Mechanisms of human DNA repair: An update

Toxicology

Volumn 193, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 3-34

  Christmann, Markus ^a   Tomicic, Maja T ^a   Roos, Wynand P ^a   Kaina, Bernd ^a  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

DNA damage signaling; DNA repair gene; DNA repair protein

Indexed keywords

ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA RELATED PROTEIN; ATM PROTEIN; CLASTOGEN; DNA; DNA GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE; DNA POLYMERASE; METHYLATED DNA PROTEIN CYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE; MUTAGENIC AGENT; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BASE PAIRING; CARCINOGENESIS; CYTOTOXICITY; DNA DAMAGE; DNA RECOMBINATION; DNA REPAIR; DNA REPLICATION; DNA STRAND; DNA STRAND BREAKAGE; EXCISION REPAIR; GENETIC STABILITY; GENOME; HYPERSENSITIVITY; MISMATCH REPAIR; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; MUTAGENESIS; MUTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0242331221     PISSN: 0300483X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00287-7     Document Type: Review

References (388)

1. Aaltonen L.A., Peltomaki P., Leach F.S., Sistonen P., Pylkkanen L., Mecklin J.P., Jarvinen H., Powell S.M., Jen J., Hamilton S.R.et al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science. 260:1993;812-816.
2. Aas P.A., Otterlei M., Falnes P.O., Vagbo C.B., Skorpen F., Akbari M., Sundheim O., Bjoras M., Slupphaug G., Seeberg E., Krokan H.E. Human and bacterial oxidative demethylases repair alkylation damage in both RNA and DNA. Nature. 421:2003;859-863.
3. Aboussekhra A., Biggerstaff M., Shivji M.K., Vilpo J.A., Moncollin V., Podust V.N., Protic M., Hubscher U., Egly J.M., Wood R.D. Mammalian DNA nucleotide excision repair reconstituted with purified protein components. Cell. 80:1995;859-868.
4. Acharya S., Wilson T., Gradia S., Kane M.F., Guerrette S., Marsischky G.T., Kolodner R., Fishel R. hMSH2 forms specific mispair-binding complexes with hMSH3 and hMSH6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:1996;13629-13634.
5. Adimoolam S., Ford J.M. p53 and DNA damage-inducible expression of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:2002;12985-12990.
6. Alani E., Sokolsky T., Studamire B., Miret J., Lahue R. Genetic and biochemical analysis of Msh2p-Msh6p: role of ATP hydrolysis and Msh2p-Msh6p subunit interactions in mismatch base pair recognition. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1997;2436-2447.
7. Alkhatib H.M., Chen D.F., Cherney B., Bhatia K., Notario V., Giri C., Stein G., Slattery E., Roeder R.G., Smulson M.E. Cloning and expression of cDNA for human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:1987;1224-1228.
8. Ame J.C., Rolli V., Schreiber V., Niedergang C., Apiou F., Decker P., Muller S., Hoger T., Menissier-de Murcia J., de Murcia G. PARP-2, A novel mammalian DNA damage-dependent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;17860-17868.
9. Amundson S.A., Patterson A., Do K.T., Fornace A.J. Jr. A nucleotide excision repair master-switch: p53 regulated coordinate induction of global genomic repair genes. Cancer Biol. Ther. 1:2002;145-149.
10. Araujo S.J., Tirode F., Coin F., Pospiech H., Syvaoja J.E., Stucki M., Hubscher U., Egly J.M., Wood R.D. Nucleotide excision repair of DNA with recombinant human proteins: definition of the minimal set of factors, active forms of TFIIH, and modulation by CAK. Genes Dev. 14:2000;349-359.
11. Aspinwall R., Rothwell D.G., Roldan-Arjona T., Anselmino C., Ward C.J., Cheadle J.P., Sampson J.R., Lindahl T., Harris P.C., Hickson I.D. Cloning and characterization of a functional human homolog of Escherichia coli endonuclease III. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:1997;109-114.
12. Bakkenist C.J., Kastan M.B. DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation. Nature. 421:2003;499-506.
13. Balajee A.S., Bohr V.A. Genomic heterogeneity of nucleotide excision repair. Gene. 250:2000;15-30.
14. Balajee A.S., May A., Dianov G.L., Friedberg E.C., Bohr V.A. Reduced RNA polymerase II transcription in intact and permeabilized Cockayne syndrome group B cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:1997;4306-4311.
15. Banin S., Moyal L., Shieh S., Taya Y., Anderson C.W., Chessa L., Smorodinsky N.I., Prives C., Reiss Y., Shiloh Y., Ziv Y. Enhanced phosphorylation of p53 by ATM in response to DNA damage. Science. 281:1998;1674-1677.
16. Bao S., Tibbetts R.S., Brumbaugh K.M., Fang Y., Richardson D.A., Ali A., Chen S.M., Abraham R.T., Wang X.F. ATR/ATM-mediated phosphorylation of human Rad17 is required for genotoxic stress responses. Nature. 411:2001;969-974.
17. Baumann P., West S.C. The human Rad51 protein: polarity of strand transfer and stimulation by hRP-A. EMBO J. 16:1997;5198-5206.
18. Bebenek K., Tissier A., Frank E.G., McDonald J.P., Prasad R., Wilson S.H., Woodgate R., Kunkel T.A. 5′-Deoxyribose phosphate lyase activity of human DNA polymerase iota in vitro. Science. 291:2001;2156-2159.
19. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in transgenic mice protects against tumor initiation in two-stage skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 56:1996;3244-3249.
20. Becker, K., Gregel, C., Fricke, C., Komitowski, D., Dosch, J., Kaina, B., 2003. DNA-repair protein MGMT protects against N-methyl-N-nitrosurea induced conversion of benign into malignant tumors. Carcinogenesis, 24, 541-546.
21. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase protects against skin tumor formation induced by antineoplastic chloroethylnitrosourea. Cancer Res. 57:1997;3335-3338.
22. Beneke R., Geisen C., Zevnik B., Bauch T., Muller W.U., Kupper J.H., Moroy T. DNA excision repair and DNA damage-induced apoptosis are linked to poly(adp-ribosyl)ation but have different requirements for p53. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:2000;6695-6703.
23. Benson F.E., Stasiak A., West S.C. Purification and characterization of the human Rad51 protein, an analogue of E. coli RecA. EMBO J. 13:1994;5764-5771.
24. Beranek D.T. Distribution of methyl and ethyl adducts following alkylation with monofunctional alkylating agents. Mutat. Res. 231:1990;11-30.
25. 6- methylguanine DNA adducts on the adenosine nucleotide switch functions of hMSH2-hMSH6 and hMSH2-hMSH3. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;27851-27857.
26. Berghammer H., Ebner M., Marksteiner R., Auer B. pADPRT-2: a novel mammalian polymerizing(ADP-ribosyl)transferase gene related to truncated pADPRT homologues in plants and Caenorhabditis elegans. FEBS Lett. 449:1999;259-263.
27. 6- methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene by glucocorticoid hormone. Oncogene. 18:1999;525-532.
28. Bjoras M., Luna L., Johnsen B., Hoff E., Haug T., Rognes T., Seeberg E. Opposite base-dependent reactions of a human base excision repair enzyme on DNA containing 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine and abasic sites. EMBO J. 16:1997;6314-6322.
29. Blackwell L.J., Bjornson K.P., Allen D.J., Modrich P. Distinct MutS DNA-binding modes that are differentially modulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;34339-34347.
30. Blackwell L.J., Bjornson K.P., Modrich P. DNA-dependent activation of the hMutSalpha ATPase. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998a;32049-32054.
31. Blackwell L.J., Martik D., Bjornson K.P., Bjornson E.S., Modrich P. Nucleotide-promoted release of hMutSalpha from heteroduplex DNA is consistent with an ATP-dependent translocation mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998b;32055-32062.
32. Bohr V.A., Smith C.A., Okumoto D.S., Hanawalt P.C. DNA repair in an active gene: removal of pyrimidine dimers from the DHFR gene of CHO cells is much more efficient than in the genome overall. Cell. 40:1985;359-369.
33. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase via protein kinase C-mediated signaling. Cancer Res. 58:1998;3950-3956.
34. Bootsma D., Hoeijmakers J.H. DNA repair. Engagement with transcription. Nature. 363:1993;114-115.
35. Bregman D.B., Halaban R., van Gool A.J., Henning K.A., Friedberg E.C., Warren S.L. UV-induced ubiquitination of RNA polymerase II: a novel modification deficient in Cockayne syndrome cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:1996;11586-11590.
36. Brochu G., Duchaine C., Thibeault L., Lagueux J., Shah G.M., Poirier G.G. Mode of action of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1219:1994;342-350.
37. Brown K.D., Rathi A., Kamath R., Beardsley D.I., Zhan Q., Mannino J.L., Baskaran R. The mismatch repair system is required for S-phase checkpoint activation. Nat. Genet. 33:2003;80-84.
38. Burgers P.M., Koonin E.V., Bruford E., Blanco L., Burtis K.C., Christman M.F., Copeland W.C., Friedberg E.C., Hanaoka F., Hinkle D.C.et al. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases: proposal for a revised nomenclature. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;43487-43490.
39. Bürkle A. PARP-1: a regulator of genomic stability linked with mammalian longevity. Chembiochem. 2:2001;725-728.
40. Burma S., Chen B.P., Murphy M., Kurimasa A., Chen D.J. ATM phosphorylates histone H2AX in response to DNA double-strand breaks. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;42462-42467.
41. Burns J.L., Guzder S.N., Sung P., Prakash S., Prakash L. An affinity of human replication protein A for ultraviolet-damaged DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;11607-11610.
42. Burtelow M.A., Roos-Mattjus P.M., Rauen M., Babendure J.R., Karnitz L.M. Reconstitution and molecular analysis of the hRad9-hHus1-hRad1 (9-1-1) DNA damage responsive checkpoint complex. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;25903-25909.
43. Cabelof D.C., Raffoul J.J., Yanamadala S., Guo Z., Heydari A.R. Induction of DNA polymerase beta-dependent base excision repair in response to oxidative stress in vivo. Carcinogenesis. 23:2002;1419-1425.
