Cellular senescence: Implications for cancer therapy

Cellular Senescence: Implications for Cancer Therapy

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-113

  Mirzayans, Razmik ^a   Murray, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85018263275     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (314)

1. Ababou, M., Dutertre, S., Lécluse, Y., Onclercq, R., Chatton, B. … Amor-Guéret, M. (2000). ATM-dependent phosphorylation and accumulation of endogenous BLM protein in response to ionizing radiation. Oncogene, 19, 5955-5963.
2. Adimoolam, S., Lin, C. X. … Ford, J. M. (2001). The p53-regulated cyclindependent kinase inhibitor, p21 (cip1, waf1, sdi1), is not required for global genomic and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair of UV-induced DNA photoproducts. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 25813-25822.
3. Ahn, K. S., Park, K. S., Jung, K. M., Jung, H. K., Lee, S. H., Chung, S. Y., Yang, K. H., Yun, Y. P., Pyo, H. B., Park, Y. K., Yun, Y. W., Kim, D. J., Park, S. M. … Hong, J. T. (2002). Inhibitory effect of glycolic acid on ultraviolet Binduced c-fos expression, AP-1 activation and p53-p21 response in a human keratinocyte cell line. Cancer Lett., 186, 125-135.
4. Al Rashid, S. T., Dellaire, G., Cuddihy, A., Jalali, F., Vaid, M., Coackley, C., Folkard, M., Xu, Y., Chen, B. P., Chen, D. J., Lilge, L., Prise, K. M., Bazett Jones, D. P. … Bristow, R. G. (2005). Evidence for the direct binding of phosphorylated p53 to sites of DNA breaks in vivo. Cancer Res., 65, 10810-10821.
5. Alcorta, D. A., Xiong, Y., Phelps, D., Hannon, G., Beach, D. … Barrett, J. C. (1996). Involvement of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 (INK4a) in replicative senescence of normal human fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 13742-13747
6. Anson, R. M., Guo, Z., de Cabo, R., Lyun, T., Rios, M., Hagepanos, A., Ingram, D. K., Lane, M. A. … Mattson, M. P. (2003). Intermittent fasting dissociates beneficial effects of dietary restriction on glucose metabolism and neuronalresistance to injury from calorie restriction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 6216-6220
7. Arking, R. … Giroux, C. (2001). Antioxidant genes, hormesis, and demographic longevity. J. Anti-Aging Med., 4, 125-136
8. Asada, M., Yamada, T., Ichijo, H., Delia, D., Miyazono, K., Fukumuro, K. … Mizutani, S. (1999). Apoptosis inhibitory activity of cytoplasmic p21Cip1/WAF1 in monocytic differentiation. EMBO J., 18, 1223-1234
9. Azzam, E. I., de Toledo, S. M., Gooding, T. … Little, J. B. (1998). Intercellular communication is involved in the bystander regulation of gene expression in human cells exposed to very low fluences of alpha particles. Radiat. Res., 150, 497-504
10. Azzam, E. I., de Toledo, S. M. … Little, J. B. (2001). Direct evidence for the participation of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication in the transmission of damage signals from alpha-particle irradiated to nonirradiated cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 473-478
11. Bailey, S. M., Cornforth, M. N., Kurimasa, A., Chen, D. J. … Goodwin, E. H. (2001). Strand-specific postreplicative processing of mammalian telomeres. Science, 293, 2462-2465
12. Balajee, A. S. … Bohr, V. A. (2000). Genomic heterogeneity of nucleotide excision repair. Gene, 250, 15-30
13. Barley, R. D. C., Enns, L., Paterson, M. C. … Mirzayans, R. (1998). Aberrant p21WAF1-dependent growth arrest as the possible mechanism of abnormal resistance to ultraviolet light cytotoxicity in Li-Fraumeni syndrome fibroblast strains heterozygous for TP53 mutations. Oncogene, 17, 533-543
14. Baumann, P. … Cech, T. R. (2001). Pot1, the putative telomere end-binding protein in fission yeast and humans. Science, 292, 1171-1175
15. Baylin, S. B. (1997). Tying it all together: epigenetics, genetics, cell cycle, and cancer. Science, 277, 1948-1949.
16. Bech-Hansen, N. T., Blattner, W. A., Sell, B. M., McKeen, E. A., Lampkin, B. C., Fraumeni, J. F. Jr. … Paterson, M. C. (1981). Transmission of in-vitro radioresistance in a cancer-prone family. Lancet 1, 1335-1337
17. Beckman, K. B. … Ames, B. N. (1998). The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol. Rev., 78, 547-581
18. Bell, D. W., Varley, J. M., Szydlo, T. E., Kang, D. H., Wahrer, D. C., Shannon, K. E., Lubratovich, M., Verselis, S. J., Isselbacher, K. J., Fraumeni, J. F., Birch, J. M., Li, F. P., Garber, J. E. … Haber, D. A. (1999). Heterozygous germ line hCHK2 mutations in Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Science, 286, 2433-2434.
19. Benchimol, S. (2001). p53-dependent pathways of apoptosis. Cell Death Differ., 8, 1049-1051
20. Bendjennat, M., Boulaire, J., Jascur, T., Brickner, H., Barbler, V., Sarasin, A., Fotedar, A. … Fotedar, R. (2003). UV irradiation triggers ubiquitin-dependent degradation of p21WAF1 to promote DNA repair. Cell, 114, 599-610
21. Bischoff, F. Z., Yim, S. O., Pathak, S., Grant, G., Siciliano, M. J., Giovanella, B. C., Strong, L. C. … Tainsky, M. A. (1990). Spontaneous abnormalities in normal fibroblasts from patients with Li-Fraumeni cancer syndrome: aneuploidy and immortalization. Cancer Res., 50, 7979-7984
22. Blagosklonny, M. V., Trostel, S., Kayastha, G., Demidenko, Z. N., Vassilev, L. T., Romanova, L. Y., Bates, S. … Fojo, T. (2005). Depletion of mutant p53 and cytotoxicity of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Cancer Res., 65, 7386-7392
23. Blander, G., Kipnis, J., Leal, J. F., Yu, C. E., Schellenberg, G. D. … Oren, M. (1999). Physical and functional interaction between p53 and the Werner's syndrome protein. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 29463-29469
24. Blander, G., Zalle, N., Leal, J. F., Bar-Or, R. L., Yu, C. E. … Oren, M. (2000). The Werner syndrome protein contributes to induction of p53 by DNA damage. FASEB J., 14, 2138-2140
25. Bodnar, A. G., Ouellette, M., Frolkis, M., Holt, S. E., Chiu, C. P., Morin, G. B., Harley, C. B., Shay, J. W., Lichtsteiner, S., and Wright, W. E. (1998). Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science, 279, 349-352
26. Bond, J., Jones, C., Haughton, M., DeMicco, C., Kipling, D. … Wynford-Thomas, D. (2004). Direct evidence from siRNA-directed "knock down" that p16INK4a is required for human fibroblast senescence and for limiting ras-induced epithelial cell proliferation. Exp. Cell Res., 292, 151-156
27. Bovenkerk, S., Lanciloti, N. … Chandar, N. (2003). Induction of p53 expression and function by estrogen in osteoblasts. Calcif. Tissue Int., 73, 274-280
28. Bowden, G. T. (2004). Prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer by targeting ultraviolet-B-light signalling. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 4, 23--35
29. Bringold, F. … Serrano M. (2000). Tumor suppressors and oncogenes in cellular senescence. Exp. Gerontol., 35, 317-329
30. Broccoli, D., Smogorzewska, A., Chong, L. … de Lange, T. (1997). Human telomeres contain two distinct Myb-related proteins, TRF1 and TRF2. Nat. Genet., 17, 231-235
31. Brookes, S., Rowe, J., Gutierrez Del Arroyo, A., Bond, J. … Peters, G. (2004). Contribution of p16INK4a to replicative senescence of human fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res., 298, 549-559.
