Animal models of lupus and lupus nephritis

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 21, Issue 18, 2015, Pages 2320-2349

  Du, Yong ^a   Sanam, Soomro ^a   Kate, Krause ^a   Mohan, Chandra ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal models; Autoantibody; Genetics; Lupus; Nephritis

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; BELIMUMAB; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; EPRATUZUMAB; OCRELIZUMAB; PRISTANE;

ARTICLE; CHRONIC GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONGENIC STRAIN; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS NEPHRITIS; LUPUS VULGARIS; MOUSE MODEL; MURPHY ROTHS LARGE LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE MOUSE; NEW ZEALAND BLACK MOUSE; NEW ZEALAND WHITE MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOMBINANT INBRED STRAIN; SWISS WEBSTER MOUSE; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; ANIMAL; DISEASE MODEL; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; MOUSE; PATHOLOGY;

ANIMALS; AUTOANTIBODIES; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MICE;

EID: 84929630822     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666150316115727     Document Type: Article

References (437)

1. Fairhurst AM, Wandstrat AE, Wakeland EK. Systemic lupus erythematosus: multiple immunological phenotypes in a complex genetic disease. Adv Immunol 2006; 92: 1-69.
2. Chatzigeorgiou A, Halapas A, Kalafatakis K, Kamper E. The use of animal models in the study of diabetes mellitus. In Vivo 2009; 23(2): 245-58.
3. Perry D, Sang A, Yin Y, Zheng YY, Morel L. Murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011: 271694.
4. Peng SL. Experimental use of murine lupus models. Methods Mol Med 2004; 102: 227-72.
5. Nadeau JH. Maps of linkage and synteny homologies between mouse and man. Trends Genet 1989; 5(3): 82-6.
6. Mestas J, Hughes CC. Of mice and not men: differences between mouse and human immunology. J Immunol 2004; 172(5): 2731-8.
7. Waters ST, Fu SM, Gaskin F, et al. NZM2328: a new mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus with unique genetic susceptibility loci. Clin Immunol 2001; 100(3): 372-83.
8. Ge Y, Brown MG, Wang H, Fu SM. Genetic approach to study lupus glomerulonephritis. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 900: 271-90.
9. Waters ST, McDuffie M, Bagavant H, et al. Breaking tolerance to double stranded DNA, nucleosome, and other nuclearantigens is not required for the pathogenesis of lupus glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 2004; 199(2): 255-64.
10. Ge Y, Jiang C, Sung SS, et al. Cgnz1 allele confers kidney resistance to damage preventing progression of immune complexmediated acute lupus glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med.2013; 210(11): 2387-401.
11. Beck JA, Lloyd S, Hafezparast M, et al. Genealogies of mouse inbred strains. Nat Genet 2000; 24(1): 23-5.
12. Andrews BS, Eisenberg RA, Theofilopoulos AN, et al. Spontaneous murine lupus-like syndromes. Clinical and immunopathological manifestations in several strains. J Exp Med 1978; 148(5): 1198-215.
13. Dixon FJ, Andrews BS, Eisenberg RA, McConahey PJ, Theofilopoulos AN, Wilson CB. Etiology and pathogenesis of a spontaneous lupus-like syndrome in mice. Arthritis Rheum 1978; 21(S5): S64-7.
14. Kelley VE, Roths JB. Interaction of mutant lpr gene with background strain influences renal disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1985; 37: 220-9.
15. Hoffman RW, Alspaugh MA, Waggie KS, Durham JB, Walker SE. Sjögren's syndrome in MRL/l and MRL/n mice. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 27(2): 157-65
16. Furukawa F, Tanaka H, Sekita K, Nakamura T, Horiguchi Y, Hamashima Y. Dermatopathological studies on skin lesions of MRL mice. Arch Dermatol Res 1984; 276: 186-94.
17. Furukawa F, Yoshimasu T. Animal models of spontaneous and drug-induced cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2005; 4(6): 345-50.
18. Gulinello M, Putterman C. The MRL/lpr mouse strain as a model for neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011: 207504.
19. Theofilopoulos AN, Dixon FJ. Etiopathogenesis of murine SLE. Immunol Rev 1981; 55: 179-216.
20. Murphy ED, Roths JB. A Y chromosome associated factor in strain BXSB producing accelerated autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation. Arthritis Rheum 1979; 22(11): 1188-94.
21. Hudgins CC, Steinberg RT, Klinman DM, Reeves MJ, Steinberg AD. Studies of consomic mice bearing the Y chromosome of the BXSB mouse. J Immunol 1985; 134(6): 3849-54.
22. Merino R, Shibata T, De Kossodo S, Izui S. Differential effect of the autoimmune Yaa and lpr genes on the acceleration of lupus-like syndrome in MRL/MpJ mice. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19(11): 2131-7.
23. Subramanian S, Tus K, Li QZ, et al. A Tlr7 translocation accelerates systemic autoimmunity in murine lupus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103(26): 9970-5.
24. Pisitkun P, Deane JA, Difilippantonio MJ, Tarasenko T, Satterthwaite AB, Bolland S. Autoreactive B cell responses to RNA-related antigens due to TLR7 gene duplication. Science 2006; 312(5780): 1669-72.
25. Krieg AM, Vollmer J. Toll-like receptors 7, 8, and 9: linking innate immunity to autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2007; 220: 251-69.
26. Deane JA, Pisitkun P, Barrett RS, et al. Control of toll-like receptor 7 expression is essential to restrict autoimmunity and dendritic cell proliferation. Immunity 2007; 27(5): 801-10.
27. Santiago-Raber ML, Kikuchi S, Borel P, et al. Evidence for genes in addition to Tlr7 in the Yaa translocation linked with acceleration of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 2008; 181(2): 1556-62.
28. Fairhurst AM, Hwang SH, Wang A, et al. Yaa autoimmune phenotypes are conferred by overexpression of TLR7. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38(7): 1971-8.
29. Shen N, Fu Q, Deng Y, et al. Sex-specific association of X-linked Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) with male systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107(36): 15838-43.
30. Deng Y, Zhao J, Sakurai D, et al. MicroRNA-3148 modulates allelic expression of toll-like receptor 7 variant associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS Genet 2013; 9(2): e1003336.
31. Kawasaki A, Furukawa H, Kondo Y, et al. TLR7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3' untranslated region and intron 2 independently contribute to systemic lupus erythematosus in Japanese women: a case-control association study. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13(2): R41.
32. dos Santos BP, Valverde JV, Rohr P, et al. TLR7/8/9 polymorphisms and their associations in systemic lupus erythematosus patients from southern Brazil. Lupus 2012; 21(3): 302-9.
33. Wofsy D, Kerger CE, Seaman WE. Monocytosis in the BXSB model for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 1984; 159(2): 629-34.
34. Gavalchin J, Nicklas JA, Eastcott JW, et al. Lupus prone (SWR x NZB)F1 mice produce potentially nephritogenic autoantibodies inherited from the normal SWR parent. J Immunol 1985 134(2): 885-94.
35. Gavalchin J, Datta SK. The NZB X SWR model of lupus nephritis. II. Autoantibodies deposited in renal lesions show a distinctive and restricted idiotypic diversity. J Immunol 1987; 138(1): 138-48.
36. Ebling F, Hahn BH. Restricted subpopulations of DNA antibodies in kidneys of mice with systemic lupus. Comparison of antibodies in serum and renal eluates. Arthritis Rheum 1980; 23(4): 392-403.
37. Morel L, Mohan C, Yu Y, et al. Functional dissection of systemic lupus erythematosus using congenic mouse strains. J Immunol 1997; 158(12): 6019-28.
38. Morel L, Rudofsky UH, Longmate JA, Schiffenbauer J, Wakeland EK. Polygenic control of susceptibility to murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunity 1994; 1(3): 219-29.
39. Morel L. Genetics of SLE: evidence from mouse models. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 6(6): 348-57.
40. Mohan C, Alas E, Morel L, Yang P, Wakeland EK. Genetic dissection of SLE pathogenesis. Sle1 on murine chromosome 1 leads to a selective loss of tolerance to H2A/H2B/DNA subnucleosomes. J Clin Invest 1998; 101(6): 1362-72.
41. Mohan C, Morel L, Yang P, Wakeland EK. Genetic dissection of systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis: Sle2 on murine chromosome 4 leads to B cell hyperactivity. J Immunol 1997; 159(1): 454-65.
42. Mohan C, Yu Y, Morel L, Yang P, Wakeland EK. Genetic dissection of Sle pathogenesis: Sle3 on murine chromosome 7 impacts T cell activation, differentiation, and cell death. J Immunol 1999; 162(11): 6492-502.
43. Boackle SA, Holers VM, Chen X, et al. Cr2, a candidate gene in the murine Sle1c lupus susceptibility locus, encodes a dysfunctional protein. Immunity 2001; 15(5): 775-85.
44. Chen Y, Perry D, Boackle SA, et al. Several genes contribute to the production of autoreactive B and T cells in the murine lupus susceptibility locus Sle1c. J Immunol 2005; 175(2): 1080-9.
45. Kumar KR, Li L, Yan M, et al. Regulation of B cell tolerance by the lupus susceptibility gene Ly108. Science 2006; 312(5780): 1665-9.
46. Keszei M, Detre C, Rietdijk ST, et al. A novel isoform of the Ly108 gene ameliorates murine lupus. J Exp Med 2011; 208(4): 811-22.
47. Liu K, Li QZ, Delgado-Vega AM, et al. Kallikrein genes are associated with lupus and glomerular basement membrane-specific antibody-induced nephritis in mice and humans. J Clin Invest 2009; 119(4): 911-23.
48. Saxena V, Lienesch DW, Zhou M, et al. Dual roles of immunoregulatory cytokine TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of autoimmunitymediated organ damage. J Immunol 2008; 180(3): 1903-12.
49. Zhang Z, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC. The role of IL-23/IL-17 axis in lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2009; 183(5): 3160-9.
50. Kang HK, Liu M, Datta SK. Low-dose peptide tolerance therapy of lupus generates plasmacytoid dendritic cells that cause expansion of autoantigen-specific regulatory T cells and contraction of inflammatory Th17 cells. J Immunol 2007; 178: 784-58.
51. Kang HK, Michaels MA, Berner BR, Datta SK. Very low-dose tolerance with nucleosomal peptides controls lupus and induces potent regulatory T cell subsets. J Immunol 2005; 174: 3247-55.
52. Wang A, Fairhurst AM, Tus K, et al.. CXCR4/CXCL12 hyperexpression plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of lupus. J Immunol 2009; 182(7): 4448-58.
53. Chong BF, Mohan C. Targeting the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13(10): 1147-53.
54. Balabanian K, Couderc J, Bouchet-Delbos L, et al. Role of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 in autoantibody production and nephritis in murine lupus. J Immunol 2003; 170(6): 3392-400.
55. Zoja C, Liu XH, Donadelli R, et al. Renal expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in lupus autoimmune mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997; 8(5): 720-9.