44. Caldecott K.W., Aoufouchi S., Johnson P., Shall S. XRCC1 polypeptide interacts with DNA polymerase beta and possibly poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and DNA ligase III is a novel molecular 'nick-sensor' in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:1996;4387-4394.
45. Canman C.E., Lim D.S., Cimprich K.A., Taya Y., Tamai K., Sakaguchi K., Appella E., Kastan M.B., Siliciano J.D. Activation of the ATM kinase by ionizing radiation and phosphorylation of p53. Science. 281:1998;1677-1679.
46. Chakravarti D., Ibeanu G.C., Tano K., Mitra S. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a human cDNA encoding the DNA repair protein N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1991;15710-15715.
47. Chehab N.H., Malikzay A., Appel M., Halazonetis T.D. Chk2/hCds1 functions as a DNA damage checkpoint in G(1) by stabilizing p53. Genes Dev. 14:2000;278-288.
48. Chehab N.H., Malikzay A., Stavridi E.S., Halazonetis T.D. Phosphorylation of Ser-20 mediates stabilization of human p53 in response to DNA damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:1999;13777-13782.
49. Chen B.J., Carroll P., Samson L. The Escherichia coli AlkB protein protects human cells against alkylation-induced toxicity. J. Bacteriol. 176:1994;6255-6261.
50. Chen G., Yuan S.S., Liu W., Xu Y., Trujillo K., Song B., Cong F., Goff S.P., Wu Y., Arlinghaus R.et al. Radiation-induced assembly of Rad51 and Rad52 recombination complex requires ATM and c-Abl. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;12748-12752.
51. Chen M.J., Lin Y.T., Lieberman H.B., Chen G., Lee E.Y. ATM-dependent phosphorylation of human Rad9 is required for ionizing radiation-induced checkpoint activation. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;16580-16586.
52. Cherney B.W., McBride O.W., Chen D.F., Alkhatib H., Bhatia K., Hensley P., Smulson M.E. cDNA sequence, protein structure, and chromosomal location of the human gene for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:1987;8370-8374.
53. Chi N.W., Lodish H.F. Tankyrase is a golgi-associated mitogen-activated protein kinase substrate that interacts with IRAP in GLUT4 vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;38437-38444.
54. Christmann M., Kaina B. Nuclear translocation of mismatch repair proteins MSH2 and MSH6 as a response of cells to alkylating agents. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;36256-36262.
55. Christmann M., Pick M., Lage H., Schadendorf D., Kaina B. Acquired resistance of melanoma cells to the antineoplastic agent fotemustine is caused by reactivation of the DNA repair gene MGMT. Int. J. Cancer. 92:2001;123-129.
56. Christmann M., Tomicic M.T., Kaina B. Phosphorylation of mismatch repair proteins MSH2 and MSH6 affecting MutSα mismatch-binding activity. Nucleic Acids Res. 30:2002;1959-1966.
57. Cockayne E.A. Dwarfism with retinal atrophy and deafness. Arch. Dis. Child. 11:1936;1-8.
58. Colussi C., Parlanti E., Degan P., Aquilina G., Barnes D., Macpherson P., Karran P., Crescenzi M., Dogliotti E., Bignami M. The mammalian mismatch repair pathway removes DNA 8-oxodGMP incorporated from the oxidized dNTP pool. Curr. Biol. 12:2002;912-918.
59. Constantinou A., Davies A.A., West S.C. Branch migration and Holliday junction resolution catalyzed by activities from mammalian cells. Cell. 104:2001;259-268.
60. Critchlow S.E., Jackson S.P. DNA end-joining: from yeast to man. Trends Biochem. Sci. 23:1998;394-398.
61. Cromie G.A., Connelly J.C., Leach D.R. Recombination at double-strand breaks and DNA ends: conserved mechanisms from phage to humans. Mol. Cell. 8:2001;1163-1174.
62. Dalal S.N., Schweitzer C.M., Gan J., DeCaprio J.A. Cytoplasmic localization of human cdc25C during interphase requires an intact 14-3-3 binding site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1999;4465-4479.
63. Dantzer F., de La Rubia G., Menissier-De Murcia J., Hostomsky Z., de Murcia G., Schreiber V. Base excision repair is impaired in mammalian cells lacking poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Biochemistry. 39:2000;7559-7569.
64. Day R.S. 3rd, Ziolkowski C.H., Scudiero D.A., Meyer S.A., Lubiniecki A.S., Girardi A.J., Galloway S.M., Bynum G.D. Defective repair of alkylated DNA by human tumour and SV40-transformed human cell strains. Nature. 288:1980;724-727.
65. Dianov G., Bischoff C., Piotrowski J., Bohr V.A. Repair pathways for processing of 8-oxoguanine in DNA by mammalian cell extracts. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;33811-33816.
66. Dianov G., Price A., Lindahl T. Generation of single-nucleotide repair patches following excision of uracil residues from DNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:1992;1605-1612.
67. Dianov G.L., Houle J.F., Iyer N., Bohr V.A., Friedberg E.C. Reduced RNA polymerase II transcription in extracts of cockayne syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum/Cockayne syndrome cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:1997;3636-3642.
68. Dianov G.L., Prasad R., Wilson S.H., Bohr V.A. Role of DNA polymerase beta in the excision step of long patch mammalian base excision repair. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;13741-13743.
69. Dikomey E., Dahm Daphi J., Brammer I., Martensen R., Kaina B. Correlation between cellular radiosensitivity and non-repaired double-strand breaks studied in nine mammalian cell lines. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 73:1998;269-278.
70. Dinglay S., Trewick S.C., Lindahl T., Sedgwick B. Defective processing of methylated single-stranded DNA by E. coli AlkB mutants. Genes Dev. 14:2000;2097-2105.
71. Dominguez O., Ruiz J.F., Lain de Lera T., Garcia-Diaz M., Gonzalez M.A., Kirchhoff T., Martinez A.C., Bernad A., Blanco L. DNA polymerase mu (Pol mu), homologous to TdT, could act as a DNA mutator in eukaryotic cells. EMBO J. 19:2000;1731-1742.
72. 4-methylthymine, or the cisplatin-d(GpG) adduct. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:1996;6443-6447.
73. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Science. 259:1993;219-222.
74. Duncan T., Trewick S.C., Koivisto P., Bates P.A., Lindahl T., Sedgwick B. Reversal of DNA alkylation damage by two human dioxygenases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:2002;16660-16665.
75. Eggler A.L., Inman R.B., Cox M.M. The Rad51-dependent pairing of long DNA substrates is stabilized by replication protein A. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;39280-39288.
76. Ellis N.A., Groden J., Ye T.Z., Straughen J., Lennon D.J., Ciocci S., Proytcheva M., German J. The Bloom's syndrome gene products is homologous to REcQ helicases. Cell. 83:1995;655-660.
77. Ellison V., Stillman B. Opening of the clamp: an intimate view of an ATP-driven biological machine. Cell. 106:2001;655-660.
78. Evans E., Fellows J., Coffer A., Wood R.D. Open complex formation around a lesion during nucleotide excision repair provides a structure for cleavage by human XPG protein. EMBO J. 16:1997a;625-638.
79. Evans E., Moggs J.G., Hwang J.R., Egly J.M., Wood R.D. Mechanism of open complex and dual incision formation by human nucleotide excision repair factors. EMBO J. 16:1997b;6559-6573.
80. Evans M.K., Bohr V.A. Gene-specific DNA repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in some cancer-prone and premature-aging human syndromes. Mutat. Res. 314:1994;221-231.
81. Falnes P.O., Johansen R.F., Seeberg E. AlkB-mediated oxidative demethylation reverses DNA damage in Escherichia coli. Nature. 419:2002;178-182.
82. Fang W.H., Modrich P. Human strand-specific mismatch repair occurs by a bidirectional mechanism similar to that of the bacterial reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;11838-11844.
83. Fischhaber P.L., Gerlach V.L., Feaver W.J., Hatahet Z., Wallace S.S., Friedberg E.C. Human DNA polymerase kappa bypasses and extends beyond thymine glycols during translesion synthesis in vitro, preferentially incorporating correct nucleotides. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;37604-37611.
84. Fishel R. Mismatch repair, molecular switches, and signal transduction. Genes Dev. 12:1998;2096-2101.
85. Fishel R., Lescoe M.K., Rao M.R., Copeland N.G., Jenkins N.A., Garber J., Kane M., Kolodner R. The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell. 75:1993;1027-1038.
86. Ford J.M., Hanawalt P.C. Li-Fraumeni syndrome fibroblasts homozygous for p53 mutations are deficient in global DNA repair but exhibit normal transcription-coupled repair and enhanced UV resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:1995;8876-8880.
87. Ford J.M., Hanawalt P.C. Expression of wild-type p53 is required for efficient global genomic nucleotide excision repair in UV-irradiated human fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;28073-28080.
88. Frank E.G., Tissier A., McDonald J.P., Rapic-Otrin V., Zeng X., Gearhart P.J., Woodgate R. Altered nucleotide misinsertion fidelity associated with poliota-dependent replication at the end of a DNA template. EMBO J. 20:2001;2914-2922.
89. Friedberg E.C. How nucleotide excision repair protects against cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 1:2001;22-33.
90. Friedberg E.C. DNA damage and repair. Nature. 421:2003;436-440.
91. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in mammalian cells by DNA-damaging treatments. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:1991;4660-4668.
92. Frosina G., Fortini P., Rossi O., Carrozzino F., Raspaglio G., Cox L.S., Lane D.P., Abbondandolo A., Dogliotti E. Two pathways for base excision repair in mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;9573-9578.
93. Furuichi M., Yoshida M.C., Oda H., Tajiri T., Nakabeppu Y., Tsuzuki T., Sekiguchi M. Genomic structure and chromosome location of the human mutT homologue gene MTH1 encoding 8-oxo-dGTPase for prevention of A:T to C:G transversion. Genomics. 24:1994;485-490.
94. Garcia-Diaz M., Bebenek K., Sabariegos R., Dominguez O., Rodriguez J., Kirchhoff T., Garcia-Palomero E., Picher A.J., Juarez R., Ruiz J.F.et al. DNA polymerase lambda, a novel DNA repair enzyme in human cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;13184-13191.
