Recent advances in single-asperity nanotribology

Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics

Volumn 41, Issue 12, 2008, Pages

  Szlufarska, Izabela ^a   Chandross, Michael ^b   Carpick, Robert W ^c  

^a University of Wisconsin Madison   (United States)

^b SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARSENIC COMPOUNDS; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; ATOMIC PHYSICS; ATOMS; DYNAMICS; ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES; FRICTION; MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NANOTRIBOLOGY; QUANTUM CHEMISTRY; SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY; SURFACE CHEMISTRY;

ASPERITY CONTACTS; ATOMIC FORCE (AF); ATOMIC LEVELS; CHEMICAL MECHANISMS; COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES; MECHANICAL DEVICES; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS (MDS); NANO ELECTRO MECHANICAL (NEM) SYSTEMS; NANO SCALING; NANOMETRE; SCIENTIFIC STUDIES; SURFACE FORCING;

IMAGING TECHNIQUES;

EID: 47349131475     PISSN: 00223727     EISSN: 13616463     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/41/12/123001     Document Type: Article

References (344)

1. Maboudian R, Ashurst W R and Carraro C 2002 Tribological challenges in micromechanical systems Tribol. Lett. 12 95
2. Maboudian R and Howe R T 1997 Critical review: adhesion in surface micromechanical structures J.Vac. Sci. Technol. 15 1
3. Flater E E, Corwin A D, de Boer M P and Carpick R W 2006 In-situ wear studies of surface micromachined interfaces subject to controlled loading Wear 260 580
4. de Boer M P and Mayer T M 2001 Tribology of MEMS MRS Bull. 26 302
5. Bhushan B 2007 Nanotribology and nanomechanics of MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/BioNEMS materials and devices Microelectron. Eng. 84 387
6. Discher D E, Jammey P and Wang Y-L 2005 Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate Science 310 1139
7. Homola A W, Israelachvili J N, McGuiggan P M and Gee M L 1990 Fundamental experimental studies in tribology: the transition from interfacial friction of undamaged molecularly smooth surfaces to normal friction and wear Wear 136 65
8. Berman A D, Ducker W A and Israelachvili J N 1996 Origin and characterization of different stick-slip friction mechanisms Langmuir 12 4559
9. Persson B N J, Albohr O, Tartaglino U, Volokitin A I and Tosatti E 2005 On the nature of surface roughness with application to contact mechanics, sealing, rubber friction and adhesion J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 17 R1
10. Bhushan B 2005 Nanotribology and Nanomechanics. An Introduction (Berlin: Springer)
11. Müser M H 2008 A rigorous, field-theoretical approach to the contact mechanics of rough, elastic solids Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 055504
12. Sarid D 1991 Scanning Force Microscopy: With Applications to Electric, Magnetic, and Atomic Forces (New York: Oxford University Press)
13. Bhushan B (ed) 2006 Handbook of Nanotechnology (Berlin: Springer)
14. Carpick R W and Salmeron M 1997 Scratching the surface: fundamental investigations of tribology with atomic force microscopy Chem. Rev. 97 1163
15. Gnecco E, Bennewitz R, Gyalog T and Meyer E 2001 Friction experiments on the nanometre scale J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 13 R619
16. Hutter J L 2005 Comment on tilt of atomic force microscope cantilevers: effect on spring constant and adhesion measurements Langmuir 21 2630
17. Cannara R J, Brukman M J and Carpick R W 2005 Cantilever tilt compensation for variable-load atomic force microscopy Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76 53706
18. Heim L-O, Kappl M and Butt H-J 2004 Tilt of atomic force microscope cantilevers: effect on spring constant and adhesion measurements Langmuir 20 2760
19. D'Amato M J, Marcus M S, Sasaki D Y, Eriksson M A and Carpick R W 2004 Phase imaging and the lever-sample tilt angle in dynamic atomic force microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 4378
20. Carpick R W and Eriksson M A 2004 Measurements of in-plane material properties with scanning probe microscopy MRS Bull. 29 472
21. Stiernstedt J, Rutland M W and Attard P 2005 A novel technique for the in situ calibration and measurement of friction with the atomic force microscope Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76 83710
22. Marti O, Drake B and Hansma P K 1987 Atomic force microscopy of liquid-covered surfaces: atomic resolution images Appl. Phys. Lett. 51 484
23. Germann G J, Cohen S R, Neubauer G, McClelland G M, Seki H and Coulman D 1993 Atomic scale friction of a diamond tip on diamond (100) and (111) surfaces J. Appl. Phys. 73 163
24. Howald L, Meyer E, Lüthi R, Haefke H, Overney R, Rudin H and Güntherodt H-J 1993 Multifunctional probe microscope for facile operation in ultrahigh vacuum Appl. Phys. Lett. 63 117
25. Kageshima M, Yamada H, Nakayama K, Sakama H, Kawau A, Fujii T and Suzuki M 1993 Development of an ultrahigh vacuum atomic force microscope for investigations of semiconductor surfaces J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 11 1987
26. Joyce S A and Houston J E 1991 A new force sensor incorporating force-feedback control for interfacial force microscopy Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62 710
27. Joyce S A, Houston J E and Michalske T A 1992 Differentiation of topographical and chemical structures using an interfacial force microscope Appl. Phys. Lett. 60 1175
28. Jarvis S P, Oral A, Weihs T P and Pethica J B 1993 A novel force microscope and point contact probe Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64 3515
29. Jarvis S P, Yamada H, Yamamoto S-I and Tokumoto H 1996 A new force controlled atomic force microscope for use in ultrahigh vacuum Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67 2281
30. Ashby P D, Chen L W and Lieber C M 2000 Probing intermolecular forces and potentials with magnetic feedback chemical force microscopy J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 9467
31. Carpick R W, Agrat N, Ogletree D F and Salmeron M 1996 Measurement of interfacial shear (friction) with an ultrahigh vacuum atomic force microscope J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14 1289
32. Carpick R W, Agrat N, Ogletree D F and Salmeron M 1996 Variation of the interfacial shear strength and adhesion of a nanometer-sized contact Langmuir 12 3334
33. Carpick R W, Ogletree D F and Salmeron M 1997 Lateral stiffness: A new nanomechanical measurement with friction force microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 1548
34. Carpick R W, Enachescu M, Ogletree D F and Salmeron M 1999 Fracture and Ductile vs. Brittle Behavior-Theory, Modeling and Experiment ed G Beltz et al (Warrendale, PA, USA: Materials Research Society) p 93