32. Brown, J. M. … Wouters, B. G. (1999). Apoptosis, p53, and tumor cell sensitivity to anticancer agents. Cancer Res., 59, 1391-1399
33. Brown, K. D., Barlow, C. … Wynshaw-Boris, A. (1999). Multiple ATMdependent pathways: an explanation for pleiotropy. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 64, 46-50
34. Brown, L. T., Sexsmith, E. … Malkin, D. (2000). Identification of a novel PTEN intronic deletion in Li-Fraumeni syndrome and its effect on RNA processing. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 123, 65-68
35. Bunz, F., Dutriaux, A., Lengauer, C., Waldman, T., Zhou, S., Brown, J. P., Sedivy, J. M., Kinzler, K. W. … Vogelstein, B. (1998). Requirement for p53 and p21 to sustain G2 arrest after DNA damage. Science, 282, 1497-501
36. Calabrese, E. J. … Baldwin, L. A. (2000). The effects of gamma rays on longevity. Biogerontology, 1, 309-319
37. Carlsson, L., Nystrom, L. E., Sundkvist, I., Markey, F. … Lindberg U. (1977). Actin polymerizability is influenced by profilin, a low molecular weight protein in non-muscle cells. J. Mol. Biol., 115, 465-483
38. Cayrol, C. … Ducommun, B. (1998). Interaction with cyclin-dependent kinases and PCNA modulates proteasome-dependent degradation of p21. Oncogene, 17, 2437-2444
39. Chang, B. D., Broude, E. V., Dokmanovic, M., Zhu, H., Ruth, A., Xuan, Y., Kandel, E. S., Lausch, E., Christov, K. … Roninson, I. B. (1999a). A senescence-like phenotype distinguishes tumor cells that undergo terminal proliferation arrest after exposure to anticancer agents. Cancer Res., 59, 3761-3767
40. Chang, B. D., Xuan, Y., Broude, E. V., Zhu, H., Schott, B., Fang, J. … Roninson, I. B. (1999b). Role of p53 and p21waf1/cip1 in senescence-like terminal proliferation arrest induced in human tumor cells by chemotherapeutic drugs. Oncogene, 15, 4808-4818
41. Chang, B. D., Watanabe, K., Broude, E. V., Fang J., Poole, L. C., Kalinchenko, T. … Roninson, I. B. (2000). Effects of p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 on cellular gene expression: Implications for carcinogenesis, senescence, and age-related diseases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 4291-4296
42. Chang, B. D., Swift, M. E., Shen, M., Fang, J., Broude, E. V … Roninson, I. B. (2002). Molecular determinants of terminal growth arrest induced in tumor cells by a chemotherapeutic agent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 389-394
43. Chen, Q., Fischer, A., Reagan, J. D., Yan, L. J. … Ames, B. N. (1995). Oxidative DNA damage and senescence of human diploid fibroblast cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 4337-4341.
44. 2-induced senescent-like growth arrest in normal human fibroblasts: p53 and Rb control G1 arrest but not cell replication. Biochem J., 332, 43-50
45. Chen, Q. M., Prowse, K. R., Tu, V. C., Purdom, S. … Linskens, M. H. (2001). Uncoupling the senescent phenotype from telomere shortening in hydrogen peroxide-treated fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res., 265, 294-303
46. Chen, C. R., Wang, W., Rogoff, H. A., Xiaotong, L., Mang, W. … Li, C. J. (2005). Dual induction of apoptosis and senescence in cancer cells by Chk2 activation: checkpoint activation as a strategy against cancer. Cancer Res., 65, 6017-6021
47. Chuang, L., Ian, H. I., Koh, T. W., Ng, H. H., Xu, G. … Li, B. F. (1997). Human DNA-(cytosine-5) methyltransferase-PCNA complex as a target for p21WAF1. Science, 277, 1996-2000
48. Citterio, E., Van, D. V. B., Schnitzler, G., Kanaar, R., Bonte, E., Kingston, R. E., Hoeijmakers, J. H. … Vermeulen, W. (2000). ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling by the Cockayne syndrome B DNA repair-transcription-coupling factor. Mol. Cell Biol., 20, 7643-7653
49. Cleaver, J. E. (2005). Cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum and related disorders of DNA repair. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 5, 564-573
50. Corroyer, S., Nabeyrat, E. … Clement, A. (1997). Involvement of the cell cycle inhibitor CIP1/WAF1 in lung alveolar epithelial cell growth arrest induced by glucocorticoids. Endocrinology, 138, 3677-3685
51. Cozzolino, R., Palladino, P., Rossi, F., Cali, G., Benedetti, E. … Laccetti, P. (2005). Antineoplastic cyclic astin analogues kill tumour cells via caspasemediated induction of apoptosis. Carcinogenesis, 26, 733-739
52. Cristofalo, V. J. … Pignolo, R. J. (1993). Replicative senescence of human fibroblast-like cells in culture. Physiol. Rev., 73, 617-638
53. Cristofalo, V. J. … Pignolo, R. J. (1996). Molecular markers of senescence in fibroblast-like cultures. Exp. Gerontol., 31, 111-123
54. Cypser, J. R. … Johnson, T. E. (2003). Hormesis in Caenorhabditis elegans dauerdefective mutants. Biogerontology, 4, 203-214.
55. D’Andrea, A. D. … Grompe, M. (2003). The Fanconi anaemia/BRCA pathway. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 3, 23-34
56. Dahle, J., Stokke, T., Kaalhus, O. … Kvam, E. (2005). Bystander effects may modulate ultraviolet A and B induced delayed mutagenesis. Radiat. Res., 163, 289-295
57. Datto, M. B., Li, Y., Panus, J. F., Howe, D. J., Xiong, Y. … Wang, X. F. (1995a). Transforming growth factor beta induces the cyclin-dependent kinaseinhibitor p21 through a p53-independent mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 5545-5549
58. de Boer, J. … Hoeijmakers, J. H. J. (2000). Nucleotide excision repair and human syndromes. Carcinogenesis, 21, 453-460.
59. de Gruijl FR. (2002). Photocarcinogenesis: UVA vs. UVB radiation. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin. Physiol., 15, 316-320.
60. de Lange T. (2002). Protection of mammalian telomeres. Oncogene, 21, 532-540.
61. De Sandre-Giovannoli, A., Bernard, R., Cau, P., Navarro, C., Amiel, J., Boccaccio, I., Lyonnet, S., Stewart, C. L., Munnich, A., Le, M. M. … Levy, N. (2003). Lamin a truncation in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria. Science, 300, 2055
62. Delavaine, L. … La Thangue, N. B. (1999). Control of E2F activity by p21Waf1/Cip1. Oncogene, 18, 5381-5392.
63. Di Leonardo, A., Linke, S. P., Clarkin, K. … Wahl, G. M. (1994). DNA damage triggers a prolonged p53-dependent G1 arrest and long-term induction of Cip1 in normal human fibroblasts. Genes Dev., 8, 2540-2551.
64. DiBiase, S. J., Guan, J., Curran, W. J. … Iliakis, G. (1999). Repair of DNA double-strand breaks and radiosensitivity to killing in an isogenic group of p53 mutant cell lines. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 45, 743-751
65. Dickson, M. A., Hahn, W. C., Ino, Y., Ronfard, V., Wu, J. Y., Weinberg, R. A., Louis, D. N., Li, F. P. … Rheinwald, J. G. (2000). Human keratinocytes that express hTERT and also bypass a p16INK4a-enforced mechanism that limits life span become immortal yet retain normal growth and differentiation characteristics. Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 1436-1447
66. Dimri, G. P., Lee, X., Basile, G., Acosta, M., Scott, G., Roskelley, C., Medrano, E. E., Linskens, M., Rubelj, I., Pereira-Smith, O., Peacocke, M. … Campisi, J. (1995). A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 9363-9367
67. Dulić, V., Kaufmann, W. K., Wilson, S. J., Tlsty, T. D., Lees, E., Harper, J. W., Elledge, S. J. … Reed, S. I. (1994). p53-dependent inhibition of cyclindependent kinase activities in human fibroblasts during radiation-induced G1 arrest. Cell, 76, 1013-1023
68. Edwards, K. A., Montague, R. A., Shepard, S., Edgar, B. A., Erikson, R. L. … Kiehart, D. P. (1994). Identification of Drosophila cytoskeletal proteins by induction of abnormal cell shape in fission yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 4589-4593, 1994.
69. El Deiry, W. S., Tokino, T., Velculescu, V. E., Levy, D. B., Parsons, R., Trent, J. M., Lin, D., Mercer, W. E., Kinzler, K. W. … Vogelstein, B. (1993). WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell, 75, 817-825.
70. El Deiry, W. S., Harper, J. W., O'Connor, P. M., Velculescu, V. E., Canman, C. E., Jackman, J., Pietenpol, J. A., Burrell, M., Hill, D.E., Wang, Y., Wiman, K. G., Mercer, W. E., Kastan, M., Kohn, K. W., Elledge, S. J., Kinzler, K. W. … Vogelstein, B. (1994). WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res., 55, 1169-1174.
71. El Deiry, W. S., Tokino, T., Waldman, T., Oliner, J. D., Velculescu, V. E., Burrell, M., Hill, D. E., Healy, E., Rees, J. L., Hamilton, S. R., Kinzler, K. W. … Vogelstein, B. (1995). Topological control of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in normal and neoplastic tissues. Cancer Res, 55, 2910-2919.