95. Garcia-Diaz M., Dominguez O., Lopez-Fernandez L.A., de Lera L.T., Saniger M.L., Ruiz J.F., Parraga M., Garcia-Ortiz M.J., Kirchhoff T., del Mazo J.et al. DNA polymerase lambda (Pol lambda), a novel eukaryotic DNA polymerase with a potential role in meiosis. J. Mol. Biol. 301:2000;851-867.
96. Gatei M., Young D., Cerosaletti K.M., Desai-Mehta A., Spring K., Kozlov S., Lavin M.F., Gatti R.A., Concannon P., Khanna K. ATM-dependent phosphorylation of nibrin in response to radiation exposure. Nat. Genet. 25:2000;115-119.
97. Genschel J., Bazemore L.R., Modrich P. Human exonuclease I is required for 5′ and 3′ mismatch repair. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;13302-13311.
98. Genschel J., Littman S.J., Drummond J.T., Modrich P. Isolation of MutSbeta from human cells and comparison of the mismatch repair specificities of MutSbeta and MutSalpha. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;19895-19901.
99. Gerlach V.L., Aravind L., Gotway G., Schultz R.A., Koonin E.V., Friedberg E.C. Human and mouse homologs of Escherichia coli DinB (DNA polymerase IV), members of the UmuC/DinB superfamily. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:1999;11922-11927.
100. Gerlach V.L., Feaver W.J., Fischhaber P.L., Friedberg E.C. Purification and characterization of pol kappa, a DNA polymerase encoded by the human DINB1 gene. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;92-98.
101. Gibbs P.E., McGregor W.G., Maher V.M., Nisson P., Lawrence C.W. A human homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae REV3 gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase zeta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95:1998;6876-6880.
102. Golub E.I., Gupta R.C., Haaf T., Wold M.S., Radding C.M. Interaction of human rad51 recombination protein with single-stranded DNA binding protein, RPA. Nucleic Acids Res. 26:1998;5388-5393.
103. Gottlieb T.M., Jackson S.P. The DNA-dependent protein kinase: requirement for DNA ends and association with Ku antigen. Cell. 72:1993;131-142.
104. Gradia S., Acharya S., Fishel R. The human mismatch recognition complex hMSH2-hMSH6 functions as a novel molecular switch. Cell. 91:1997;995-1005.
105. Gradia S., Acharya S., Fishel R. The role of mismatched nucleotides in activating the hMSH2-hMSH6 molecular switch. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;3922-3930.
106. Gradia S., Subramanian D., Wilson T., Acharya S., Makhov A., Griffith J., Fishel R. hMSH2-hMSH6 forms a hydrolysis-independent sliding clamp on mismatched DNA. Mol. Cell. 3:1999;255-261.
107. Gradwohl G., Menissier de Murcia J., Molinete M., Simonin F., de Murcia G. Expression of functional zinc finger domain of human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in E. coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:1989;7112.
108. Grombacher T., Mitra S., Kaina B. Induction of the alkyltransferase (MGMT) gene by DNA damaging agents and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone and comparison with the response of base excision repair genes. Carcinogenesis. 17:1996;2329-2336.
109. Guo Z., Kumagai A., Wang S.X., Dunphy W.G. Requirement for Atr in phosphorylation of Chk1 and cell cycle regulation in response to DNA replication blocks and UV-damaged DNA in Xenopus egg extracts. Genes Dev. 14:2000;2745-2756.
110. Gupta R.C., Golub E.I., Wold M.S., Radding C.M. Polarity of DNA strand exchange promoted by recombination proteins of the RecA family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95:1998;9843-9848.
111. Haber J.E. Partners and pathways repairing a double-strand break. Trends Genet. 16:2000;259-264.
112. Habraken Y., Sung P., Prakash L., Prakash S. A conserved 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity in the yeast and human nucleotide excision repair proteins RAD2 and XPG. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;31342-31345.
113. Hammarsten O., DeFazio L.G., Chu G. Activation of DNA-dependent protein kinase by single-stranded DNA ends. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;1541-1550.
114. Hanawalt P.C. Controlling the efficiency of excision repair. Mutat. Res. 485:2001;3-13.
115. Hanawalt P.C. Subpathways of nucleotide excision repair and their regulation. Oncogene. 21:2002;8949-8956.
116. Hara R., Selby C.P., Liu M., Price D.H., Sancar A. Human transcription release factor 2 dissociates RNA polymerases I and II stalled at a cyclobutane thymine dimer. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;24779-24786.
117. Haracska L., Prakash L., Prakash S. Role of human DNA polymerase kappa as an extender in translesion synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:2002;16000-16005.
118. Haracska L., Yu S.L., Johnson R.E., Prakash L., Prakash S. Efficient and accurate replication in the presence of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine by DNA polymerase eta. Nat. Genet. 25:2000;458-461.
119. Hartley K.O., Gell D., Smith G.C., Zhang H., Divecha N., Connelly M.A., Admon A., Lees-Miller S.P., Anderson C.W., Jackson S.P. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit: a relative of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the ataxia telangiectasia gene product. Cell. 82:1995;849-856.
120. Hartman A.R., Ford J.M. BRCA1 induces DNA damage recognition factors and enhances nucleotide excision repair. Nat. Genet. 32:2002;180-184.
121. Haushalter K.A., Todd Stukenberg M.W., Kirschner M.W., Verdine G.L. Identification of a new uracil-DNA glycosylase family by expression cloning using synthetic inhibitors. Curr. Biol. 9:1999;174-185.
122. Hazra T.K., Izumi T., Boldogh I., Imhoff B., Kow Y.W., Jaruga P., Dizdaroglu M., Mitra S. Identification and characterization of a human DNA glycosylase for repair of modified bases in oxidatively damaged DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:2002a;3523-3528.
123. Hazra T.K., Kow Y.W., Hatahet Z., Imhoff B., Boldogh I., Mokkapati S.K., Mitra S., Izumi T. Identification and characterization of a novel human DNA glycosylase for repair of cytosine-derived lesions. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002b;30417-30420.
124. He Z., Henricksen L.A., Wold M.S., Ingles C.J. RPA involvement in the damage-recognition and incision steps of nucleotide excision repair. Nature. 374:1995;566-569.
125. Hendrich B., Bird A. Identification and characterization of a family of mammalian methyl-CpG binding proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1998;6538-6547.
126. Hendrich B., Hardeland U., Ng H.H., Jiricny J., Bird A. The thymine glycosylase MBD4 can bind to the product of deamination at methylated CpG sites. Nature. 401:1999;301-304.
127. Henning K.A., Li L., Iyer N., McDaniel L.D., Reagan M.S., Legerski R., Schultz R.A., Stefanini M., Lehmann A.R., Mayne L.V.et al. The Cockayne syndrome group A gene encodes a WD repeat protein that interacts with CSB protein and a subunit of RNA polymerase II TFIIH. Cell. 82:1995;555-564.
128. Hey T., Lipps G., Sugasawa K., Iwai S., Hanaoka F., Krauss G. The XPC-HR23B complex displays high affinity and specificity for damaged DNA in a true-equilibrium fluorescence assay. Biochemistry. 41:2002;6583-6587.
129. Hilbert T.P., Chaung W., Boorstein R.J., Cunningham R.P., Teebor G.W. Cloning and expression of the cDNA encoding the human homologue of the DNA repair enzyme, Escherichia coli endonuclease III. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;6733-6740.
130. Hirao A., Kong Y.Y., Matsuoka S., Wakeham A., Ruland J., Yoshida H., Liu D., Elledge S.J., Mak T.W. DNA damage-induced activation of p53 by the checkpoint kinase Chk2. Science. 287:2000;1824-1827.
131. Hoeijmakers J.H. Genome maintenance mechanisms for preventing cancer. Nature. 411:2001;366-374.
132. Holliday R. A mechanism for gene conversion in fungi. Genet. Res. 5:1964;282-304.
133. Hsu D.S., Zhao X., Zhao S., Kazantsev A., Wang R.P., Todo T., Wei Y.F., Sancar A. Putative human blue-light photoreceptors hCRY1 and hCRY2 are flavoproteins. Biochemistry. 35:1996;13871-13877.
134. Hwang B.J., Ford J.M., Hanawalt P.C., Chu G. Expression of the p48 xeroderma pigmentosum gene is p53-dependent and is involved in global genomic repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:1999;424-428.
135. Iaccarino I., Marra G., Palombo F., Jiricny J. hMSH2 and hMSH6 play distinct roles in mismatch binding and contribute differently to the ATPase activity of hMutSalpha. EMBO J. 17:1998;2677-2686.
136. Itoh T., Fujiwara Y., Ono T., Yamaizumi M. Uvs syndrome, a new general category of photosensitive disorder with defective DNA repair, is distinct from xeroderma pigmentosum variant and rodent complementation group I. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 56:1995;1267-1276.
137. Iyer N., Reagan M.S., Wu K.J., Canagarajah B., Friedberg E.C. Interactions involving the human RNA polymerase II transcription/nucleotide excision repair complex TFIIH, the nucleotide excision repair protein XPG, and Cockayne syndrome group B (CSB) protein. Biochemistry. 35:1996;2157-2167.
138. Jeggo P.A., Hafezparast M., Thompson A.F., Broughton B.C., Kaur G.P., Zdzienicka M.Z., Athwal R.S. Localization of a DNA repair gene (XRCC5) involved in double-strand-break rejoining to human chromosome 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:1992;6423-6427.
139. Joenje H., Patel K.J. The emerging genetic and molecular basis of Fanconi anaemia. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2:2001;446-457.
140. Johansson M. A human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene family (ADPRTL): cDNA cloning of two novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase homologues. Genomics. 57:1999;442-445.
141. Johnson R.D., Jasin M. Sister chromatid gene conversion is a prominent double-strand break repair pathway in mammalian cells. EMBO J. 19:2000;3398-3407.
142. Johnson R.E., Haracska L., Prakash S., Prakash L. Role of DNA polymerase zeta in the bypass of a (6-4) TT photoproduct. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21:2001;3558-3563.
