The case for anthocyanin consumption to promote human health: A review

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

Volumn 12, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 483-508

  Pojer, Elisa ^a   Mattivi, Fulvio ^a   Johnson, Dan ^b   Stockley, Creina S ^b  

^a RESEARCH AND INNOVATION CENTRE   (Italy)

^b AUSTRALIAN WINE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BERRY FRUITS; BLUE COLORS; CHRONIC DISEASE; FLAVONOID; FUNCTIONAL FOODS; HUMAN DIET; HUMAN HEALTH; PLANT ORGANS;

FRUITS; HEALTH; PLANTS (BOTANY);

ANTHOCYANINS;

EID: 84883746320     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15414337     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12024     Document Type: Article

References (247)

1. Afaq F, Saleem M, Krueger CG, Reed JD, Mukhtar H. 2005. Anthocyanin and hydrolyzable tannin-rich pomegranate fruit extract modulates MAPK and NF-kappa B pathways and inhibits skin tumorigenesis in CD-1 mice. Intl J Cancer 113(3):423-33.
2. Al-Awwadi NA, Araiz C, Bornet A, Delbosc S, Cristol JP, Linck N, Azay J. 2005. Extracts enriched in different polyphenolic families normalize increased cardiac NADPH oxidase expression while having differential effects on insulin resistance, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy in high-fructose-fed rats. J Agric Food Chem 53(1):151-7.
3. Allen RG, Tresini M. 2000. Oxidative status and gene regulation. Free Radical Bio Med 28:463-99.
4. Anderson JW, Randles KM, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ. 2004. Carbohydrate and fiber recommendations for individuals with diabetes: a quantitative assessment and meta-analysis of the evidence. J Am Coll Nutr 23(1):5-17.
5. Andres-Lacueva C, Shukitt-Hale B, Galli RL, Jauregui O, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Joseph JA. 2005. Anthocyanins in aged blueberry-fed rats are found centrally and may enhance memory. Nutr Neurosci 8:111-20.
6. Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Maeda K, Miyagawa J, Hotta K. 1999. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257:79-83.
7. Arts ICW, Sesink AL, Faassen-Peters M, Hollman, PCH. 2004. The type of sugar moiety is a major determinant of the small intestinal uptake and subsequent biliary excretion of dietary quercetin glycosides. Br J Nutr 91(6):841-7.
8. Aura AM, Martin-Lopez P, O'Leary KA, Williamson G, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Poutanen K, Santos-Buelga C. 2005. In vitro metabolism of anthocyanins by human gut microflora. Eur J Nutr 44(3):133-42.
9. Azzini E, Vitaglione P, Intorre F, Napolitano A, Durazzo A, Foddai MS, Fumagalli A, Catasta G, Rossi L, Venneria E, Raguzzini A, Palomba L, Fogliano V, Maiani G. 2010. Bioavailability of strawberry antioxidants in human subjects. Br J Nutr 104(8):1165-73.
10. Bagchi D, Sen CK, Bagchi M, Atalay M. 2004. Anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic properties of a novel anthocyanin-rich berry extract formula. Biochem Mosc 69(1):75-8.
11. Bastide P, Rouher F, Tronche P. 1968. Rhodopsin and anthocyanosides: a propos of various experimental facts. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 68:801-7.
12. Battiston L, Macagno A, Passamonti S, Micali F, Sottocasa GL. 1999. Specific sequence-directed anti-bilitranslocase antibodies as a tool to detect potentially bilirubin-binding proteins in different tissues of the rat. FEBS Lett 453(3):351-5.
13. Bertuglia S, Malandrino S, Colantuoni A. 1995. Effect of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on ischaemia reperfusion injury in hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. Pharmacol Res 31(3-4):183-7.
14. Bitsch R, Netzel M, Frank T, Strass G, Bitsch I. 2004. Bioavailability and biokinetics of anthocyanins from red grape juice and red wine. J Biomed Biotechnol 2004(5):293-8.
15. Boivin D, Blanchette M, Barrette S, Moghrabi A, Béliveau R. 2007. Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and suppression of TNF-induced activation of NF kappa B by edible berry juice. Anticancer Res 27(2):937-48.
16. Borkowski T, Szymusiak H, Gliszczyńska-Rwiglo A, Rietjens IMCM, Tyrakowska B. 2005. Radical scavenging capacity of wine anthocyanins is strongly pH-dependent. J Agric Food Chem 53(14):5526-34.
17. Bornsek SM, Ziberna L, Polak T, Vanzo A, Ulrih NP, Abram V, Tramer F, Passamonti S. 2012. Bilberry and blueberry anthocyanins act as powerful intracellular antioxidants in mammalian cells. Food Chem 134:1878-84.
18. Bosetti C, Bravi F, Talamini R, Parpinel M, Gnagnarella P, Negri E, Montella M, Lagiou P, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. 2006. Flavonoids and prostate cancer risk: a study in Italy. Nutr Cancer 56:123-7.
19. Brandstetter H, Grams F, Glitz D, Lang A, Huber R, Bode W, Krell HW. 2001. The 1.8-A crystal structure of a matrix metalloproteinase 8-barbiturate inhibitor complex reveals a previously unobserved mechanism for collagenase substrate recognition. J Biol Chem 276(20):17405-12.
20. Bravetti G. 1989. Preventive medical treatment of senile cataract with vitamin E and anthocyanosides: clinical evaluation. Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul 115:109.
21. Brouillard R. 1982. Chemical structure of anthocyanins. In: Markakis P, editor. Anthocyanins as food colors. New York: Academic Press. p. 1-40.
22. Brouillard R, Delaporte B. 1977. Chemistry of anthocyanin pigments. 2. Kinetic and thermodynamic study of proton transfer, hydration, and tautomeric reactions of malvidin 3-glucoside. J Am Chem Soc 99(26):8461-8.
23. Bruce WR, Wolever TMS, Giacca A. 2000. Mechanisms linking diet and colorectal cancer: the possible role of insulin resistance. Nutr Cancer 37:19-26.
24. Bub A, Watzl B, Heeb D, Rechkemmer G, Briviba K. 2001. Malvidin-3-glucoside bioavailability in humans after ingestion of red wine, dealcoholized red wine and red grape juice. Eur J Nutr 40(3):113-20.
25. Bueno JM, Ramos-Escudero F, Sáez-Plazab P, Muñozc AM, Navasb MJ, Asuerob AG. 2012. Analysis and antioxidant capacity of anthocyanin pigments. Part I: general considerations concerning polyphenols and flavonoids. Cr Rev Anal Chem 42:102-25.
26. Burdulis D, Sarkinas A, Jasutiené I, Stackevicené E, Nikolajevas L, Janulis V. 2009. Comparative study of anthocyanin composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruits. Acta Pol Pharm 66(4):399-408.