35. Enachescu M, van den Oetelaar R J A, Carpick R W, Ogletree D F, Flipse C F J and Salmeron M 1999 Observation of proportionality between friction and contact area at the nanometer scale Tribol. Lett. 7 73
36. Riedo E, Chevrier J, Comin F and Brune H 2001 Nanotribology of carbon based thin films: the influence of film structure and surface morphology Surf. Sci. 477 25
37. Hertz H 1881 On the contact of elastic solids J. Reine Angew. Math. 92 156
38. 2 coatings Appl. Phys. Lett. 57 995
39. Timsit R S 1992 Fundamentals of Friction ed I L Singer and H M Pollock (Dordrecht: Kluwer) p 287
40. Christenson H K 1993 Adhesion and surface energy of mica in air and water J. Phys. Chem. 97 12034
41. Briscoe B J 1982 The shear properties of Langmuir-Blodgett layers Proc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 380 389
42. Israelachvili J N 1992 Fundamentals of Friction ed I L Singer and H M Pollock (Dordrecht: Kluwer) p 351
43. Johnson K L 1997 Adhesion and friction between a smooth elastic spherical asperity and a plane surface Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 453 163
44. Israelachvili J N 1992 Intermolecular and Surface Forces (London: Academic)
45. Johnson K L, Kendall K and Roberts A D 1971 Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 324 301
46. Derjaguin B V, Muller V M and Toporov Y P 1975 Effect of contact deformations on the adhesion of particles J. Colloid Interface Sci. 53 314
47. Polaczyk C, Schneider T, Schofer J and Santner R 1998 Microtribological behavior of Au(001) studied by afm/ffm Surf. Sci. 402 454
48. Meyer E, Luthi R, Howald L, Bammerlin M, Guggisberg M and Guntherodt H-J 1996 Site-specific friction force spectroscopy J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14 1285
49. Schwarz U D, Zworner O, Koster P and Wiesendanger R 1997 Quantitative analysis of the frictional properties of solid materials at low loads Phys. Rev. B 56 6987
50. Johnson K L 1987 Contact Mechanics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
51. Unertl W N 1999 Implications of contact mechanics models for mechanical properties measurements using scanning force microscopy J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 17 1779
52. Luan B and Robbins M O 2005 The breakdown of continuum models for mechanical contacts Nature 435 929
53. Luan B and Robbins M O 2006 Contact of single asperities with varying adhesion: comparing continuum mechanics to atomistic simulations Phys. Rev. E 74 026111
54. Wenning L and Müser M H 2001 Friction laws for elastic nanoscale contacts Europhys. Lett. 54 693
55. Tortonese M and Kirk M 1997 Characterization of application specific probes for SPMs Proc. SPIE 3009 53
56. Cannara R J, Eglin M and Carpick R W 2006 Lateral force calibration in atomic force microscopy: a new lateral force calibration method and general guidelines for optimization Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 053701
57. Green C P, Lioe H, Cleveland J P, Proksch R, Mulvaney P and Sader J E 2004 Normal and torsional spring constants of atomic force microscope cantilevers Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 1988
58. Varenberg M, Etsion I and Halperin G 2003 An improved wedge calibration method for lateral force in atomic force microscopy Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74 3362
59. Sader J E, Chon J W M and Mulvaney P 1999 Calibration of rectangular atomic force microscope cantilevers Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70 3967
60. Ogletree D F, Carpick R W and Salmeron M 1996 Calibration of frictional forces in atomic force microscopy Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67 3298
61. Sader J E and Green C P 2004 In-plane deformation of cantilever plates with applications to lateral force microscopy Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 878
62. Craig V S J and Neto C 2001 In situ calibration of colloid probe cantilevers in force microscopy: hydrodynamic drag on a sphere approaching a wall Langmuir 17 6018
63. Khurshudov A and Kato K 1996 Wear of the silicon nitride microtip studied by the atomic force microscopy Proc. Int. Symp. Microsys. Int. Mat. Rob. 7 118
64. Bloo M L, Haitjema H and Pril W O 1999 Deformation and wear of pyramidal, silicon-nitride AFM tips scanning micrometre-size features in contact mode Measurement 25 203
65. 2 ridges as tip characterizer Langmuir 16 6267
66. Tao Z and Bhushan B 2006 Surface modification of AFM silicon probes for adhesion and wear reduction Tribol. Lett. 21 1
67. Larsen T, Moloni K, Flack F, Eriksson M A, Lagally M G and Black C T 2002 Comparison of wear characteristics of etched-silicon and carbon nanotube atomic-force microscopy probes Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 1996
68. Chung K-H, Lee Y-H and Kim D-E 2005 Characteristics of fracture during the approach process and wear mechanism of a silicon AFM tip Ultramicroscopy 102 161
69. Qian L M, Xiao X D and Wen S Z 2000 Tip in situ chemical modification and its effects on tribological measurements Langmuir 16 662
70. Brukman M J, Oncins Marco G, Dunbar T D, Boardman L D and Carpick R W 2006 Nanotribological properties of alkanephosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers on aluminum oxide: effects of fluorination and substrate crystallinity Langmuir 22 3988
71. Stevens F, Langford S C and Dickinson J T 2006 Tribochemical wear of sodium trisilicate glass at the nanometer size scale J. Appl. Phys. 99 23529
72. Miyake S and Asano M 2000 Nano processing by hard film coated tips and movement of processed nanoslider supported by van der Waals forces J. Japan Soc. Precis. Eng. 66 1275
73. Doris B B and Hegde R I 1995 Improved atomic force microscopy imaging using carbon-coated probe tips Appl. Phys. Lett. 67 3816
74. Xu L, Lio A, Hu J, Ogletree D F and Salmeron M 1998 Wetting and capillary phenomena of water on mica J. Phys. Chem. B 102 540
75. Carpick R W, Agrat N, Ogletree D F and Salmeron M 1996 Measurement of interfacial shear (friction) with an ultrahigh vacuum atomic force microscope J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14 1289
76. Tanaka H, Tabata H and Kawai T 1999 Probing the surface forces of atomic layered SrTiO3 films by atomic force microscopy Thin Solid Films 342 4
77. Flater E E, Ashurst W R and Carpick R W 2007 Nanotribology of octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayers and silicon: self-mated vs. unmated interfaces and local packing density effects Langmuir 23 9242
78. Liang Q, Hongnian L, Yabo X and Xudong X 2006 Friction and adhesion between C60 single crystal surfaces and AFM tips: effects of the orientational phase transition J. Phys. Chem B 110 403