143. Johnson R.E., Kondratick C.M., Prakash S., Prakash L. hRAD30 mutations in the variant form of xeroderma pigmentosum. Science. 285:1999;263-265.
144. Johnson R.E., Prakash S., Prakash L. The human DINB1 gene encodes the DNA polymerase Poltheta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:2000a;3838-3843.
145. Johnson R.E., Washington M.T., Prakash S., Prakash L. Fidelity of human DNA polymerase eta. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;7447-7450.
146. Jones C.J., Wood R.D. Preferential binding of the xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein to damaged DNA. Biochemistry. 32:1993;12096-12104.
147. Kagawa W., Kurumizaka H., Ikawa S., Yokoyama S., Shibata T. Homologous pairing promoted by the human Rad52 protein. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;35201- 35208.
148. Kai M., Tanaka H., Wang T.S. Fission yeast Rad17 associates with chromatin in response to aberrant genomic structures. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21:2001;3289-3301.
149. Kai M., Wang T.S. Checkpoint activation regulates mutagenic translesion synthesis. Genes Dev. 17:2003;64-76.
150. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) cDNA in Chinese hamster cells: the role of MGMT in protection against the genotoxic effects of alkylating agents. Carcinogenesis. 12:1991;1857-1867.
151. Kameshita I., Matsuda Z., Taniguchi T., Shizuta Y. Poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase. Separation and identification of three proteolytic fragments as the substrate-binding domain, the DNA-binding domain, and the automodification domain. J. Biol. Chem. 259:1984;4770-4776.
152. Kaminker P.G., Kim S.H., Taylor R.D., Zebarjadian Y., Funk W.D., Morin G.B., Yaswen P., Campisi J. TANK2, a new TRF1-associated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, causes rapid induction of cell death upon overexpression. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;35891-35899.
153. Kharbanda S., Yuan Z.M., Weichselbaum R., Kufe D. Determination of cell fate by c-Abl activation in the response to DNA damage. Oncogene. 17:1998;3309-3318.
154. Kickhoefer V.A., Siva A.C., Kedersha N.L., Inman E.M., Ruland C., Streuli M., Rome L.H. The 193-kD vault protein, VPARP, is a novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. J. Cell. Biol. 146:1999;917-928.
155. Kim S.T., Lim D.S., Canman C.E., Kastan M.B. Substrate specificities and identification of putative substrates of ATM kinase family members. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;37538-37543.
156. Kitao S., Shimamoto A., Goto M., Miller R.W., Smithson W.A., Lindor N.M., Furuichi Y. Mutations in RECQL4 cause a subset of cases of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Nat. Genet. 22:1999;82-84.
157. Klungland A., Lindahl T. Second pathway for completion of human DNA base excision-repair: reconstitution with purified proteins and requirement for DNase IV (FEN1). EMBO J. 16:1997;3341-3348.
158. Komatsu K., Wharton W., Hang H., Wu C., Singh S., Lieberman H.B., Pledger W.J., Wang H.G. PCNA interacts with hHus1/hRad9 in response to DNA damage and replication inhibition. Oncogene. 19:2000;5291-5297.
159. Kubota Y., Nash R.A., Klungland A., Schar P., Barnes D.E., Lindahl T. Reconstitution of DNA base excision-repair with purified human proteins: interaction between DNA polymerase beta and the XRCC1 protein. EMBO J. 15:1996;6662-6670.
160. Kunkel T.A., Pavlov Y.I., Bebenek K. Functions of human DNA polymerases eta, kappa and iota suggested by their properties, including fidelity with undamaged DNA templates. DNA Repair (Amst.). 2:2003;135-149.
161. Kusumoto R., Masutani C., Iwai S., Hanaoka F. Translesion synthesis by human DNA polymerase eta across thymine glycol lesions. Biochemistry. 41:2002;6090-6099.
162. Kusumoto R., Masutani C., Sugasawa K., Iwai S., Araki M., Uchida A., Mizukoshi T., Hanaoka F. Diversity of the damage recognition step in the global genomic nucleotide excision repair in vitro. Mutat. Res. 485:2001;219-227.
163. Lackinger D., Kaina B. Primary mouse fibroblasts deficient for c-Fos, p53 or for both proteins are hypersensitive to UV light and alkylating agent-induced chromosomal breakage and apoptosis. Mutat. Res. 457:2000;113-123.
164. Lander E.S., Linton L.M., Birren B., Nusbaum C., Zody M.C., Baldwin J., Devon K., Dewar K., Doyle M., FitzHugh W.et al. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature. 409:2001;860-921.
165. Lavrik O.I., Prasad R., Sobol R.W., Horton J.K., Ackerman E.J., Wilson S.H. Photoaffinity labeling of mouse fibroblast enzymes by a base excision
166. Le Page F., Kwoh E.E., Avrutskaya A., Gentil A., Leadon S.A., Sarasin A., Cooper P.K. Transcription-coupled repair of 8-oxoguanine: requirement for XPG, TFIIH, CSB and implications for Cockayne syndrome. Cell. 101:2000;159-171.
167. Leach F.S., Nicolaides N.C., Papadopoulos N., Liu B., Jen J., Parsons R., Peltomaki P., Sistonen P., Aaltonen L.A., Nystrom-Lahti M. Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cell. 75:1993;1215-1225.
168. Leber R., Wise T.W., Mizuta R., Meek K. The XRCC4 gene product is a target for and interacts with the DNA-dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;1794-1801.
169. Lee J.W., Yannone S.M., Chen D.J., Povirk L.F. Requirement for XRCC4 and DNA ligase IV in alignment-based gap filling for nonhomologous DNA end joining in vitro. Cancer Res. 63:2003;22-24.
170. Lehmann A.R. Replication of damaged DNA in mammalian cells: new solutions to an old problem. Mutat. Res. 509:2002;23-34.
171. Li G.M., Modrich P. Restoration of mismatch repair to nuclear extracts of H6 colorectal tumor cells by a heterodimer of human MutL homologs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:1995;1950-1954.
172. Li G.M., Wang H., Romano L.J. Human MutSalpha specifically binds to DNA containing aminofluorene and acetylaminofluorene adducts. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;24084-24088.
173. Li N., Banin S., Ouyang H., Li G.C., Courtois G., Shiloh Y., Karin M., Rotman G. ATM is required for IkappaB kinase (IKKk) activation in response to DNA double strand breaks. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;8898-8903.
174. Lieberman H.B., Hopkins K.M., Nass M., Demetrick D., Davey S. A human homolog of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad9+ checkpoint control gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:1996;13890-13895.
175. Lim D.S., Kim S.T., Xu B., Maser R.S., Lin J., Petrini J.H., Kastan M.B. ATM phosphorylates p95/nbs1 in an S-phase checkpoint pathway. Nature. 404:2000;613-617.
176. Lin W., Wu X., Wang Z. A full-length cDNA of hREV3 is predicted to encode DNA polymerase zeta for damage-induced mutagenesis in humans. Mutat. Res. 433:1999;89-98.
177. Lindahl T. Repair of intrinsic DNA lesions. Mutat. Res. 238:1990;305-311.
178. Lindahl, T., 2001. Keynote: past, present, and future aspects of base excision repair. Prog. Nucleic. Acid. Res. Mol. Biol. 68, xvii-xxx.
179. Lindahl T., Satoh M.S., Poirier G.G., Klungland A. Post-translational modification of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase induced by DNA strand breaks. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:1995;405-411.
180. Lips J., Kaina B. DNA double-strand breaks trigger apoptosis in p53-deficient fibroblasts. Carcinogenesis. 22:2001;579-585.
181. Liu M., Xie Z., Price D.H. A human RNA polymerase II transcription termination factor is a SWI2/SNF2 family member. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;25541-25544.
182. Liu N., Schild D., Thelen M.P., Thompson L.H. Involvement of Rad51C in two distinct protein complexes of Rad51 paralogs in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 30:2002;1009-1015.
183. Liu Q., Guntuku S., Cui X.S., Matsuoka S., Cortez D., Tamai K., Luo G., Carattini-Rivera S., DeMayo F., Bradley A. Chk1 is an essential kinase that is regulated by Atr and required for the G(2)/M DNA damage checkpoint. Genes Dev. 14:2000;1448-1459.
184. Ljungman M., Zhang F. Blockage of RNA polymerase as a possible trigger for u.v. light-induced apoptosis. Oncogene. 13:1996;823-831.
185. Loeb L.A. Apurinic sites as mutagenic intermediates. Cell. 40:1985;483-484.
186. Longley M.J., Pierce A.J., Modrich P. DNA polymerase delta is required for human mismatch repair in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;10917-10921.
187. Lynch H.T., Smyrk T.C., Watson P., Lanspa S.J., Lynch J.F., Lynch P.M., Cavalieri R.J., Boland C.R. Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum, and pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: an updated review. Gastroenterology. 104:1993;1535-1549.
188. Lyons R.J., Deane R., Lynch D.K., Ye Z.S., Sanderson G.M., Eyre H.J., Sutherland G.R., Daly R.J. Identification of a novel human tankyrase through its interaction with the adaptor protein Grbfor. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;17172-17180.
189. Ma Q., Baldwin K.T., Renzelli A.J., McDaniel A., Dong L. TCDD-inducible poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: a novel response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 289:2001;499-506.
190. Mailand N., Falck J., Lukas C., Syljuasen R.G., Welcker M., Bartek J., Lukas J. Rapid destruction of human Cdc25A in response to DNA damage. Science. 288:2000;1425-1429.
191. Margison G.P., Povey A.C., Kaina B., Santibanez Koref M.F. Variability and regulation of O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Carcinogenesis. 24:2003;625-635.
192. Martensson S., Hammarsten O. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. Structural requirements for kinase activation by DNA ends. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;3020-3029.
193. Maser R.S., Monsen K.J., Nelms B.E., Petrini J.H. hMre11 and hRad50 nuclear foci are induced during the normal cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1997;6087-6096.
194. Masson J.Y., Tarsounas M.C., Stasiak A.Z., Stasiak A., Shah R., McIlwraith M.J., Benson F.E., West S.C. Identification and purification of two distinct complexes containing the five RAD51 paralogs. Genes Dev. 15:2001;3296-3307.
