., Shelach, R., Kaye, A., and Vaya, J. 2000. Estrogenic and antiproliferative properties of glabridin from licorice in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res., 60:5704-5709.
282. Ju, Y.H., Allred, C.D., Allred, K.F., Karko, K.L., Doerge, D.R., and Helferich, W.O. 2001. Physiological concentrations of dietary genistein dose-dependently stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) tumors implanted in athymic nude mice. J. Nutr., 131:2957-2962.
283. Petrakis, N.L., Barnes, S., King, E.B., Lowenstein, J., Wiencke, J., Lee, M.M., Miike, R., Kirk, M., and Coward, L. 1996. Stimulatory influence of soy protein isolate on breast secretion in pre- and postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers. Prev., 5:785-794.
284. Shutt, D.A. 1976. The effect of plant oestrogens on animal reproduction. Endeavour, 35:110-113.
285. Whitten, P.L., Lewis, C., Russell, E., and Naftolin, F. 1995. Potential adverse effects of phytoestrogens. Journal of Nutrition, 125:771S-776S.
286. Doerge, D.R. and Chang, H.C. 2002. Inactivation of thyroid peroxidase by soy isoflavones, in vitro and in vivo. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 777:269-279.
287. Chang, H.C. and Doerge, D.R. 2000. Dietary genistein inactivates rat thyroid peroxidase in vivo without an apparent hypothyroid effect. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 168:244-252.
288. Divi, R.L. and Doerge, D.R. 1996. Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase by dietary flavonoids. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 9:16-23.
289. Fort, P., Moses, N., Fasano, M., Goldberg, T., and Lifshitz, F. 1990. Breast and soy-formula feedings in early infancy and the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in children. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 9:164-167.
290. Gaitan, E., Lindsay, R.H., Reichert, R.D., Ingbar, S.H., Cooksey, R.C., Legan, J., Meydrech, E.F., Hill, J., and Kubota, K. 1989. Antithyroid and goitrogenic effects of millet: Role of C-glycosylflavones. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 68:707-714.
291. Hurrell, R.F., Reddy, M., and Cook, J.D. 1999. Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages. Brit. J. Nutr., 81:289-295.
292. Brune, M., Rossander, L., and Hallberg, L. 1989. Iron absorption and phenolic compounds: Importance of different phenolic structures. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 43:547-558.
293. Gillooly, M., Bothwell, T.H., Torrance, J.D., MacPhail, A.P., Derman, D.P., Bezwoda, W.R., Mills, W., Charlton, R.W., and Mayet, F. 1983. The effects of organic acids, phytates and polyphenols on the absorption of iron from vegetables. Brit. J. Nutr., 49:331-342.
294. South, P.K., House, W.A., and Miller, D.D. 1997. Tea consumption does not affect iron absorption in rats unless tea and iron are consumed together. Nutr. Res., 17:1303-1310.
295. Temme, E.H. and Van Hoydonck, RG. 2002. Tea consumption and iron status. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 56:379-386.
296. Salonen, J.T., Nyyssonen, K., Korpela, H., Tuomilehto, J., Seppanen, R., and Salonen, R. 1992. High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men. Circulation, 86:803-811.
297. Olthof, M.R., Hollman, P.C., Zock, P.L., and Katan, M.B. 2001. Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73:532-538.
298. Muller, T., Woitalla, D., Hauptmann, B., Fowler, B., and Kuhn, W. 2001. Decrease of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine and increase of homocysteine in treated patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci. Lett., 308:54-56.
299. U.S. Department of Agriculture, N.D.L. 2003. USDA Database for the flavonoid content of selected foods (http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/).
300. Wilson, T., Knight, T.J., Beitz, D.C., Lewis, D.S., and Engen, R.L. 1996. Resveratrol promotes atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Life Sci., 59:L15-L21.
301. Jones, E. and Hughes, R.E. 1982. Quercetin, flavonoids and the life-span of mice. Exp. Gerontol., 17:213-217.