27. Camire ME. 2000. Bilberries and blueberries as functional foods and nutraceuticals. In: Mazza G, Oomah BD, editors. Functional foods: herbs, botanicals and teas. Lancaster, Pa.: Technomic Publishing. p. 289-319.
28. Cao G, Russell R, Lischner N. 1998. Serum antioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawberries, spinach, red wine or vitamin C in elderly women. J Nutr 128:2383-90.
29. Cao G, Muccitelli HU, Sánchez-Moreno C, Prior RL. 2001. Anthocyanins are absorbed in glycated forms in elderly women: a pharmacokinetic study. Am J Clin Nutr 73(5):920-6.
30. Castilla P, Dávalos A, Teruel JL, Cerrato F, Fernández-Lucas M, Merino JL, Sánchez-Martín CC. 2008. Comparative effects of dietary supplementation with red grape juice and vitamin E on production of superoxide by circulating neutrophil NADPH oxidase in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 87(4):1053-61.
31. Cesoniene L, Jasutiene I, Sarkinas A. 2009. Phenolics and anthocyanins in berries of European cranberry and their antimicrobial activity. Medicina (Kaunas) 45(12):992-9.
32. Chagné D, Lin-Wang K, Espley RV, Volz RK, How NM, Rouse S, Brendolise C, Carlisle CM, Kumar S, De Silva N, Micheletti D, McGhie T, Crowhurst RN, Storey RD, Velasco R, Hellens RP, Gardiner SE, Allan AC. 2013. An ancient duplication of apple MYB transcription factors is responsible for novel red fruit-flesh phenotypes. Plant Physiol 161:225-39.
33. Chang YC, Huang HP, Hsu JD, Yang SF, Wang CJ. 2005. Hibiscus anthocyanins rich extract-induced apoptotic cell death in human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 205(3):201-12.
34. Chatterjee A, Yasmin T, Bagchi D, Stohs SJ. 2004. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori in vitro by various berry extracts, with enhanced susceptibility to clarithromycin. Mol Cell Biochem 265(1-2):19-26.
35. Cisowska A, Wojnicz D, Hendrich AB. 2011. Anthocyanins as antimicrobial agents of natural plant origin. Natl Prod Commun 6(1):149-56.
36. Clifford MN. 2000. Review: anthocyanins-nature, occurrence and dietary burden. J Sci Food Agric 80:1063-72.
37. Cooke D, Steward WP, Gescher AJ, Marczylo T. 2005. Anthocyans from fruits and vegetables-does bright colour signal cancer chemopreventive activity? Eur J Cancer 41(13):1931-40.
38. Cooke D, Schwarz M, Boocock D, Winterhalter P, Steward WP, Gescher AJ, Marczylo TH. 2006. Effect of cyanidin-3-glucoside and an anthocyanin mixture from bilberry on adenoma development in the ApcMin mouse model of intestinal carcinogenesis-relationship with tissue anthocyanin levels. Intl J Cancer 119(9):2213-20.
39. Coussens L, Werb Z. 2002. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420(6917):860-7.
40. Crozier A, Jaganath IB, Clifford MN. 2009. Dietary phenolics: chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health. Natl Prod Rep 26(8):1001-43.
41. Curtis PJ, Kroon PA, Hollands WJ, Walls R, Jenkins G, Kay CD, Cassidy A. 2009. Cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers and liver and kidney function are not altered in postmenopausal women after ingesting an elderberry extract rich in anthocyanins for 12 weeks. J Nutr 139(12):2266-71.
42. Cvorovic J, Tramer F, Granzotto M, Candussio L, Decorti G, Passamonti S. 2010. Oxidative stress-based cytotoxicity of delphinidin and cyanidin in colon cancer cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 501:151-7.
43. DeFuria J, Bennett G, Strissel K. 2009. Dietary blueberry attenuates whole-body insulin resistance in high fat-fed mice by reducing adipocyte death and its inflammatory sequelae. J Nutr 139:1510-16.
44. Del Bò C, Ciappellano S, Klimis-Zacas D, Martini D, Gardana C, Riso P, Porrini M. 2010. Anthocyanin absorption, metabolism, and distribution from a wild blueberry-enriched diet (Vaccinium angustifolium) is affected by diet duration in the Sprague-Dawley rat. J Agric Food Chem 58(4):2491-7.
45. Dell'Agli M, Galli GV, Vrhovsek U, Mattivi F, Bosisio E. 2005. In vitro inhibition of human cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-5 by polyphenols from red grapes. J Agric Food Chem 53(6):1960-5.
46. Denev PN, Kratchanov CG, Ciz M, Lojek A, Kratchanova MG. 2012. Bioavailability and antioxidant activity of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) polyphenols: in vitro and in vivo evidences and possible mechanisms of action: a review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 11:471-89
47. Donovan J, Crespy V, Oliveira M, Cooper KA, Gibson BB, Williamson G. 2006. (+)-Catechin is more bioavailable than (-)-catechin: relevance to the bioavailability of catechin from cocoa. Free Radical Res 40(10):1029-34.
48. Duthie SJ, Jenkinson AM, Crozier A, Mullen W, Pirie L, Kyle J, Yap LS. 2006. The effects of cranberry juice consumption on antioxidant status and biomarkers relating to heart disease and cancer in healthy human volunteers. Eur J Nutr 45(2):113-22.
49. Erlund I, Koli R, Alfthan G, Marniemi J. 2008. Favorable effects of berry consumption on platelet function, blood pressure, and HDL cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 87:323-31.
50. Faria A, Pestana D, Azevedo J, Martel F, de Freitas V, Azevedo I, Mateus N, Calhau C. 2009. Absorption of anthocyanins through intestinal epithelial cells-putative involvement of GLUT2. Mol Nutr Food Res 53:1430-7.
51. Favot L, Martin S, Keravis T, Andriantsitohaina R, Lugnier C. 2003. Involvement of cyclin-dependent pathway in the inhibitory effect of delphinidin on angiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 59(2):479-87.
52. Felgines C, Texier O, Besson C. 2002. Blackberry anthocyanins are slightly bioavailable in rats. J Nutr 132(6):1249-53.
53. Felgines C, Talavéra S, Gonthier MP, Texier O, Scalbert A, Lamaison JL, Rémésy C. 2003. Strawberry anthocyanins are recovered in urine as glucuro- and sulfoconjugates in humans. J Nutr 133(5):1296-301.
54. Felgines C, Talavéra S, Texier O, Gil-Izquierdo A, Lamaison JL, Remesy C. 2005. Blackberry anthocyanins are mainly recovered from urine as methylated and glucuronidated conjugates in humans. J Agric Food Chem 53(20):7721-7.