72. El Deiry, W. S., Satyamoorthy, K., Herlyn, M. … Enders, G.H. (1999). Induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 and inhibition of Cdk2 mediated by the tumor suppressor p16INK4a. Mol. Cell. Biol., 19, 3916-3928
73. Ellis, N. A., Groden, J., Ye, T. Z., Straughen, J., Lennon, D. J., Ciocci, S., Proytcheva, M. … German, J. (1995). The Bloom's syndrome gene product is homologous to RecQ helicases. Cell, 83, 655-666
74. Enns, L., Barley, R. D., Paterson, M. C. … Mirzayans, R. (1998). Radiosensitivity in ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts is not associated with deregulated apoptosis. Radiat. Res., 150, 11-16
75. Enns, L., Murray, D. … Mirzayans, R. (1999). Effects of the protein kinase inhibitors wortmannin and KN62 on cellular radiosensitivity and radiationactivated S phase and G1/S checkpoints in normal human fibroblasts. Br. J. Cancer, 81, 959-965
76. Enns, L., Murray, D. … Mirzayans, R. (2000). Lack of correlation between DNA strand breakage and p53 protein levels in human fibroblast strains exposed to ultraviolet light. Photochem. Photobiol., 72, 562-568
77. Erenpreisa, J. … Cragg, M. S. (2001). Mitotic death: a mechanism of survival? A review. Cancer Cell Int., 1, 1-7
78. Erenpreisa, J. A., Cragg, M. S., Fringes, B., Sharakhov, I. … Illidge, T. M. (2000). Release of mitotic descendants by giant cells from irradiated Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. Cell Biol. Int., 24, 635-648
79. Eriksson, M., Brown, W. T., Gordon, L. B., Glynn, M. W., Singer, J., Scott, L., Erdos, M. R., Robbins, C. M., Moses, T. Y., Berglund, P., Dutra, A., Pak E., Durkin, S., Csoka, A. B., Boehnke, M., Glover, T. W. … Collins, F. S. (2003). Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin a cause Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Nature, 423, 293-298
80. 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in gamma-irradiated ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts. FEBS Lett., 453, 182-186.
81. Fang, S., Jensen, J. P., Ludwig, R. L., Vousden, K. H. … Weissman, A. M. (2000). Mdm2 is a RING finger-dependent ubiquitin protein ligase for itself and p53. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 8945-8951
82. Fei, P. … El-Deiry, W. S. (2003). P53 and radiation response. Oncogene, 22, 5774-5783
83. Fernandez-Capetillo, O., Lee, A., Nussenzweig, M. … Nussenzweig, A. (2004). H2AX: the histone guardian of the genome. DNA Repair, 3, 959-967
84. Feng, J., Funk, W. D., Wang, S. S., Weinrich, S. L., Avilion, A. A., Chiu, C. P., Adams, R. R., Chang, E., Allsopp, R. C., Yu, J., Le S. Y., West, M. D., Harley, C. B., Andrews, W. H., Greider, C. W. … Villeponteau, B. (1995). The RNA component of human telomerase. Science, 269, 1236-1241
85. Ford, J. M. … Hanawalt, P. C. (1995). Li-Fraumeni syndrome fibroblasts homozygous for p53 mutations are deficient in global DNA repair but exhibit normal transcription-coupled repair and enhanced UV resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 8876-8880
86. Fossel, M. (2003). The progerias. J. Antiaging Med., 6, 123-138
87. Ford, J. M. (2005). Regulation of DNA damage recognition and nucleotide excision repair: another role for p53. Mutat. Res., 577, 195-202
88. Freedman, D. A. … Folkman, J. (2004). CDK2 translational down-regulation during endothelial senescence. Exp. Cell Res., 307, 118-130
89. Friedberg, E. C. (1996). Cockayne syndrome − a primary defect in DNA repair, transcription, both or neither? Bioessays, 18, 731-738
90. Funk, W. D., Wang, C. K., Shelton, D. N., Harley, C. B., Pagon, G. D. … Hoeffler, W. K. (2000). Telomerase expression restores dermal integrity to in vitro-aged fibroblasts in a reconstituted skin model. Exp. Cell Res., 258, 270-278
91. Galloway, A. M., Liuzzi, M. … Paterson, M. C. (1994). Metabolic processing of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers and (6-4) photoproducts in UV-treated human cells. Evidence for distinct excision-repair pathways. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 974-980.
92. Garcia-Higuera, I., Taniguchi, T., Ganesan, S., Meyn, M. S., Timmers, C., Hejna, J., Grompe, M. … D'Andrea, A. D. (2001). Interaction of the Fanconi anemia proteins and BRCA1 in a common pathway. Mol. Cell., 7, 249-262
93. Gartel, A. L. … Tyner, A. L. (1999). Transcriptional regulation of the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene. Exp. Cell Res., 246, 280-289
94. Gartel, A. L., Ye, X., Goufman, E., Shianov, P., Hay, N., Najmabadi, F. … Tyner, A. L. (2001). Myc represses the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter and interacts with Sp1/Sp3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 4510-4515.
95. Gatti, R. A., Boder, E., Vinters, H. V., Sparkes, R. S., Norman, A. … Lange, K. (1991). Ataxia-telangiectasia: an interdisciplinary approach to pathogenesis. Medicine, 70, 99-117
96. Gatz, S. A. … Wiesmüller, L. (2006). p53 in recombination and repair. Cell Death Differ., 13, 1003-1016
97. German, J. (1993). Bloom syndrome: a Mendelian prototype of somatic mutational disease. Medicine, 72, 393-406
98. Gorospe, M., Wang, X. … Holbrook N. J. (1998). p53-dependent elevation of p21Waf1 expression by UV light is mediated through mRNA stabilization and involves a vanadate-sensitive regulatory system. Mol. Cell Biol., 18, 1400-1407
99. Gray, M. D., Shen, J. C., Kamath-Loeb, A. S., Blank, A., Sopher, B. L., Martin, G. M., Oshima, J. … Loeb, L. A. (1997). The Werner syndrome protein is a DNA helicase. Nat. Genet., 17, 100-103
100. Greider, C. W. … Blackburn, E. H. (1985). Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts. Cell, 43, 405-413
101. Griffith, J. D., Comeau, L., Rosenfield, S., Stansel, R. M., Bianchi, A., Moss, H. … de Lange, T. (1999). Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop. Cell, 97, 503-514
102. Gu, Y., Turck, C. W., … Morgan, D. O. (1993). Inhibition of CDK2 activity in vivo by an associated 20K regulatory subunit. Nature, 366, 707-710
103. Gurtan, A. M. … D’Andrea, A. D. (2006). Dedicated to the core: Understanding the Fanconi anemia complex. DNA Repair, 5, 1119-1125
104. Haff, R. F. … Swim, H. E. Serial propagation of 3 strains of rabbit fibroblasts: their susceptibility to infection with vaccinia virus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 93, 200-204
105. Halevy, O., Novitch, B. G., Spicer, D. B., Skapek, S. X., Rhee, J., Hannon, G. J., Beach, D. … Lassar, A. B. (1995). Correlation of terminal cell cycle arrest of skeletal muscle with induction of p21 by MyoD. Science, 267, 1018-1021
106. Han, Z., Wei, W., Dunaway, S., Darnowski, J. W., Calabresi, P., Sedivy, J., Hendrickson, E. A., Balan, K. V., Pantazis, P. … Wyche, J. H. (2002). Role of p21 in apoptosis and senescence of human colon cancer cells treated with camptothecin. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 17154-17160
107. Hanawalt, P. C. (2002). Subpathways of nucleotide excision repair and their regulation. Oncogene, 21, 8949-8956
108. Harper, J. W., Adami, G. R., Wei, N., Keyomarsi, K. … Elledge, S. J. (1993). The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell, 75, 805-816.
109. Hayflick, L. … Moorhead, P. S. (1961). The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp. Cell Res., 25, 585-621
110. Henning, K. A., Li, L., Iyer, N., McDaniel, L. D., Reagan, M. S., Legerski, R., Schultz, R. A., Stefanini, M., Lehmann, A. R. … Mayne, L. V. (1995). The Cockayne syndrome group A gene encodes a WD repeat protein that interacts with CSB protein and a subunit of RNA polymerase II TFIIH. Cell, 82, 555-564
111. Hercus, M. J., Loeschcke, V. … Rattan, S. I. S. (2003). Lifespan extension of Drosophila melanogaster through hormesis by repeated mild heat stress. Biogerontology, 4, 149-156
112. Herbig, U., Jobling, W. A., Chen, B. P., Chen, D. J. … Sedivy, J. M. (2004). Telomere shortening triggers senescence of human cells through a pathway involving ATM, p53, and p21CIP1, but not p16INK4a. Mol. Cell, 14, 501-513
113. Hermeking, H., Funk, J. O., Reichert, M., Ellwart, J. W. … Eick, D. (1995). Abrogation of p53-induced cell cycle arrest by c-Myc: evidence for an inhibitor of p21WAF1/CIP1/SDI1. Oncogene, 11, 1409-1415
114. Herskind, C., Johansen, J., Bentzen, S. M., Overgaard, M. J., Bamberg, M. … Rodemann, H. P. (2000). Fibroblast differentiation in subcutaneous fibrosis after postmastectomy radiotherapy. Acta Oncologica, 39, 383-388
115. Hoffman, W. H., Biade, S., Zilfou, J. T., Chen, J. … Murphy, M. (2002). Transcriptional repression of the anti-apoptotic survivin gene by wild type p53. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 3247-3257
116. Holt, S. E. … Shay, J. W. (1999). Role of telomerase in cellular proliferation and cancer. J. Cell Physiol., 180, 10-18
117. Hu, P. P., Shen, X., Huang, D., Liu, Y., Counter, C. … Wang, X. F. (1999). The MEK pathway is required for stimulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 by transforming growth factor-beta. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 35381-35387
118. Huang, S., Li, B., Gray, M. D., Oshima, J., Mian, I. S. … Campisi, J. (1998). The premature ageing syndrome protein, WRN, is a 3′→5′ exonuclease. Nat. Genet., 20, 114-116
119. Huschtscha, L. I. … Reddel, R. R. (1999). p16INK4a and the control of cellular proliferative life span. Carcinogenesis, 20, 921-926
120. Hwang, B. J., Ford, J. M., Hanawalt, P. C. … Chu, G. (1999). Expression of the p48 xeroderma pigmentosum gene is p53-dependent and is involved in global genomic repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 424-428
121. Iida, K., Moriyama, K., Matsumoto, S., Kawasaki, H., Nishida, E. … Yahara, I. (1993). Isolation of a yeast essential gene, COF1, that encodes a homologue of mammalian cofilin, a low-M(r) actin-binding and depolymerizing protein. Gene, 124, 115-120.