56. Suzuki H, Yasukawa K, Saito T, et al. Serum soluble interleukin-6 receptor in MRL/lpr mice is elevated with age and mediates the interleukin-6 signal. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23(5): 1078-82.
57. Tang B, Matsuda T, Akira S, et al. Age-associated increase in interleukin 6 in MRL/lpr mice. Int Immunol 1991; 3(3): 273-8.
58. Calvani N, Tucci M, Richards HB, Tartaglia P, Silvestris F. Th1 cytokines in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis: the role of IL-18. Autoimmun Rev 2005; 4(8): 542-8.
59. Postal M, Appenzeller S. The role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-) in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Cytokine 2011; 56(3): 537-43.
60. James WG, Bullard DC, Hickey MJ. Critical role of the alpha 4 integrin/VCAM-1 pathway in cerebral leukocyte trafficking in lupus-prone MRL/fas(lpr) mice. J Immunol 2003; 170(1): 520-7.
61. Wuthrich RP. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in murine lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 1992; 42(4): 903-14.
62. Fan X, Wüthrich RP. Upregulation of lymphoid and renal interferon-gamma mRNA in autoimmune MRL-Fas(lpr) mice with lupus nephritis. Inflammation 1997; 21: 105-12.
63. Shirai A, Conover J, Klinman DM. Increased activation and altered ratio of interferon gamma: interleukin-4 secreting cells in MRLlpr/ lpr mice. Autoimmunity 1995; 21: 107-16.
64. Jacob CO, van der Meide PH, McDevitt HO. In vivo treatment of (NZB X NZW) F1 lupus like nephritis with monoclonal antibody to gamma interferon. J Exp Med 1987; 166: 798-803.
65. Balomenos D, Rumold R, Theofilopoulos AN. Interferon-gamma is required for lupus-like disease and lymphoaccumulation in MRLlpr mice. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 364-71.
66. Peng SL, Moslehi J, Craft J. Roles of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 in murine lupus. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 1936-46.
67. Haas C, Ryffel B, Le Hir M. IFN-gamma receptor deletion prevents autoantibody production and glomerulonephritis in lupus-prone (NZB x NZW) F1 mice. J Immunol 1998; 160: 3713-8.
68. Tesch GH, Maifert S, Schwarting A, Rollins BJ, Kelley VR. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-dependent leukocytic infiltrates are responsible for autoimmune disease in MRL-Fas (lpr) mice. J Exp Med 1999; 190(12): 1813-24.
69. Naito T, Yokoyama H, Moore KJ, Dranoff G, Mulligan RC, Kelley VR. Macrophage growth factors introduced into the kidney initiate renal injury. Mol Med 1996; 2(3): 297-312.
70. Lenda DM, Stanley ER, Kelley VR. Negative role of colonystimulating factor-1 in macrophage, T cell, and B cell mediated autoimmune disease in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. J Immunol 2004; 173(7): 4744-54.
71. Singh RR, Kumar V, Ebling FM, et al. T cell determinants from autoantibodies to DNA can upregulate autoimmunity in murine systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 1995; 181(6): 2017-27.
72. Rozzo SJ, Drake CG, Chiang BL, Gershwin ME, Kotzin BL. Evidence for polyclonal T cell activation in murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 1994; 153(3): 1340-51.
73. Hammond DM, Nagarkatti PS, Goté LR, Seth A, Hassuneh MR, Nagarkatti M. Double-negative T cells from MRL-lpr/lpr mice mediate cytolytic activity when triggered through adhesion molecules and constitutively express perforin gene. J Exp Med 1993; 178(6): 2225-30.
74. Jevnikar AM, Grusby MJ, Glimcher LH. Prevention of nephritis in major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient MRL-lpr mice. J Exp Med 1994; 179(4): 1137-43.
75. Gilkeson GS, Spurney R, Coffman TM, Kurlander R, Ruiz P, Pisetsky DS. Effect of anti-CD4 antibody treatment on inflammatory arthritis in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 64(2): 166-72.
76. Dumont FJ, Habbersett RC. Alterations of the T-cell population in BXSB mice: early imbalance of 9F3-defined Lyt-2+ subsets occurs in the males with rapid onset lupic syndrome. Cell Immunol 1986; 101(1): 39-50.
77. Díaz Gallo C, Jevnikar AM, Brennan DC, Florquin S, Pacheco-Silva A, Kelley VR. Autoreactive kidney-infiltrating T-cell clones in murine lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 1992; 42(4): 851-59.
78. Okamoto A, Fujio K, Tsuno NH, Takahashi K, Yamamoto K. Kidney-infiltrating CD4+ T-cell clones promote nephritis in lupusprone mice. Kidney Int 2012; 82(9): 969-79.
79. Zhou G, Fujio K, Sadakata A, Okamoto A, Yu R, Yamamoto K. Identification of systemically expanded activated T cell clones in MRL/lpr and NZB/W F1 lupus model mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136(3): 448-55.
80. Adachi Y, Inaba M, Sugihara A, et al. Effects of administration of monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD4 or anti-CD8) on the development of autoimmune diseases in (NZW x BXSB)F1 mice. Immunobiology 1998; 198(4): 451-64.
81. Mohan C, Shi Y, Laman JD, Datta SK. Interaction between CD40 and its ligand gp39 in the development of murine lupus nephritis. J Immunol 1995; 154(3): 1470-80.
82. Pollard KM, Arnush M, Hultman P, Kono DH. Costimulation requirements of induced murine systemic autoimmune disease. J Immunol 2004; 173(9): 5880-7.
83. Finck BK, Linsley PS, Wofsy D. Treatment of murine lupus with CTLA4Ig. Science 1994; 265(5176): 1225-7.
84. Nakajima A, Azuma M, Kodera S, et al. Preferential dependence of autoantibody production in murine lupus on CD86 costimulatory molecule. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25(11): 3060-9.
85. Daikh DI, Finck BK, Linsley PS, Hollenbaugh D, Wofsy D. Longterm inhibition of murine lupus by brief simultaneous blockade of the B7/CD28 and CD40/gp39 costimulation pathways. J Immunol 1997; 159(7): 3104-08.
86. Kootstra CJ, Van Der Giezen DM, Van Krieken JH, De Heer E, Bruijn JA. Effective treatment of experimental lupus nephritis by combined administration of anti-CD11a and anti-CD54 antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 108(2): 324-32.
87. Foell J, Strahotin S, O'Neil SP, et al. CD137 costimulatory T cell receptor engagement reverses acute disease in lupus-prone NZB x NZW F1 mice. J Clin Invest 2003; 111(10): 1505-18.
88. Mozes E, Kohn LD, Hakim F, Singer DS. Resistance of MHC class I-deficient mice to experimental systemic lupus erythematosus. Science 1993; 261(5117): 91-3.
89. Jevnikar AM, Grusby MJ, Glimcher LH. Prevention of nephritis in major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient MRL-lpr mice. J Exp Med 1994; 179(4): 1137-43.
90. Kevil CG, Hicks MJ, He X, et al. Loss of LFA-1, but not Mac-1, protects MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) mice from autoimmune disease. Am J Pathol 2004; 165(2): 609-16.
91. Tada Y, Nagasawa K, Ho A, et al. Role of the costimulatory molecule CD28 in the development of lupus in MRL/lpr mice. J Immunol 1999; 163(6): 3153-9.
92. Bullard DC, King PD, Hicks MJ, Dupont B, Beaudet AL, Elkon KB. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 deficiency protects MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) mice from early lethality. J Immunol 1997; 159(4): 2058-67.
93. Kinoshita K, Tesch G, Schwarting A, Maron R, Sharpe AH, Kelley VR. Costimulation by B7-1 and B7-2 is required for autoimmune disease in MRL-Faslpr mice. J Immunol 2000; 164(11): 6046-56.
94. Cavallo T, Granholm NA. Lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria enhances polyclonal B cell activation and exacerbates nephritis in MRL/lpr mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1990; 82(3): 515-21.
95. Roark JH, Kuntz CL, Nguyen KA, Caton AJ, Erikson J. Breakdown of B cell tolerance in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 1995; 181(3): 1157-67.
96. Shlomchik MJ, Madaio MP, Ni D, Trounstein M, Huszar D. The role of B cells in lpr/lpr-induced autoimmunity. J Exp Med 1994; 180(4): 1295-306.
97. Chan OT, Hannum LG, Haberman AM, Madaio MP, Shlomchik MJ. A novel mouse with B cells but lacking serum antibody reveals an antibody-independent role for B cells in murine lupus. J Exp Med 1999; 189(10): 1639-48.
98. Yin Z, Bahtiyar G, Zhang N, et al. IL-10 regulates murine lupus. J Immunol 2002; 169(4): 2148-55.
99. Ishida H, Muchamuel T, Sakaguchi S, Andrade S, Menon S, Howard M. Continuous administration of anti-interleukin 10 antibodies delays onset of autoimmunity in NZB/W F1 mice. J Exp Med 1994; 179(1): 305-10.
100. Tobón GJ, Izquierdo JH, Cañas CA. B lymphocytes: development, tolerance, and their role in autoimmunity-focus on systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmune Dis 2013; 2013: 827254.
101. Kamal A. The efficacy of novel B cell biologics as the future of SLE treatment: A review. Autoimmun Rev 2014. 13(11): 1094-101.
102. Gregersen JW, Jayne DR. B-cell depletion in the treatment of lupus nephritis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012; 8(9): 505-14.
103. Antoni A, Patel VA, Fan H, et al. Macrophages from lupus-prone MRL mice have a conditional signaling abnormality that leads to dysregulated expression of numerous genes. Immunogenetics 2011; 63(5): 291-308.
104. Schiffer L, Bethunaickan R, Ramanujam M, et al. Activated renal macrophages are markers of disease onset and disease remission in lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2008; 180(3): 1938-47.
105. Varghese B, Haase N, Low PS. Depletion of folate-receptorpositive macrophages leads to alleviation of symptoms and prolonged survival in two murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus. Mol Pharm 2007; 4(5): 679-85.
106. Leng L, Chen L, Fan J, et al. A small-molecule macrophage migration inhibitory factor antagonist protects against glomerulonephritis in lupus-prone NZB/NZW F1 and MRL/lpr mice. J Immunol 2011; 186(1): 527-38.
107. Shimizu S, Nakashima H, Masutani K, et al. Anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene therapy attenuates nephritis in MRL/lpr mice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43(9): 1121-8.
108. Hasegawa H, Kohno M, Sasaki M, et al. Antagonist of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 ameliorates the initiation and progression of lupus nephritis and renal vasculitis in MRL/lpr mice. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48(9): 2555-66.
109. Kulkarni O, Eulberg D, Selve N, et al. Anti-Ccl2 Spiegelmer permits 75% dose reduction of cyclophosphamide to control diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis and pneumonitis in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 328(2): 371-7.
110. Liu H, Diao C, Wu C, et al. Anti-macrophage-derived chemokine antibody relieves murine lupus nephritis. Rheumatol Int 2011; 31(11): 1459-64.
111. Ganguly D, Haak S, Sisirak V, Reizis B. The role of dendritic cells in autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13(8): 566-77.
