Cytokines in CNS inflammation and disease

Central Nervous System Diseases and Inflammation

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 59-106

  Tansey, Malú G ^b   Wyss Coray, Tony ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 55949106066     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73894-9_5     Document Type: Chapter

References (353)

1. Abraham KE, McMillen D, Brewer KL (2004) The effects of endogenous interleukin-10 on gray matter damage and the development of pain behaviors following excitotoxic spinal cord injury in the mouse. Neuroscience 124:945-952
2. Aggarwal BB, Samanta A, Feldmann M (2000a) TNF receptors. In: Cytokine Reference (Oppenheim JJ and Feldmann M, ed.), pp. 1620-1632. London: Academic Press
3. Aggarwal BB, Samanta A, Feldmann M (2000b) TNFa. In: Cytokine Reference (Oppenheim JJ and Feldmann M, ed.), pp. 414-434. London: Academic Press
4. Akassoglou K, Probert L, Kontogeorgos G, Kollias G (1997) Astrocyte-specific but not neuronspecific transmembrane TNF triggers inflammation and degeneration in the central nervous system of transgenic mice. J Immunol 158:438-445
5. Akassoglou K, Bauer J, Kassiotis G, Pasparakis M, Lassmann H, Kollias G, Probert L (1998) Oligodendrocyte apoptosis and primary demyelination induced by local TNF/p55TNF receptor signaling in the central nervous system of transgenic mice: Models for multiple sclerosis with primary oligodendrogliopathy. Am J Pathol 153:801-813
6. Akassoglou K, Bauer J, Kassiotis G, Lassmann H, Kollias G, Probert L (1999) Transgenic models of TNF induced demyelination. Adv Exp Med Biol 468:245-259
7. Akassoglou K, Douni E, Bauer J, Lassmann H, Kollias G, Probert L (2003) Exclusive tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling by the p75TNF receptor triggers inflammatory ischemia in the CNS of transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:709-714
8. Albensi BC, Mattson MP (2000) Evidence for the involvement of TNF and NF-kappaB in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Synapse 35:151-159
9. Allan SM, Rothwell NJ (2001) Cytokines and acute neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci 2:734-744
10. Allan SM, Tyrrell PJ, Rothwell NJ (2005) Interleukin-1 and neuronal injury. Nat Rev Immunol 5:629-640
11. Aloe L, Fiore M (1997) TNF-Alpha expressed in the brain of transgenic mice lowers central tyroxine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and alters grooming behavior. Neurosci Lett 238:65-68
12. Aloe L, Probert L, Kollias G, Bracci-Laudiero L, Micera A, Mollinari C, Levi-Montalcini R (1993) Level of nerve growth factor and distribution of mast cells in the synovium of tumour necrosis factor transgenic arthritic mice. Int J Tissue React 15:139-143
13. Aloe L, Fiore M, Probert L, Turrini P, Tirassa P (1999a) Overexpression of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the brain of transgenic mice differentially alters nerve growth factor levels and choline acetyltransferase activity. Cytokine 11:45-54
14. Aloe L, Properzi F, Probert L, Akassoglou K, Kassiotis G, Micera A, Fiore M (1999b) Learning abilities, NGF and BDNF brain levels in two lines of TNF-Alpha transgenic mice, one characterized by neurological disorders, the other phenotypically normal. Brain Res 840:125-137
15. Alvarez A, Cacabelos R, Sanpedro C, Garcia-Fantini M, Aleixandre M (2007) Serum TNF-Alpha levels are increased and correlate negatively with free IGF-I in Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging 28(4):533-536
16. Andre R, Pinteaux E, Kimber I, Rothwell NJ (2005) Differential actions of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in glial cells share common IL-1 signalling pathways. Neuroreport 16:153-157
17. Andrews ZB, Zhao H, Frugier T, Meguro R, Grattan DR, Koishi K, McLennan IS (2006) Transforming growth factor beta2 haploinsufficient mice develop age-related nigrostriatal dopamine deficits. Neurobiol Dis 21(3):568-575
18. Arnett HA, Mason J, Marino M, Suzuki K, Matsushima GK, Ting JP (2001) TNF alpha promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination. Nat Neurosci 4:1116-1122
19. Bachis A, Colangelo AM, Vicini S, Doe PP, De Bernardi MA, Brooker G, Mocchetti I (2001) Interleukin-10 prevents glutamate-mediated cerebellar granule cell death by blocking caspase-3-like activity. J Neurosci 21:3104-3112