122. Illidge, T. M., Cragg, M. S., Fringes, B., Olive, P. … Erenpresia, J. A. (2000). Polyploid giant cells provide a survival mechanism of p53 mutant cells after DNA damage. Cell Biol. Int. 24, 621-633
123. Itahana, K., Zou, Y., Itahana, Y., Martinez, J. L., Beausejour, C., Jacobs, J. J., Van Lohuizen, M., Band, V., Campisi, J. … Dimri, G. P. (2003). Control of the replicative life span of human fibroblasts by p16 and the polycomb protein Bmi-1. Mol. Cell. Biol., 23, 389-401
124. Iyer, R. … Lehnert, B. E. (2000). Factors underlying the cell growth-related bystander responses to alpha particles. Cancer Res., 60, 1290-1298
125. Jack, M. T., Woo, R. A., Motoyama, N., Takai, H. … Lee, P. W. (2004). DNAdependent protein kinase and checkpoint kinase 2 synergistically activate a latent population of p53 upon DNA damage. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 15269-15273
126. Jacobs, J. J. L. … Lange, T. J. (2004). Significant role for p16INK4a in p53-independent telomere-directed senescence. Curr. Biol., 14, 2302-2308
127. Javelaud, D. … Besançon, F. (2002). Inactivation of p21WAF1 sensitizes cells to apoptosis via an increase of both p14ARF and p53 levels and an alteration of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 37849-37954
128. Jiang, H., Lin, J., Su, Z. Z., Herlyn, M., Kerbel, R. S., Weissman, B. E, Welch, D. R. … Fisher, P. B. (1995). The melanoma differentiation-associated gene mda-6, which encodes the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, is differentially expressed during growth, differentiation and progression in human melanoma cells. Oncogene, 10, 1855-1864
129. Jiang, X. R., Jimenez, G., Chang, E., Frolkis, M., Kusler, B., Sage, M., Beeche, M., Bodnar, A. G., Wahl, G. M., Tlsty, T. D. … Chiu, C. P. (1999). Telomerase expression in human somatic cells does not induce changes associated with a transformed phenotype. Nat. Genet., 21, 111-114
130. Jeffers, J. R., Parganas, E., Lee, Y., Yang, C., Wang, J., Brennan, J., MacLean, K. H., Han, J., Chittenden, T., Ihle J. N., McKinnon, P. J., Cleveland, J. L. … Zambetti, G. P. (2003). Puma is an essential mediator of p53-dependent and-independent apoptotic pathways. Cancer Cell, 4, 321-328
131. Jongmans, W., Vuillaume, M., Kleijer, W. J., Lakin, N. D. … Hall, J. (1998). The p53-mediated DNA damage response to ionizing radiation in fibroblasts from ataxia-without-telangiectasia patients. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 74, 287-295
132. Jost, C. A., Marin, M. C. … Kaelin, Jr. W.G. (1997). p73 is a human p53-related protein that can induce apoptosis. Nature, 389, 191-194.
133. Kamath-Loeb, A. S., Shen, J. C., Loeb, L. A. … Fry, M. (1998). Werner syndrome protein. II. Characterization of the integral 3' → 5' DNA exonuclease. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 34145-34150.
134. Kaneko, H. … Kondo, N. (2004). Clinical features of Bloom syndrome and function of the causative gene, BLM helicase. Exprt. Rev. Mol. Diagn., 3, 393-401.
135. Kang H., Cui, K. … Zhao, K. (2004). BRG1 controls the activity of the retinoblastoma protein via regulation of p21CIP1/WAF1/SDI. Mol. Cell Biol., 24, 1188-1199
136. Kato, D., Miyazawa, K., Ruas, M., Starborg, M., Wada, I., Oka, T., Sakai, T., Peters, G. … Hara, E. (1998). Features of replicative senescence induced by direct addition of antennapedia-p16Ink4A fusion protein to human diploid fibroblasts. FEBS Lett., 427, 203-208
137. Khanna, K. K. (2000). Cancer risk and the ATM gene: a continuing debate. JNCI, 92, 795-802
138. Kim, N. W., Piatyszek, M. A., Prowse, K. R., Harley, C. B., West, M. D., Ho, P. L., Coviello, G. M., Wright, W. E., Weinrich, S. L. … Shay, J. W. (1994). Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science, 266, 2011-2015
139. Kitao, S., Shimamoto, A., Goto, M., Miller, R. W., Smithson, W. A. Linder, N. M. … Furuichi, Y. (1999). Mutations in RECQL4 cause a sub-set of cases of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Nature Genet., 22, 82-84
140. Kitaura, H., Shinshi, M., Uchikoshi, Y., Ono, T., Iguchi-Ariga, S. M. … Ariga, H. (2000). Reciprocal regulation via protein-protein interaction between c-Myc and p21cip1/waf1/sdi1 in DNA replication and transcription. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 10477-10483
141. Kiyono, T., Foster, S. A., Koop, J. I., McDougall, J. K., Galloway, D. A. …. Klingelhutz, A. J. (1998). Both Rb/p16INK4a inactivation and telomerase activity are required to immortalize human epithelial cells. Nature, 396, 84-88
142. Komarova, E. A., Diatchenko, L., Rokhlin, O. W., Hill, J. E., Wang, Z. J., Krivokrysenko, V. I., Feinstein, E. … Gudkov, A. V. (1998). Stress-induced secretion of growth inhibitors: a novel tumor suppressor function of p53. Oncogene, 17, 1089-1096
143. Koutsodontis, G., Tentes, I., Papakosta, P., Moustakas, A. … Kardassis, D. (2001). Sp1 plays a critical role in the transcriptional activation of the human cyclindependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/Cip1 gene by the p53 tumor suppressor protein. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 29116-29125
144. Kühne, M., Riballo, E., Rief, N., Rothkamm, K., Jeggo, P. A. … Löbrich, M. (2004). A double-strand break repair defect in ATM-deficient cells contributes to radiosensitivity. Cancer Res., 64, 500-508.
145. Kurz, E. U. … Lees-Miller, S. P. (2004). DNA damage-induced activation of ATM and ATM-dependent signaling pathways. DNA Repair, 3, 889-900
146. Kwak, I. H., Kim, H. S., Choi, O. R., Ryu, M. S. … Lim, I. K. (2004). Nuclear accumulation of globular actin as a cellular senescence marker. Cancer Res., 64, 572-580
147. Kyng, K. J. … Bohr, V. A. (2005). Gene expression and DNA repair in progeroid syndromes and human aging. Ageing Res. Rev., 4, 579-602
148. Lambert, W. C. … Lambert, M. W. (1987). DNA repair deficiency and cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum. Cancer Rev., 7, 56-81
149. Latonen, L. … Laiho, M. (2005). Cellular UV damage responses-Functions of tumor suppressor p53. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1755, 71-89
150. Lavin, M. F. … Khanna, K. K. (1999). ATM: the protein encoded by the gene mutated in the radiosensitive syndrome ataxia-telangiectasia. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 75, 1201-1214.
151. Le Bourg, E., Minois, N., Bullens, P. … Baret, P. (2000). A mild stress due to hypergravity exposure at young age increases longevity in Drosophila melanogaster males. Biogerontology, 1, 145-55
152. Levine, A. J., Hu, W. … Feng, Z. (2006). The p53 pathway: what questions remain to be explored? Cell Death Differ., 13, 1027-1036
153. Lewis, M. (2003). PRELP, collagen, and a theory of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria. Ageing Res., 2, 95-105
154. Li, F. P., Fraumeni Jr. J. F., Mulvihill, J. J., Blattner, W. A., Dreyfus, M. G., Tucker, M. A. … Miller, R. W. (1988). A cancer family syndrome in twentyfour kindreds. Cancer Res., 48, 5358-5362
155. Li, C. Y., Suardet, L. … Little, J. B. (1995). Potential role of WAF1/Cip1/p21 as a mediator of TGF-beta cytoinhibitory effect. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 4971-4974
156. Li, G. Z., Eller, M. S., Firoozabadi, R. … Gilchrest, B. A. (2003). Evidence that exposure of the telomere 3′ overhang sequence induces senescence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 527-531
157. Licht, C. L., Stevnsner, T. … Bohr, V. A. (2003). Cockayne syndrome group B cellular and biochemical functions. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 73, 1217-1239
158. Lim, I. K., Hong, K. W., Kwak, I. H., Yoon, G. … Park, S. C. (2000). Cytoplasmic retention of p-Erk1/2 and nuclear accumulation of actin proteins during cellular senescence in human diploid fibroblasts. Mech. Ageing Dev., 119, 113-130
159. Linke, S. P., Clarkin, K. C. … Wahl, G. M. (1996). p53 mediates permanent arrest over multiple cell cycles in response to gamma-irradiation. Cancer Res., 57, 1171-1179.