112. Kaplan MJ. Role of neutrophils in systemic autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15(5): 219.
113. Clynes R, Dumitru C, Ravetch JV. Uncoupling of immune complex formation and kidney damage in autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Science 1998; 279(5353): 1052-4.
114. Rosetti F, Tsuboi N, Chen K, et al. Human lupus serum induces neutrophil-mediated organ damage in mice that is enabled by Mac-1 deficiency. J Immunol 2012; 189(7): 3714-23.
115. Bao L, Haas M, Kraus DM, et al. Administration of a soluble recombinant complement C3 inhibitor protects against renal disease in MRL/lpr mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14(3): 670-9.
116. Bao L, Haas M, Boackle SA, et al. Transgenic expression of a soluble complement inhibitor protects against renal disease and promotes survival in MRL/lpr mice. J Immunol 2002; 168(7): 3601-17.
117. Adelman NE, Watling DL, McDevitt HO. Treatment of (NZB x NZW) F1 disease with anti-I-A monoclonal antibodies. J Exp Med 1983; 158(4): 1350-5.
118. Wofsy D, Seaman WE. Successful treatment of autoimmunity in NZB/NZW F1 mice with monoclonal antibody to L3T4. J Exp Med 1985; 161(2): 378-91.
119. Datta SK, Patel H, Berry D. Induction of a cationic shift in IgG anti-DNA autoantibodies. Role of T helper cells with classical and novel phenotypes in three murine models of lupus nephritis. J Exp Med 1987; 165(5): 1252-68.
120. Adams S, Leblanc P, Datta SK. Junctional region sequences of Tcell receptor beta-chain genes expressed by pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody-inducing helper T cells from lupus mice: possible selection by cationic autoantigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88(24): 11271-5.
121. Mao C, Osman GE, Adams S, Datta SK. T cell receptor alpha-chain repertoire of pathogenic autoantibody-inducing T cells in lupus mice. J Immunol 1994; 152(3): 1462-70.
122. Christensen SR, Kashgarian M, Alexopoulou L, Flavell RA, Akira S, Shlomchik MJ. Toll-like receptor 9 controls anti-DNA autoantibody production in murine lupus. J Exp Med 2005; 202(2): 321-31.
123. Wu T, Xie C, Wang HW, et al. Elevated urinary VCAM-1, Pselectin, soluble TNF receptor-1, and CXC chemokine ligand 16 in multiple murine lupus strains and human lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2007; 179(10): 7166-75.
124. Wu T, Fu Y, Brekken D, et al. Urine proteome scans uncover total urinary protease, prostaglandin D synthase, serum amyloid P, and superoxide dismutase as potential markers of lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2010; 184(4): 2183-93.
125. Mostoslavsky G, Fischel R, Yachimovich N, et al. Lupus anti-DNA autoantibodies crossreact with a glomerular structural protein: a case for tissue injury by molecular mimicry. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31: 1221-7.
126. Deocharan B, Qing X, Lichauco J, Putterman C. Alpha-actinin is a cross-reactive renal target for pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies. J Immunol 2002; 1 68: 3072-8.
127. Zhao Z, Deocharan B, Scherer PE, Ozelius LJ, Putterman C. Differential binding of cross-reactive anti-DNA antibodies to mesangial cells: the role of alpha-actinin. J Immunol 2006, 176: 7704-14.
128. Deocharan B, Zhou Z, Antar K, et al. Alpha-actinin immunization elicits anti-chromatin autoimmunity in nonautoimmune mice. J Immunol 2007, 179: 1313-21.
129. Kiani AN, Wu T, Fang H, et al. Urinary vascular cell adhesion molecule, but not neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, is associated with lupus nephritis. J Rheumatol 2012; 39(6): 1231-7.
130. Manson JJ, Ma A, Rogers P, et al. Relationship between antidsDNA, anti-nucleosome and anti-alpha-actinin antibodies and markers of renal disease in patients with lupus nephritis: a prospective longitudinal study. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11(5): R154.
131. Salama MK, Taha FM, Safwat M, Darweesh HE, Basel ME. The Tie2 receptor antagonist angiopoietin-2 in systemic lupus erythematosus: its correlation with various disease activity parameters. Immunol Invest 2012; 41(8): 864-75.
132. Joseph JE, Harrison P, Mackie IJ, Isenberg DA, Machin SJ. Increased circulating platelet-leucocyte complexes and platelet activation in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Haematol 2001; 115(2): 451-9.
133. Qin M, Guo Y, Jiang L, Wang X. Elevated levels of serum sCXCL16 in systemic lupus erythematosus; potential involvement in cutaneous and renal manifestations. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 33(11): 1595-601.
134. Singh S, Wu T, Xie C, et al. Urine VCAM-1 as a marker of renal pathology activity index in lupus nephritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14(4): R164.
135. Sherman GF, Stone JS, Press DM, Rosen GD, Galaburda AM. Abnormal architecture and connections disclosed by neurofilament staining in the cerebral cortex of autoimmune mice. Brain Res 1990; 529(1-2): 202-7.
136. Rosen GD, Sherman GF, Emsbo K, Mehler C, Galaburda AM. The midsagittal area of the corpus callosum and total neocortical volume differ in three inbred strains of mice. Exp Neurol 1990; 107(3): 271-6.
137. Sherman GF, Morrison L, Rosen GD, Behan PO, Galaburda AM. Brain abnormalities in immune defective mice. Brain Res 1990; 532(1-2): 25-33.
138. Nagakura Y, Oe T, Aoki T, Matsuoka N. Biogenic amine depletion causes chronic muscular pain and tactile allodynia accompanied by depression: A putative animal model of fibromyalgia. Pain 2009; 146(1-2): 26-33.
139. Anderson KK, Ballok DA, Prasad N, Szechtman H, Sakic B. Impaired response to amphetamine and neuronal degeneration in the nucleus accumbens of autoimmune MRL-lpr mice. Behav Brain Res 2006; 166(1): 32-8.
140. Chun S, McEvilly R, Foster JA, Sakic B. Proclivity to self-injurious behavior in MRL-lpr mice: implications for autoimmunity-induced damage in the dopaminergic system. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13(11): 1043-53.
141. Ballok DA, Earls AM, Krasnik C, Hoffman SA, Sakic B. Autoimmune-induced damage of the midbrain dopaminergic system in lupus-prone mice. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 152(1-2): 83-97.
142. Hess DC, Taormina M, Thompson J, et al. Cognitive and neurologic deficits in the MRL/lpr mouse: a clinicopathologic study. J Rheumatol 1993; 20(4): 610-7.
143. Gharavi AE, Mellors RC, Elkon KB. IgG anti-cardiolipin antibodies in murine lupus. Clin Exp Immunol 1989; 78(2): 233-8.
144. Artim-Esen B, Çene E, Sahinkaya Y, et al. Cluster analysis of autoantibodies in 852 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from a single center. J Rheumatol 2014; 41(7): 1304-10.
145. Conti F, Alessandri C, Perricone C, et al. Neurocognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with antiphospholipid antibodies, disease activity and chronic damage. PLoS One 2012; 7(3): e33824.
146. Hanly JG, Urowitz MB, Su L, et al. Autoantibodies as biomarkers for the prediction of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 70(10): 1726-32.
147. Syuto T, Shimizu A, Takeuchi Y, et al. Association of antiphosphatidylserine/ prothrombin antibodies with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2009; 28(7): 841-5.
148. Williams S, Stafford P, Hoffman SA. Diagnosis and early detection of CNS-SLE in MRL/lpr mice using peptide microarrays. BMC Immunol 2014; 15: 23.
149. Wen J, Xia Y, Stock A, et al. Neuropsychiatric disease in murine lupus is dependent on the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway. J Autoimmun 2013; 43: 44-54.
150. Furukawa F. Photosensitivity in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: lessons from mice and men. J Dermatol Sci 2003; 33(2): 81-9.
151. Henry T, Mohan C. Systemic lupus erythematosus--recent clues from congenic strains. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2005; 53(3): 207-12.
152. Wakeland E, Morel L, Achey K, Yui M, Longmate J. Speed congenics: a classic technique in the fast lane (relatively speaking). Immunol Today 1997; 18(10): 472-7.
153. Markel P, Shu P, Ebeling C, et al. Theoretical and empirical issues for marker-assisted breeding of congenic mouse strains. Nat Genet 1997; 17(3): 280-4.
154. Rogner UC, Avner P. Congenic mice: cutting tools for complex immune disorders. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3(3): 243-52.
155. Hogarth MB, Slingsby JH, Allen PJ, et al. Multiple lupus susceptibility loci map to chromosome 1 in BXSB mice. J Immunol 1998; 161(6): 2753-61.
156. Haywood ME, Rogers NJ, Rose SJ, et al. Dissection of BXSB lupus phenotype using mice congenic for chromosome 1 demonstrates that separate intervals direct different aspects of disease. J Immunol 2004; 173(7): 4277-85.
157. Haywood ME, Hogarth MB, Slingsby JH, et al. Identification of intervals on chromosomes 1, 3, and 13 linked to the development of lupus in BXSB mice. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43(2): 349-55.
158. Watson ML, Rao JK, Gilkeson GS, et al. Genetic analysis of MRLlpr mice: relationship of the Fas apoptosis gene to disease manifestations and renal disease-modifying loci. J Exp Med 1992; 176(6): 1645-56.
159. Kong PL, Morel L, Croker BP, Craft J. The centromeric region of chromosome 7 from MRL mice (Lmb3) is an epistatic modifier of Fas for autoimmune disease expression. J Immunol 2004; 172(5): 2785-94.
160. Vyse TJ, Rozzo SJ, Drake CG, Izui S, Kotzin BL. Control of multiple autoantibodies linked with a lupus nephritis susceptibility locus in New Zealand black mice. J Immunol 1997; 158(11): 5566-74.
161. Atencio S, Amano H, Izui S, Kotzin BL. Separation of the New Zealand Black genetic contribution to lupus from New Zealand Black determined expansions of marginal zone B and B1a cells. J Immunol 2004; 172(7): 4159-66.
162. Rozzo SJ, Vyse TJ, Drake CG, Kotzin BL. Effect of genetic background on the contribution of New Zealand black loci to autoimmune lupus nephritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93(26): 15164-8.
163. Rozzo SJ, Allard JD, Choubey D, et al. Evidence for an interferoninducible gene, Ifi202, in the susceptibility to systemic lupus. Immunity 2001; 15(3): 435-43.
164. Jørgensen TN, Gubbels MR, Kotzin BL. New insights into disease pathogenesis from mouse lupus genetics. Curr Opin Immunol 2004; 16(6): 787-93.
165. Miura-Shimura Y, Nakamura K, Ohtsuji M, et al. C1q regulatory region polymorphism down-regulating murine c1q protein levels with linkage to lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2002; 169(3): 1334-9.
166. Obata Y, Tanaka T, Stockert E, Good RA. Autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disease in (B6-GIX+ X 129) F1 mice: relation to naturally occurring antibodies against murine leukemia virusrelated cell surface antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76(10): 5289-93.