195. Masson M., Niedergang C., Schreiber V., Muller S., Menissier-de Murcia J., de Murcia G. XRCC1 is specifically associated with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and negatively regulates its activity following DNA damage. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1998;3563-3571.
196. Masutani C., Kusumoto R., Iwai S., Hanaoka F. Mechanisms of accurate translesion synthesis by human DNA polymerase eta. EMBO J. 19:2000;3100-3109.
197. Masutani C., Kusumoto R., Yamada A., Dohmae N., Yokoi M., Yuasa M., Araki M., Iwai S., Takio K., Hanaoka F. The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase eta. Nature. 399:1999;700-704.
198. Matsuda T., Bebenek K., Masutani C., Rogozin I.B., Hanaoka F., Kunkel T.A. Error rate and specificity of human and murine DNA polymerase eta. J. Mol. Biol. 312:2001;335-346.
199. Matsumoto Y., Kim K. Excision of deoxyribose phosphate residues by DNA polymerase beta during DNA repair. Science. 269:1995;699-702.
200. Matsumoto Y., Kim K., Hurwitz J., Gary R., Levin D.S., Tomkinson A.E., Park M.S. Reconstitution of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent repair of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites with purified human proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;33703-33708.
201. Matsuoka S., Rotman G., Ogawa A., Shiloh Y., Tamai K., Elledge S.J. Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated phosphorylates Chk2 in vivo and in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:2000;10389-10394.
202. Mayer-Kuckuk P., Ullrich O., Ziegler M., Grune T., Schweiger M. Functional interaction of poly(ADP-ribose) with the 20S proteasome in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 259:1999;576-581.
203. McDonald J.P., Rapic-Otrin V., Epstein J.A., Broughton B.C., Wang X., Lehmann A.R., Wolgemuth D.J., Woodgate R. Novel human and mouse homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase eta. Genomics. 60:1999;20-30.
204. McDonald J.P., Tissier A., Frank E.G., Iwai S., Hanaoka F., Woodgate R. DNA polymerase iota and related rad30-like enzymes. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 356:2001;53-60.
205. Mello J.A., Acharya S., Fishel R., Essigmann J.M. The mismatch-repair protein hMSH2 binds selectively to DNA adducts of the anticancer drug cisplatin. Chem. Biol. 3:1996;579-589.
206. Mellon I., Spivak G., Hanawalt P.C. Selective removal of transcription-blocking DNA damage from the transcribed strand of the mammalian DHFR gene. Cell. 51:1987;241-249.
207. Menissier-de Murcia J., Molinete M., Gradwohl G., Simonin F., de Murcia G. Zinc-binding domain of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase participates in the recognition of single strand breaks on DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 210:1989;229-233.
208. Modrich P., Lahue R. Mismatch repair in replication fidelity, genetic recombination, and cancer biology. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65:1996;101-133.
209. Moshous D., Callebaut I., de Chasseval R., Corneo B., Cavazzana-Calvo M., Le Deist F., Tezcan I., Sanal O., Bertrand Y., Philippe N. Artemis, a novel DNA double-strand break repair/V(D)J recombination protein, is mutated in human severe combined immune deficiency. Cell. 105:2001;177-186.
210. Mu D., Park C.H., Matsunaga T., Hsu D.S., Reardon J.T., Sancar A. Reconstitution of human DNA repair excision nuclease in a highly defined system. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;2415-2418.
211. Mullenders L.H., Berneburg M. Photoimmunology and nucleotide excision repair: impact of transcription coupled and global genome excision repair. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 65:2001;97-100.
212. Muller S.J., Caradonna S. Isolation and characterization of a human cDNA encoding uracil-DNA glycosylase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1088:1991;197-207.
213. Murakumo Y. The property of DNA polymerase zeta: REV7 is a putative protein involved in translesion DNA synthesis and cell cycle control. Mutat. Res. 510:2002;37-44.
214. Murakumo Y., Ogura Y., Ishii H., Numata S., Ichihara M., Croce C.M., Fishel R., Takahashi M. Interactions in the error-prone postreplication repair proteins hREV1, hREV3, and hREV7. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;35644-35651.
215. Murakumo Y., Roth T., Ishii H., Rasio D., Numata S., Croce C.M., Fishel R. A human REV7 homolog that interacts with the polymerase zeta catalytic subunit hREV3 and the spindle assembly checkpoint protein hMAD 2. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;4391-4397.
216. Nakamura J., La D.K., Swenberg J.A. 5′-nicked apurinic/ apyrimidinic sites are resistant to beta-elimination by beta-polymerase and are persistent in human cultured cells after oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;5323-5328.
217. 6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase protects against nitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:1993;6468-6472.
218. Neddermann P., Gallinari P., Lettieri T., Schmid D., Truong O., Hsuan J.J., Wiebauer K., Jiricny J. Cloning and expression of human G/T mismatch-specific thymine-DNA glycosylase. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;12767-12774.
219. Neddermann P., Jiricny J. The purification of a mismatch-specific thymine-DNA glycosylase from HeLa cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;21218-21224.
220. Neddermann P., Jiricny J. Efficient removal of uracil from G.U mispairs by the mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase from HeLa cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:1994;1642-1646.
221. Nelms B.E., Maser R.S., MacKay J.F., Lagally M.G., Petrini J.H. In situ visualization of DNA double-strand break repair in human fibroblasts. Science. 280:1998;590-592.
222. New J.H., Sugiyama T., Zaitseva E., Kowalczykowski S.C. Rad52 protein stimulates DNA strand exchange by Rad51 and replication protein A. Nature. 391:1998;407-410.
223. Nicolaides N.C., Papadopoulos N., Liu B., Wei Y.F., Carter K.C., Ruben S.M., Rosen C.A., Haseltine W.A., Fleischmann R.D., Fraser C.M.et al. Mutations of two PMS homologues in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Nature. 371:1994;75-80.
224. Nilsen H., Haushalter K.A., Robins P., Barnes D.E., Verdine G.L., Lindahl T. Excision of deaminated cytosine from the vertebrate genome: role of the SMUG1 uracil-DNA glycosylase. EMBO J. 20:2001;4278-4286.
225. O'Connor T.R., Laval J. Human cDNA expressing a functional DNA glycosylase excising 3-methyladenine and 7-methylguanine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 176:1991;1170-1177.
226. O'Donovan A., Davies A.A., Moggs J.G., West S.C., Wood R.D. XPG endonuclease makes the 3′ incision in human DNA nucleotide excision repair. Nature. 371:1994;432-435.
227. Offer H., Milyavsky M., Erez N., Matas D., Zurer I., Harris C.C., Rotter V. Structural and functional involvement of p53 in BER in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene. 20:2001;581-589.
228. Ogi T., Kato T. Jr., Kato T., Ohmori H. Mutation enhancement by DINB1, a mammalian homologue of the Escherichia coli mutagenesis protein dinB. Genes Cells. 4:1999;607-618.
229. Ohashi E., Bebenek K., Matsuda T., Feaver W.J., Gerlach V.L., Friedberg E.C., Ohmori H., Kunkel T.A. Fidelity and processivity of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase kappa, the product of the human DINB1 gene. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000a;39678-39684.
230. Ohashi E., Ogi T., Kusumoto R., Iwai S., Masutani C., Hanaoka F., Ohmori H. Error-prone bypass of certain DNA lesions by the human DNA polymerase kappa. Genes Dev. 14:2000b;1589-1594.
231. Olsen L.C., Aasland R., Wittwer C.U., Krokan H.E., Helland D.E. Molecular cloning of human uracil-DNA glycosylase, a highly conserved DNA repair enzyme. EMBO J. 8:1989;3121-3125.
232. Palombo F., Gallinari P., Iaccarino I., Lettieri T., Hughes M., D'Arrigo A., Truong O., Hsuan J.J., Jiricny J. GTBP, a 160-kilodalton protein essential for mismatch-binding activity in human cells. Science. 268:1995;1912-1914.
233. Palombo F., Iaccarino I., Nakajima E., Ikejima M., Shimada T., Jiricny J. hMutSbeta, a heterodimer of hMSH2 and hMSH3, binds to insertion/deletion loops in DNA. Curr. Biol. 6:1996;1181-1184.
234. Papadopoulos N., Nicolaides N.C., Wei Y.F., Ruben S.M., Carter K.C., Rosen C.A., Haseltine W.A., Fleischmann R.D., Fraser C.M., Adams M.D.et al. Mutation of a mutL homolog in hereditary colon cancer. Science. 263:1994;1625-1629.
235. Park M.S., Ludwig D.L., Stigger E., Lee S.H. Physical interaction between human RAD52 and RPA is required for homologous recombination in mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;18996-19000.
236. Parker A.E., Van de Weyer I., Laus M.C., Oostveen I., Yon J., Verhasselt P., Luyten W.H. A human homologue of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad1+ checkpoint gene encodes an exonuclease. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998a;18332-18339.
237. Parker A.E., Van de Weyer I., Laus M.C., Verhasselt P., Luyten W.H. Identification of a human homologue of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad17+ checkpoint gene. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998b;18340-18346.
238. Paull T.T., Gellert M. Nbs1 potentiates ATP-driven DNA unwinding and endonuclease cleavage by the Mre11/Rad50 complex. Genes Dev. 13:1999;1276-1288.
239. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 51:1995;167-223.
240. Peng C.Y., Graves P.R., Thoma R.S., Wu Z., Shaw A.S., Piwnica-Worms H. Mitotic and G2 checkpoint control: regulation of 14-3-3 protein binding by phosphorylation of Cdc25C on serine-216. Science. 277:1997;1501-1505.
241. Petukhova G., Stratton S., Sung P. Catalysis of homologous DNA pairing by yeast Rad51 and Rad54 proteins. Nature. 393:1998;91-94.
242. Petukhova G., Van Komen S., Vergano S., Klein H., Sung P. Yeast Rad54 promotes Rad51-dependent homologous DNA pairing via ATP hydrolysis-driven change in DNA double helix conformation. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;29453-29462.
243. Pfeiffer P., Goedecke W., Obe G. Mechanisms of DNA double-strand break repair and their potential to induce chromosomal aberration. Mutagenesis. 15:2000;289-302.