160. Little, J. B., Azzam, E. I., de Toledo, S. M. … Nagasawa, H. (2002) Bystander effect: intercellular transmission of radiation damage signals. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 99, 159-162
161. Liu, M., Iavarone, A. … Freedman, L. P. (1996). Transcriptional activation of the human p21(WAF1/CIP1) gene by retinoic acid receptor. Correlation with retinoid induction of U937 cell differentiation. J. Biol, Chem., 271, 31723-31728
162. Ljungman, M. (2000). Dial 9-1-1 for p53: Mechanisms of p53 activation by cellular stress. Neoplasia, 2, 208-225
163. Ljungman, M. … F. Zhang. (1996). Blockage of RNA polymerase as a possible trigger for u.v. light-induced apoptosis. Oncogene, 13, 823-831
164. Ljungman, M., Zhang, F., Chen, F., Rainbow, A. J. … McKay B. C. (1999). Inhibition of RNA polymerase II as a trigger for the p53 response. Oncogene, 18, 583-592
165. Machwe, A., Xiao, L., Groden, J., Matson, S. W. … Orren, D.K. (2005). RecQ family members combine strand pairing and unwinding activities to catalyze strand exchange. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 23397-23407
166. Macleod, K. F., Sherry, N., Hannon, G., Beach, D., Tokino, T., Kinzler, K., Vogelstein, B. … Jacks, T. (1995). p53-dependent and independent expression of p21 during cell growth, differentiation, and DNA damage. Genes Dev., 9, 935-944
167. Magnaldo, T. … Sarasin, A. (2004). Xeroderma pigmentosum: from symptoms and genetics to gene-based skin therapy. Cells Tissues Organs, 177, 189-198
168. Maki, C. G., … Howley, P. M. (1997). Ubiquitination of p53 and p21 is differentially affected by ionizing and UV radiation. Mol. Cell. Biol., 17, 355-363
169. Malkin, D., Li, F. P., Strong, L. C., Fraumeni, J. F. Jr., Nelson, C. E., Kim, D. H., Kassel, J., Gryka, M. A., Bischoff, F. Z., Tainsky, M. A. … Friend, S. H. (1990). Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science, 250, 1233-1238
170. Malumbres, M., Perez, C. I., Hernandez, M. I., Jimenez, M., Corral, T. … Pellicer, A. (2000). Cellular response to oncogenic ras involves induction of the Cdk4 and Cdk6 inhibitor p15INK4b. Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 2915-2925
171. Mao, L., Merlo, A., Bedi, G., Shapiro, G. I., Edwards, C. D., Rollins, B. J. … Sidransky, D. (1995). A novel p16INK4A transcript. Cancer Res., 55, 2995-2997
172. Martin, F. … Solary, E. (2004). Tumor cell resistance to DNA-damaging agents: from apoptosis to neosis. Curr. Med. Chem. Anticancer Agents, 4, 461-463.
173. Martin, G. M. (2006). Keynote lecture: An update on the what, why and how questions of ageing. Exp. Gerontol., 41, 460-463
174. Martin, G. M., Sprague, C. A. … Epstein, C. J. (1970). Replicative life-span of cultivated human cells. Effects of donor’s age, tissue, and genotype. Lab. Invest., 23, 86-92
175. Masoro, E. J. (2000). Caloric restriction and aging: an update. Exp. Gerontol., 35, 299-305.
176. McConnell, B. B., Starborg, M., Brookes, S. … Peters, G. (1998). Inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases induce features of replicative senescence in early passage human diploid fibroblasts. Curr. Biol., 8, 351-354.
177. McCormick, J. J., Kateley-Kohler, S., Watanabe, M. … Maher, V. M. (1986). Abnormal sensitivity of human fibroblasts from xeroderma pigmentosum variants to transformation to anchorage independence by ultraviolet radiation. Cancer Res., 46, 489-492
178. Meek, D. W. (2004). The p53 response to DNA damage. DNA Repair, 3, 1049-1056
179. Melchior, F. … Hengst, L. (2002). SUMO-1 and p53. Cell Cycle, 1, 245-249.
180. Mestres-Ventura, P. (2003). Chemosensitivity testing of human tumors using Sisensor chips. Recent Results Cancer Res., 161, 26-38
181. Milas, L., Stephens, L. C. … Meyn, R. E. (1994). Relation of apoptosis to cancer therapy. In Vivo, 8, 665-673
182. Minois, N. (2000). Longevity and aging: beneficial effects of exposure to mild stress. Biogerontology, 1, 15-29
183. Mirzayans, R. … Paterson, M. C. (2001). Correction of radioresistant DNA synthesis in ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts by prostaglandin E2 treatment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 38, 191-199
184. Mirzayans, R., Smith, B. P. … Paterson, M. C. (1989). Hypersensitivity to cell killing and faulty repair of 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-detectable sites in human (ataxia-telangiectasia) fibroblasts treated with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Cancer Res., 49, 5523-5529
185. Mirzayans, R., Famulski, K., Enns, L., Fraser, M. … Paterson, M.C. (1995). Characterization of the signal transduction pathway mediating γ ray-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis in human cells: indirect evidence for involvement of calmodulin but not protein kinase C nor p53. Oncogene, 11, 1597-1605
186. Mirzayans, R., Enns, L., Dietrich, K., Barley, R.D. … Paterson, M.C. (1996). Faulty DNA polymerase δ/ε-mediated excision repair in response to γ radiation or ultraviolet light in p53-deficient fibroblast strains from affected members of a cancer-prone family with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Carcinogenesis, 17, 691-698.
187. Mirzayans, R., Enns, L. … Paterson, M.C. (1997) Inhibition of DNA synthesis and G1/S transition in normal human fibroblast cultures elicited by a heat-labile trans-acting factor in γ-irradiated HeLa cell extracts. Radiat. Res., 147, 13-21
188. Mirzayans, R., Bashir, S., Murray, D. … Paterson, M. C. (1999). Inverse correlation between p53 protein levels and DNA repair efficiency in human fibroblast strains treated with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide: evidence that lesions other than DNA strand breaks trigger the p53 response. Carcinogenesis, 20, 941-946
189. Mirzayans, R., Pollock, S., Scott, A., Gao, C. Q. … Murray, D. (2003). Metabolic labeling of human cells with tritiated nucleosides results in activation of the ATM-dependent p53 signaling pathway and acceleration of DNA repair. Oncogene, 22, 5562-5571
190. Mirzayans, R., Pollock, S., Scott, A., Enns, L, Andrais, B. … Murray, D. (2004). Relationship between the radiosensitizing effect of wortmannin, DNA double-strand break rejoining, and p21WAF1 induction in human normal and tumor-derived cells. Mol. Carcinog., 39, 164-172
191. Mirzayans, R., Scott, A., Cameron, M. … Murray, D. (2005). Induction of accelerated senescence following exposure to ionizing radiation in human solid tumor-derived cell lines expressing wild-type TP53. Radiat. Res., 163, 53-62
192. Mirzayans, R., Severin, D., … Murray, D. (2006). Relationship between DNA double strand break rejoining and cell survival following exposure to ionizing radiation in human fibroblast strains with differing ATM/p53 function: implications for the evaluation of clinical radiosensitivity. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., in press.
193. Michael, D. … Oren, M. (2003). The p53-Mdm2 module and the ubiquitin system. Semin. Cancer Biol., 13, 49-58
194. Mitchell, K. O. … El Deiry, W. S. (1999). Overexpression of c-Myc inhibits p21WAF1/CIP1 expression and induces S-phase entry in 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-sensitive human cancer cells. Cell Growth Differ., 10, 223-230
195. Mohaghegh, P. … Hickson, I. D. (2001). DNA helicase deficiencies associated with cancer predisposition and premature ageing disorders. Hum. Mol. Genet., 10, 741-746
196. Morales, C. P., Holt, S. E., Ouellette, M., Kaur, K. J., Yan, Y., Wilson, K. S., White, M. A., Wright, W. E. … Shay, J. W. (1999). Absence of cancerassociated changes in human fibroblasts immortalized with telomerase. Nat. Genet., 21, 115-118.