167. Fossati-Jimack L, Cortes-Hernandez J, Norsworthy PJ, Cook HT, Walport MJ, Botto M. Regulation of B cell tolerance by 129-derived chromosome 1 loci in C57BL/6 mice. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58(7): 2131-41.
168. Bygrave AE, Rose KL, Cortes-Hernandez J, et al. Spontaneous autoimmunity in 129 and C57BL/6 mice-implications for autoimmunity described in gene-targeted mice. PLoS Biol 2004; 2(8): E243.
169. Carlucci F, Cortes-Hernandez J, Fossati-Jimack LB, et al. Genetic dissection of spontaneous autoimmunity driven by 129-derived chromosome 1 Loci when expressed on C57BL/6 mice. J Immunol 2007; 178(4): 2352-60.
170. Carlucci F, Fossati-Jimack L, Dumitriu IE, et al. Identification and characterization of a lupus suppressor 129 locus on chromosome 3. J Immunol 2010; 184(11): 6256-65.
171. Morel L, Blenman KR, Croker BP, Wakeland EK. The major murine systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility locus, Sle1, is a cluster of functionally related genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98(4): 1787-92.
172. Croker BP, Gilkeson G, Morel L. Genetic interactions between susceptibility loci reveal epistatic pathogenic networks in murine lupus. Genes Immun 2003; 4(8): 575-85.
173. Chen Y, Cuda C, Morel L. Genetic determination of T cell help in loss of tolerance to nuclear antigens. J Immunol 2005; 174(12): 7692-702.
174. Choubey D. Interferon-inducible Ifi200-family genes as modifiers of lupus susceptibility. Immunol Lett 2012; 147(1-2): 10-7.
175. Wandstrat AE, Nguyen C, Limaye N, et al. Association of extensive polymorphisms in the SLAM/CD2 gene cluster with murine lupus. Immunity 2004; 21(6): 769-80.
176. Koh AE, Njoroge SW, Feliu M, et al. The SLAM family member CD48 (Slamf2) protects lupus-prone mice from autoimmune nephritis. J Autoimmun 2011; 37(1): 48-57.
177. Keszei M, Detre C, Castro W, et al. Expansion of an osteopontinexpressing T follicular helper cell subset correlates with autoimmunity in B6.Sle1b mice and is suppressed by the H1-isoform of the Slamf6 receptor. FASEB J 2013; 27(8): 3123-31.
178. Liu K, Li QZ, Yu Y, et al. Sle3 and Sle5 can independently couple with Sle1 to mediate severe lupus nephritis. Genes Immun 2007; 8(8): 634-45.
179. Shi X, Xie C, Kreska D, Richardson JA, Mohan C. Genetic dissection of SLE: SLE1 and FAS impact alternate pathways leading to lymphoproliferative autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2002; 196(3): 281-92.
180. Haywood ME, Rose SJ, Horswell S, et al. Overlapping BXSB congenic intervals, in combination with microarray gene expression, reveal novel lupus candidate genes. Genes Immun 2006; 7(3): 250-63.
181. Wither JE, Lajoie G, Heinrichs S, et al. Functional dissection of lupus susceptibility loci on the New Zealand black mouse chromosome 1: evidence for independent genetic loci affecting T and B cell activation. J Immunol 2003; 171(4): 1697-706.
182. Laporte C, Ballester B, Mary C, Izui S, Reininger L. The Sgp3 locus on mouse chromosome 13 regulates nephritogenic gp70 autoantigen expression and predisposes to autoimmunity. J Immunol 2003; 171(7): 3872-7.
183. Rottman JB, Willis CR. Mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus reveal a complex pathogenesis. Vet Pathol 2010; 47(4): 664-76.
184. Reeves WH, Lee PY, Weinstein JS, Satoh M, Lu L. Induction of autoimmunity by pristane and other naturally occurring hydrocarbons. Trends Immunol 2009; 30(9): 455-64.
185. Satoh M, Reeves WH. Induction of lupus-associated autoantibodies in BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal injection of pristane. J Exp Med 1994; 180(6): 2341-6.
186. Dahlgren J, Takhar H, Anderson-Mahoney P, Kotlerman J, Tarr J, Warshaw R. Cluster of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with an oil field waste site: a cross sectional study. Environ Health 2007; 6: 8.
187. Satoh M, Richards HB, Shaheen VM, et al. Widespread susceptibility among inbred mouse strains to the induction of lupus autoantibodies by pristane. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 121(2): 399-405.
188. Satoh M, Kumar A, Kanwar YS, Reeves WH. Anti-nuclear antibody production and immune-complex glomerulonephritis in BALB/c mice treated with pristane. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92(24): 10934-8.
189. Smith DL, Dong X, Du S, Oh M, Singh RR, Voskuhl RR. A female preponderance for chemically induced lupus in SJL/J mice. Clin Immunol 2007; 122(1): 101-7.
190. Leiss H, Niederreiter B, Bandur T, et al. Pristane-induced lupus as a model of human lupus arthritis: evolvement of autoantibodies, internal organ and joint inflammation. Lupus 2013; 22(8): 778-92.
191. Chowdhary VR, Grande JP, Luthra HS, David CS. Characterization of haemorrhagic pulmonary capillaritis: another manifestation of Pristane-induced lupus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007; 46(9): 1405-10.
192. Xu Y, Zeumer L, Reeves WH, Morel L. Induced murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1134: 103-30.
193. Richards HB, Satoh M, Shaw M, Libert C, Poli V, Reeves WH. Interleukin 6 dependence of anti-DNA antibody production: evidence for two pathways of autoantibody formation in pristaneinduced lupus. J Exp Med 1998; 188(5): 985-90.
194. Pawar RD, Goilav B, Xia Y, et al. Serum autoantibodies in pristane induced lupus are regulated by neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin. Clin Immunol 2014; 154(1): 49-65.
195. Summers SA, Odobasic D, Khouri MB, et al. Endogenous interleukin (IL)-17A promotes pristane-induced systemic autoimmunity and lupus nephritis induced by pristane. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176(3): 341-50.
196. Kahlenberg JM, Yalavarthi S, Zhao W, et al. An essential role of caspase 1 in the induction of murine lupus and its associated vascular damage. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66(1): 152-62.
197. Bossaller L, Rathinam VA, Bonegio R, et al. Overexpression of membrane-bound fas ligand (CD95L) exacerbates autoimmune disease and renal pathology in pristane-induced lupus. J Immunol 2013; 191(5): 2104-14.
198. Satoh M, Weintraub JP, Yoshida H, et al. Fas and Fas ligand mutations inhibit autoantibody production in pristane-induced lupus. J Immunol 2000; 165(2): 1036-43.
199. Urbonaviciute V, Starke C, Pirschel W, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 is required for autoantibody production and development of renal disease in pristane-induced lupus. Arthritis Rheum 2013; 65(6): 1612-23.
200. Clynes R, Calvani N, Croker BP, Richards HB. Modulation of the immune response in pristane-induced lupus by expression of activation and inhibitory Fc receptors. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141(2): 230-7.
201. Calvani N, Satoh M, Croker BP, Reeves WH, Richards HB. Nephritogenic autoantibodies but absence of nephritis in Il-12p35-deficient mice with pristane-induced lupus. Kidney Int 2003; 64(3): 897-905.
202. Becker AM, Dao KH, Han BK, et al. SLE peripheral blood B cell, T cell and myeloid cell transcriptomes display unique profiles and each subset contributes to the interferon signature. PLoS One 2013; 8(6): e67003.
203. Li QZ, Zhou J, Lian Y, et al. Interferon signature gene expression is correlated with autoantibody profiles in patients with incomplete lupus syndromes. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 159(3): 281-91.
204. Banchereau J, Pascual V. Type I interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. Immunity 2006; 25(3): 383-92.
205. Nacionales DC, Kelly-Scumpia KM, Lee PY, et al. Deficiency of the type I interferon receptor protects mice from experimental lupus. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56(11): 3770-83.
206. Lee PY, Kumagai Y, Li Y, et al. TLR7-dependent and FcgammaRindependent production of type I interferon in experimental mouse lupus. J Exp Med 2008; 205(13): 2995-3006.
207. Savarese E, Steinberg C, Pawar RD, et al. Requirement of Toll-like receptor 7 for pristane-induced production of autoantibodies and development of murine lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58(4): 1107-15.
208. Lech M, Skuginna V, Kulkarni OP, et al. Lack of SIGIRR/TIR8 aggravates hydrocarbon oil-induced lupus nephritis. J Pathol 2010; 220(5): 596-607.
209. Järvinen TM, Hellquist A, Zucchelli M, et al. Replication of GWAS-identified systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility genes affirms B-cell receptor pathway signaling andstrengthens the role of IRF5 in disease susceptibility in a Northern European population. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51(1): 87-92.
210. Graham RR, Kyogoku C, Sigurdsson S, et al. Three functional variants of IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) define risk and protective haplotypes for human lupus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104(16): 6758-63.
211. Kozyrev SV, Lewén S, Reddy PM, et al. Structural insertion/ deletion variation in IRF5 is associated with a risk haplotype and defines the precise IRF5 isoforms expressed in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56(4): 1234-41.
212. Feng D, Yang L, Bi X, Stone RC, Patel P, Barnes BJ. Irf5-deficient mice are protected from pristane-induced lupus via increased Th2 cytokines and altered IgG class switching. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42(6): 1477-87.
213. Xu Y, Lee PY, Li Y, et al. Pleiotropic IFN-dependent and-independent effects of IRF5 on the pathogenesis of experimental lupus. J Immunol 2012; 188(8): 4113-21.
214. Ouyang S, Gong B, Li JZ, et al. Structural insights into a human anti-IFN antibody exerting therapeutic potential for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90(7): 837-46.
215. Minhas U, Minz R, Das P, Bhatnagar A. Therapeutic effect of Withania somnifera on pristane-induced model of SLE. Inflammopharmacology 2012; 20(4): 195-205.
216. Zhou LL, Wei W, Si JF, Yuan DP. Regulatory effect of melatonin on cytokine disturbances in the pristane-induced lupus mice. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010: 951210
217. Qu H, Bian W, Xu Y. A novel NF-B inhibitor, DHMEQ, ameliorates pristane-induced lupus in mice. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8(1): 100-4.
218. Singh AK, Yang JQ, Parekh VV, et al. The natural killer T cell ligand alpha-galactosylceramide prevents or promotes pristaneinduced lupus in mice. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35(4): 1143-54.
219. Via CS. Advances in lupus stemming from the parent-into-F1 model. Trends Immunol 2010; 31(6): 236-45.
220. Soloviova K, Puliaiev M, Foster A, Via CS. The parent-into-F1 murine model in the study of lupus-like autoimmunity and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte function. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 900: 253-70.
221. Lang TJ, Nguyen P, Papadimitriou JC, Via CS. Increased severity of murine lupus in female mice is due to enhanced expansion of pathogenic T cells. J Immunol 2003; 171(11): 5795-801.