55. Felgines C, Texier O, Besson C, Lyan B, Lamaison JL, Scalbert A. 2007. Strawberry pelargonidin glycosides are excreted in urine as intact glycosides and glucuronidated pelargonidin derivatives in rats. Br J Nutr 98(6):1126-31.
56. Feng R, Ni H, Wang SY, Tourkova IL, Shurin MR, Harada H, Yin X. 2007. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside, a natural polyphenol antioxidant, selectively kills leukemic cells by induction of oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 282(18):13468-76.
57. Fernandes I, Azevedo J, Faria A, Calhau C, de Freitas V, Mateus N. 2009. Enzymatic hemisynthesis of metabolites and conjugates of anthocyanins. J Agric Food Chem 57:735-45.
58. Fernandes I, de Freitas V, Reis C, Mateus N. 2012. New approach on the gastric absorption of anthocyanins. Food Funct 3:508-516.
59. Ferretti C, Magistretti MJ, Robotti A, Ghi P, Genazzani E. 1988. Vaccinium myrtillus antocyanosides are inhibitors of camp and cGMP phosphodiesterase. Phamacol Res Commun 20:150.
60. Fimognari C, Berti F, Nüsse M, Cantelli-Forti G, Hrelia P. 2004. Induction of apoptosis in two human leukemia cell lines as well as differentiation in human promyelocytic cells by cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside. Biochem Pharm 67(11):2047-56.
61. Forester SC, Waterhouse AL. 2008. Identification of Cabernet Sauvignon anthocyanin gut microflora metabolites. J Agric Food Chem 56(19):9299-304.
62. Forester SC, Waterhouse AL. 2010. Gut metabolites of anthocyanins, gallic acid, 3-O-methylgallic acid, and 2, 4, 6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, inhibit cell proliferation of Caco-2 cells. J Agric Food Chem 58(9):5320-7.
63. Forester SC, Oteiza P, Waterhouse AL. 2011. Identification and cancer therapeutic properties of microfloral anthocyanin metabolites. J Wine Res 22(2):171-4.
64. Frankel EN, Kanner J, Kinsella JE. 1993. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation of human low-density lipoproteins by phenolic substances in wine. Lancet 341:1-4.
65. Freedman JE, Parker C, Li L, Perlman JA, Frei B, Ivanov V, Deak LR. 2001. Select flavonoids and whole juice from purple grapes inhibit platelet function and enhance nitric oxide release. Circulation 103(23):2792-8.
66. Fukumoto LR, Mazza G. 2000. Assessing antioxidant and prooxidant activities of phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 48(8):3597-604.
67. Galati G, Teng, S, Moridani MY, Chan TS, O'Brien PJ. 2000. Cancer chemoprevention and apoptosis mechanisms induced by dietary polyphenolics. Drug Metab Drug Interact 17:311-49.
68. Galli RL, Bielinski DF, Szprengiel A, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph, JA. 2006. Blueberry supplemented diet reverses age-related decline in hippocampal HSP70 neuroprotection. Neurobiol Aging 27(2):344-50.
69. Galvano F, Frigiola A, Gazzolo D, Biondi A, Malaguarnera M, Li Volti G. 2009. Endothelial protective effects of anthocyanins: the underestimated role of their metabolites. Ann Nutr Metab 54:158-9.
70. García-Alonso M, Rimbach G, Rivas-Gonzalo JC, De Pascual-Teresa S. 2004. Antioxidant and cellular activities of anthocyanins and their corresponding vitisins A-studies in platelets, monocytes, and human endothelial cells. J Agric Food Chem 52(11):3378-84.
71. García-Alonso M, Minihane AM, Rimbach G, Rivas-Gonzalo JC, de Pascual-Teresa S. 2009. Red wine anthocyanins are rapidly absorbed in humans and affect monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 levels and antioxidant capacity of plasma. J Nutr Biochem 20(7):521-9.
72. Ghosh D, Konishi T. 2007. Anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts: role in diabetes and eye function. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 16(2):200-8.
73. Goyarzu P, Malin DH, Lau FC, Taglialatela G, Moon WD, Jennings R, Moy E. 2004. Blueberry supplemented diet: effects on object recognition memory and nuclear factor kappa B levels in aged rats. Nutr Neurosci 7:75-83.
74. Hagiwara A, Yoshino H, Ichihara T, Kawabe M, Tamano S. 2002. Prevention by natural food anthocyanins, purple sweet potato color and red cabbage color, of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4, 5-b]pyridine (phip)-associated colorectal carcinogenesis in rats initiated with 1, 2-dimethylhdrazine. J Toxicol Sci 27(1):57-68.
75. Halliwell B. 2008. Are polyphenols antioxidants or pro-oxidants? What do we learn from cell culture and in vivo studies? Arch Biochem Biophys 476(2):107-12.
76. Hansen-Krone IJ, Braekkan SK, Enga KF, Wilsgaard T, Hansen JB. 2011. Alcohol consumption, types of alcoholic beverages and risk of venous thrombo-embolism-the Tromso Study. Thromb Haemost 106:272-8.
77. He J, Giusti MM. 2010. Anthocyanins: natural colorants with health-promoting properties. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 1:163-87.
78. He J, Magnuson BA, Giusti MM. 2005. Analysis of anthocyanins in rat intestinal contents-impact of anthocyanin chemical structure on fecal excretion. J Agric Food Chem 53(8):2859-66.
79. He J, Wallace TC, Keatley KE, Failla ML, Giusti MM. 2009. Stability of black raspberry anthocyanins in the digestive tract lumen and transport efficiency into gastric and small intestinal tissues in the rat. J Agric Food Chem 57(8):3141-8.
80. Head KA. 2001. Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part 2: cataracts and glaucoma. Altern Med Rev 6(2):141-66.
81. Hidalgo M, Oruna-Concha MJ, Kolida S, Walton GE, Kallithraka S, Spencer JPE, de Pascual-Teresa S. 2012. Metabolism of anthocyanins by human gut microflora and their influence on gut bacterial growth. J Agric Food Chem 60(15):3882-90.
82. Hollands W, Brett GM, Dainty JR, Teucher B, Kroon PA. 2008a. Urinary excretion of strawberry anthocyanins is dose-dependent for physiological oral doses of fresh fruit. Mol Nutr Food Res 52(10):1097-105.
83. Hollands W, Brett GM, Radreau P, Saha S, Teucher B, Bennett RN, Kroon PA. 2008b. Processing blackcurrants dramatically reduces the content and does not enhance the urinary yield of anthocyanins in human subjects. Food Chem 108(3):869-78.