197. Morris, M., Hepburn, P. … Wynford-Thomas, D. (2002). Sequential extension of proliferative lifespan in human fibroblasts induced by over-expression of CDK4 or 6 and loss of p53 function. Oncogene, 21, 4277-4288
198. Mothersill, C. … Seymour, C. B. (1998). Cell-cell contact during gamma irradiation is not required to induce a bystander effect in normal human keratinocytes: evidence for release during irradiation of a signal controlling survival into the medium. Radiat Res., 149, 256-262
199. Mothershill, C. … Seymour, C. (2005). Radiation-induced bystander effects: are they good, bad or both? Med. Confl. Surviv. 21, 101-110
200. Mothersill, C. … Seymour, C. B. (2006). Targeted radiotherapy: is the "holy grail" in sight? J. Nucl. Med., 47, 899-900
201. Munro, J., Steeghs, K., Morrison, V., Ireland, H. … Parkinson, E. K. (2001). Human fibroblast replicative senescence can occur in the absence of extensive cell division and short telomeres. Oncogene, 20, 3541-3552
202. Murphy, J. B., Heng Lie, J. … Simon, E. (1922). Studies on x-ray effects. IX. The action of serum from x-rayed animals on lymphoid cells in vitro. J. Exp. Med., 35, 373-384
203. Murray, D. … Mirzayans, R. (2006). Role of p53 in the repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. In: B. R. Landseer (Ed.), New Research on DNA Repair. Hauppauge, New York, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., In Press.
204. Murray, D., Wang, J.Y. … Mirzayans, R. (2006). DNA repair after low doses of ionizing radiation. Int. J. Low Radiat., 3, 255-272
205. Myohanen, S. K., Baylin S. B. … Herman, J. G. (1998). Hypermethylation can selectively silence individual p16ink4A alleles in neoplasia. Cancer Res., 58, 591-593
206. Nagasawa, H. … Little, J. B. (1999). Unexpected sensitivity to the induction of mutations by very low doses of alpha-particle radiation: evidence for a bystander effect. Radiat Res., 52, 552-557
207. Nakamura, T. M., Morin, G. B., Chapman, K. B., Weinrich, S. L., Andrews, W. H., Lingner, J., Harley, C. B. … Cech, T. R. (1997). Telomerase catalytic subunit homologs from fission yeast and human. Science, 277, 955-959
208. Nakanishi, K., Taniguchi, T., Ranganathan, V., New, H.V., Moreau, L.A., Stotsky, M., Mathew, C. G., Kastan, M. B., Weaver, D. T. … D'Andrea, A. D. (2002). Interaction of FANCD2 and NBS1 in the DNA damage response. Nat. Cell. Biol., 4, 913-920
209. Nance, M. A. … Berry, S. A. (1992). Cockayne syndrome: review of 140 cases. Am. J. Med. Genet., 68-84.
210. Navolanic, P. M., Akula, S. M. … McCubrey, J. A. (2004). Neosis and its potential role in cancer development and chemoresistance. Cancer Biol. Ther., 3, 219-320
211. Niedernhofer, L. J., Lalai, A. S. … Hoeijmakers, J. H. (2005). Fanconi anemia (cross)linked to DNA repair. Cell, 123, 1191-1198
212. Nevaldine, B., Longo, J. A. … Hahn, P. J. (1997). The scid defect results in much slower repair of DNA double-strand breaks but not high levels of residual breaks. Radiat Res., 147, 535-540
213. Noda, A., Ning, Y., Venable, S. F., Pereira-Smith, O. M. … Smith, J. R. (1994). Cloning of senescent cell-derived inhibitors of DNA synthesis using an expression screen. Exp. Cell Res. 211, 90-98.
214. O'Connor, P. M., Jackman, J., Bae, I., Myers, T. G., Fan, S., Mutoh, M., Scudiero, D. A., Monks, A., Sausville, E. A., Weinstein, J. N., Friend, S., Fornace, A. J. Jr. … Kohn, K. W. (1997). Characterization of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway in cell lines of the National Cancer Institute anticancer drug screen and correlations with the growth-inhibitory potency of 123 anticancer agents. Cancer Res., 57, 4285-4300
215. Ogburn, C. E., Oshima J., Poot M., Chen R., Hunt K. E., Gollahon K.A., Rabinovitch P.S. … Martin, G.M. (1997). An apoptosis-inducing genotoxin differentiates heterozygotic carriers for Werner helicase mutations from wildtype and homozygous mutants. Hum. Genet., 101, 121-125
216. Olive, P. L. … Banáth, J. P. (2004). Phosphorylation of histone H2AX as a measure of radiosensitivity. Int. J Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 58, 331-335
217. Olivier, M., Bautista, S., Valles, H. … Theillet, C. (1998). Relaxed cell-cycle arrest and propagation of unrepaired chromosomal changes in cancer cell lines with wild-type p53. Mol. Carcinog., 23, 1-12
218. Orre, L. M., Stenerlow, B., Dhar, S., Larsson, R., Lewensohn, R. … Lehtio, J. (2006). p53 is involved in clearance of ionizing radiation-induced RAD51 foci in a human colon cancer cell line. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 342, 1211-1217
219. Osada, M., Ohba, M., Kawahara, C., Ishioka, C., Kanamaru, R., Katoh, I., Ikawa, Y., Nimura, Y., Nakagawara, A., Obinata, M. … Ikawa, S. (1998). Cloning and functional analysis of human p51, which structurally and functionally resembles p53. Nat. Med., 4, 839-843
220. Painter, R. B. (1981). Radioresistant DNA synthesis: an intrinsic feature of ataxia telangiectasia. Mutat. Res., 84, 183-190
221. Painter, R. B. (1983). Are lesions induced by ionizing radiation direct blocks to DNA chain elongation? Radiat. Res., 95, 421-426.
222. Painter, R. B. … Young, B. R. (1980). Radiosensitivity in ataxia-telangiectasia: a new explanation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 7315-7317
223. Park, J. W., Jang, M. A., Lee, Y. H., Passaniti, A. … Kwon, T. K. (2001). p53-independent elevation of p21 expression by PMA results from PKC-mediated mRNA stabilization. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 280, 244-248
224. Parker, S. B., Eichele, G., Zhang, P., Rawls, A., Sands, A. T., Bradley, A., Olson, E. N., Harper, J. W. … Elledge, S. J. (1995). p53-independent expression of p21Cip1 in muscle and other terminally differentiating cells. Science, 267, 1024-1027
225. Parris, G. E. (2005). Clinically significant cancer evolves from transient mutated and/or aneuploid neoplasia by cell fusion to form unstable syncytia that give rise to ecologically viable parasite species. Med. Hypothesis, 65, 846-850
226. Parry, D., Mahony, D., Wills, K. … Lees, E. (1999). Cyclin D/CDK subunit arrangement is dependent on the availability of competing INK4 and p21 class inhibitors. Mol. Cell. Biol., 19, 1775-1783
227. Paterson, M. C. … Smith, P. J. (1979). Ataxia telangiectasia: an inherited human disorder involving hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation and related DNAdamaging chemicals. Annu. Rev. Genet., 13, 291-318
228. Paterson, M. C. … Mirzayans, R. (1993). Correction of post-γ ray DNA repair deficiency in ataxia-telangiectasia complementation group A fibroblasts by cocultivation with normal fibroblasts. In: R. A. Gatti, … R. B. Painter (Eds.), Ataxia-Telangiectasia: NATO ASI series H (Vol 77, pp. 117-126). Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
229. Paterson, M. C., Smith, B. P., Lohman, P. H. M., Anderson, A. K. … Fishman, L. (1976). Defective excision repair of γ-ray-damaged DNA in human (ataxia telangiectasia) fibroblasts. Nature, 260, 444-447
230. Paterson, M. C., Gentner, N. E., Middlestadt, M. V., … Weinfeld, M. (1984). Cancer predisposition, carcinogen hypersensitivity, and aberrant DNA metabolism. J. Cell. Physiol., Suppl., 3, 45-62
231. Pearson, M., Carbone, R., Sebastiani, C., Cioce, M., Fagioli, M., Saito, S., Higashimoto, Y., Appella E., Minucci, S., Pandolfi, P. P. … Pelicci, P. G. (2000). PML regulates p53 acetylation and premature senescence induced by oncogenic Ras. Nature, 406, 207-210
232. Perkins, N. D., Felzien, L. K., Betts, J. C., Leung, K., Beach, D. H. … Nabel, G. J. (1997). Regulation of NF-kappaB by cyclin-dependent kinases associated with the p300 coactivator. Science, 275, 523-527
233. Pichierri, P., Franchitto, A., Mosesso, P. … Palitti, F. (2001). Werner's syndrome protein is required for correct recovery after replication arrest and DNA damage induced in S-phase of cell cycle. Mol. Biol. Cell., 12, 2412-2421.