79. Yap H W, Lakes R S and Carpick R W 2007 Mechanical instabilities of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes under cyclic axial compression Nano Lett. 7 1149
80. Yan X, Perry S S, Spencer N D, Pasche S, De Paul S M, Textor M and Lim M S 2004 Reduction of friction at oxide interfaces upon polymer adsorption from aqueous solutions Langmuir 20 423
81. Feiler A A, Jenkins P and Rutland M W 2005 Effect of relative humidity on adhesion and frictional properties of micro- and nanoscopic contacts J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 19 165
82. Cain R G, Page N W and Biggs S 2000 Microscopic and macroscopic effects of surface lubricant films in granular shear Phys. Rev. E 62 8369
83. Yilmaz H, Sato K and Watari K 2007 AFM interaction study of alpha;-alumina particle and c-sapphire surfaces at high-ionic-strength electrolyte solutions J. Colloid Interface Sci. 307 116
84. Minor A M, Lilleodden E T, Jin M, Stach E A, Chrzan D C and Morris J W 2005 Room temperature dislocation plasticity in silicon Phil. Mag. 85 323
85. Minor A M, Morris J W and Stach E A 2001 Quantitative in situ nanoindentation in an electron microscope Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 1625
86. Minor A M, Lilleodden E T, Stach E A and Morris J W 2004 Direct observation of incipient plasticity during nanoindentation of Al J. Mater. Res. 19 176
87. Minor A M, Asif S A S, Shan Z, Stach E A, Cyrankowski E, Wyrobek T J and Warren O L 2006 A new view of the onset of plasticity during the nanoindentation of aluminum Nature Mater. 5 697
88. Shan Z W, Mishra R K, Asif S A S, Warren O L and Minor A M 2008 Mechanical annealing and source-limited deformation in submicrometre-diameter Ni cyrstals Nature Mater. 7 115
89. Schuh C A 2006 Nanoindentation studies of materials Mater. Today 9 32
90. Warren O L, Shan Z W, Asif S A S, Stach E A, Morris J W and Minor A M 2007 In situ nanoindentation in TEM Mater. Today 10 59
91. Ribeiro R, Shan Z, Minor A M and Liang H 2007 In situ observation of nano-abrasive wear Wear 263 1556
92. Merkle A P and Marks L D 2007 Friction in full view Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 064101
93. Chandross M, Lorenz C D, Stevens M and Grest G S 2008 Simulations of Nanotribology with Realistic Probe Tip Models Langmuir 24 1240
94. Allen M P and Tildesley D J 1987 Computer Simulations of Liquids (Oxford: Clarendon)
95. Stuart S J 2000 A reactive potential for hydrocarbons with intermolecular interactions J. Chem. Phys. 112 6472
96. Mishin Y, Suzuki A, Uberuaga B P and Voter A F 2007 Stick-slip behavior of grain boundaries studied by accelerated molecular dynamics Phys. Rev. B 75 224101
97. Voter A F, Montalenti F and Germann T C 2002 Extending the time scale in atomistic simulation of materials Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 32 321
98. Schitter G and Stemmer A 2004 Model-based signal conditioning for high-speed atomic force and friction force microscopy Microelectron. Eng. 67-68 938
99. Tambe N S and Bhushan B 2006 Nanowear mapping: a novel atomic force microscopy based approach for studying nanoscale wear at high sliding velocities Tribol. Lett. 20 83
100. Pietrement O and Troyon M 2002 Quantitative study of shear modulus and interfacial shear strength by combining modulated lateral force and magnetic force modulation microscopies Surf. Interfacial Anal. 31 1060
101. Scherer V and Arnold W 1997 Friction force microscopy at ultrasonic frequencies Mirco/Nanotribology and its Applications Proc. NATO Adv. Study Inst. 2 1391
102. Pethica J B and Sutton A P 1988 On the stability of a tip and flat at very small separations J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6 2490
103. Landman U, Luedtke W D and Ribarsky M W 1989 Structural and dynamical consequences of interactions in interfacial systems J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 7 2829
104. Landman U and Luedtke W D 1991 Nanomechanics and dynamics of tip-substrate interactions J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 414
105. Landman U, Luedtke W D and Ringer E M 1992 Atomistic mechanisms of adhesive contact formation and interfacial processes Wear 153 3
106. Landman U, Luedtke W D and Nitzan A 1989 Dynamics of tip-substrate interactions in atomic force microscopy Surf. Sci. Lett. 210 L177
107. Sirvent C, Rodrigo J G, Agrait N and Vieira S 1996 STM study of the atomic contact between metallic electrodes Physica B 218 238
108. Perez R, Stich I, Payne M C and Terakura K 1998 Surface-tip interactions in noncontact atomic-force microscopy on reactive surfaces: Si(111) Phys. Rev. B 58 10835
109. Koutsos V 1994 Atomic-force microscopy and real atomic-resolution-simple computer simulations Europhys. Lett. 26 103
110. Abdurixit A, Baratoff A and Meyer E 2000 Molecular dynamics simulations of dynamic force microscopy: applications to the Si(111)-7 × 7 surface Appl. Surf. Sci. 157 355
111. Bennewitz R, Foster A S, Kantorovich L N, Bammerlin M, Loppacher C, Schar S, Guggisberg M, Meyer E and Shluger A L 2000 Atomically resolved edges and kinks of NaCl islands on Cu(111): experiment and theory Phys. Rev. B 62 2074
112. Foster A S, Barth C, Shluger A L and Reichling M 2001 Unambiguous interpretation of atomically resolved force microscopy images of an insulator Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2373
113. Foster A S 2004 Realistic model tips in simulations of nc-AFM Nanotechnology 15 S60
114. Nieminen J A 1992 Static junction growth during frictional sliding of metals Acta Metall. 40 2503
115. Nieminen J A 1992 Mechanism of lubrication by a thin solid film on a metal-surface Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1 83
116. Sørensen M R, Jacobsen K W and Stoltze P 1996 Simulations of atomic-scale sliding friction Phys. Rev. B (Condens. Matter) 53 2101
117. Gao G T, Cannara R J, Carpick R W and Harrison J A 2007 Atomic-scale friction on diamond: a comparison of different sliding directions on (001) and (111) surfaces using MD and AFM Langmuir 23 5394
118. Maugis D 1992 Adhesion of spheres-the JKR-DMT transition using a Dugdale model J. Colloid Interface Sci. 150 243
119. Leng Y, Yang G, Hu Y and Zheng L 2000 Computer experiments on nano-indentation: A molecular dynamics approach to the elasto-plastic contact of metal copper J. Mater. Sci. 35 2061
120. Szlufarska I 2005 Atomistic simulations of nanoindentation Mater. Today 9 42
121. Tomagnini O, Ercolessi F and Tosatti E 1993 Microscopic interaction between a gold tip and a Pb(110) surface Surf. Sci. 287-288 1041
122. Cha P-R, Srolovitz D J and Vanderlick T K 2004 Molecular dynamics simulation of single asperity contact Acta Mater. 52 3983
123. Zimmerman J A, Kelchner C L, Klein P A, Hamilton J C and Foiles S M 2001 Dislocation nucleation and defect structure during surface indentation Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 165507