84. Hollman PCH. 2004. Absorption, bioavailability, and metabolism of flavonoids. Arch Physiol Biochem 42(s1):74-83.
85. Hou DX. 2003a. Potential mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by anthocyanins. Curr Mol Med 3(2):149-59.
86. Hou DX, Ose T, Lin, S, Harazoro K, Imamura I, Kubo M, Uto T, Terahara N, Yoshimoto, M, Fujii M. 2003b. Anthocyanidins induce apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia cells: structure-activity relationship and mechanisms involved. Intl J Oncol 23(3):705-12.
87. Hou DX, Yanagita T, Uto T, Masuzaki S, Fujii M. 2005. Anthocyanidins inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 expression in LPS-evoked macrophages: structure-activity relationship and molecular mechanisms involved. Biochem Pharmacol 70(3):417-25.
88. Huang C, Ma WY, Young MR, Colburn N, Dong Z. 1998. Shortage of mitogen-activated protein kinase is responsible for resistance to AP-1 transactivation and transformation in mouse JB6 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(1):156-61.
89. Huang C, Li J, Song L, Zhang D, Tong Q, Ding M, Bowman L. 2006. Black raspberry extracts inhibit benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide-induced activator protein 1 activation and VEGF transcription by targeting the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Cancer Res 66(1):581-7.
90. Ichiyanagi T, Shida Y, Rahman MM, Hatano Y, Konishi T. 2005. Extended glucuronidation is another major path of cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside metabolism in rats. J Agric Food Chem 53(18):7312-9.
91. Ichiyanagi T, Shida Y, Rahman MM, Hatano Y, Konishi T. 2006. Bioavailability and tissue distribution of anthocyanins in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract in rats. J Agric Food Chem 54(18):6578-87.
92. Iida H, Nakamura Y, Matsumoto H, Takeuchi Y, Harano S, Ishihara M, Katsumi O. 2010. Effect of black-currant extract on negative lens-induced ocular growth in chicks. Ophthalmic Res 44(4):242-50.
93. Jayaprakasam B, Vareed SK, Olson LK, Nair MG. 2005. Insulin secretion by bioactive anthocyanins and anthocyanidins present in fruits. J Agric Food Chem 53(1):28-31.
94. Jing P, Bomser JA, Schwartz SJ, He J, Magnuson BA, Giusti MM. 2008. Structure-function relationships of anthocyanins from various anthocyanin-rich extracts on the inhibition of colon cancer cell growth. J Agric Food Chem 56(20):9391-8.
95. Joseph JA, Nadeau DA, Underwood A. 2002. The color code: a revolutionary eating plan for optimum health. New York: The Philip Lief Group Ed.
96. Joseph JA, Denisova NA, Arendash G, Gordon M, Diamond D, Shukitt-Hale B, Morgan D. 2003. Blueberry supplementation enhances signaling and prevents behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer disease model. Nutr Neurosci 6(3):153-62.
97. Jung KJ, Wallig MA, Singletary KW. 2006. Purple grape juice inhibits 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis and in vivo DMBA-DNA adduct formation. Cancer Lett 233(2):279-88.
98. Kalt W, Blumberg JB, McDonald JE, Vinqvist-Tymchuk MR, Fillmore SAE, Graf BA, O'Leary JM. 2008. Identification of anthocyanins in the liver, eye, and brain of blueberry-fed pigs. J Agric Food Chem 56(3):705-12.
99. Kamei H, Hashimoto Y, Koide T, Kojima T, Hasegawa M. 1998. Anti-tumor effect of methanol extracts from red and white wines. Cancer Biother Radio 13(6):447-52.
100. Kamiyama M, Kishimoto Y, Tani M, Andoh K, Utsunomiya K, Kondo K. 2009. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by Nagano purple grape (Vitis vinifera x Vitis labrusca). J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 55(6):471-8.
101. Kang SY, Seeram NP, Nair MG, Bourquin LD. 2003. Tart cherry anthocyanins inhibit tumor development in ApcMin mice and reduce proliferation of human colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 194(1):13-9.
102. Kang TH, Hur JY, Kim HB, Ryu JH, Kim SY. 2006. Neuroprotective effects of the cyanidin-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside isolated from mulberry fruit against cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 391(3):122-6.
103. Kanner J, Frankel EN, Grant R, German JB, Kinsella JE. 1994. Natural antioxidants in grapes and wines. J Agric Food Chem 42:64-9.
104. Karlsen A, Retterstøl L, Laake P, Paur I, Bøhn SK, Sandvik L, Blomhoff R. 2007. Anthocyanins inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B activation in monocytes and reduce plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators in healthy adults. J Nutr 137(8):1951-4.
105. Kay CD. 2006. Aspects of anthocyanin absorption, metabolism and pharmacokinetics in humans. Nutr Res Rev 19(1):137-46.
106. Kay CD, Kroon PA, Cassidy A. 2009. The bioactivity of dietary anthocyanins is likely to be mediated by their degradation products. Mol Nutr Food Res 53(S1):S92-101.
107. Kay C, Mazza G. 2005. Anthocyanins exist in the circulation primarily as metabolites in adult men. J Nutr 135:2582-8.
108. Keppler K, Humpf HU. 2005. Metabolism of anthocyanins and their phenolic degradation products by the intestinal microflora. Bioorg Med Chem 13(17):5195-205.
109. Kolosova NG, Lebedev PA, Dikalova AE. 2004. Comparison of antioxidants in the ability to prevent cataract in prematurely aging OXYS rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 137(3):249-51.
110. Kong JM, Chia L, Goh N, Chia T. 2003. Analysis and biological activities of anthocyanins. Phytochem 69:1939-40.
111. Kramer JH. 2004. Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) for night vision-a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. Surv Ophthalmol 49:618.
112. Krikorian R, Nash TA, Shidler MD, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JA. 2010. Concord grape juice supplementation improves memory function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Br J Nutr 103(5):730-4.
113. Kühnau J. 1976. The flavonoids: a class of semi-essential food components: their role in human nutrition. World Rev Nutr Diet 24:117-91.
114. Kurilich AC, Clevidence BA, Britz SJ, Simon PW, Novotny JA. 2005. Plasma and urine responses are lower for acylated vs nonacylated anthocyanins from raw and cooked purple carrots. J Agric Food Chem 53(16):6537-42.
115. Lacombe A, Wu VCH, Tyler S, Edwards K. 2010. Antimicrobial action of the American cranberry constituents; phenolics, anthocyanins, and organic acids, against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Intl J Food Microbiol 139(1-2):102-7.
116. Lala G, Malik M, Zhao C, He J, Kwon Y, Giusti MM, Magnuson BA. 2006. Anthocyanin-rich extracts inhibit multiple biomarkers of colon cancer in rats. Nutr Cancer 54:84-93.