222. Foster AD, Haas M, Puliaeva I, Soloviova K, Puliaev R, Via CS. Donor CD8 T cell activation is critical for greater renal disease severity in female chronic graft-vs.-host mice and is associated with increased splenic ICOS(hi) host CD4 T cells and IL-21 expression. Clin Immunol 2010; 136(1): 61-73.
223. Via CS, Sharrow SO, Shearer GM. Role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the prevention of lupus-like disease occurring in a murine model of graft-vs-host disease. J Immunol 1987; 139(6): 1840-9.
224. Eisenberg RA, Cohen PL. Class II major histocompatibility antigens and the etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1983; 29(1): 1-6.
225. Morris SC, Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA. Experimental induction of systemic lupus erythematosus by recognition of foreign Ia. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1990; 57(2): 263-73.
226. [226] Morris SC, Cheek RL, Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA. Allotype-specific immunoregulation of autoantibody production by host B cells in chronic graft-versus host disease. J Immunol 1990; 144(3): 916-22.
227. [227] Morris SC, Cheek RL, Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA. Autoantibodies in chronic graft versus host result from cognate T-B interactions. J Exp Med 1990; 171(2): 503-17.
228. [228] Choudhury A, Maldonado MA, Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA. The role of host CD4 T cells in the pathogenesis of the chronic graft-versushost model of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 2005; 174(12): 7600-9.
229. [229] Choudhury A, Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA. B cells require "nurturing" by CD4 T cells during development in order to respond in chronic graft-versus-host model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2010; 136(1): 105-15.
230. [230] Chen F, Maldonado MA, Madaio M, Eisenberg RA. The role of host (endogenous) T cells in chronic graft-versus-host autoimmune disease. J Immunol 1998; 161(11): 5880-5.
231. [231] Christadoss P, Lindstrom JM, Melvold RW, Talal N. Mutation at IA beta chain prevents experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Immunogenetics 1985; 21(1): 33-8.
232. [232] Naiki M, Yoshida SH, Watanabe Y, Izui S, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME. The contribution of I-Abm12 to phenotypic and functional alterations among T-cell subsets in NZB mice. J Autoimmun 1993; 6(2): 131-43.
233. [233] Rolink AG, Pals ST, Gleichmann E. Allosuppressor and allohelper T cells in acute and chronic graft-vs.-host disease. II. F1 recipients carrying mutations at H-2K and/or I-A. J Exp Med 1983; 157(2): 755-71.
234. [234] Appleby P, Webber DG, Bowen JG. Murine chronic graft-versushost disease as a model of systemic lupus erythematosus: effect of immunosuppressive drugs on disease development. Clin Exp Immunol 1989; 78(3): 449-53.
235. [235] Via CS, Rus V, Nguyen P, Linsley P, Gause WC. Differential effect of CTLA4Ig on murine graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) development: CTLA4Ig prevents both acute and chronic GVHD development but reverses only chronic GVHD. J Immunol 1996; 157(9): 4258-67.
236. [236] Maeda T, Nomoto K. Anti-T cell receptor antibody treatment of mice with lupus-like graft versus host disease: suppression of glomerulonephritis without reduction in anti-DNA antibody levels. J Rheumatol 1995; 22(12): 2259-65.
237. [237] Takeuchi E, Takeuchi Y. Allogenic mixed chimerism induced by nonlymphoablative regimen including donor BMT with low-dose TBI and anti-CD40L cured proliferative glomerulonephritis in lupus mice. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007; 1110: 362-7.
238. [238] Kim J, Cho HR, Kwon B. CD137 in chronic graft-versus-host disease. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1155: 95-108.
239. [239] Via CS, Rus V, Gately MK, Finkelman FD. IL-12 stimulates the development of acute graft-versus-host disease in mice that normally would develop chronic, autoimmune graft-versus-host disease. J Immunol 1994; 153(9): 4040-7.
240. [240] Via CS, Shustov A, Rus V, Lang T, Nguyen P, Finkelman FD. In vivo neutralization of TNF-alpha promotes humoral autoimmunity by preventing the induction of CTL. J Immunol 2001; 167(12): 6821-6.
241. [241] Puliaeva I, Soloviova K, Puliaiev M, Lang T, Puliaev R, Via CS. Enhancement of suboptimal CD8 cytotoxic T cell effector function in vivo using antigen-specific CD80 defective T cells. J Immunol 2011; 186(1): 291-304.
242. [242] Puliaeva I, Puliaev R, Shustov A, Haas M, Via CS. Fas expression on antigen-specific T cells has costimulatory, helper, and downregulatory functions in vivo for cytotoxic T cell responses but not for T cell-dependent B cell responses. J Immunol 2008; 181(9): 5912-9.
243. [243] Rus V, Nguyen V, Puliaev R, Puliaeva I, Zernetkina V, Luzina I, Papadimitriou JC, Via CS. T cell TRAIL promotes murine lupus by sustaining effector CD4 Th cell numbers and by inhibiting CD8 CTL activity. J Immunol 2007; 178(6): 3962-72.
244. [244] Salama AD, Levy JB, Lightstone L, Pusey CD. Goodpasture's disease. Lancet 2001; 358(9285): 917-20.
245. [245] Borza DB, Neilson EG, Hudson BG. Pathogenesis of Goodpasture syndrome: a molecular perspective. Semin Nephrol 2003; 23(6): 522-31.
246. [246] Steblay RW, Rudofsky U. In vitro and in vivo properties of autoantibodies eluted from kidneys of sheep with autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Nature 1968; 218(5148): 1269-71.
247. [247] Edgington TS, Glassock RJ, Dixon FJ. Autologous immunecomplex pathogenesis of experimental allergic glomerulonephritis. Science 1967; 155(3768): 1432-4.
248. [248] Butkowski RJ, Langeveld JP, Wieslander J, Hamilton J, Hudson BG. Localization of the Goodpasture epitope to a novel chain of basement membrane collagen. J Biol Chem 1987; 262(16): 7874-7.
249. [249] Saus J, Wieslander J, Langeveld JP, Quinones S, Hudson BG. Identification of the Goodpasture antigen as the alpha 3(IV) chain of collagen IV. J Biol Chem 1988; 263(26): 13374-80.
250. [250] Neilson EG, Kalluri R, Sun MJ, et al. Specificity of Goodpasture autoantibodies for the recombinant noncollagenous domains of human type IV collagen. J Biol Chem 1993; 268(12): 8402-5.
251. [251] Turner N, Forstová J, Rees A, Pusey CD, Mason PJ. Production and characterization of recombinant Goodpasture antigen in insect cells. J Biol Chem 1994; 269(25): 17141-5.
252. [252] Netzer KO, Leinonen A, Boutaud A, et al. The goodpasture autoantigen. Mapping the major conformational epitope(s) of alpha3(IV) collagen to residues 17-31 and 127-141 of the NC1 domain. J Biol Chem 1999; 274(16): 11267-74.
253. [253] Dehan P, Weber M, Zhang X, Reeders ST, Foidart JM, Tryggvason K. Sera from patients with anti-GBM nephritis including goodpasture syndrome show heterogenous reactivity to recombinant NC1 domain of type IV collagen alpha chains. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11(11): 2215-22.
254. [254] Borza DB, Hudson BG. Of mice and men: murine models of anti-GBM antibody nephritis. Kidney Int 2002; 61(5): 1905-6.
255. [255] Pusey CD. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Kidney Int 2003; 64(4): 1535-50.
256. [256] Xie C, Sharma R, Wang H, Zhou XJ, Mohan C. Strain distribution pattern of susceptibility to immune-mediated nephritis. J Immunol 2004; 172(8): 5047-55.
257. [257] Xie C, Liu K, Fu Y, et al. RANTES deficiency attenuates autoantibody-induced glomerulonephritis. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31(1): 128-35.
258. [258] Peng A, Ye T, Rakheja D, et al. The green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates experimental immunemediated glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2011; 80(6): 601-11.
259. [259] Fu Y, Du Y, Mohan C. Experimental anti-GBM disease as a tool for studying spontaneous lupus nephritis. Clin Immunol 2007; 124(2): 109-18.
260. [260] Du Y, Fu Y, Mohan C. Experimental anti-GBM nephritis as an analytical tool for studying spontaneous lupus nephritis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2008; 56(1): 31-40.
261. [261] Lou YH. Anti-GBM glomerulonephritis: a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2004; 52(2): 96-103.
262. [262] Bagavant H, Kalantarinia K, Scindia Y, Deshmukh U. Novel therapeutic approaches to lupus glomerulonephritis: translating animal models to clinical practice. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 57(3): 498-507.
263. [263] Berthier CC, Kretzler M, Davidson A. From the Large Scale Expression Analysis of Lupus Nephritis to Targeted Molecular Medicine. J Data Mining Genomics Proteomics 2012; 3(3).
264. [264] Mayadas TN, Tsokos GC, Tsuboi N. Mechanisms of immune complex-mediated neutrophil recruitment and tissue injury. Circulation 2009; 120(20): 2012-24.
265. [265] Pawar RD, Pitashny M, Gindea S, et al. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin is instrumental in the pathogenesis of antibodymediated nephritis in mice. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64(5): 1620-31.
266. [266] Scindia YM, Deshmukh US, Bagavant H. Mesangial pathology in glomerular disease: targets for therapeutic intervention. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62(14): 1337-43.
267. [267] Liu K, Mohan C. What do mouse models teach us about human SLE? Clin Immunol 2006; 119(2): 123-30.
268. [268] Kristjansdottir H, Steinsson K, Gunnarsson I, Gröndal G, Erlendsson K, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. Lower expression levels of the programmed death 1 receptor on CD4+CD25+ T cells and correlation with the PD-1.3A genotype in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62(6): 1702-11
269. [269] Bertsias GK, Nakou M, Choulaki C, et al. Genetic, immunologic, and immunohistochemical analysis of the programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 pathway in human systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60(1): 207-18.
270. [270] Willcocks LC, Carr EJ, Niederer HA, et al. A defunctioning polymorphism in FCGR2B is associated with protection against malaria but susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107(17): 7881-5.
271. [271] Lee YH, Ji JD, Song GG. Fcgamma receptor IIB and IIIB polymorphisms and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis. Lupus 2009; 18(8): 727-34.
272. [272] Caserta TM, Knisley AA, Tan FK, Arnett FC, Brown TL. Genotypic analysis of the TGF beta-509 allele in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome. Ann Genet 2004; 47(4): 359-63.
273. [273] Schotte H, Willeke P, Rust S, et al. The transforming growth factorbeta1 gene polymorphism (G915C) is not associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2003; 12(2): 86-92.
274. [274] Bodaño A, González A, Balada E, et al. Study of DNASE I gene polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66(4): 560-1.
275. [275] Kimura-Kataoka K, Ueki M, Takeshita H, et al. Identification of the functional alleles of the nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms potentially implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus in the human deoxyribonuclease I gene. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33(8): 492-502.
276. [276] Zervou MI, Vazgiourakis VM, Yilmaz N, et al. TRAF1/C5, eNOS, C1q, but not STAT4 and PTPN22 gene polymorphisms are associated with genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in Turkey. Hum Immunol 2011; 72(12): 1210-3.