244. Pleschke J.M., Kleczkowska H.E., Strohm M., Althaus F.R. Poly(ADP-ribose) binds to specific domains in DNA damage checkpoint proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;40974-40980.
245. Podlutsky A.J., Dianova I.I., Wilson S.H., Bohr V.A., Dianov G.L. DNA synthesis and dRPase activities of polymerase beta are both essential for single-nucleotide patch base excision repair in mammalian cell extracts. Biochemistry. 40:2001;809-813.
246. Post S., Weng Y.C., Cimprich K., Chen L.B., Xu Y., Lee E.Y. Phosphorylation of serines 635 and 645 of human Rad17 is cell cycle regulated and is required for G(1)/S checkpoint activation in response to DNA damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:2001;13102-13107.
247. Prasad R., Beard W.A., Strauss P.R., Wilson S.H. Human DNA polymerase beta deoxyribose phosphate lyase. Substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;15263-15270.
248. Prasad R., Lavrik O.I., Kim S.J., Kedar P., Yang X.P., Van de Berg B.J., Wilson S.H. DNA polymerase beta-mediated long patch base excision repair. Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 stimulates strand displacement DNA synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;32411-32414.
249. Prasad R., Singhal R.K., Srivastava D.K., Molina J.T., Tomkinson A.E., Wilson S.H. Specific interaction of DNA polymerase beta and DNA ligase I in a multiprotein base excision repair complex from bovine testis. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;16000-16007.
250. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter: correlation with gene suppression. Carcinogenesis. 16:1995;1385-1390.
251. Radicella J.P., Dherin C., Desmaze C., Fox M.S., Boiteux S. Cloning and characterization of hOGG1, a human homolog of the OGG1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:1997;8010-8015.
252. Rauen M., Burtelow M.A., Dufault V.M., Karnitz L.M. The human checkpoint protein hRad17 interacts with the PCNA-like proteins hRad1, hHus1, and hRad9. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;29767-29771.
253. Reddy G., Golub E.I., Radding C.M. Human Rad52 protein promotes single-strand DNA annealing followed by branch migration. Mutat. Res. 377:1997;53-59.
254. Reeves W.H., Sthoeger Z.M. Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding the p70 (Ku) lupus autoantigen. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;5047-5052.
255. Reynaud C.A., Frey S., Aoufouchi S., Faili A., Bertocci B., Dahan A., Flatter E., Delbos F., Storck S., Zober C., Weill J.C. Transcription, beta-like DNA polymerases and hypermutation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 356:2001;91-97.
256. Rich T., Allen R.L., Wyllie A.H. Defying death after DNA damage. Nature. 407:2000;777-783.
257. Rockx D.A., Mason R., van Hoffen A., Barton M.C., Citterio E., Bregman D.B., van Zeeland A.A., Vrieling H., Mullenders L.H. UV-induced inhibition of transcription involves repression of transcription initiation and phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:2000;10503-10508.
258. Ronen A., Glickman B.W. Human DNA repair genes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:2001;241-283.
259. Rosenquist T.A., Zharkov D.O., Grollman A.P. Cloning and characterization of a mammalian 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:1997;7429-7434.
260. Ruiz J.F., Dominguez O., Lain de Lera T., Garcia-Diaz M., Bernad A., Blanco L. DNA polymerase mu, a candidate hypermutase. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 356:2001;99-109.
261. Sakumi K., Furuichi M., Tsuzuki T., Kakuma T., Kawabata S., Maki H., Sekiguchi M. Cloning and expression of cDNA for a human enzyme that hydrolyzes 8-oxo-dGTP, a mutagenic substrate for DNA synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;23524-23530.
262. Samson L., Derfler B., Boosalis M., Call K. Cloning and characterization of a 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase cDNA from human cells whose gene maps to chromosome 16. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:1991;9127-9131.
263. Sanchez Y., Wong C., Thoma R.S., Richman R., Wu Z., Piwnica-Worms H., Elledge S.J. Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals: linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25. Science. 277:1997;1497-1501.
264. Sanderson R.J., Lindahl T. Down-regulation of DNA repair synthesis at DNA single-strand interruptions in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 deficient murine cell extracts. DNA Repair (Amst.). 1:2002;547-558.
265. Savitsky K., Bar-Shira A., Gilad S., Rotman G., Ziv Y., Vanagaite L., Tagle D.A., Smith S., Uziel T., Sfez S. A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. Science. 268:1995;1749-1753.
266. Schaeffer L., Moncollin V., Roy R., Staub A., Mezzina M., Sarasin A., Weeda G., Hoeijmakers J.H., Egly J.M. The ERCC2/DNA repair protein is associated with the class II BTF2/TFIIH transcription factor. EMBO J. 13:1994;2388-2392.
267. Schaeffer L., Roy R., Humbert S., Moncollin V., Vermeulen W., Hoeijmakers J.H., Chambon P., Egly J.M. DNA repair helicase: a component of BTF2 (TFIIH) basic transcription factor. Science. 260:1993;58-63.
268. Scharer O.D., Jiricny J. Recent progress in the biology, chemistry and structural biology of DNA glycosylases. Bioessays. 23:2001;270-281.
269. Scherer S.J., Maier S.M., Seifert M., Hanselmann R.G., Zang K.D., Muller-Hermelink H.K., Angel P., Welter C., Schartl M. p53 and c-Jun functionally synergize in the regulation of the DNA repair gene hMSH2 in response to UV. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;37469-37473.
270. Schild D., Lio Y.C., Collins D.W., Tsomondo T., Chen D.J. Evidence for simultaneous protein interactions between human Rad51 paralogs. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;16443-16449.
271. Schreiber V., Ame J.C., Dolle P., Schultz I., Rinaldi B., Fraulob V., Menissier-de Murcia J., de Murcia G. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 (PARP-2) is required for efficient base excision DNA repair in association with PARP-1 and XRCC1. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;23028-23036.
272. Sedgwick B., Lindahl T. Recent progress on the Ada response for inducible repair of DNA alkylation damage. Oncogene. 21:2002;8886-8894.
273. Selby C.P., Drapkin R., Reinberg D., Sancar A. RNA polymerase II stalled at a thymine dimer: footprint and effect on excision repair. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:1997;787-793.
274. Seo Y.R., Fishel M.L., Amundson S., Kelley M.R., Smith M.L. Implication of p53 in base excision DNA repair: in vivo evidence. Oncogene. 21:2002;731-737.
275. Shangary S., Brown K.D., Adamson A.W., Edmonson S., Ng B., Pandita T.K., Yalowich J., Taccioli G.E., Baskaran R. Regulation of DNA-dependent protein kinase activity by ionizing radiation-activated abl kinase is an ATM-dependent process. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;30163-30168.
276. Sharief F.S., Vojta P.J., Ropp P.A., Copeland W.C. Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human DNA polymerase theta (POLQ), the eighth human DNA polymerase. Genomics. 59:1999;90-96.
277. Shen Z., Cloud K.G., Chen D.J., Park M.S. Specific interactions between the human RAD51 and RAD52 proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;148-152.
278. Shieh S.Y., Ahn J., Tamai K., Taya Y., Prives C. The human homologs of checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Cds1 (Chk2) phosphorylate p53 at multiple DNA damage-inducible sites. Genes Dev. 14:2000;289-300.
279. Shiomi Y., Shinozaki A., Nakada D., Sugimoto K., Usukura J., Obuse C., Tsurimoto T. Clamp and clamp loader structures of the human checkpoint protein complexes, Rad9-1-1 and Rad17-RFC. Genes Cells. 7:2002;861-868.
280. Sigurdsson S., Van Komen S., Bussen W., Schild D., Albala J.S., Sung P. Mediator function of the human Rad51B-Rad51C complex in Rad51/RPA-catalyzed DNA strand exchange. Genes Dev. 15:2001;3308-3318.
281. Sijbers A.M., de Laat W.L., Ariza R.R., Biggerstaff M., Wei Y.F., Moggs J.G., Carter K.C., Shell B.K., Evans E., de Jong M.C.et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum group F caused by a defect in a structure-specific DNA repair endonuclease. Cell. 86:1996;811-822.
282. Sipley J.D., Menninger J.C., Hartley K.O., Ward D.C., Jackson S.P., Anderson C.W. Gene for the catalytic subunit of the human DNA-activated protein kinase maps to the site of the XRCC7 gene on chromosome 8. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:1995;7515-7519.
283. Slupska M.M., Baikalov C., Luther W.M., Chiang J.H., Wei Y.F., Miller J.H. Cloning and sequencing a human homolog (hMYH) of the Escherichia coli mutY gene whose function is required for the repair of oxidative DNA damage. J. Bacteriol. 178:1996;3885-3892.
284. Slupska M.M., Luther W.M., Chiang J.H., Yang H., Miller J.H. Functional expression of hMYH, a human homolog of the Escherichia coli MutY protein. J. Bacteriol. 181:1999;6210-6213.
285. Smith G.C., Cary R.B., Lakin N.D., Hann B.C., Teo S.H., Chen D.J., Jackson S.P. Purification and DNA binding properties of the ataxia- telangiectasia gene product ATM. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:1999;11134-11139.
286. Smith G.C., Jackson S.P. The DNA-dependent protein kinase. Genes Dev. 13:1999;916-934.
287. Smith S., Giriat I., Schmitt A., de Lange T. Tankyrase, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase at human telomeres. Science. 282:1998;1484-1487.
288. Sobol R.W., Horton J.K., Kuhn R., Gu H., Singhal R.K., Prasad R., Rajewsky K., Wilson S.H. Requirement of mammalian DNA polymerase-beta in base-excision repair. Nature. 379:1996;183-186.
289. Sobol R.W., Prasad R., Evenski A., Baker A., Yang X.P., Horton J.K., Wilson S.H. The lyase activity of the DNA repair protein beta-polymerase protects from DNA-damage-induced cytotoxicity. Nature. 405:2000;807-810.
290. Soldani C., Scovassi A.I. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 cleavage during apoptosis: an update. Apoptosis. 7:2002;321-328.
291. Sonoda E., Takata M., Yamashita Y.M., Morrison C., Takeda S. Homologous DNA recombination in vertebrate cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:2001;8388-8394.