117. Lapidot T, Harel S, Granit R. 1998. Bioavailability of red wine anthocyanins as detected in human urine. J Agric Food Chem 46:4297-302.
118. Lapidot T, Harel S, Akiri B, Granit R, Kanner J. 1999. PH-dependent forms of red wine anthocyanins as antioxidants. J Agric Food Chem 47(1):67-70.
119. Lee J, Lee HK, Kim CY, Hong YJ, Choe, CM, You TW, Seong GJ. 2005. Purified high-dose anthocyanoside oligomer administration improves nocturnal vision and clinical symptoms in myopia subjects. Br J Nutr 93(6):895-9.
120. Levantesi G, Marfisi R, Mozaffarian D, Franzosi MG, Maggioni A, Nicolosi GL, Schweiger C, Silletta M, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Marchioli R. 2013. Wine consumption and risk of cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction: results from the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Intl J Cardiol 163(3):282-7.
121. Levy Y, Glovinsky Y. 1998. The effect of anthocyanosides on night vision. Eye 12:967-9.
122. Magnuson BA, Lala G, Kwon YJ. 2003. Anthocyanin-rich extracts inhibit growth of human colon cancer cells and azoxymethane-induced colon aberrant crypts in rats: implications for colon cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:1323s-4s.
123. Makris DP, Kallithraka S, Mamalos A. 2006. Differentiation of young red wines based on cultivar and geographical origin with application of chemometrics of principal polyphenolic constituents. Talanta 70(5):1143-52.
124. Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Rémésy C. 2005. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr 81(suppl):230S-42S.
125. Marczylo TH, Cooke D, Brown K, Steward WP, Gescher AJ. 2009. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the putative cancer chemopreventive agent cyanidin-3-glucoside in mice. Cancer Chemoth Pharm 64(6):1261-8.
126. Martin K. 2010. Polyphenols as dietary supplements: a double-edged sword. Nutr Diet Suppl 2:1-12.
127. Matsui T, Ebuchi S, Fukui K, Matsugano K, Terahara N, Matsumoto K. 2004. Caffeoylsophorose, a new natural alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, from red vinegar by fermented purple-fleshed sweet potato. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 68(11):2239-46.
128. Matsumoto H, Inaba H, Kishi M, Tominaga S, Hirayama M, Tsuda T. 2001. Orally administered delphinidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside are directly absorbed in rats and humans and appear in the blood as the intact forms. J Agric Food Chem 49(3):1546-51.
129. Matsumoto H, Kamm KE, Stull JT, Azuma H. 2005. Delphinidin-3-rutinoside relaxes the bovine ciliary smooth muscle through activation of ETB receptor and NO/cGMP pathway. Exp Eye Res 80(3):313-22.
130. Matsumoto H, Ichiyanagi T, Iida H, Ito K, Tsuda T, Hirayama M, Konishi T. 2006. Ingested delphinidin-3-rutinoside is primarily excreted to urine as the intact form and to bile as the methylated form in rats. J Agric Food Chem 54(2):578-82.
131. Mattivi F, Nicolini G. 1997. Analysis of polyphenols and resveratrol in Italian wines. BioFactors 6:445-8.
132. Matuschek MC, Hendriks WH, McGhie TK, Reynolds GW. 2006. The jejunum is the main site of absorption for anthocyanins in mice. J Nutr Biochem 17(1):31-6.
133. Mazza G. 2007. Anthocyanins and heart health. Ann Ist Super Sanità [An Italian Journal] 43(4):369-74.
134. Mazza G, Miniati E. 1993. Anthocyanins in fruits, vegetables, and grains. Boca Raton: CRC Press
135. Mazza G, Kay CD, Cottrell T, Holub BJ. 2002. Absorption of anthocyanins from blueberries and serum antioxidant status in human subjects. J Agric Food Chem 50(26):7731-7.
136. Mazza G, Cacace JE, Kay, CD. 2004 Methods of analysis for anthocyanins in plants and biological fluids. J AOAC Intl 87:129-45.
137. McDougall GJ, Fyffe S, Dobson P, Stewart D. 2005. Anthocyanins from red wine-their stability under simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Phytochem 66(21):2540-8.
138. McGhie TK, Walton MC. 2007. The bioavailability and absorption of anthocyanins: towards a better understanding. Mol Nutr Food Res 51(6):702-13.
139. McGhie TK, Ainge GD, Barnett LE, Cooney JM, Jensen DJ. 2003. Anthocyanin glycosides from berry fruit are absorbed and excreted unmetabolized by both humans and rats. J Agric Food Chem 51(16):4539-48.
140. Milbury PE, Graf B, Curran-Celentano JM, Blumberg JB. 2007. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) anthocyanins modulate heme oxygenase-1 and glutathione-S-transferase-pi expression in ARPE-19 cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(5):2343-9.
141. Miyazawa T, Nakagawa K, Kudo M, Muraishi K, Someya K. 1999. Direct intestinal absorption of red fruit anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3, 5-diglucoside, into rats and humans. J Agric Food Chem 47(3):1083-91.
142. Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E. 1996. Vaccinium myrtillus L. Fitoterapia 67:3-29.
143. Morazzoni P, Livio S, Scilingo A, Malandrino S. 1991. Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides pharmacokinetics in rats. Arzneimittel-Forschung 41:128-31.
144. Mülleder U, Murkovic M, Pfannhauser W. 2002. Urinary excretion of cyanidin glycosides. J Biochem Biophys Meth 53(1-3):61-6.
145. Mullen W, Edwards CA, Serafini M, Crozier A. 2008. Bioavailability of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and its metabolites in humans following the ingestion of strawberries with and without cream. J Agric Food Chem 56(3):713-9.
146. Muth ER, Laurent JM, Jasper P. 2000. The effect of bilberry nutritional supplementation on night visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Altern Med Rev 5(2):164-73.
147. Nagase H, Sasaki K, Kito H, Haga A, Sato T. 1998. Inhibitory effect of delphinidin from Solanum melongena on human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 invasiveness in vitro. Planta Med 64:216-9.
148. Nakaishi H, Matsumoto H, Tominaga S, Hirayama M. 2000. Effects of black currant anthocyanoside intake on dark adaptation and VDT work-induced transient refractive alteration in healthy humans. Alternat Med Rev 5(6):553-63.
149. Natella F, Macone A, Ramberti A, Forte M, Mattivi F, Matarese RM, Scaccini C. 2011. Red wine prevents the postprandial increase of plasma cholesterol oxidation products: a pilot study. Br J Nutr 105:1718-23.
150. Naz S, Siddiqi R, Ahmad S, Rasool SA, Sayeed SA. 2007. Antibacterial activity directed isolation of compounds from Punica granatum. J Food Sci 72(9):M341-5.