234. Pichierri, P., Rosselli, F. … Franchitto A. (2003). Werner's syndrome protein is phosphorylated in an ATR/ATM-dependent manner following replication arrest and DNA damage induced during the S phase of the cell cycle. Oncogene, 22, 1491-1500
235. Pilch, D. R., Sedelnikova, O. A., Redon, C., Celeste, A., Nussenzweig, A. … Bonner, W. M. (2003). Characteristics of gamma-H2AX foci at DNA doublestrand break sites. Biochem. Cell Biol., 81, 123-129
236. Poot, M., Gollahon, K. A. … Rabinovitch, P. S. (1999). Werner syndrome lymphoblastoid cells are sensitive to camptothecin-induced apoptosis in Sphase. Hum. Genet., 104, 10-14
237. Poot, M., Yom, J. S., Whang, S. H., Kato, J. T., Gollahon, K. A. … Rabinovitch, P. S. (2001). Werner syndrome cells are sensitive to DNA cross-linking drugs. FASEB J., 15, 1224-1226
238. Preto, A., Singhrao, S. K., Haughton, M. F., Kipling, D., Wynford-Thomas, D. … Jones, C. J. (2004). Telomere erosion triggers growth arrest but not cell death in human cancer cells retaining wild-type p53: implications for antitelomerase therapy. Oncogene, 23, 4136-4145
239. Pring, M., Weber, A. … Bubb, M. R. (1992). Profilin-actin complexes directly elongate actin filaments at the barbed end. Biochemistry, 31, 1827-1836
240. Quelle, D. E., Zindy, F., Ashmun, R.A. … Sherr, C. J. (1995). Alternative reading frames of the INK4a tumor suppressor gene encode two unrelated proteins capable of inducing cell cycle arrest. Cell, 83, 993-1000
241. Raji, N. S., Surekha, A. … Subba, R. K. (1998). Improved DNA-repair parameters in PHA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes of human subjects with low body mass index. Mech. Ageing Dev., 104, 133-148
242. Ramirez, R. D., Morales, C. P., Herbert, B. S., Rohde, J. M., Passons, C., Shay, J. W. … Wright, W. E. (2001). Putative telomere-independent mechanisms of replicative aging reflect inadequate growth conditions. Genes Dev., 15, 398-403.
243. Rangarajan A, Talora C, Okuyama R, Nicolas M, Mammucari C, Oh, H., Aster, J. C., Krishna, S., Metzger, D., Chambon, P., Miele, L., Aguet, M., Radtke, F. … Dotto, G. P. (2001). Notch signaling is a direct determinant of keratinocyte growth arrest and entry into differentiation. EMBO J., 20, 3427-3436
244. Rajaraman, R., Rajaraman, M. M., Rajaraman, S. R. … Guernsey, R. L. (2005). Neosis-a paradigm of self-renewal in cancer. Cell Biol. Int., 29, 1084-1097
245. Rattan, S. I., Gonzalez-Dosal, R., Nielsen, E. R., Kraft, D. C., Weibel, J. … Kahns, S. (2004). Slowing down aging from within: mechanistic aspects of anti-aging hormetic effects of mild heat stress on human cells. Acta Biochim. Polonica, 51, 481-492.
246. Redpath, J. L. … Gutierrez, M. (2001). Kinetics of induction of reactive oxygen species during the post-irradiation expression of neoplastic transformation in vitro. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 77, 1081-1085
247. Rodemann, H. P., Bayreuther, K., Franz, P. I., Dittman, K. … Albiez, M. (1989). Selective enrichment and biochemical characterization of seven human skin fibroblast cell types in vitro. Exp. Cell Res., 180, 84-93
248. Roninson, I. B. (2002). Tumor senescence as a determinant of drug response in vivo. Drug Resist. Updates, 5, 204-208
249. Roninson, I. B. (2003). Tumor cell senescence in cancer treatment. Cancer Res., 63, 2705-2715
250. Roninson, I. B., Broude, E. V. … Chang, B-D. (2001). If not apoptosis, then what? Treatment-induced senescence and mitotic catastrophe in tumor cells. Drug Resist. Updates, 4, 303-313
251. Rotman, G. … Shiloh, Y. (1999). ATM: a mediator of multiple responses to genotoxic stress. Oncogene, 18, 6135-6144
252. Rousseau, D., Cannella, D., Boulaire, J., Fitzgerald, P., Fotedar, A. … Fotedar, R. (1999). Growth inhibition by CDK-cyclin and PCNA binding domains of p21 occurs by distinct mechanisms and is regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Oncogene, 18, 4313-4325
253. Ruaro, E. M., Collavin, L., Sal, G. D., Haffner, R., Oren, M., Levine, A. J. … Schneider, C. (1997). A proline-rich motif in p53 is required for transactivation-independent growth arrest as induced by Gas1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 4675-4680
254. Satterwhite, L. L. … Pollard, T. D. (1992). Cytokinesis. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 4, 43-52
255. Sawant, S. G., Randers-Pehrson, G., Geard, C. R., Brenner, D. J. … Hall, E. J. (2001) The bystander effect in radiation oncogenesis: I. Transformation in C3H 10T½ cells in vitro can be initiated in the unirradiated neighbors of irradiated cells. Radiat. Res., 155, 397-401
256. Seitz, C. S., Deng, H., Hinata, K., Lin, Q. … Khavari, P. A. (2000). Nuclear factor kappaB subunits induce epithelial cell growth arrest. Cancer Res., 60, 4085-4092
257. Serrano, M., Lee, H., Chin, L., Cordon-Cardo, C., Beach, D. … DePinho, R. A. (1996). Role of the INK4a locus in tumor suppression and cell mortality. Cell, 85, 27-37
258. Shay, J. W. (1995). Aging and cancer: are telomeres and telomerase the connection? Mol. Med. Today, 1, 378-384
259. Shay, J. W. (1999). At the end of the millennium, a view of the end. Nat. Genet., 23, 382-383.
260. Shay, J. W. … Bacchetti, S. (1997). A survey of telomerase activity in human cancer. Eur. J. Cancer, 33, 787-791
261. Shay, J. W. … Roninson, I. B. (2004). Hallmarks of senescence in carcinogenesis and cancer therapy. Oncogene, 23, 2929-2933
262. Shay, J. W. … Wright, W. E. (1996). Telomerase activity in human cancer. Curr. Opin. Oncol., 8, 66-71
263. Sheaff, R. J., Singer, J. D., Swanger, J., Smitherman, M., Roberts, J. M. … Clurman, B. E. (2000). Proteasomal turnover of p21Cip1 does not require p21Cip1 ubiquitination. Mol. Cell, 5, 403-410
264. Sherr, C. J. … McCormick, F. (2002). The RB and p53 pathways in cancer. Cancer Cell, 2, 103-112
265. Shen, J. C., Gray, M. D., Oshima, J., Kamath-Loeb, A. S., Fry, M. … Loeb, L. A. (1998). Werner syndrome protein. I. DNA helicase and DNA exonuclease reside on the same polypeptide. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 34139-34144
266. Sherr, C. J. … Roberts, J. M. (1999). CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression. Genes Dev., 13, 1501-1512
267. Shibue, T., Takeda, K., Oda, E., Tanaka, H., Murasawa, H., Takaoka, A., Morishita, Y., Akira, S., Taniguchi, T. … Tanaka, N. (2003). Integral role of Noxa in p53-mediated apoptotic response, Genes Dev., 17, 2233-2238
268. Schmitt, C. A., Fridman, J. S., Yang, M., Lee, S., Baranov, E., Hoffman, R. M. … Lowe, S. W. (2002). A senescence program controlled by p53 and p16INK4 contributes to the outcome of cancer therapy. Cell, 109, 335-346
269. Sokolov, M. V., Smilenov, L. B., Hall, E. J., Panyutin, I. G., Bonner, W. M. … Sedelnikova, O. A. (2005). Ionizing radiation induces DNA double-strand breaks in bystander primary human fibroblasts. Oncogene, 24, 7257-7265
270. Stansel, R. M., de Lange. T. … Griffith, J. D. (2001). T-loop assembly in vitro involves binding of TRF2 near the 3' telomeric overhang. EMBO J., 20, 5532-5540
271. Stein, G. H., Drullinger, L. F., Soulard, A. … Dulic, V. (1999). Differential roles for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 in the mechanisms of senescence and differentiation in human fibroblasts. Mol. Cell Biol., 19, 2109-2117
272. Stiff, T., O’Driscoll, M., Rief, N., Iwabuchi, K., Löbrich, M. … Jeggo, P. A. (2004). ATM and DNA-PK function redundantly to phosphorylate H2AX after exposure to ionizing radiation. Cancer Res., 64, 2390-2396
273. Stone, S., Jiang, P., Dayananth, P., Tavtigian, S. V., Katcher, H., Parry, D., Peters, G. … Kamb, A. (1995). Complex structure and regulation of the P16 (MTS1) locus. Cancer Res., 55, 2988-2994.