277. [277] Namjou B, Gray-McGuire C, Sestak AL, et al. Evaluation of C1q genomic region in minority racial groups of lupus. Genes Immun 2009; 10(5): 517-24.
278. [278] Lu R, Vidal GS, Kelly JA, et al. Genetic associations of LYN with systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun 2009; 10(5): 397-403.
279. [279] Hibbs ML, Tarlinton DM, Armes J, et al. Multiple defects in the immune system of Lyn-deficient mice, culminating in autoimmune disease. Cell 1995; 83(2): 301-11.
280. [280] Nishizumi H, Taniuchi I, Yamanashi Y, et al. Impaired proliferation of peripheral B cells and indication of autoimmune disease in lyn-deficient mice. Immunity 1995; 3(5): 549-60.
281. [281] Cornall RJ, Cyster JG, Hibbs ML, et al. Polygenic autoimmune traits: Lyn, CD22, and SHP-1 are limiting elements of a biochemical pathway regulating BCR signaling and selection. Immunity 1998; 8(4): 497-508.
282. [282] Hibbs ML, Harder KW, Armes J, et al. Sustained activation of Lyn tyrosine kinase in vivo leads to autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2002; 196(12): 1593-604.
283. [283] O'Keefe TL, Williams GT, Batista FD, Neuberger MS. Deficiency in CD22, a B cell-specific inhibitory receptor, is sufficient to predispose to development of high affinity autoantibodies. J Exp Med 1999; 189(8): 1307-13.
284. [284] O'Keefe TL, Williams GT, Davies SL, Neuberger MS. Hyperresponsive B cells in CD22-deficient mice. Science 1996; 274(5288): 798-801.
285. [285] Mecklenbräuker I, Saijo K, Zheng NY, Leitges M, Tarakhovsky A. Protein kinase Cdelta controls self-antigen-induced B-cell tolerance. Nature 2002; 416(6883): 860-5
286. [286] Miyamoto A, Nakayama K, Imaki H, et al. Increased proliferation of B cells and auto-immunity in mice lacking protein kinase Cdelta. Nature 2002; 416(6883): 865-9.
287. [287] Drappa J, Kamen LA, Chan E, et al. Impaired T cell death and lupus-like autoimmunity in T cell-specific adapter protein-deficient mice. J Exp Med 2003; 198(5): 809-21
288. [288] Salvador JM, Hollander MC, Nguyen AT, et al. Mice lacking the p53-effector gene Gadd45a develop a lupus-like syndrome. Immunity 2002; 16(4): 499-508.
289. [289] Balomenos D, Martín-Caballero J, García MI, et al. The cell cycle inhibitor p21 controls T-cell proliferation and sex-linked lupus development. Nat Med 2000; 6(2): 171-6.
290. [290] Botto M, Dell'Agnola C, Bygrave AE, et al. Homozygous C1q deficiency causes glomerulonephritis associated with multiple apoptotic bodies. Nat Genet 1998; 19(1): 56-9.
291. [291] Chen Z, Koralov SB, Kelsoe G. Complement C4 inhibits systemic autoimmunity through a mechanism independent of complement receptors CR1 and CR2. J Exp Med 2000; 192(9): 1339-52.
292. [292] Strasser A, Whittingham S, Vaux DL, et al. Enforced BCL2 expression in B-lymphoid cells prolongs antibody responses and elicits autoimmune disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88(19): 8661-5.
293. [293] Mandik-Nayak L, Nayak S, Sokol C, et al. The origin of antinuclear antibodies in bcl-2 transgenic mice. Int Immunol 2000; 12(3): 353-64.
294. [294] Bouillet P, Metcalf D, Huang DC, et al. Proapoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim required for certain apoptotic responses, leukocyte homeostasis, and to preclude autoimmunity. Science 1999; 286(5445): 1735-8.
295. [295] Bouillet P, Purton JF, Godfrey DI, et al. BH3-only Bcl-2 family member Bim is required for apoptosis of autoreactive thymocytes. Nature 2002; 415(6874): 922-6.
296. [296] Murga M, Fernández-Capetillo O, Field SJ, et al. Mutation of E2F2 in mice causes enhanced T lymphocyte proliferation, leading to the development of autoimmunity. Immunity 2001; 15(6): 959-70.
297. [297] Di Cristofano A, Kotsi P, Peng YF, Cordon-Cardo C, Elkon KB, Pandolfi PP. Impaired Fas response and autoimmunity in Pten+/-mice. Science 1999; 285(5436): 2122-5.
298. [298] Suzuki A, Yamaguchi MT, Ohteki T, et al. T cell-specific loss of Pten leads to defects in central and peripheral tolerance. Immunity 2001; 14(5): 523-34.
299. [299] Scott RS, McMahon EJ, Pop SM, et al. Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells is mediated by MER. Nature 2001; 411(6834): 207-11.
300. [300] Bickerstaff MC, Botto M, Hutchinson WL, et al. Serum amyloid P component controls chromatin degradation and prevents antinuclear autoimmunity. Nat Med 1999; 5(6): 694-7.
301. [301] Khare SD, Sarosi I, Xia XZ, et al. Severe B cell hyperplasia and autoimmune disease in TALL-1 transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97(7): 3370-5.
302. [302] Mackay F, Woodcock SA, Lawton P, et al. Mice transgenic for BAFF develop lymphocytic disorders along with autoimmune manifestations. J Exp Med 1999; 190(11): 1697-710.
303. [303] Waterhouse P, Penninger JM, Timms E, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in Ctla-4. Science 1995; 270(5238): 985-8.
304. [304] Bolland S, Ravetch JV. Spontaneous autoimmune disease in Fc (gamma)RIIB-deficient mice results from strain-specific epistasis. Immunity 2000; 13(2): 277-85.
305. [305] Yu CC, Yen TS, Lowell CA, DeFranco AL. Lupus-like kidney disease in mice deficient in the Src family tyrosine kinases Lyn and Fyn. Curr Biol 2001; 11(1): 34-38.
306. [306] Sun H, Lu B, Li RQ, Flavell RA, Taneja R. Defective T cell activation and autoimmune disorder in Stra13-deficient mice. Nat Immunol 2001; 2(11): 1040-7.
307. [307] Suzuki H, Kündig TM, Furlonger C, et al. Deregulated T cell activation and autoimmunity in mice lacking interleukin-2 receptor beta. Science 1995; 268(5216): 1472-6.
308. [308] Prodeus AP, Goerg S, Shen LM, et al. A critical role for complement in maintenance of self-tolerance. Immunity 1998; 9(5): 721-31.
309. [309] Majeti R, Xu Z, Parslow TG, et al. An inactivating point mutation in the inhibitory wedge of CD45 causes lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. Cell 2000; 103(7): 1059-70.
310. [310] Le LQ, Kabarowski JH, Weng Z, et al. Mice lacking the orphan G protein-coupled receptor G2A develop a late-onset autoimmune syndrome. Immunity 2001; 14(5): 561-71.
311. [311] Nishimura H, Nose M, Hiai H, Minato N, Honjo T. Development of lupus-like autoimmune diseases by disruption of the PD-1 gene encoding an ITIM motif-carrying immunoreceptor. Immunity 1999 11(2): 141-51.
312. [312] Gorelik L, Flavell RA. Abrogation of TGFbeta signaling in T cells leads to spontaneous T cell differentiation and autoimmune disease. Immunity 2000; 12(2): 171-81.
313. [313] Kulkarni AB, Huh CG, Becker D, et al. Transforming growth factor beta 1 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90(2): 770-4.
314. [314] Shull MM, Ormsby I, Kier AB, et al. Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease. Nature 1992; 359(6397): 693-9
315. [315] Yaswen L, Kulkarni AB, Fredrickson T, et al. Autoimmune manifestations in the transforming growth factor-beta 1 knockout mouse. Blood 1996; 87(4): 1439-45.
316. [316] Napirei M, Karsunky H, Zevnik B, Stephan H, Mannherz HG, Möröy T. Features of systemic lupus erythematosus in Dnase1-deficient mice. Nat Genet 2000; 25(2): 177-81.
317. [317] Wilkinson R, Lyons AB, Roberts D, Wong MX, Bartley PA, Jackson DE. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) acts as a regulator of B-cell development, B-cell antigen receptor (BCR)-mediated activation, and autoimmune disease. Blood 2002; 100(1): 184-93.
318. [318] Zhang L, Eddy A, Teng YT, et al. An immunological renal disease in transgenic mice that overexpress Fli-1, a member of the ets family of transcription factor genes. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15(12): 6961-70.
319. [319] Demetriou M, Granovsky M, Quaggin S, Dennis JW. Negative regulation of T-cell activation and autoimmunity by Mgat5 Nglycosylation. Nature 2001; 409(6821): 733-9.
320. [320] Zhang Y, Schlossman SF, Edwards RA, Ou CN, Gu J, Wu MX. Impaired apoptosis, extended duration of immune responses, and a lupus-like autoimmune disease in IEX-1-transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99(2): 878-83.
321. [321] Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6: from basic science to medicine--40 years in immunology. Annu Rev Immunol 2005; 23: 1-21.
322. [322] Grondal G, Gunnarsson I, Ronnelid J, Rogberg S, Klareskog L, Lundberg I. Cytokine production, serum levels and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000; 18: 565-70.
323. [323] Linker-Israeli M, Deans RJ, Wallace DJ, Prehn J, Ozeri-Chen T, Klinenberg JR. Elevated levels of endogenous IL-6 in systemic lupus erythematosus. A putative role in pathogenesis. J Immunol 1991; 147(1): 117-3.
324. [324] Peterson E, Robertson AD, Emlen W. Serum and urinary interleukin-6 in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1996; 5: 571-5.
325. [325] Hagiwara E, Gourley MF, Lee S, Klinman DK. Disease severity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus correlates with an increased ratio of interleukin-10: interferon-gamma-secreting cells in the peripheral blood. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 379-85.
326. [326] Horii Y, Iwano M, Hirata E, et al. Role of interleukin-6 in the progression of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int Suppl 1993; 39: S71-5.
327. [327] Iwano M, Dohi K, Hirata E, Horii Y, Shiiki H, Ishikawa H. Induction of interleukin 6 synthesis in mouse glomeruli and cultured mesangial cells. Nephron 1992; 62(1): 58-65.
328. [328] Maeda K, Malykhin A, Teague-Weber BN, Sun XH, Farris AD, Coggeshall KM. Interleukin-6 aborts lymphopoiesis and elevates production of myeloid cells in systemic lupus erythematosus-prone B6.Sle1.Yaa animals. Blood 2009; 113(19): 4534-40.
329. [329] Levine J, Hartwell D, Beller DI. Imbalanced cytokine production by macrophages from autoimmune-prone mice. Immunol Lett 1991; 30(2): 183-92.
330. [330] Stephanou A, Conroy S, Isenberg DA, et al. Elevation of IL-6 in transgenic mice results in increased levels of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (hsp90) and the production of anti-hsp90 antibodies. J Autoimmun 1998; 11(3): 249-53
331. [331] Tsantikos E, Oracki SA, Quilici C, Anderson GP, Tarlinton DM, Hibbs ML. Autoimmune disease in Lyn-deficient mice is dependent on an inflammatory environment established by IL-6. J Immunol 2010; 184(3): 1348-60.