151. Neveu V, Perez-Jiménez J, Vos F, Crespy V, du Chaffaut L, Mennen L, Knox C, Eisner, R, Cruz J, Wishart D. Scalbert A. 2010. Phenol-Explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods. Database. Available from: http://www.phenol-explorer.eu/. Accessed 2012 July 05.
152. Nguyen M. 1997. Angiogenic factors as tumor markers. Invest New Drugs 15(1):29-37.
153. Nicolin V, Grill V, Micali F, Narducci P, Passamonti S. 2005. Immunolocalisation of bilitranslocase in mucosecretory and parietal cells of the rat gastric mucosa. J Mol Histol 36(1-2):45-50.
154. Nielsen ILF, Dragsted LO, Ravn-Haren G, Freese R, Rasmussen SE. 2003. Absorption and excretion of black currant anthocyanins in humans and Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. J Agric Food Chem 51(9):2813-20.
155. Niki E, Yamamoto K, Yamamoto Y, Komuro E, Miki M, Yasuda H, Mino M. 1988. Free radical-mediated damage of blood and its inhibition by antioxidants. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 34(5):507-12.
156. Noda Y, Kaneyuki T, Mori A, Packer L. 2002. Antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit extract and its anthocyanidins: delphinidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin. J Agric Food Chem 50:166-71.
157. Nohynek LJ, Alakomi HL, Kähkönen MP, Heinonen M, Helander IM, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Puupponen-Pimiä RH. 2006. Berry phenolics: antimicrobial properties and mechanisms of action against severe human pathogens. Nutr Cancer 54(1):18-32.
158. Ogawa K, Sakakibara H, Iwata R, Ishii T, Sato T, Goda T, Shimoi K, Kumazawa S. 2008. Anthocyanin composition and antioxidant activity of the crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) and other berries. J Agric Food Chem 56:4457-62.
159. Ohguro I, Ohguro H, Nakazawa M. 2007. Effects of anthocyanins in black currant on retinal blood flow circulation of patients with normal tension glaucoma. A pilot study. Hirosaki Med J 59:23-32.
160. Passamonti S, Vrhovsek U, Mattivi F. 2002. The interaction of anthocyanins with bilitranslocase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 296(3):631-6.
161. Passamonti S, Vrhovsek U, Vanzo A, Mattivi F. 2003. The stomach as a site for anthocyanins absorption from food. FEBS Lett 544(1-3):210-3.
162. Passamonti S, Vanzo A, Vrhovsek U, Terdoslavich M, Cocolo A, Decorti G, Mattivi F. 2005a. Hepatic uptake of grape anthocyanins and the role of bilitranslocase. Food Res Intl 38(8-9):953-60.
163. Passamonti S, Vrhovsek U, Vanzo A, Mattivi F. 2005b. Fast access of some grape pigments to the brain. J Agric Food Chem 53(18):7029-34.
164. Passamonti S, Terdoslavich M, Franca R, Vanzo A, Tramer F, Braidot E, Petrussa E, Vianello A. 2009. Bioavailability of flavonoids: a review of their membrane transport and the function of bilitranslocase in animal and plant organisms. Curr Drug Metab 10(4):369-94.
165. Prior RL. 2004. Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins: potential health effects. In: Meskin M, Bidlack WR, Davies AJ, Lewis DS, Randolph RK, editors. Phytochemicals: mechanisms of action. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 1-19.
166. Prior RL, Wu X. 2006. Anthocyanins: structural characteristics that result in unique metabolic patterns and biological activities. Free Radical Res 40(10):1014-28.
167. Prior RL, Wu X, Gu L, Hager TJ, Hager A, Howard LR. 2008. Whole berries versus berry anthocyanins: interactions with dietary fat levels in the C57BL/6J mouse model of obesity. J Agric Food Chem 56(3):647-53.
168. Prior RL, Wilkes S, Rogers T, Khanal RC, Wu X, Howard LR. 2010. Purified blueberry anthocyanins and blueberry juice alter development of obesity in mice fed an obesogenic high-fat diet. J Agric Food Chem 58(7):3970-76.
169. Qin Y, Xia M, Ma J, Hao Y, Liu J, Mou HY, Cao L, Ling WH. 2009. Anthocyanin supplementation improves serum LDL-and HDL-cholesterol concentrations associated with the inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in dyslipidemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 90:485-92.
170. Rahman MM, Ichiyanagi T, Komiyama T, Hatano Y, Konishi T. 2006. Superoxide radical- and peroxynitrite-scavenging activity of anthocyanins; structure-activity relationship and their synergism. Free Radical Res 40(9):993-1002.
171. Ramirez MR, Izquierdo I, do Carmo Bassols Raseira M, Zuanazzi JA, Barros D, Henriques AT. 2005. Effect of lyophilised Vaccinium berries on memory, anxiety and locomotion in adult rats. Pharmacol Res 52(6):457-62.
172. Ramirez-Tortosa C, Andersen ØM. 2001. Anthocyanin-rich extract decreases indices of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in vitamin E-depleted rats. Free Radical Bio 31(9):1033-7.
173. Rechner AR, Kroner C. 2005. Anthocyanins and colonic metabolites of dietary polyphenols inhibit platelet function. Thromb Res 116(4):327-34.
174. Renaud S. 1992. Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the French paradox for coronary heart disease. The Lancet 339:1523-6.
175. Rendeiro C, Guerreiro JDT, Williams CM, Spencer JPE. 2012. Flavonoids as modulators of memory and learning: molecular interactions resulting in behavioural effects. Proc Nutr Soc 71(2):246-62.
176. Rossetto M, Vanzani P, Mattivi F, Lunelli M, Scarpa M, Rigo A. 2002. Synergistic antioxidant effect of catechin and malvidin 3-glucoside on free radical-induced peroxidation of linoleic acid in micelles. Arch Biochem Biophys 408:239-45.
177. Rossetto M, Vanzani P, Lunelli M, Scarpa M, Mattivi F, Rigo A. 2007. Peroxyl radical trapping activity of anthocyanins and generation of free radical intermediates. Free Radical Res 41(7):854-9.
178. Rossi A, Serraino I, Dugo P, Di Paola R, Mondello L, Genovese T, Morabito D, Dugo G, Sautebin L, Caputi AP, Cuzzocrea S. 2003. Protective effects of anthocyanins from blackberry in a rat model of acute lung inflammation. Free Radical Res 37:891-900.
179. Rossi M, Garavello W, Talamini R, Negri E, Bosetti C, Dal Maso L, Lagiou P. 2007. Flavonoids and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer: a case-control study from Italy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:1621-5.