124. Kelchner C L, Plimpton S J and Hamilton J C 1998 Dislocation nucleation and defect structure during surface indentation Phys. Rev. B 58 11085
125. De la Fuente O R, Zimmerman J A, Gonzalez M A, De la Figuera J C, Hamilton J C, Pai W W and Rojo J M 2002 Dislocation emission around nanoindentation on a(001) fcc metal surface studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and atomistic simulations Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 036101
126. Szlufarska I, Nakano A and Vashishta P 2005 A crossover in the mechanical response of nanocrystalline ceramics Science 309 911
127. Szlufarska I, Kalia R K, Nakano A and Vashishta P 2005 Atomistic processes during nanoindentation of amorphous silicon carbide Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 021915
128. Walsh P, Kalia R K, Nakano A and Vashishta P 2000 Amorphization and anisotropic fracture dynamics during nanoindentation of silicon nitride: a multimilion atom molecular dynamics study Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 4332
129. Choi Y, Van Vliet K J, Li J and Suresh S 2003 Size effects on the onset of plastic deformation during nanoindentation of thin films and patterned lines J. Appl. Phys. 94 6050
130. Lilleodden E T, Zimmerman J A, Foiles S M and Nix W D 2003 Atomistic simulations of elastic deformation and dislocation nucleation during nanoindentation J. Mech. Phys. Sol. 51 901
131. Li J, Van Vliet K J, Yip S and Suresh S 2002 Atomistic mechanisms governing elastic limit and incipient plasticity in crystals Nature 418 307
132. Chrobak D, Nordlund K and Nowak R 2007 Nondislocation origin of GaAs nanoindentation pop-in event Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 045502
133. Cheong W C D and Zhang L C 2000 Molecular dynamics simulation of phase transformation in silicon monocrystals due to nanoindentation 2000 Nanotechnology 11 173
134. Kallman J S, Hoover W G, Hoover C G, Groot A J D, Lee S M and Wooten F 1993 Molecular dynamics of silicon nanoindentation Phys. Rev. B 47 7705
135. Szlufarska I, Kalia R K, Nakano A and Vashishta P 2005 Atomistic mechanisms of amorphization during nanoindentation of SiC: a molecular dynamics study Phys. Rev. B 71 174113
136. Smith R, Christopher D and Kenny S D 2003 Defect generation and pileup of atoms during nanoindentation of Fe single crystals Phys. Rev. B 67 245405
137. Chen H-P, Kalia R K, Nakano A, Vashishta P and Szlufarska I 2007 Multimilion-atom nanoindentation simulations of crystalline silicon carbide: orientation dependence and anisotropic pileup J. Appl. Phys. 102 063514
138. Schall J D and Brenner D W 2002 Atomistic simulation of the influence of pre-existing stress on the interpreation of nanoindentation data J. Mater. Sci. B 19 3172
139. Tsui T Y, Oliver W C and Pharr G M 1996 Influences of stress on the measurement of mechanical properties using nanoindentation:I. Experimental studies in an aluminum alloy J. Mater. Res. 11 752
140. Bolshakov A, Oliver W C and Pharr G M 1996 Influences of stress on the measurement of mechanical properties using nanoindentation: 2. Finite element simulations J. Mater. Res. 11 760
141. Bonner T and Baratoff A 1997 Molecular dynamics study of scanning force microscopy on self-assembled monolayers Surf. Sci. 377-379 1082
142. Murat M and Grest G S 1996 Molecular dynamics simulations of the force between a polymer brush and an AFM tip Macromolecules 29
143. Ohzono T and Fujihira M 2000 Molecular dynamics simulations of friction between an ordered organic monolayer and a rigid slider with an atomic-scale protuberance Phys. Rev. B 62 17055
144. Ohzono T and Fujihira M 2000 Effect of an atomic scale protrusion on a tip surface on molecular stick-slip motion and friction anisotropy in friction force microscopy Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 39 6029
145. Müser M H 2002 Nature of mechanical instabilities and their effect on kinetic friction Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 224301
146. Müser M H and Robbins M O 2000 Conditions for static friction between flat crystalline surfaces Phys. Rev. B 61 2335
147. Leng Y and Jiang S 2000 Atomic indentation and friciton of self-assembled monolayers by hybrid molecular simulations J. Chem. Phys. 113 8800
148. Zhang L, Leng Y and Jiang S 2003 Tip-based hybrid simulation study of frictional properties of self-assembled monolayers: effects of chain length, terminal group, scan direction, and scan velocity Langmuir 19 9742
149. Flater E E, Ashurst W R and Carpick R W 2007 Nanotribology of octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayers and silicon: Self-mated vs. unmated interfaces and local packing density effects Langmuir 23 9242
150. Greenwood J A 1997 Adhesion of elastic spheres Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A (Math. Phys. Sci.) 453 1277
151. Tabor D 1977 Surface forces and surface interactions J. Colloid Interface Sci. 58 2
152. Grierson D S, Flater E E and Carpick R W 2005 Accounting for the JKR-DMT transition in adhesion and friction measurements with atomic force microscopy J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 19 294
153. Barthel E 1998 On the description of the adhesive contact of spheres with arbitrary interaction potentials J. Colloid Interface Sci. 200 7
154. Barthel E 1999 Modelling the adhesion of spheres: when the form of the interaction is complex Proc. 1997 9th Int. Conf. on Surface and Colloids Science 9ICSCS, (6-12 July 1997) Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 149 99
155. 2 Phys. Rev. B 55 10776
156. Carpick R W, Ogletree D F and Salmeron M 1999 A general equation for fitting contact area and friction vs load measurements J. Colloid Interface Sci. 211 395
157. Piétrement O and Troyon M 2000 General equations describing elastic indentation depth and normal contact stiffness versus load J. Colloid Interface Sci. 226 166
158. Schwarz U D 2003 A generalized analytical model for the elastic deformation of an adhesive contact between a sphere and a flat surface J. Colloid Interface Sci. 261 99
159. Maugis D 1995 Extension of the JKR theory of the elastic contact of spehres to large contact radii Langmuir 11 679
160. Carpick R W, Agrat N, Ogletree D F and Salmeron M 1996 Measurement of interfacial shear (friction) with an ultrahigh vacuum atomic force microscope J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14 1289
161. Carpick R W, Agrat N, Ogletree D F and Salmeron M 1996 Measurement of interfacial shear (friction) with an ultrahigh vacuum atomic force microscope J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14 2772
162. Borodich F M 1993 The Hertz frictional contact between nonlinear elastic anisotropic bodies (the similarity approach) Int. J. Solids Struct. 30 1513