332. [332] Tackey E, Lipsky PE, Illei GG. Rationale for interleukin-6 blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2004; 13(5): 339-43.
333. [333] Kiberd BA. Interleukin-6 receptor blockage ameliorates murine lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993; 4(1): 58-61.
334. [334] Mihara M, Takagi N, Takeda Y, Ohsugi Y. IL-6 receptor blockage inhibits the onset of autoimmune kidney disease in NZB/W F1 mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 112(3): 397-402.
335. [335] Liang B, Gardner DB, Griswold DE, Bugelski PJ, Song XY. Antiinterleukin-6 monoclonal antibody inhibits autoimmune responses in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology 2006; 119(3): 296-305.
336. [336] Illei GG, Shirota Y, Yarboro CH, et al. Tocilizumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: data on safety, preliminary efficacy, and impact on circulating plasma cells from an open-label phase I dosageescalation study. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62(2): 542-52.
337. [337] Mackay F, Schneider P. Cracking the BAFF code. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9(7): 491-502.
338. [338] Mackay F, Woodcock SA, Lawton P, et al. Mice transgenic for BAFF develop lymphocytic disorders along with autoimmune manifestations. J Exp Med 1999; 190(11): 1697-710.
339. [339] Stohl W, Xu D, Kim KS, et al. BAFF overexpression and accelerated glomerular disease in mice with an incomplete genetic predisposition to systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52(7): 2080-91.
340. [340] Cheema GS, Roschke V, Hilbert DM, Stohl W. Elevated serum B lymphocyte stimulator levels in patients with systemic immunebased rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44(6): 1313-9.
341. [341] Ramanujam M, Bethunaickan R, Huang W, Tao H, Madaio MP, Davidson A. Selective blockade of BAFF for the prevention and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis in NZM2410 mice. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62(5): 1457-68.
342. [342] Scapini P, Hu Y, Chu CL, et al. Myeloid cells, BAFF, and IFNgamma establish an inflammatory loop that exacerbates autoimmunity in Lyn-deficient mice. J Exp Med 2010; 207(8): 1757-73.
343. [343] Ramanujam M, Wang X, Huang W, et al. Similarities and differences between selective and nonselective BAFF blockade in murine SLE. J Clin Invest 2006; 116(3): 724-34.
344. [344] Liu W, Szalai A, Zhao L, et al. Control of spontaneous B lymphocyte autoimmunity with adenovirus-encoded soluble TACI. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50(6): 1884-96.
345. [345] Manzi S, Sánchez-Guerrero J, Merrill JT, et al. Effects of belimumab, a B lymphocyte stimulator-specific inhibitor, on disease activity across multiple organ domains in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: combined results from two phase III trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71(11): 1833-8.
346. [346] Shakoory B, Clatham W. Efficacy and safety data of belimumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2011; 3(3): 159-64.
347. [347] US National Library of Medicine, “A study to evaluate ocrelizumab in patients with nephritis due to systemic lupus erythematosus (Be-LONG),” (Last updated: January 22, 2014), http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00626197.
348. [348] US National Library of Medicine, “Study of Epratuzumab Versus Placebo in Subjects With Moderate to Severe General Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (EMBODY 2)” (Last updated: June 6, 2012) http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01261793.
349. [349] US National Library of Medicine, “Open Label Extension Study of Epratuzumab in Subjects With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (EMBODY4) “(Last updated: October 20, 2014) http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01408576.
350. [350] Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62(1): 222-33.
351. [351] US National Library of Medicine “A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab in Subjects With ISN/RPS Class III or IV Lupus Nephritis (LUNAR)” (Last updated: May 20, 2013), http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00282347.
352. [352] US National Library of Medicine, “The Efficacy and Safety of Atacicept in Combination With Mycophenolate Mofetil Used to Treat Lupus Nephritis,” (Last updated: June 3, 2013), http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00573157.
353. [353] Ramanujam M, Wang X, Huang W, et al. Mechanism of action of transmembrane activator and calcium modulator ligand interactor-Ig in murine systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 2004; 173(5): 3524-34.
354. [354] Wofsy D, Ledbetter JA, Hendler PL, Seaman WE. Treatment of murine lupus with monoclonal anti-T cell antibody. J Immunol 1985; 134(2): 852-7.
355. [355] Haas KM, Watanabe R, Matsushita T, et al. Protective and pathogenic roles for B cells during systemic autoimmunity in NZB/W F1 mice. J Immunol 2010; 184(9): 4789-800.
356. [356] Honigberg LA, Smith AM, Sirisawad M, et al. The Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor PCI-32765blocks B-cell activation and is efficacious in models of autoimmune disease and B-cell malignancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107(29): 13075-80.
357. [357] Hutcheson J, Vanarsa K, Bashmakov A, et al. Modulating proximal cell signaling by targeting Btk ameliorates humoral autoimmunity and end-organ disease in murine lupus. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14(6): R243.
358. [358] Mina-Osorio P, LaStant J, Keirstead N, et al. Suppression of glomerulonephritis in lupus-prone NZB NZW mice by RN486, a selective inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Arthritis Rheum 2013; 65(9): 2380-91.
359. [359] Rankin AL, Seth N, Keegan S, et al. Selective inhibition of BTK prevents murine lupus and antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis. J Immunol 2013; 191(9): 4540-50.
360. [360] huja A, Shupe J, Dunn R, Kashgarian M, Kehry MR, Shlomchik MJ. Depletion of B cells in murine lupus: efficacy and resistance. J Immunol 2007; 179(5): 3351-61.
361. [361] Bahjat FR, Pine PR, Reitsma A, et al. An orally bioavailable spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor delays disease progression and prolongs survival in murine lupus. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58(5): 1433-44.
362. [362] Deng GM, Liu L, Bahjat FR, Pine PR, Tsokos GC. Suppression of skin and kidney disease by inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase in lupus-prone mice. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62(7): 2086-92.
363. [363] Lui SL, Tsang R, Chan KW, et al. Rapamycin attenuates the severity of established nephritis in lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23(9): 2768-76.
364. [364] Lui SL, Yung S, Tsang R, et al. Rapamycin prevents the development of nephritis in lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice. Lupus 2008; 17(4): 305-13
365. [365] Warner LM, Adams LM, Sehgal SN. Rapamycin prolongs survival and arrests pathophysiologic changes in murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37(2): 289-97.
366. [366] Fernandez D, Bonilla E, Mirza N, Niland B, Perl A. Rapamycin reduces disease activity and normalizes T cell activation-induced calcium fluxing in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54(9): 2983-8.
367. [367] Yap DY, Ma MK, Tang CS, Chan TM. Proliferation signal inhibitors in the treatment of lupus nephritis: preliminary experience. Nephrology (Carlton) 2012; 17(8): 676-80.
368. [368] Yoon KH. Proliferation signal inhibitors for the treatment of refractory autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a new therapeutic option. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009; 1173: 752-6.
369. [369] Barber DF, Bartolomé A, Hernandez C, et al. PI3Kgamma inhibition blocks glomerulonephritis and extends lifespan in a mouse model of systemic lupus. Nat Med 2005; 11(9): 933-5.
370. [370] Suárez-Fueyo A, Rojas JM, Cariaga AE, et al. Inhibition of PI3K reduces kidney infiltration by macrophages and ameliorates systemic lupus in the mouse. J Immunol 2014; 193(2): 544-54.
371. [371] Li Y, Chen F, Putt M, et al. B cell depletion with anti-CD79 mAbs ameliorates autoimmune disease in MRL/lpr mice. J Immunol 2008; 181(5): 2961-72.
372. [372] Neubert K, Meister S, Moser K, et al. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib depletes plasma cells and protects mice with lupus-like disease from nephritis. Nat Med 2008; 14(7): 748-55.
373. [373] Wu HY, Quintana FJ, Weiner HL. Nasal anti-CD3 antibody ameliorates lupus by inducing an IL-10-secreting CD4+ CD25-LAP+ regulatory T cell and is associated with down-regulation of IL-17+ CD4+ ICOS+ CXCR5+ follicular helper T cells. J Immunol 2008; 181(9): 6038-50.
374. [374] Wong M, La Cava A, Singh RP, Hahn BH. Blockade of programmed death-1 in young (New Zealand black x New Zealand white)F1 mice promotes the activity of suppressive CD8+ T cells that protect from lupus-like disease. J Immunol 2010; 185(11): 6563-71.
375. [375] Hu YL, Metz DP, Chung J, Siu G, Zhang M. B7RP-1 blockade ameliorates autoimmunity through regulation of follicular helper T cells. J Immunol 2009; 182(3): 1421-8.
376. [376] Finck BK, Linsley PS, Wofsy D. Treatment of murine lupus with CTLA4Ig. Science 1994; 265(5176): 1225-7.
377. [377] Daikh DI, Finck BK, Linsley PS, Hollenbaugh D, Wofsy D. Longterm inhibition of murine lupus by brief simultaneous blockade of the B7/CD28 and CD40/gp39 costimulation pathways. J Immunol 1997; 159(7): 3104-8.
378. [378] US National Library of Medicine, “Abatacept and cyclophosphamide combination therapy for lupus nephritis (ACCESS),”(Last updated: October 7, 2014) http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00774852.
379. [379] Mihara M, Tan I, Chuzhin Y, et al. CTLA4Ig inhibits T celldependent B-cell maturation in murine systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 2000; 106(1): 91-101.
380. [380] US National Library of Medicine, “Efficacy and Safety Study of Abatacept to Treat Lupus Nephritis,” (Last updated: June 3, 2013) http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00430677.
381. [381] Zagury D, Le Buanec H, Mathian A, et al. IFNalpha kinoid vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies prevent clinical manifestations in a lupus flare murine model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106(13): 5294-9.
382. [382] Wallace DJ, Petri M, Olsen N, et al. MEDI-545, an antiinterferon alpha monoclonal antibody, shows evidence of clinical activity in systemic lupus erythematous. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56 (S9): S526-S7.
383. [383] McBride JM, Wallace DJ, Yao Z, et al. Dose-dependent modulation of interferon regulated genes with administration of single and repeat doses of Rontalizumab in a phase I, placebo controlled, double blind, dose escalation study in SLE. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: S775-6.
384. [384] Schwarting A, Paul K, Tschirner S, et al. Interferon-beta: a therapeutic for autoimmune lupus in MRL-Faslpr mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16(11): 3264-72.
385. [385] Lawson BR, Prud'homme GJ, Chang Y, et al. Treatment of murine lupus with cDNA encoding IFN-gammaR/Fc. J Clin Invest 2000; 106(2): 207-15.
386. [386] Jacob CO, van der Meide PH, McDevitt HO. In vivo treatment of (NZB X NZW) F1 lupus-like nephritis with monoclonal antibody to gamma interferon. J Exp Med 1987; 166(3): 798-803.