180. Routray W, Orsat V. 2011. Blueberries and their anthocyanins: factor affecting biosynthesis and properties. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 10:303-20.
181. Sakakibara H, Ogawa T, Koyanagi A, Kobayashi S, Goda T, Kumazawa S, Kobayashi H. 2009. Distribution and excretion of bilberry anthocyanins in mice. J Agric Food Chem 57(17):7681-6.
182. Sasaki R, Nishimura N, Hoshino H, Isa Y, Kadowaki M, Ichi T, Tanaka A. 2007. Cyanidin 3-glucoside ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity due to downregulation of retinol binding protein 4 expression in diabetic mice. Biochem Pharm 74(11):1619-27.
183. Scalbert A, Williamson G. 2000. Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J Nutr 130:2073-85.
184. Seeram NP, Momin RA, Nair MG, Bourquin LD. 2001. Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant cyanidin glycosides in cherries and berries. Phytomedicine 8:362-9.
185. Shih PH, Yeh CT, Yen GC. 2005. Effects of anthocyanidin on the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 43(10):1557-66.
186. Shukitt-Hale B, Lau FC, Carey AN, Galli RL, Spangler EL, Ingram DK, Joseph JA. 2008. Blueberry polyphenols attenuate kainic acid-induced decrements in cognition and alter inflammatory gene expression in rat hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci 11(4):172-82.
187. Shukitt-Hale B, Kalt W, Carey AN, Vinqvist-Tymchuk M, McDonald J, Joseph JA. 2009. Plum juice, but not dried plum powder, is effective in mitigating cognitive deficits in aged rats. Nutr 25(5):567-73.
188. Singletary KW, Stansbury MJ, Giusti M, Van Breemen RB, Wallig M, Rimando A. 2003. Inhibition of rat mammary tumorigenesis by concord grape juice constituents. J Agric Food Chem 51(25):7280-6.
189. Spencer JP. 2010. The impact of fruit flavonoids on memory and cognition. Br J Nutr 104:S40-7.
190. Steffen Y, Gruber C, Schewe T, Sies H. 2008. Mono-O-methylated flavanols and other flavonoids as inhibitors of endothelial NADPH oxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 469:209-19.
191. Stoner G, Chen T, Kresty L, Aziz R. 2006. Protection against esophageal cancer in rodents with lyophilized berries: potential mechanisms. Nutr Cancer 54(1):33-46.
192. Strack D, Wray V. 1993. The anthocyanins. In: Harborne JB, editor. The flavonoids: advances in research since 1986. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 1-22.
193. Strandberg TE, Strandberg AY, Salomaa VV. 2007. Alcoholic beverage preference, 29-year mortality, and quality of life in men in old age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 62(2):213-8.
194. Streppel MT, Ocké MC, Boshuizen HC, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. 2009. Long-term wine consumption is independently of moderate alcohol 1 intake related to 2 cardiovascular mortality and life expectancy. The Zutphen Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 63:534-40.
195. Sugimoto E, Igarashi K, Kubo K. 2003. Protective effects of boysenberry anthocyanins on oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Food Sci Technol 9(4):345-9.
196. Takikawa M, Inoue S, Horio F. 2010. Dietary anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetic mice. J Nutr 140:527-33.
197. Talavéra S, Felgines C, Texier O, Besson C, Lamaison JL, Rémésy C. 2003. Anthocyanins are efficiently absorbed from the stomach in anesthetized rats. J Nutr 133(12):4178-82.
198. Talavéra S, Felgines C, Texier O, Besson C, Manach C, Lamaison JL, Rémésy C. 2004. Anthocyanins are efficiently absorbed from the small intestine in rats. J Nutr 134(9):2275-9.
199. Talavéra S, Felgines C, Texier O, Besson C, Gil-Izquierdo A, Lamaison JL, Rémésy C. 2005. Anthocyanin metabolism in rats and their distribution to digestive area, kidney, and brain. J Agric Food Chem 53(10):3902-8.
200. Talavéra S, Felgines C, Texier O, Besson C, Mazur A, Lamaison JL, Rémésy C. 2006. Bioavailability of a bilberry anthocyanin extract and its impact on plasma antioxidant capacity in rats. J Sci Food Agric 86(1):90-7.
201. Tedesco I, Russo LG, Nazzaro F, Russo M, Palumbo R. 2001. Antioxidant effect of red wine anthocyanins in normal and catalase-inactive human erythrocytes. J Nutr Biochem 12(9):505-11.
202. Thomasset S, Teller N, Cai H, Marko D, Berry DP, Steward WP, Gescher AJ. 2009. Do anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, cancer chemopreventive pigments in the diet, merit development as potential drugs? Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 64(1):201-11.
203. Thompson CB. 1995. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 267(5203):1456-62.
204. Toufektsian M, Lorgeril MD, Nagy N. 2008. Chronic dietary intake of plant-derived anthocyanins protects the rat heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Nutr 138:747-52.
205. Tsuda T. 2008. Regulation of adipocyte function by anthocyanins; possibility of preventing the metabolic syndrome. J Agric Food Chem 56:642-6.
206. Tsuda T. 2012. Dietary anthocyanin-rich plants: biochemical basis and recent progress in health benefits studies. Mol Nutr Food Res 56(1):159-70.
207. Tsuda T, Horio F, Kitoh J, Osawa T. 1999a. Protective effects of dietary cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside on liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 368(2):361-6.
208. Tsuda T, Horio F, Osawa T. 1999b. Absorption and metabolism of cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside in rats. FEBS Lett 449(3):179-82.
209. Tsuda T, Horio F, Uchida K, Aoki H, Osawa T. 2003. Dietary cyanidin 3-O-B-D-glucoside-rich purple corn color prevents obesity and ameliorates hyperglycemia in mice. J Nutr 133:2125-30.
210. Tsuda T, Ueno Y, Kojo H, Yoshikawa T, Osawa T. 2005. Gene expression profile of isolated rat adipocytes treated with anthocyanins. Arch Biochem Biophys 1733(2-3):137-47.
211. Tsuda T, Ueno Y, Yoshikawa T, Kojo H, Osawa T. 2006. Microarray profiling of gene expression in human adipocytes in response to anthocyanins. Biochem Pharm 71(8):1184-97.
212. Valcheva-Kuzmanova S, Marazova K, Krasnaliev I, Galunska B, Borisova P, Belcheva A. 2005. Effect of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage and oxidative stress in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 56(6):385-92.
213. Vanzo A. Terdoslavich M, Brandoni A, Torres AM, Vrhovsek U, Passamonti S. 2008. Uptake of grape anthocyanins into the rat kidney and the involvement of bilitranslocase. Mol Nutr Food Res 52(10):1106-16.