163. Wahl K J, Stepnowski S V and Unertl W N 1998 Viscoelastic effects in nanometer-scale contacts under shear Tribol. Lett. 5 103
164. Maugis D and Barquins M 1978 Fracture mechanics and the adherence of viscoelastic bodies J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 11 1989
165. Mangipudi V S and Tirrell M 1998 Contact-mechanics-based studies of adhesion between polymers Rubber Chem. Technol. 71 407
166. Unertl W N 2000 Creep effects in nanometer-scale contacts to viscoelastic materials: a status report J. Adhes. 74 195
167. Giri M, Bousfield D B and Unertl W N 2001 Dynamic contacts on viscoelastic films: work of adhesion Langmuir 17 2973
168. Barthel E, Haiat G and Phan Huy M C 2003 The adhesive contact of viscoelastic spheres J. Mech. Phys. Solids 51 69
169. Shull K R 2002 Contact mechanics and the adhesion of soft solids Mater. Sci. Eng. R: Rep. R36 1
170. Galanov B A, Domnich V and Gogotsi Y 2003 Elastic-plastic contact mechanics of indentations accounting for phase transformations Exp. Mech. 43 303
171. Mesarovic S D and Johnson K L 2000 Adhesive contact of elastic-plastic spheres J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48 2009
172. Shi D, Lin Y and Ovaert T C 2003 Indentation of an orthotropic half-space by a rigid ellipsoidal indenter J. Tribol. 125 223
173. Fabrikant V I 2004 Application of the generalized images method to contact problems for a transversely isotropic elastic layer J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des. 39 55
174. Johnson K L and Sridhar I 2001 Adhesion between a spherical indenter and an elastic solid with a compliant elastic coating J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 34 683
175. Reedy E D 2006 Thin-coating contact mechanics with adhesion J. Mater. Res. 21 2660
176. Etsion I 2005 Unloading of an elastic-plastic loaded spherical contact International J. Solids Struct. 42 3716
177. Socoliuc A, Bennewitz R, Gnecco E and Meyer E 2004 Transition from stick-slip to continous sliding in atomic friction: engering a new regime of ultralow friction Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 134301
178. Tomlinson G A 1929 A molecular theory of friction Phil. Mag. Ser. 7 905
179. Sang Y, Dube M and Grant M 2001 Thermal effects on atomic friction Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 174301
180. Greenwood J A 1997 Adhesion of elastic spheres Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 453 1277
181. Gnecco E, Bennewitz R, Pfeiffer O, Socoliuc A and Meyer E 2005 in Nanotribology and Nanomechanics ed B Bhushan (Berlin: Springer) p 483
182. Lantz M A, O'Shea J S, Hoole A C F and Welland M E 1997 Lateral stiffness of the tip and tip-sample contact in frictional force microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 970
183. Jarvis S P, Lantz M A, Ogiso H, Tokumoto H and Durig U 1999 Conduction and mechanical properties of atomic scale gold contacts Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 3132
184. Pescini L, Tilke A, Blick R H, Lorenz H, Kotthaus J P, Eberhardt W and Kern D 1999 Suspending highly doped silicon-on-insulator wires for applications in nanomechanics Nanotechnology 10 418
185. Kogut L and Komvopoulos K 2004 Electrical contact resistance theory for conductive rough surfaces separated by a thin insulating film J. Appl. Phys. 95 576
186. Yanson A I, Rubio Bollinger G, Van den Brom H E, Agrait N and van Ruitenbeek J M 1998 Formation and manipulation of a metallic wire of single gold atoms Nature 395 783
187. Rubio G, Agrat N and Vieira S 1996 Atomic-sized metallic contacts: mechanical properties and electronic transport Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 2302
188. Major R C, Kim H I, Houston J E and Zhu X-Y 2003 Tribological properties of alkoxyl monolayers on oxide terminated silicon Tribol. Lett. 14 237
189. Schwarz U D, Bluhm H, Holscher H, Allers W and Wiesendanger R 1996 Physics of Sliding Friction (Dordrecht: Kluwer)
190. Carpick R W 1997 PhD Thesis University of California, Berkeley (unpublished)
191. Harrison J A, Stuart S J and Brenner D 1999 Atomic-scale simulations of tribological and related phenomena Handbook of Micro/NanoTribology (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) pp 525-94
192. He G, Müser M H and Robbins M O 1999 Adsorbed layers and the origin of static friction Science 284 1650
193. Shimizu J, Eda H, Yoritsune M and Ohumura E 1998 Molecular dynamics simulation of friction on the atomic scale Nanotechnology 9 118
194. Sokoloff J B 2002 Possible microscopic explanation of the virtually universal of static friction Phys. Rev. B 65 115415
195. Buldum A, Leitner D M and Ciraci S 1999 Model for phononic energy dissipation in friction Phys. Rev. B 59 16042
196. Li B, Clapp P C, Rifkin J A and Zhang X M 2001 Molecular dynamics simulations of stick-slip J. Appl. Phys. 90 3090
197. Qi Y, Yng-Tse C, Cagin T and Goddard W A 2002 Friction anisotropy at Ni(100)/(100) interfaces: molecular dynamics studies Phys. Rev. B 66 85420
198. 3 interfaces Phys. Rev. B 72 45406
199. Perry M D and Harrison J A 1996 Molecular dynamics studies of the frictional properties of hydrocarbon materials Langmuir 12 4552
200. Perry M D and Harrison J A 1997 Friction between diamond surfaces in the presence of small third-body molecules J. Phys. Chem. B 101 1364
201. Horn R G, Smith D T and Haller W 1989 Chem. Phys. Lett. 162 404
202. Raviv U, Giasson S, Frey J and Klein J 2002 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 9275
203. Persson B N 1991 Phys. Rev. B 44 3277
204. Persson B N, Tosatti E, Fuhrmann D, Witte G and Woll C 1999 Phys. Rev. B 265 11777
205. Persson B N and Volotkin A I 1995 J. Chem. Phys. 103 8679
206. Mate C M, McClelland G M, Erlandsson R and Chiang S 1987 Atomic-scale friction of a tungsten tip on a graphite surface Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 1942
207. Takano H and Fujihira M 1996 Study of molecular scale friction on stearic acid crystals by friction force microscopy J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14 1272
208. Morita S, Fujisawa S and Sugawara Y 1996 Spatially quantized friction with a lattice periodicity Surf. Sci. Rep. 23 1-41
209. Persson B N J and Tosatti E 1996 NATO ASI series. Series E Applied sciences (Dordrecht: Kluwer)
210. Tomanek D, Zhong W and Thomas H 1991 Calculation of an atomically modulated friction force in atomic force microscopy Europhys. Lett. 15 887
211. Sasaki N, Kobayashi K and Tsukada M 1996 Theoretical simulation of atomic-scale friction in atomic force microscopy Surf. Sci. 357-358 92
212. Colchero J, Baro A M and Marti O 1996 Energy dissipation in scanning force microscopy-friction on an atomic scale Tribol. Lett. 2 327