387. [387] Gordon C, Ranges GE, Greenspan JS, Wofsy D. Chronic therapy with recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha in autoimmune NZB/NZW F1 mice. Clin Immunol lmmunopathol 1989; 52(3): 421-34.
388. [388] Aringer M, Houssiau F, Gordon C, et al. Adverse events and efficacy of TNF-alpha blockade with infliximab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: long-term follow-up of 13 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48(11): 1451-4.
389. [389] US National Library of Medicine, “The Safety and Efficacy of Etanercept (Enbrel®) for the Treatment of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DISCLUP2008),” (Last updated: May 25, 2010) http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00797784.
390. [390] Kalechman Y, Gafter U, Da JP, Albeck M, Alarcon-Segovia D, Sredni B. Delay in the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus following treatment with the immunomodulator AS101: association with IL-10 inhibition and increase in TNF-alpha levels. J Immunol 1997; 159(6): 2658-67.
391. [391] Llorente L, Richaud-Patin Y, García-Padilla C, et al. Clinical and biologic effects of anti-interleukin-10 monoclonal antibody administration in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43(8): 1790-800.
392. [392] Singh RR, Saxena V, Zang S, et al. Differential contribution of IL-4 and STAT6 vs STAT4 to the development of lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2003; 170(9): 4818-25.
393. [393] Schorlemmer HU, Dickneite G, Kanzy EJ, Enssle KH. Modulation of the immunoglobulin dysregulation in GvH-and SLE-like diseases by the murine IL-4 receptor (IL-4-R). Inflamm Res 1995; 44(S2): S194-46.
394. [394] Biswas PS, Gupta S, Chang E, et al. Phosphorylation of IRF4 by ROCK2 regulates IL-17 and IL-21 production and the development of autoimmunity in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120(9): 3280-95.
395. [395] Herber D, Brown TP, Liang S, Young DA, Collins M, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K. IL-21 has a pathogenic role in a lupus-prone mouse model and its blockade with IL-21R.Fc reduces disease progression. J Immunol 2007; 178(6): 3822-30.
396. [396] Bossù P, Neumann D, Del Giudice E, et al. IL-18 cDNA vaccination protects mice from spontaneous lupus-like autoimmune disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(24): 14181-86.
397. [397] Zoja C, Corna D, Benedetti G, et al. Bindarit retards renal disease and prolongs survival in murine lupus autoimmune disease. Kidney Int 1998; 53(3): 726-34.
398. [398] Guglielmotti A, Aquilini L, D'Onofrio E, Rosignoli MT, Milanese C, Pinza M. Bindarit prolongs survival and reduces renal damage in NZB/W lupus mice. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998; 16(2): 149-54.
399. [399] Ble A, Mosca M, Di Loreto G, et al. Antiproteinuric effect of chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 inhibition in subjects with acute proliferative lupus nephritis. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34(4): 367-72.
400. [400] Anders HJ, Belemezova E, Eis V, et al. Late onset of treatment with a chemokine receptor CCR1 antagonist prevents progression of lupus nephritis in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15(6): 1504-13.
401. [401] Blair PA, Chavez-Rueda KA, Evans JG, et al. Selective targeting of B cells with agonistic anti-CD40 is an efficacious strategy for the generation of induced regulatory T2-like B cells and for the suppression of lupus in MRL/lpr mice. J Immunol 2009; 182(6): 3492-502.
402. [402] Scalapino KJ, Tang Q, Bluestone JA, Bonyhadi ML, Daikh DI. Suppression of disease in New Zealand Black/New Zealand White lupus-prone mice by adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells. J Immunol 2006; 177(3): 1451-59.
403. [403] Scalapino KJ, Daikh DI. Suppression of glomerulonephritis in NZB/NZW lupus prone mice by adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells. PLoS One 2009; 4(6): e6031.
404. [404] Gu Z, Akiyama K, Ma X, et al. Transplantation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviates lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice. Lupus 2010; 19(13): 1502-14.
405. [405] Chang JW, Hung SP, Wu HH, et al. Therapeutic effects of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in experimental lupus nephritis. Cell Transplant 2011; 20(2): 245-57.
406. [406] Liang J, Zhang H, Hua B, et al. Allogenic mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot clinical study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69(8): 1423-9.
407. [407] Schena F, Gambini C, Gregorio A, et al. Interferon--dependent inhibition of B cell activation by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62(9): 2776-86.
408. [408] Li Y, Raman I, Du Y, et al. Kallikrein transduced mesenchymal stem cells protect against anti-GBM disease and lupus nephritis by ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2013; 8(7): e67790.
409. [409] Amital H, Heilweil M, Ulmansky R, et al. Treatment with a laminin-derived peptide suppresses lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2005; 175(8): 5516-23.
410. [410] Monneaux F, Lozano JM, Patarroyo ME, Briand JP, Muller S. T cell recognition and therapeutic effect of a phosphorylated synthetic peptide of the 70K snRNP protein administered in MR/lpr mice. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33(2): 287-96.
411. [411] Page N, Schall N, Strub JM, et al. The spliceosomal phosphopeptide P140 controls the lupus disease by interacting with the HSC70 protein and via a mechanism mediated by gammadelta T cells. PLoS One 2009; 4(4): e5273.
412. [412] Kaliyaperumal A, Michaels MA, Datta SK. Antigen-specific therapy of murine lupus nephritis using nucleosomal peptides: tolerance spreading impairs pathogenic function of autoimmune T and B cells. J Immunol 1999; 162(10): 5775-83.
413. [413] Hahn BH, Singh RR, Wong WK, et al. Treatment with a consensus peptide based on amino acid sequences in autoantibodies prevents T cell activation by autoantigens and delays disease onset in murine lupus. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44(2): 432-41.
414. [414] Hahn BH, Singh RP, La Cava A, Ebling FM. Tolerogenic treatment of lupus mice with consensus peptide induces Foxp3-expressing, apoptosis-resistant, TGFbeta-secreting CD8+ T cell suppressors. J Immunol 2005; 175(11): 7728-37.
415. [415] E Mozes E, Sharabi A. A novel tolerogenic peptide, hCDR1, for the specific treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 10(1): 22-6.
416. [416] Xi J, Zhang GP, Qiao SL, et al. Increased survival and reduced renal injury in MRL/lpr mice treated with a human Fc receptor II (CD32) peptide. Immunology 2012; 136(1): 46-53.
417. [417] Marino M, Ruvo M, De Falco S, Fassina G. Prevention of systemic lupus erythematosus in MRL/lpr mice by administration of an immunoglobulin-binding peptide. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18(7): 735-9.
418. [418] Werwitzke S, Trick D, Sondermann P, et al. Treatment of lupusprone NZB/NZW F1 mice with recombinant soluble Fc gamma receptor II (CD32). Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67(2): 154-61.
419. [419] Tillmann S, Kolligs C, D’Cruz DP, et al. SM101, a novel recombinant, soluble, human FcIIB receptor, in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study. Arthritis Rheum 2014; 66(S11): S1238.
420. [420] Wu WM, Lin BF, Su YC, Suen JL, Chiang BL. Tamoxifen decreases renal inflammation and alleviates disease severity in autoimmune NZB/W F1 mice. Scand J Immunol 2000; 52(4): 393-400.
421. [421] Sthoeger ZM, Zinger H, Mozes E. Beneficial effects of the antioestrogen tamoxifen on systemic lupus erythematosus of (NZBxNZW) F1 female mice are associated with specific reduction of IgG3 autoantibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62(4): 341-6.
422. [422] Sturgess AD, Evans DT, Mackay IR, Riglar A. Effects of the oestrogen antagonist tamoxifen on disease indices in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Lab Immunol 1984; 13(1): 11-4.
423. [423] Zhang Y, Saha S, Rosenfeld G, Gonzalez J, Pepeljugoski KP, Peeva E. Raloxifene modulates estrogen-mediated B cell autoreactivity in NZB/W F1 mice. J Rheumatol 2010; 37(8): 1646-57.
424. [424] Yan XJ, Qi M, Telusma G, et al. Indole-3-carbinol improves survival in lupus-prone mice by inducing tandem B-and T-cell differentiation blockades. Clin Immunol 2009; 131(3): 481-94.
425. [425] Duvic M, Steinberg AD, Klassen LW. Effect of the anti-estrogen, Nafoxidine, on NZB/W autoimmune disease. Arthritis Rheum 1978; 21(4): 414-7.
426. [426] Roubinian JR, Papoian R, Talal N. Androgenic hormones modulate autoantibody responses and improve survival in murine lupus. J Clin Invest 1977; 59(6): 1066-70.
427. [427] Moszkorzová L, Lacinová Z, Marek J, Musilová L, Dohnalová A, Dostál C. Hyperprolactinaemia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20(6): 807-12.
428. [428] Steinberg AD, Roths JB, Murphy ED, Steinberg RT, Raveche ES. Effects ofthymectomy or androgen administration upon the autoimmune disease of MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice. J Immunol 1980; 125(2): 871-3.
429. [429] Lu LD, Stump KL, Wallace NH, et al. Depletion of autoreactive plasma cells and treatment of lupus nephritis in mice using CEP-33779, a novel, orally active, selective inhibitor of JAK2. J Immunol 2011; 187(7): 3840-53.
430. [430] Wang S, Yang N, Zhang L, et al. Jak/STAT signaling is involved in the inflammatory infiltration of the kidneys in MRL/lpr mice. Lupus 2010; 19(10): 1171-80.
431. [431] Barrat FJ, Meeker T, Chan JH, Guiducci C, Coffman RL. Treatment of lupus-prone mice with a dual inhibitor of TLR7 and TLR9 leads to reduction of autoantibody production and amelioration of disease symptoms. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37(12): 3582-6.
432. [432] Lamphier M, Zheng W, Latz E, et al. Novel small molecule inhibitors of TLR7 and TLR9: mechanism of action and efficacy in vivo. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85(3): 429-40.
433. [433] Rupanagudi KV, Kulkarni OP, Lichtnekert J, et al. Cathepsin S inhibition suppresses systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis because cathepsin S is essential for MHC class II-mediated CD4 T cell and B cell priming. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74(2): 452-63.
434. [434] Bengtsson AA, Sturfelt G, Lood C, et al. Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of paquinimod (ABR-215757), a new quinoline-3-carboxamide derivative: studies in lupus-prone mice and a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, repeat-dose, dose-ranging study in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64(5): 1579-88.
435. [435] Kulkarni OP, Sayyed SG, Kantner C, et al. 4SC-101, a novel small molecule dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, suppresses systemic lupus erythematosus in MRL-(Fas)lpr mice. Am J Pathol 2010; 176(6): 2840-7.
436. [436] Bao L, Osawe I, Puri T, Lambris JD, Haas M, Quigg RJ. C5a promotes development of experimental lupus nephritis which can be blocked with a specific receptor antagonist. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35(8): 2496-2506.
437. [437] Frese-Schaper M, Zbaeren J, Gugger M, Monestier M, Frese S. Reversal of established lupus nephritis and prolonged survival of New Zealand black x New Zealand white mice treated with the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan. J Immunol 2010 184(4): 2175-82.