274. Sturzbecher, H. W., Donzelmann, B., Henning, W., Knippschild, U. … Buchhop, S. (1996). p53 is linked directly to homologous recombination processes via RAD51/RecA protein interaction. EMBO J., 15, 1992-2002
275. Sundaram, M., Guernsey, D. L., Rajaraman, M. M. … Rajaraman, R. (2004). Neosis: A novel type of cell division in cancer. Cancer Biol. Ther., 3, 207-218
276. Suzuki, N., Shimamoto, A., Imamura, O., Kuromitsu, J., Kitao, S., Goto, M. … Furuichi, Y. (1997). DNA helicase activity in Werner's syndrome gene product synthesized in a baculovirus system. Nucleic Acids Res., 25, 2973-2978
277. Swamy, M. V., Herzog, C. … Rao, C. V. (2003). Inhibition of COX-2 in colon cancer cell lines by Celecoxib increases the nuclear localization of active p53. Cancer Res., 63, 5239-5242
278. Tanaka, Y., Fujii, T., Yamana, H., Kato, S., Morimatsu, M. … Shirouzu, K. (2004). Experimental gene therapy using p21Waf1 gene for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by gene gun technology. Int. J. Mol. Med., 14, 545-551
279. Tibbetts, R. S., Brumbaugh, K. M., Williams, J. M., Sarkaria, J. N., Cliby, W. A., Shieh, S. Y., Taya, Y., Prives, C. … Abraham, R. T. (1999). A role for ATR in the DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of p53. Genes Dev., 13, 152-157
280. Tischkowitz, M. D. … Hodgson, S. V. (2003). Fanconi anaemia. J. Med. Genet., 40, 1-10
281. Tuo, J., Muftuoglu, M., Chen, C., Jaruga, P., Selzer, R. R., Brosh, R. M. Jr., Rodriguez, H., Dizdaroglu, M. … Bohr, V. A. (2001). The Cockayne syndrome group B gene product is involved in general genome base excision repair of 8-hydroxyguanine in DNA. J. Biol Chem., 276, 45772-45779.
282. van Steensel, B., Smogorzewska, A. … de Lange, T. (1998). TRF2 protects human telomeres from end-to-end fusions. Cell, 92, 401-413.
283. Vava-Grosjean, L. … Sarasin A. (2005). The role of UV induced lesions in skin carcinogenesis: an overview of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene modifications in xeroderma pigmentosum skin tumors. Mutat. Res., 571, 43-56
284. Vennos, E. M. … James, W. D. (1995). Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Dermatol. Clin., 13, 143-150
285. Villunger, A., Michalak, E. M., Coultas, L., Mullauer, F., Bock, G., Ausserlechner, M. J., Adams, J. M. … Strasser, A. (2003). p53-and druginduced apoptotic responses mediated by BH3-only proteins puma and noxa. Science, 302, 1036-1038
286. von Zglinicki, T., Saretzki, G., Ladhoff, J., d'Adda di Fagagna, F. … Jackson, S. P. (2005). Human cell senescence as a DNA damage response. Mech. Ageing Dev., 126, 111-117
287. Wakasugi, M., Kawashima, A., Morioka, H., Linn, S., Sancar, A., Mori, T., Nikaido, O. … Matsunaga T. (2002). DDB accumulates at DNA damage sites immediately after UV irradiation and directly stimulates nucleotide excision repair. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 1637-1640
288. Waldman, T., Zhang, Y., Dillehay, L., Yu, J., Kinzler, K., Vogelstein, B. … Williams, J. (1997). Cell-cycle arrest versus cell death in cancer therapy. Nat. Med., 3, 1034-1036
289. Wang, Y., Blandino, G. … Givol, D. (1999). Induced p21waf expression in H1299 cell line promotes cell senescence and protects against cytotoxic effect of radiation and doxorubicin. Oncogene, 18, 2643-2649
290. Wang, X. W., Yeh, H., Schaeffer, L., Roy, R., Moncollin, V., Egly J.-M., Wang, Z., Friedberg, E. C., Evans, M. K., Taffe, B. G., Bohr, V. A., Weeda, G., Hoeijmakers, J. H. J., Forrester, K. … Harris, C. C. (1995). P53 modulation of TFIIH-associated nucleotide excision repair activity. Nature Genet., 10, 188-195
291. Wang, X., Andreassen, P. R. … D’Andrea, A. D. (2004). Functional interaction of monoubiquitinated FANCD2 and BRCA2/FANCD1 in chromatin. Mol. Cell. Biol., 24, 5850-5862
292. Wang, H., Wang, M., Wang, H., Bocker, W., … Iliakis, G. (2005). Complex H2AX phosphorylation patterns by multiple kinases including ATM and DNA-PK in human cells exposed to ionizing radiation and treated with kinase inhibitors. J. Cell Physiol., 202, 492-502
293. Wani, M. A., Wani, G., Yao, J., Zhu, Q. … Wani, A. A. (2002). Human cells deficient in p53 regulated p21waf1/cip1 expression exhibit normal nucleotide excision repair of UV-induced DNA damage. Carcinogenesis, 23, 403-410
294. Watson, G. E., Lorimore, S. A., Macdonald, D. A. … Wright, E. G. (2000). Chromosomal instability in unirradiated cells induced in vivo by a bystander effect of ionizing radiation. Cancer Res., 60, 5608-5611
295. Weber, J. D., Taylor, L. J., Roussel, M. F., Sherr, C. J., Bar Sagi … D. Nucleolar. (1999). Arf sequesters Mdm2 and activates p53. Nat. Cell Biol., 1, 20-26
296. Wei, W., Herbig, U., Wei, S., Dutriaux, A. … Sedivy, J. M. (2003). Loss of retinoblastoma but not p16 function allows bypass of replicative senescence in human fibroblasts. EMBO Rep., 4, 1061-1066
297. Weinberg, W. C. … Denning, M. F. (2002). P21WAF1 control of epithelial cell cycle and cell fate. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med., 13, 453-465.
298. Weiss, R. (2003). p21Waf1/Cip1 as a therapeutic target in breast and other cancers. Cancer Cell, 4, 425-429
299. Weller, M., Malipiero, U., Aguzzi, A., Reed, J. C. … Fontana, A. (1995). Protooncogene bcl-2 gene transfer abrogates Fas/APO-1 antibody-mediated apoptosis of human malignant glioma cells and confers resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and therapeutic irradiation. J. Clin. Invest., 95, 2633-2643
300. Xiong, Y., Hannon, G. J., Zhang, H., Casso, D., Kobayashi, R. … Beach, D. (1993a). p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. Nature, 366, 701-704
301. Xiong, Y., Zhang, H. … Beach, D. (1993b). Subunit rearrangement of the cyclindependent kinases is associated with cellular transformation. Genes Dev., 7, 1572-1583
302. Xu, H. J., Zhou, Y., Ji, W., Perng, G. S., Kruzelock, R., Kong, C. T., Bast, R. C., Mills, G. B., Li, J. … Hu, S. X. (1997). Reexpression of the retinoblastoma protein in tumor cells induces senescence and telomerase inhibition. Oncogene, 15, 2589-2596
303. Yamaizumi, M. … T. Sugano. (1994). U.V.-induced nuclear accumulation of p53 is evoked through DNA damage of actively transcribed genes independent of the cell cycle. Oncogene, 9, 2775-2784
304. Yan, J., Khanna, K. K. … Lavin, M. F. (2000). Defective radiation signal transduction in ataxia-telangiectasia. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 76, 1025-1035
305. Yang, W. L., Zeng, Y. X., El Deiry, W. S., Nason-Burchenal, K., Dmitrovsky, E., Chin K. V. (1999). Transcriptional activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 by PML/RARalpha. Mol. Cell Biol. Res. Commun., 1, 125-131
306. Yang, H., Asaad, N. … Held, K. D. (2005). Medium-mediated intercellular communication is involved in bystander responses of X-ray-irradiated normal human fibroblasts. Oncogene, 24, 2096-2103
307. Zhang, Y. … Xiong, Y. (1999). Mutations in human ARF exon 2 disrupt its nucleolar localization and impair its ability to block nuclear export of MDM2 and p53. Mol. Cell, 3, 579-591
308. Zhang, Y., Xiong, Y. … Yarbrough, W. G. (1998). ARF promotes MDM2 degradation and stabilizes p53: ARF-INK4a locus deletion impairs both the Rb and p53 tumor suppression pathways. Cell, 92, 725-734
309. Zhang, Y., Fujita, N. … Tsuruo, T. (1999). Caspase-mediated cleavage of p21Waf1/Cip1 converts cancer cells from growth arrest to undergoing apoptosis. Oncogene, 18, 1131-1138.
310. Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Li, M., Agrawal, S., Chen, X. … Zhangn R. (2004). MDM2 is a negative regulator of p21WAF1/CIP1, independent of p53. J. Biol Chem., 279, 16000-16006
311. Zhao, W., Lin, Z. X. … Zhang, Z. Q. (2004). Cisplatin-induced premature senescence with concomitant reduction of gap junctions in human fibroblasts. Cell Res., 14, 60-66
312. Zhou, H., Randers-Pehrson, G., Waldren, C. A., Vannais, D., Hall, E. J. … Hei, T. K. (2000). Induction of a bystander mutagenic effect of alpha particles in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 2099-2104
313. Zhou, B. P. … Hung, M. C. (2002). Novel targets of Akt, p21Cip1/WAF1, and MDM2. Semin. Oncol., 29, Suppll. 11, 62-70
314. Zhou, B. P. … Hung, M.C. (2003). Dysregulation of cellular signaling by HER2/neu in breast cancer. Semin. Oncol., 30 Suppl. 16, 38-48.