213. Gyalog T, Bammerlin M, Lüthi R, Meyer E and Thomas H 1995 Mechanism of atomic friction Europhys. Lett. 31 269
214. McClelland G M 1989 Adhesion and Friction (Springer Series in Surface Science) vol 17 ed M Grunze and H J Kreuzer p 1
215. Sokoloff J B 1991 The relationship between static and kinetic friction and atomic level stick slip motion Thin Solid Films 206 208
216. Weiss M and Elmer F-J 1996 Dry friction in the Frenkel-Kontorova- Tomlinson model: Static properties Physical Review B (Condens. Matter) 53 7539
217. Sasaki N, Kobayashi K and Tsukada M 1996 Interpretation of frictional-force microscopy images based on the two-dimensional stick-slip motion of the tip atom Japan. J. Appl. Phys. part 1 35 3700 (Regular Papers, Short Notes & Review Papers)
218. Hölscher H, Schwarz U D and Wiesendanger R 1996 Simulation of a scanned tip on a NaF (001) surface in friction force microscopy Europhys. Lett. 36 19
219. Gyalog T and Thomas H 1997 Friction between atomically flat surfaces Europhys. Lett. 37 195
220. Gyalog T and Thomas H 1996 Physics of Sliding Friction ed B N J Persson and E Tosatti (Dordrecht: Kluwer) p 403
221. Kerssemakers J and De Hosson J T M 1995 Atomic force microscopy imaging of transition metal layered compounds: a two-dimensional stick-slip system Appl. Phys. Lett. 67 347
222. Kerssemakers J and De Hosson J T M 1996 Influence of spring stiffness and anisotropy on stick-slip atomic force microscopy imaging J. Appl. Phys. 80 623
223. Harrison J A, White C T, Colton R J and Brenner D W 1992 Molecular-dynamics simulations of atomic-scale friction of diamond surfaces Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter 46 9700
224. Perry M D and Harrison J A 1995 Universal aspects of the atomic-scale friction of diamond durfaces J. Phys. Chem 99 9960
225. Shluger A L, Williams R T and Rohl A L 1995 Lateral and friction forces originating during force microscope scanning of ionic surfaces Surf. Sci. 343 273
226. Landman U, Luedtke W D and Nitzan A 1989 Dynamics of tip-substrate interactions in atomic force microscopy Surf. Sci. Lett. 210 L177
227. Prandtl L 2006 ZAMM - Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 8 85
228. McClelland G M and Glosli J N 1992 Fundamentals of Friction ed I L Singer and H M Pollock (Dordrecht: Kluwer) p 405
229. Sokoloff J B 1993 Possible nearly frictionless sliding for mesoscopic solids Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 3450
230. Sokoloff J B 1995 Microscopic mechanisms for kinetic friction: nearly frictionless sliding for small solids Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter 52 7205
231. Krylov S Y, Jinesh K B, Valk H, Dienwiebel M and Frenken J W M 2005 Thermally induced suppression of friction at the atomic scale Phys. Rev. 71 65101 (Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics)
232. Gnecco E, Bennewitz R, Gyalog T, Loppacher C, Bammerlin M, Meyer E and Guntherodt H J 2000 Velocity dependence of atomic friction Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 1172
233. Conley W G, Raman A and Krousgrill C M 2005 Nonlinear dynamics in Tomlinson's model for atomic-scale friction and friction force microscopy J. Appl. Phys. 98 053519
234. Landman U and Luedtke W D 1993 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy III: Theory of STM and Related Scanning Probe Methods ed R Wiesendanger and H-J Guntherodt (Berlin: Springer) p 207
235. Hirano M and Shinjo K 1990 Atomistic locking and friction Phys. Rev. B 41 11837
236. Dienwiebel M, Verhoeven G S, Pradeep N, Frenken J W M, Heimberg J A and Zandbergen H W 2004 Superlubricity of graphite Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 126101
237. Filippov A E, Dienwiebel M, Frenken J W M, Klafter J and Urbakh M 2008 Torque and twist against superlubricity Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 046102
238. Medyanik S, Kam Liu W, Sung I-H and Carpick R W 2006 Predictions and observations of multiple slip modes in atomic-scale friction Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 136106
239. Socoliuc A, Gnecco E, Maier S, Pfeiffer O, Baratoff A, Bennewitz R and Meyer E 2006 Atomic-scale control of friction by actuaion of nanometer-sized contacts Science 313 207
240. Johnson K L and Woodhouse J 1998 Stick-slip motion in the atomic force microscope Tribol. Lett. 5 155
241. Nakamura J, Wakunami S and Natori A 2005 Double-slip mechanism in atomic-scale friction: Tomlinson model at finite temperatures Phys. Rev. B : Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 72 235415
242. Lüthi R, Meyer E, Bammerlin M, Howald L, Haefke H, Lehmann T, Loppacher C, Güntherodt H-J, Gyalog T and Thomas H 1996 Friction on the atomic scale: an ultrahigh vacuum atomic force microscopy study on ionic crystals J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14 1280
243. Howald L, Lüthi R, Meyer E, Gerth G, Haefke H, Overney R and Güntherodt H-J 1994 Friction force microscopy on clean surfaces of NaCl, NaF and AgBr J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 12 2227
244. Howald L, Lüthi R, Meyer E and Güntherodt H-J 1995 Atomic-force microscopy on the Si(111)7*7 surface Phys. Rev. B : Condens. Matter 51 5484
245. Giessibl F J and Binnig G 1991 Investigation of the (001) cleavage plane of potassium bromide with an atomic force microscope at 4.2 K in ultra-high vacuum Ultramicroscopy 42-44 281
246. Maier S, Sang Y, Filleter T, Grant M and Bennewitz R 2005 Fluctuations and jump dynamics in atomic friction experiments Phys. Rev. B 72 245418
247. Bhushan B and Nosonovsky M 2003 Scale effects in friction using strain gradient plasticity and dislocation-assisted sliding (microslip) Acta Mater. 51 4331
248. Bhushan B and Nosonovsky M 2005 Nanotribology and Nanomechanics ed B Bhushan (Berlin: Springer) p 773
249. Friedel J and de Gennes P-G 2007 Friction between incommensurate crystals Phil. Mag. 87 39
250. Merkle A P and Marks L D 2007 Comment on 'friction between incommensurate crystals' Phil. Mag. Lett. 87 527
251. Weertman J and Weertman J R 1966 Elementary Dislocations Theory (London: MacMillan)
252. Weertman J J 1963 Dislocations moving uniformly on the interface between isotropic media of different elastic properties J. Mech. Phys. Solids 11 197
253. Merkle A P and Marks L D 2007 A predictive analytical friction model from basic theories of interfaces, contacts and dislocations Tribol. Lett. 26 73
254. Polonsky I A and Keer L M 1996 Scale effects of elastic-plastic behavior of microscopic asperity contact ASME J. Tribol 118 335
255. Filleter T, Maier S and Bennewitz R 2006 Atomic-scale yield and dislocation nucleation in KBr Phys. Rev. B 73 155433
256. Harrison J A, White C T, Colton R J and Brenner D W 1995 Investigation of the atomic-scale friction and energy dissipation in diamond using molecular dynamics Thin Solid Films 260 205