292. Spivak G., Itoh T., Matsunaga T., Nikaido O., Hanawalt P., Yamaizumi M. Ultraviolet-sensitive syndrome cells are defective in transcription-coupled repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. DNA Repair (Amst.). 1:2002;629-643.
293. Srivastava D.K., Berg B.J., Prasad R., Molina J.T., Beard W.A., Tomkinson A.E., Wilson S.H. Mammalian abasic site base excision repair. Identification of the reaction sequence and rate-determining steps. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;21203-21209.
294. St Onge R.P., Udell C.M., Casselman R., Davey S. The human G2 checkpoint control protein hRAD9 is a nuclear phosphoprotein that forms complexes with hRAD1 and hHUS1. Mol. Biol. Cell. 10:1999;1985-1995.
295. Stasiak A.Z., Larquet E., Stasiak A., Muller S., Engel A., Van Dyck E., West S.C., Egelman E.H. The human Rad52 protein exists as a heptameric ring. Curr. Biol. 10:2000;337-340.
296. Still I.H., Vince P., Cowell J.K. Identification of a novel gene (ADPRTL1) encoding a potential poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferase protein. Genomics. 62:1999;533-536.
297. Stucki M., Pascucci B., Parlanti E., Fortini P., Wilson S.H., Hubscher U., Dogliotti E. Mammalian base excision repair by DNA polymerases delta and epsilon. Oncogene. 17:1998;835-843.
298. Sugasawa K., Okamoto T., Shimizu Y., Masutani C., Iwai S., Hanaoka F. A multistep damage recognition mechanism for global genomic nucleotide excision repair. Genes Dev. 15:2001;507-521.
299. Suzuki K., Kodama S., Watanabe M. Recruitment of ATM protein to double strand DNA irradiated with ionizing radiation. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;25571-25575.
300. Svejstrup J.Q. Mechanisms of transcription-coupled DNA repair. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:2002;21-29.
301. Svejstrup J.Q. Rescue of arrested RNA polymerase II complexes. J. Cell Sci. 116:2003;447-451.
302. Takao M., Kanno S., Kobayashi K., Zhang Q.M., Yonei S., van der Horst G.T., Yasui A. A back-up glycosylase in Nth1 knock-out mice is a functional Nei (endonuclease VIII) homologue. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;42205-42213.
303. Takata M., Sasaki M.S., Sonoda E., Fukushima T., Morrison C., Albala J.S., Swagemakers S.M., Kanaar R., Thompson L.H., Takeda S. The Rad51 paralog Rad51B promotes homologous recombinational repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:2000;6476-6482.
304. Takata M., Sasaki M.S., Sonoda E., Morrison C., Hashimoto M., Utsumi H., Yamaguchi-Iwai Y., Shinohara A., Takeda S. Homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining pathways of DNA double-strand break repair have overlapping roles in the maintenance of chromosomal integrity in vertebrate cells. EMBO J. 17:1998;5497-5508.
305. Takimoto R., MacLachlan T.K., Dicker D.T., Niitsu Y., Mori T., el-Deiry W.S. BRCA1 transcriptionally regulates damaged DNA binding protein (DDB2) in the DNA repair response following UV-irradiation. Cancer Biol. Ther. 1:2002;177-186.
306. Tan T., Chu G. p53 binds and activates the xeroderma pigmentosum DDB2 gene in humans but not mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:2002;3247-3254.
307. Tang J., Chu G. Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E and UV-damaged DNA-binding protein. DNA Repair (Amst.). 1:2002;601-616.
308. 6-alkylguanine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:1990;686-690.
309. Tantin D., Kansal A., Carey M. Recruitment of the putative transcription-repair coupling factor CSB/ERCC6 to RNA polymerase II elongation complexes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1997;6803-6814.
310. Thelen M.P., Venclovas C., Fidelis K. A sliding clamp model for the Rad1 family of cell cycle checkpoint proteins. Cell. 96:1999;769-770.
311. Thomas D.C., Roberts J.D., Kunkel T.A. Heteroduplex repair in extracts of human HeLa cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1991;3744-3751.
312. Thomassin H., Menard L., Hengartner C., Kirkland J.B., Poirier G.G. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of chromatin in an in-vitro poly(ADP-ribose)-turnover system. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1137:1992;171-181.
313. Thompson C.L., Sancar A. Photolyase/cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors use photon energy to repair DNA and reset the circadian clock. Oncogene. 21:2002;9043-9056.
314. Thompson L.H., Schild D. Recombinational DNA repair and human disease. Mutat. Res. 509:2002;49-78.
315. Thresher R.J., Vitaterna M.H., Miyamoto Y., Kazantsev A., Hsu D.S., Petit C., Selby C.P., Dawut L., Smithies O., Takahashi J.S., Sancar A. Role of mouse cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptor in circadian photoresponses. Science. 282:1998;1490-1494.
316. Tibbetts R.S., Cortez D., Brumbaugh K.M., Scully R., Livingston D., Elledge S.J., Abraham R.T. Functional interactions between BRCA1 and the checkpoint kinase ATR during genotoxic stress. Genes Dev. 14:2000;2989-3002.
317. Tissier A., Frank E.G., McDonald J.P., Iwai S., Hanaoka F., Woodgate R. Misinsertion and bypass of thymine-thymine dimers by human DNA polymerase iota. EMBO J. 19:2000a;5259-5266.
318. Tissier A., McDonald J.P., Frank E.G., Woodgate R. Poliota, a remarkably error-prone human DNA polymerase. Genes Dev. 14:2000b;1642-1650.
319. Todo T., Tsuji H., Otoshi E., Hitomi K., Kim S.T., Ikenaga M. Characterization of a human homolog of (6-4) photolyase. Mutat. Res. 384:1997;195-204.
320. Tomkinson A.E., Chen L., Dong Z., Leppard J.B., Levin D.S., Mackey Z.B., Motycka T.A. Completion of base excision repair by mammalian DNA ligases. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 68:2001;151-164.
321. Tornaletti, S., Patrick, S.M., Turchi, J.J., Hanawalt, P.C. Behavior of T7RNA polymerase and mammalian RNA polymerase II at site-specific cisplatin adducts in the template DNA. J. Biol. Chem., in press.
322. Tornaletti S., Reiness D., Hanawalt P.C. Structural characterization of RNA polymerase II complexes arrested by a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer in the transcribed strand of template DNA. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;24124-24130.
323. Trewick S.C., Henshaw T.F., Hausinger R.P., Lindahl T., Sedgwick B. Oxidative demethylation by Escherichia coli AlkB directly reverts DNA base damage. Nature. 419:2002;174-178.
324. Troelstra C., van Gool A., de Wit J., Vermeulen W., Bootsma D., Hoeijmakers J.H. ERCC6, a member of a subfamily of putative helicases, is involved in Cockayne's syndrome and preferential repair of active genes. Cell. 71:1992;939-953.
325. Trucco C., Oliver F.J., de Murcia G., Menissier-de Murcia J. DNA repair defect in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-deficient cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res. 26:1998;2644-2649.
326. Trujillo K.M., Yuan S.S., Lee E.Y., Sung P. Nuclease activities in a complex of human recombination and DNA repair factors Rad50, Mre11, p95. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;21447-21450.
327. Tsurimoto T. PCNA, a multifunctional ring on DNA. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1443:1998;23-39.
328. Tsuzuki T., Sakumi K., Shiraishi A., Kawate H., Igarashi H., Iwakuma T., Tominaga Y., Zhang S., Shimizu S., Ishikawa T.et al. Targeted disruption of the DNA repair methyltransferase gene renders mice hypersensitive to alkylating agent. Carcinogenesis. 17:1996;1215-1220.
329. Ullrich O., Grune T. Proteasomal degradation of oxidatively damaged endogenous histones in K562 human leukemic cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31:2001;887-893.
330. Ullrich O., Reinheckel T., Sitte N., Hass R., Grune T., Davies K.J. Poly-ADP ribose polymerase activates nuclear proteasome to degrade oxidatively damaged histones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:1999;6223-6228.
331. Umar A., Boyer J.C., Kunkel T.A. DNA loop repair by human cell extracts. Science. 266:1994;814-816.
332. Umar A., Kunkel T.A. DNA-replication fidelity, mismatch repair and genome instability in cancer cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 238:1996;297-307.
333. Unger T., Juven-Gershon T., Moallem E., Berger M., Vogt Sionov R., Lozano G., Oren M., Haupt Y. Critical role for Ser20 of human p53 in the negative regulation of p53 by Mdm2. EMBO J. 18:1999;1805-1814.
334. Unsal-Kacmaz K., Makhov A.M., Griffith J.D., Sancar A. Preferential binding of ATR protein to UV-damaged DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:2002;6673-6678.
335. van der Horst G.T., Muijtjens M., Kobayashi K., Takano R., Kanno S., Takao M., de Wit J., Verkerk A., Eker A.P., van Leenen D.et al. Mammalian Cry1 and Cry2 are essential for maintenance of circadian rhythms. Nature. 398:1999;627-630.
336. Van Dyck E., Stasiak A.Z., Stasiak A., West S.C. Binding of double-strand breaks in DNA by human Rad52 protein. Nature. 398:1999;728-731.
337. van Gool A.J., Citterio E., Rademakers S., van Os R., Vermeulen W., Constantinou A., Egly J.M., Bootsma D., Hoeijmakers J.H. The Cockayne syndrome B protein, involved in transcription-coupled DNA repair, resides in an RNA polymerase II-containing complex. EMBO J. 16:1997;5955-5965.
338. van Gool A.J., Verhage R., Swagemakers S.M., van de Putte P., Brouwer J., Troelstra C., Bootsma D., Hoeijmakers J.H. RAD26, the functional S. cerevisiae homolog of the Cockayne syndrome B gene ERCC6. EMBO J. 13:1994;5361-5369.
339. van Hoffen A., Natarajan A.T., Mayne L.V., van Zeeland A.A., Mullenders L.H., Venema J. Deficient repair of the transcribed strand of active genes in Cockayne's syndrome cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:1993;5890-5895.