214. Vanzo A, Vrhovsek U, Tramer F, Mattivi F, Passamonti S. 2011. Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver. J Natl Prod 74(5):1049-54.
215. Vanzo A, Scholz M, Gasperotti M, Tramer F, Passamonti S, Vrhovsek U, Mattivi F. 2013. Metabonomic investigation of rat tissues following intravenous administration of cyanidin 3-glucoside at a physiologically relevant dose. Metabolomics 9:88-100.
216. Virmaux N, Bizec JC, Nullans G. 1990. Modulation of rod cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterase activity by anthocyanin derivatives. Biochem Soc Trans 18:686-7.
217. Vitaglione P, Donnarumma G. 2007. Protocatechuic acid is the major human metabolite of cyanidin-glucosides. J Nutr 137:2043-8.
218. Walton MC, Lentle RG, Reynolds, GW, Kruger MC, McGhie, TK. 2006a. Anthocyanin absorption and antioxidant status in pigs. J Agric Food Chem 54(20):7940-6.
219. Walton MC, McGhie TK, Reynolds GW, Hendriks WH. 2006b. The flavonol quercetin-3-glucoside inhibits cyanidin-3-glucoside absorption in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 54(13):4913-20.
220. Wang LS, Stoner GD. 2008. Anthocyanins and their role in cancer prevention. Cancer Lett 269(2):281-90.
221. Wang H, Cao G, Prior RL. 1997. Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of anthocyanins. J Agric Food Chem 45:304-9.
222. Wang H, Nair MG, Strasburg GM, Chang YC, Booren AM, Gray JI, DeWitt DL. 1999. Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of anthocyanins and their aglycon, cyanidin, from tart cherries. J Natl Prod 62(2):294-6.
223. Wang LS, Sardo C, Rocha CM, McIntyre CM, Frankel W, Arnold M, Martin E, Lechner JF, Stoner GD. 2007. Effect of freeze-dried black raspberries on human colorectal cancer lesions. AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research Advances in Colon Cancer Research, B31.
224. Wang D, Zou T, Yang Y, Yan X, Ling W. 2011. Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside with the aid of its metabolite protocatechuic acid reduces monocyte infiltration in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biochem Pharm 82(7):713-9.
225. Waterhouse AL. 2002. Wine phenolics. Ann NY Acad Sci 957:21-36.
226. Weisel T, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, 2006. An anthocyanin/polyphenolic-rich fruit juice reduces oxidative DNA damage and increases glutathione level in healthy proband. Biotechnol J 1(4):388-97.
227. Werlein HD, Kütemeyer C, Schatton G, Hubbermann EM, Schwarz K. 2005. Influence of elderberry and blackcurrant concentrates on the growth of microorganisms. Food Control 168(8):729-33.
228. Whitehead TP, Robinson D, Allaway S, Syms J, Hale A. 1995. Effect of red wine ingestion on the antioxidant capacity of serum. Clin Chem 41:32-5.
229. WHO. 1982. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives. Presented at the 26th Meet Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Geneva, Switzerland.
230. Wu X, Cao G, Prior RL. 2002. Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins in elderly women after consumption of elderberry or blueberry. J Nutr 132(7):1865-71.
231. Wu X, Pittman HE, Prior RL. 2004. Pelargonidin is absorbed and metabolized differently than cyanidin after marionberry consumption in pigs. J Nutr 134(10):2603-10.
232. Wu X, Pittman HE, McKay S, Prior RL. 2005. Aglycones and sugar moieties alter anthocyanin absorption and metabolism after berry consumption in weanling pigs. J Nutr 135(10):2417-24.
233. Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL. 2006. Concentrations of anthocyanins in common foods in the United States and estimation of normal consumption. J Agric Food Chem 54(11):4069-75.
234. Wu VCH, Qiu X, Bushway A, Harper L. 2008. Antibacterial effects of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) concentrate on foodborne pathogens. Food Sci and Technol 41(10):1834-41.
235. Yang C, Chen L, Lee M, Balentine D. 1998. Blood and urine levels of tea catechins after ingestion of different amounts of green tea by human volunteers. Biomarkers Prevent 7:351-4.
236. Yang M, Koo SI, Song WO, Chun OK. 2011. Food matrix affecting anthocyanin bioavailability: review. Curr Med Chem 18(2):291-300.
237. Yi W, Fischer J, Akoh CC. 2005. Study of anticancer activities of muscadine grape phenolics in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 53(22):8804-12.
238. Youdim KA, Martin A, Joseph JA. 2000. Incorporation of the elderberry anthocyanins by endothelial cells increases protection against oxidative stress. Free Radical Bio Med 29:51-60.
239. Zadok D, Levy Y, Glovinsky Y. 1999. The effect of anthocyanosides in a multiple oral dose on night vision. Eye 13(6):734-6.
240. Zafra-Stone S, Yasmin T, Bagchi M, Chatterjee A, Vinson JA, Bagchi D. 2007. Berry anthocyanins as novel antioxidants in human health and disease prevention. Mol Nutr Food Res 51(6):675-83.
241. Zamora-Ros R, Knaze V, Luján-Barroso L, Slimani N, Romieu I, Fedirko V, de Magistris MS. 2011. Estimated dietary intakes of flavonols, flavanones and flavones in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) 24-hour dietary recall cohort. Br J Nutr 106(12):1915-25.
242. Zhang Y, Vareed SK, Nair MG. 2005. Human tumor cell growth inhibition by nontoxic anthocyanidins, the pigments in fruits and vegetables. Life Sci 76(13):1465-72.
243. Zhang Y, Seeram NP, Lee R, Feng L, Heber D. 2008. Isolation and identification of strawberry phenolics with antioxidant and human cancer cell antiproliferative properties. J Agric Food Chem 56(3):670-5.
244. Zhao C, Giusti MM, Malik M, Moyer MP, Magnuson BA. 2004. Effects of commercial anthocyanin-rich extracts on colonic cancer and nontumorigenic colonic cell growth. J Agric Food Chem 52:6122-8.
245. Ziberna L, Lunder M, Moze S, Vanzo A, Tramer F, Passamonti S, Drevensek G. 2010. Acute cardioprotective and cardiotoxic effects of bilberry anthocyanins in ischemia-reperfusion injury: beyond concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 10(4):283-94.
246. Ziberna L, Tramer F, Moze S, Vrhovsek U, Mattivi F, Passamonti S. 2012. Transport and bioactivity of cyanidin 3-glucoside into the vascular endothelium. Free Radic Biol Med 52(9):1750-9.
247. Zimman A, Waterhouse AL. 2002. Enzymatic synthesis of [3'-O-methyl-(3)H]malvidin-3-glucoside from petunidin-3-glucoside. J Agric Food Chem 50:2429-31.