257. Singer I L 1991 A Thermochemical model for analyzing low wear rate materials Surf. Coat. Technol. 49 474
258. Singer I L, Fayeulle S and Ehni P D 1991 Friction and wear behavior of TiN in air: the chemistry of transfer films and debris formation Wear 149 375
259. Germann G J, Cohen S R, Neubauer G, McClelland G M, Seki H and Coulman D 1993 Atomic scale friction of a diamond tip on diamond (100) and (111) surfaces J. Appl. Phys. 73 163
260. Mate C M, McClelland G M, Erlandsson R and Chiang S 1987 Atomic-scale friction of a tungsten tip on a graphite surface Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 1942
261. van den Oetelaar R J A and Flipse C F J 1997 Atomic-scale friction on diamond(111) studied by ultra-high vacuum atomic force microscopy Surf. Sci. 384 L828
262. Gao G T, Mikulski P T and Harrison J A 2002 Molecular-scale tribology of amorphous carbon coatings: effects of film thickness, adhesion, and long-range interactions J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 7202
263. Sumant A V, Grierson D S, Gerbi J E, Birrell J, Lanke U D, Auciello O, Carlisle J A and Carpick R W 2005 Toward the ultimate tribological interface: surface chemistry and nanotribology of ultrananocrystalline diamond Adv. Mater. 17 1039
264. Sumant A V, Grierson D S, Gerbi J E, Carlisle J A, Auciello O and Carpick R W 2007 The surface chemistry and bonding configuation of ultrananocrystalline diamond surfaces, and their effects on nanotribological properties Phys. Rev. B 76 235429
265. Qi Y, Konca E and Alpas A T 2006 Atmospheric effects on the adhesion and friction between non-hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating and aluminum-A first principles investigation Surf. Sci. 600 2955
266. Cannara R J, Brukman M J, Cimatu K, Sumant A V, Baldelli S and Carpick R W 2007 Nanoscale friction varied by isotopic shifting of surface vibrational frequencies Science 318 780
267. Akbulut M, Godfrey Alig A R and Israelachvili J N 2006 Friction and tribochemical reactions occurring at shearing interfaces of nanothin silver films on various substrates J. Chem. Phys. 124 174703
268. Flater E E, VanLangendon J R, Wilson E H, Sridharan K and Carpick R W 2002 Frictional and adhesive properties of diamond-like carbon/silicon nitride nanocontacts Proc. Society for Experimental Mechanics Annual Conf. (Milwaukee, WI) vol 42
269. Zhang Q, Qi Y, Hector L G, Cagin T and Goddard W A 2007 Origin of static friction and its relationship to adhesion at the atomic scale Phys. Rev. B 75 144114
270. Ternes M, Lutz C P, Hirjibehedin C F, Giessibl F J and Heinrich A J 2008 The force needed to move an atom on a surface Science 319 1066
271. Bouhacina T, Aimé J P, Gauthier S, Michel D and Heroguez V 1997 Tribological behaviour of a polymer grafted in silanized silica probed with a nanotip Phys. Rev. B : Condens. Matter 56 7694
272. Zwörner O, Holscher H, Schwarz U D and Wiesendanger R 1998 The velocity dependence of frictional forces in point-contact friction Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 66 S263
273. Bennewitz R, Gyalog T, Guggisberg M, Bammerlin M, Meyer E and Gntherodt H J 1999 Atomic-scale stick-slip processes on Cu(111) Phys. Rev. B 60 R11301
274. Liu H, Imad-Uddin Ahmed S and Scherge M 2001 Microtribological properties of silicon and silicon coated with diamond like carbon, octadecyltrichlorosilane and stearic acid cadmium salt films: a comparative study Thin Solid Films 381 135
275. Hild W, Ahmed S, Hungenbach G, Scherge M and Schaefer J 2007 Microtribological properties of silicon and silicon coated with self-assembled monolayers: effect of applied load and sliding velocity Tribol. Lett. 25 1
276. Riedo E, Levy F and Brune H 2002 Kinetics of capillary condensation in nanoscopic sliding friction Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 185505
277. Riedo E, Gnecco E, Bennewitz R, Meyer E and Brune H 2003 Interaction Potential and Hopping Dynamics Governing Sliding Friction Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 084502
278. Chen J, Ratera I, Park J Y and Salmeron M 2006 Velocity dependence of friction and hydrogen bonding effects Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 236102
279. Dienwiebel M, Verhoeven G S, Pradeep N, Frenken J W M, Heimberg J A and Zandbergen H W 2004 Superlubricity of graphite Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 126101
280. Zhao X, Hamilton M, Sawyer W G and Perry S S 2007 Thermally activated friction Tribol. Lett. 27 113
281. Burris D L, Perry S S and Sawyer W G 2007 Macroscopic evidence of thermally activated friction with polytetrafluoroethylene Tribol. Lett. 27 323
282. Schirmeisen A, Jansen L, Holscher H and Fuchs H 2006 Temperature dependence of point contact friction on silicon Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 123108
283. Binnig G 1986 Atomic force microscope Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 930
284. Fan L S, Tai Y C and Muller R S 1989 Ic-processed electrostatic micromotors Sensors actuators 20 41
285. Tai Y C and Muller R S 1989 Ic-processed electrostatic synchronous micromotors Sensors actuators 20 49
286. Romig A D 2003 Materials issues in microelectromechanical devices: science, engineering, manufacturability and reliability Acta Mater. 51 5837
287. Maboudian R, Ashurst W R and Carraro C 2002 Tribological challenges in micromechanical systems Tribology Lett. 12 95
288. Kim H I, Boiadjiev V, Houston J E, Zhu X-Y and Kiely J D 2001 Tribological properties of self-assembled monolayers on Au, SiOx and Si surfaces Tribol. Lett. 10 97
289. Zhu X-Y and Houston J E 1999 Molecular lubricants for silicon-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS): a novel assembly strategy Tribol. Lett. 7 87
290. Berman A D, Steinberg S, Campbell S, Ulman A and Israelachvili J N 1998 Controlled microtribology of a metal oxide surface Tribol. Lett. 4 43
291. Perry S S, Lee S, Shon Y-S, Colorado R and Lee T R 2001 The relationships between interfacial friction and the conformational order of organic thin films Tribol. Lett. 10 81
292. Schreiber F 2000 Structure and growth of self-assembling monolayers Prog. Surf. Sci. 65 151
293. Srinivasan U 1998 Alkyltrichlorosilane-based self-assembled monolayer films for stiction reduction in silicon micromachines J. Microelectromech. Syst. 7 252
294. Mayer T M 2000 Chemical vapor deposition of fluoroalkylsilane monolayer films for adhesion control in microelectromechanical systems J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 18 2433
295. Stevens M J 1999 Thoughts on the structure of alkylsilane monolayers Langmuir 15 2773
296. Onclin S 2005 Engineering silicon oxide surfaces using self-assembled monolayers 2005 Angew. Chem. 44 6282 (International ed.)
