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0 (fig. S3A). This approach provides a convenient reference for z, which corresponds roughly to the point contact between the tip and the bare surface. This assignment does not necessarily provide direct comparison of the tip heights between the two surfaces explored in this work. The measured conductance is an average over the tip oscillation. For the amplitude A = 30 pm used here, the conductance differs by only ∼11% from the value of a nonoscillating tip at the same mean height.
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0 (fig. S3A). This approach provides a convenient reference for z, which corresponds roughly to the point contact between the tip and the bare surface. This assignment does not necessarily provide direct comparison of the tip heights between the two surfaces explored in this work. The measured conductance is an average over the tip oscillation. For the amplitude A = 30 pm used here, the conductance differs by only ∼11% from the value of a nonoscillating tip at the same mean height.
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Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy
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39749158187
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2 ≈ 5 eV. The cantilever has a mechanical quality factor of Q ≈ 35,000, so that the intrinsic energy loss per oscillation cycle [= 2πE/Q, see (18)] is less than 1 meV. Therefore, we estimate that the dissipative interaction between tip and sample is less than 1% of the typical conservative interaction, so it can be safely neglected; see fig. S5 for more information.
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2 ≈ 5 eV. The cantilever has a mechanical quality factor of Q ≈ 35,000, so that the intrinsic energy loss per oscillation cycle [= 2πE/Q, see (18)] is less than 1 meV. Therefore, we estimate that the dissipative interaction between tip and sample is less than 1% of the typical conservative interaction, so it can be safely neglected; see fig. S5 for more information.
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39749192242
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The ±10% uncertainty of the cantilever stiffness produces a systematic error. In addition, the uncertainties given in the text include the error due to the finite tip-height increments (±10%) and the effect that different tips (22) produce slightly different results (±5%).
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The ±10% uncertainty of the cantilever stiffness produces a systematic error. In addition, the uncertainties given in the text include the error due to the finite tip-height increments (±10%) and the effect that different tips (22) produce slightly different results (±5%).
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22
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39749165997
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Throughout this work, we refer to a changed atomic arrangement at the tip apex (e.g, by touching the tip to the surface) as a different tip
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Throughout this work, we refer to a changed atomic arrangement at the tip apex (e.g., by touching the tip to the surface) as a different tip.
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26
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39749103843
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z images for heights above the manipulation threshold were laterally shifted to the location of the binding site nearest the tip. Because dissipation occurred when the atom hopped, comparison of energies between different binding sites might not be valid, but energies within the basin around any one binding site are correct. For more details, see fig. S5.
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z images for heights above the manipulation threshold were laterally shifted to the location of the binding site nearest the tip. Because dissipation occurred when the atom hopped, comparison of energies between different binding sites might not be valid, but energies within the basin around any one binding site are correct. For more details, see fig. S5.
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39749134497
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P. Buluschek, thesis, École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, Switzerland (2007).
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P. Buluschek, thesis, École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, Switzerland (2007).
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39749104993
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We thank B. J. Melior, G. Zeltzer, and M. Breitschaft for expert technical assistance and A. F. Otte, D. M. Eigler, A. Schwarz, J. Mannhart, and W. Chaisangmongkon for stimulating discussions. We acknowledge financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (to M.T, the Office of Naval Research (to M.T, C.P.L, and A.J.H, and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to F.J.G
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We thank B. J. Melior, G. Zeltzer, and M. Breitschaft for expert technical assistance and A. F. Otte, D. M. Eigler, A. Schwarz, J. Mannhart, and W. Chaisangmongkon for stimulating discussions. We acknowledge financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (to M.T.), the Office of Naval Research (to M.T., C.P.L., and A.J.H.), and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (to F.J.G.).
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