340. van Oosterwijk M.F., Versteeg A., Filon R., van Zeeland A.A., Mullenders L.H. The sensitivity of Cockayne's syndrome cells to DNA-damaging agents is not due to defective transcription-coupled repair of active genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1996;4436-4444.
341. Varon R., Vissinga C., Platzer M., Cerosaletti K.M., Chrzanowska K.H., Saar K., Beckmann G., Seemanova E., Cooper P.R., Nowak N.J.et al. Nibrin, a novel DNA double-strand break repair protein, is mutated in Nijmegen breakage syndrome. Cell. 93:1998;467-476.
342. Vasquez K.M., Christensen J., Li L., Finch R.A., Glazer P.M. Human XPA and RPA DNA repair proteins participate in specific recognition of triplex-induced helical distortions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:2002;5848-5853.
343. Venclovas C., Thelen M.P. Structure-based predictions of Rad1, Rad9, Hus1 and Rad17 participation in sliding clamp and clamp-loading complexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:2000;2481-2493.
344. Venema J., Mullenders L.H., Natarajan A.T., van Zeeland A.A., Mayne L.V. The genetic defect in Cockayne syndrome is associated with a defect in repair of UV-induced DNA damage in transcriptionally active DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:1990;4707-4711.
345. Venter J.C., Adams M.D., Myers E.W., Li P.W., Mural R.J., Sutton G.G., Smith H.O., Yandell M., Evans C.A., Holt R.A.et al. The sequence of the human genome. Science. 291:2001;1304-1351.
346. Vermeulen W., de Boer J., Citterio E., van Gool A.J., van der Horst G.T., Jaspers N.G., de Laat W.L., Sijbers A.M., van der Spek P.J., Sugasawa K.et al. Mammalian nucleotide excision repair and syndromes. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 25:1997;309-315.
347. Vidal A.E., Boiteux S., Hickson I.D., Radicella J.P. XRCC1 coordinates the initial and late stages of DNA abasic site repair through protein-protein interactions. EMBO J. 20:2001;6530-6539.
348. Vitaterna M.H., Selby C.P., Todo T., Niwa H., Thompson C., Fruechte E.M., Hitomi K., Thresher R.J., Ishikawa T., Miyazaki J.et al. Differential regulation of mammalian period genes and circadian rhythmicity by cryptochromes 1 and 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:1999;12114-12119.
349. Volkmer E., Karnitz L.M. Human homologs of Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad1, hus1, and rad9 form a DNA damage-responsive protein complex. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;567-570.
350. Waga S., Stillman B. The DNA replication fork in eukaryotic cells. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67:1998;721-751.
351. Wakasugi M., Kawashima A., Morioka H., Linn S., Sancar A., Mori T., Nikaido O., Matsunaga T. DDB accumulates at DNA damage sites immediately after UV irradiation and directly stimulates nucleotide excision repair. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;1637-1640.
352. Wakasugi M., Sancar A. Order of assembly of human DNA repair excision nuclease. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;18759-18768.
353. Wakasugi M., Shimizu M., Morioka H., Linn S., Nikaido O., Matsunaga T. Damaged DNA-binding protein DDB stimulates the excision of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in vitro in concert with XPA and replication protein A. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;15434-15440.
354. Walowsky C., Fitzhugh D.J., Castano I.B., Ju J.Y., Levin N.A., Christman M.F. The topoisomerase-related function gene TRF4 affects cellular sensitivity to the antitumor agent camptothecin. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;7302-7308.
355. Wang A., Gu J., Judson-Kremer K., Powell K.L., Mistry H., Simhambhatla P., Aldaz C.M., Gaddis S., MacLeod M.C. Response of human mammary epithelial cells to DNA damage induced by BPDE: involvement of novel regulatory pathways. Carcinogenesis. 24:2003;225-234.
356. Wang H., Lawrence C.W., Li G.M., Hays J.B. Specific binding of human MSH2. MSH6 mismatch-repair protein heterodimers to DNA incorporating thymine- or uracil-containing UV light photoproducts opposite mismatched bases. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;16894-16900.
357. Wang J.Y. Regulation of cell death by the Abl tyrosine kinase. Oncogene. 19:2000;5643-5650.
358. Wang Y., Cortez D., Yazdi P., Neff N., Elledge S.J., Qin J. BASC, a super complex of BRCA1-associated proteins involved in the recognition and repair of aberrant DNA structures. Genes Dev. 14:2000a;927-939.
359. 6- methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene in cultured human tumor cells. Mutat. Res. 273:1992;221-230.
360. Wang Z., Castano I.B., De Las Penas A., Adams C., Christman M.F. Pol kappa: a DNA polymerase required for sister chromatid cohesion. Science. 289:2000b;774-779.
361. Warnick C.T., Dabbas B., Ford C.D., Strait K.A. Identification of a p53 response element in the promoter region of the hMSH2 gene required for expression in A2780 ovarian cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;27363-27370.
362. Washington M.T., Johnson R.E., Prakash L., Prakash S. Accuracy of lesion bypass by yeast and human DNA polymerase eta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:2001;8355-8360.
363. Watson J., Crick F. A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature. 171:1953;737-738.
364. Wei Y.F., Carter K.C., Wang R.P., Shell B.K. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a human cDNA encoding an Escherichia coli AlkB homolog, a protein involved in DNA alkylation damage repair. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:1996;931-937.
365. Wiebauer K., Jiricny J. Mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase and DNA polymerase beta mediate the correction of G.T mispairs in nuclear extracts from human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:1990;5842-5845.
366. Wiese C., Collins D.W., Albala J.S., Thompson L.H., Kronenberg A., Schild D. Interactions involving the Rad51 paralogs Rad51C and XRCC3 in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 30:2002;1001-1008.
367. Wilson D.M. 3rd, Barsky D. The major human abasic endonuclease: formation, consequences and repair of abasic lesions in DNA. Mutat. Res. 485:2001;283-307.
368. Wood R.D., Mitchell M., Sgouros J., Lindahl T. Human DNA repair genes. Science. 291:2001;1284-1289.
369. Woudstra E.C., Gilbert C., Fellows J., Jansen L., Brouwer J., Erdjument-Bromage H., Tempst P., Svejstrup J.Q. A Rad26-Def1 complex coordinates repair and RNA pol II proteolysis in response to DNA damage. Nature. 415:2002;929-933.
370. Wu J., Gu L., Wang H., Geacintov N.E., Li G.-M. Mismatch repair processing of carcinogen-DNA adducts triggers apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1999a;8292-8301.
371. Wu X., Wilson T.E., Lieber M.R. A role for FEN-1 in nonhomologous DNA end joining: the order of strand annealing and nucleolytic processing events. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:1999b;1303-1308.
372. Xiao W., Lechler T., Chow B.L., Fontanie T., Agustus M., Carter K.C., Wei Y.F. Identification, chromosomal mapping and tissue-specific expression of hREV3 encoding a putative human DNA polymerase zeta. Carcinogenesis. 19:1998;945-949.
373. Xu B., O'Donnell A.H., Kim S.T., Kastan M.B. Phosphorylation of serine 1387 in Brca1 is specifically required for the ATM-mediated S-phase checkpoint after ionizing irradiation. Cancer Res. 62:2002;4588-4591.
374. Yamada A., Masutani C., Iwai S., Hanaoka F. Complementation of defective translesion synthesis and UV light sensitivity in xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells by human and mouse DNA polymerase eta. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:2000;2473-2480.
375. Yamada M., O'Regan E., Brown R., Karran P. Selective recognition of a cisplatin-DNA adduct by human mismatch repair proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:1997;491-496.
376. Yang L.Y., Jiang H., Rangel K.M. RNA polymerase II stalled on a DNA template during transcription elongation is ubiquitinated and the ubiquitination facilitates displacement of the elongation complex. Int. J. Oncol. 22:2003;683-689.
377. 6-methylguanine in DNA by demethylation is lacking in Mer- human tumor cell strains. Carcinogenesis. 4:1983;199-205.
378. Yokoi M., Masutani C., Maekawa T., Sugasawa K., Ohkuma Y., Hanaoka F. The xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex XPC-HR23B plays an important role in the recruitment of transcription factor IIH to damaged DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;9870-9875.
379. Yu C.E., Oshima J., Fu Y.H., Wijsman E.M., Hisama F., Alisch R., Matthews S., Nakura J., Miki T., Ouais S. Positional cloning of the Werner's syndrome gene. Science. 272:1996;258-262.
380. Zhang Y., Wu X., Guo D., Rechkoblit O., Taylor J.S., Geacintov N.E., Wang Z. Lesion bypass activities of human DNA polymerase mu. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;44582-44587.
381. Zhang Y., Yuan F., Wu X., Rechkoblit O., Taylor J.S., Geacintov N.E., Wang Z. Error-prone lesion bypass by human DNA polymerase eta. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:2000a;4717-4724.
382. Zhang Y., Yuan F., Wu X., Taylor J.S., Wang Z. Response of human DNA polymerase iota to DNA lesions. Nucleic Acids Res. 29:2001;928-935.
383. Zhang Y., Yuan F., Wu X., Wang M., Rechkoblit O., Taylor J.S., Geacintov N.E., Wang Z. Error-free and error-prone lesion bypass by human DNA polymerase kappa in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:2000b;4138-4146.
384. Zhao S., Weng Y.C., Yuan S.S., Lin Y.T., Hsu H.C., Lin S.C., Gerbino E., Song M.H., Zdzienicka M.Z., Gatti R.A.et al. Functional link between ataxia-telangiectasia and Nijmegen breakage syndrome gene products. Nature. 405:2000;473-477.
385. Zhou B.B., Chaturvedi P., Spring K., Scott S.P., Johanson R.A., Mishra R., Mattern M.R., Winkler J.D., Khanna K.K. Caffeine abolishes the mammalian G(2)/M DNA damage checkpoint by inhibiting ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated kinase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;10342-10348.
386. Zhou J., Ahn J., Wilson S.H., Prives C. A role for p53 in base excision repair. EMBO J. 20:2001a;914-923.
387. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:2001b;12566-12571.
388. Zou L., Cortez D., Elledge S.J. Regulation of ATR substrate selection by Rad17-dependent loading of Rad9 complexes onto chromatin. Genes Dev. 16:2002;198-208.