297. Lio A, Charych D H and Salmeron M 1997 Comparative atomic force microscopy study of the chain length dependence of frictional properties of alkanethiols on gold and alkylsilanes on mica 1997 J. Phys. Chem. B 101 3800
298. Seto J, Nagai T, Ishimoto C and Watanabe H 1985 Frictional properties of magnetic media coated with Langmuir-Blodgett films Thin Solid Films 134 101
299. Suzuki M 1988 Characterization of monolayer and bilary (polymer monolayer) structures for their use as a lubricant Thin Solid Films 160 453
300. Depalma V 1989 Friction and wear of self-assembled trichlorosilane monolayer films on silicon Langmuir 5 868
301. Joyce S A, Thomas R C, Houston J E, Michalske T A and Crooks R M 1992 Mechanical relaxation of organic monolayer films measured by force microscopy Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 2790
302. Frisbie C D, Rozsnyai L F, Noy A, Wrighton M S and Lieber C M 1994 Functional group imaging by chemical force microscopy Science 265 2071
303. Green J-B D, McDermott M T, Porter M D and Siperko L M 1995 Nanometer-scale mapping of chemically distinct domains at well-defined organic interfaces using frictional force microscopy J. Phys. Chem. 99 10960
304. Glosli J N 1993 Molecular-dynamics study of sliding friction of ordered organic monolayers Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 1960
305. Tupper K J and Brenner D W 1994 Molecular-dynamics simulations of friction in self-assembled monolayers Thin Solid Films 253 185
306. Tupper K J, Colton R J and Brenner D W 1994 Simulations of self-assembled monolayers under compression-effect of surface asperities Langmuir 10 2041
307. Xiao X, Hu J, Charych D H and Salmeron M 1996 Chain length dependence of the frictional properties of alkylsilane molecules self-assembled on mica studied by atomic force microscopy Langmuir 12 235
308. McDermott M T 1997 Scanning force microscopic exploration of the lubrication capabilities of n-alkanethiolate monolayers chemisorbed at gold structural basis of microscopic friction and wear Langmuir 13 2504
309. Wong S S, Takano H and Porter M D 1998 Mapping orientation differences of terminal functional groups by friction force microscopy Anal. Chem. 70 5209
310. Li L Y 1999 Quantitative measurements of frictional properties of n-alkanethiols on Au(111) by scanning force microscopy J. Phys. Chem. B: Mater. Surf. Interfaces Biophys. 103 8290
311. Sambasivan S, Hsieh S, Fischer D A and Hsu S M 2006 Effect of self-assembled monolayer film order on nanofriction J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 24 1484
312. Chandross M 2004 Systematic study of the effect of disorder on nanotribology of self-assembled monolayers Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 166103
313. Ando Y, Inoue Y, Kakuta K, Igari T and Mori S 2007 Tribological properties of asperity arrays coated with self-assembled monolayers Tribol. Lett. 27 13
314. Harrison J A 1998 Friction in the presence of molecular lubricants and solid/hard coatings MRS Bull. 23 27
315. Tutein A B, Stuart S J and Harrison J A 2000 Role of defects in compression and friction of anchored hydrocarbon chains on diamond Langmuir 16 291
316. Mikulski P T and Harrison J A 2001 Packing-density effects on the friction of n-alkane monolayers 2001 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 6873
317. Chandross M, Grest G S and Stevens M J 2002 Friction between alkylsilane monolayers: molecular simulation of ordered monolayers Langmuir 18 8392
318. Ohzono T, Glosli J N and Fujihira M 1998 Simulations of wearless friction at a sliding interface between ordered organic monolayers Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 37 6535
319. Ohzono T, Glosli J N and Fujihira M 1999 Interpretation of difference in wearless friction observed between ordered organic monolayers with CH3 and CF3 terminal groups Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 38 L675
320. Fujihira M 1999 Bases of chemical force microscopy by friction: energetics and dynamics of wearless friction between organic monolayers in terms of chemical and physical properties of molecules Japan. J. Appl. Phys. part 1 38 3918 (Regular papers & short notes)
321. Lorenz C D, Chandross M, Grest G S, Stevens M J and Webb E B 2005 Tribological properties of alkylsilane self-assembled monolayers Langmuir 21 11744
322. Lee S 2000 The influence of packing densities and surface order on the frictional properties of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold: a comparison of SAMS derived from normal and spiroalkanedithiols Langmuir 16 2220
323. Kim H I, Koini T, Lee T R and Perry S S 1997 Systematic studies of the frictional properties of fluorinated monolayers with atomic force microscopy: comparison of CF3- and CH3-terminated films Langmuir 13 7192
324. Park B, Lorenz C D, Chandross M, Stevens M J, Grest G S and Borodin O A 2004 Frictional dynamics of fluorine-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers Langmuir 20 10007
325. Kim H I, Graupe M, Oloba O, Koini T, Imaduddin S, Lee T R and Perry S S 1999 Molecularly specific studies of the frictional properties of monolayer films: A systematic comparison of CF3-, (CH3)(2)CH-, and CH3-terminated films Langmuir 15 3179
326. 3-terminated alkanethiol SAMs on Au(111) Langmuir 21 933
327. Kim H I and Houston J E 2000 Separating mechanical and chemical contributions to molecular-level friction J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 12045
328. Houston J E and Kim H I 2002 Adhesion, friction, and mechanical properties of functionalized alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers Acc. Chem. Res. 35 547
329. Park B, Chandross M, Stevens M J and Grest G S 2003 Chemical effects on the adhesion and friction between alkanethiol monolayers: molecular dynamics simulations Langmuir 19 9239
330. Mikulski P T, Herman L A and Harrison J A 2005 Odd and even model self-assembled monolayers: links between friction and structure Langmuir 21 12197
331. Reitsma M G, Cain R G, Biggs S and Smith D W 2006 Wear of a single asperity using lateral force microscopy Tribol. Lett. 24 257
332. Park N S, Kim M W, Langford S C and Dickinson J T 1996 Atomic layer wear of single-crystal calcite in aqueous solution scanning force microscopy J. Appl. Phys. 80 2680
333. Kopta S and Salmeron M 2000 The atomic scale origin of wear on mica and its contribution to friction J. Chem. Phys. 113 8249
334. Helt J M and Batteas J D 2005 Wear of mica under aqueous environments: direct observation of defect nucleation by AFM Langmuir 21 633
335. Gnecco E, Bennewitz R and Meyer E 2002 Abrasive wear on the atomic scale Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 215501
336. Gotsmann B and Durig U 2004 Thermally activated nanowear modes of a polymer surface induced by a heated tip Langmuir 20 1495
337. Jiang S, Lu C, Bogy D, Bhatia C and Miyamoto T 1995 Nanotribological characterization of hydrogenated carbon-films by scanning proble microscopy Thin Solid Films 258 75
338. Erdemir A and Donnet C 2001 Modern Tribology Handbook vol 2 ed B Bhushan (Baton Rouge: CRC Press) p 465
339. Schuh C A, Mason J K and Lund A C 2005 Quantitative insight into dislocation nucleation from high-temperature nanoindentation experiments Nature Mater. 4 617
340. Santner E, Klaffke D, Meine K, Polaczyk C and Spaltmann D 2006 Effects of friction on topography and vice versa Wear 261 101
341. Meine K, Schneider D, Spaltmann D and Santner E 2002 The influence of roughness on friction: I. The influence of a single step Wear 253 725
342. Colaço R 2007 Fundamentals of Friction and Wear ed E Gnecco and E Meyer (Berlin: Springer) p 453
343. Müser M H 2006 Theory and simulation of friction and lubrication Lect. Notes Phys. 704 65
344. Carpick R W, Flater E E, Sridharan K, Ogletree D F and Salmeron M 2004 Atomic-scale friction and its connection to fracture mechanics JOM 56 48