20. Baker D, Butler D, Scallon BJ, O'Neill JK, Turk JL, Feldmann M (1994) Control of established experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity within the central nervous system using monoclonal antibodies and TNF receptor-immunoglobulin fusion proteins. Eur J Immunol 24:2040-2048
21. Balding J, Livingstone WJ, Pittock SJ, Mynett-Johnson L, Ahern T, Hodgson A, Smith OP (2004) The IL-6 G-174C polymorphism may be associated with ischaemic stroke in patients without a history of hypertension. Ir J Med Sci 173:200-203
22. Balosso S, Ravizza T, Perego C, Peschon J, Campbell IL, De Simoni MG, Vezzani A (2005) Tumor necrosis factor-Alpha inhibits seizures in mice via p75 receptors. Ann Neurol 57:804-812
23. Barcia C, de Pablos V, Bautista-Hernandez V, Sanchez-Bahillo A, Bernal I, Fernandez-Villalba E, Martin J, Banon R, Fernandez-Barreiro A, Herrero MT (2005) Increased plasma levels of TNF-Alpha but not of IL1-beta in MPTP-Treated monkeys one year after the MPTP administration. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 11:435-439
24. Basu A, Krady JK, Levison SW (2004) Interleukin-1: A master regulator of neuroinflammation. J Neurosci Res 78:151-156
25. Beattie EC, Stellwagen D, Morishita W, Bresnahan JC, Ha BK, Von Zastrow M, Beattie MS, Malenka RC (2002) Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalpha. Science 295: 2282-2285
26. Becher B, Durell BG, Noelle RJ (2002) Experimental autoimmune encephalitis and inflammation in the absence of interleukin-12. J Clin Invest 110:493-497
27. Benveniste EN, Benos DJ (1995) TNF-Alpha- And IFN-gamma-mediated signal transduction pathways: Effects on glial cell gene expression and function. FASEB J 9:1577-1584
28. Benzing T, Kottgen M, Johnson M, Schermer B, Zentgraf H, Walz G, Kim E (2002) Interaction of 14-3-3 protein with regulator of G protein signaling 7 is dynamically regulated by tumor necrosis factor-Alpha. J Biol Chem 277:32954-32962
29. Bernardino L, Xapelli S, Silva AP, Jakobsen B, Poulsen FR, Oliveira CR, Vezzani A, Malva JO, Zimmer J (2005) Modulator effects of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-Alpha on AMPA-induced excitotoxicity in mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. J Neurosci 25:6734-6744
30. Bertolotto A, Capobianco M, Malucchi S, Manzardo E, Audano L, Bergui M, Bradac GB, Mutani R (1999) Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) mRNA level correlates with magnetic resonance imaging disease activity in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurosci Lett 263:21-24
31. Bessler H, Djaldetti R, Salman H, Bergman M, Djaldetti M (1999) IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6 and TNFalpha production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Parkinson's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 53:141-145
32. Bettelli E, Das MP, Howard ED, Weiner HL, Sobel RA, Kuchroo VK (1998) IL-10 is critical in the regulation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis as demonstrated by studies of IL-10- And IL-4-deficient and transgenic mice. J Immunol 161:3299-3306
33. Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, Weiner HL, Kuchroo VK (2006) Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature 441:235-238
34. Bierie B, Moses HL (2006) TGF-beta and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 17:29-40
35. Billings LM, Oddo S, Green KN, McGaugh JL, LaFerla FM (2005) Intraneuronal Abeta causes the onset of early Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive deficits in transgenic mice. Neuron 45:675-688
36. Blasko I, Lederer W, Oberbauer H, Walch T, Kemmler G, Hinterhuber H, Marksteiner J, Humpel C (2006) Measurement of thirteen biological markers in CSF of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 21:9-15
37. Bliss TV, Collingridge GL (1993) A synaptic model of memory: Long-Term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 361:31-39
38. Blum-Degen D, Muller T, Kuhn W, Gerlach M, Przuntek H, Riederer P (1995) Interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's and de novo Parkinson's disease patients. Neurosci Lett 202:17-20
39. Boche D, Cunningham C, Gauldie J, Perry VH (2003) Transforming growth factor-beta 1-mediated neuroprotection against excitotoxic injury in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23:1174-1182
40. Bodmer JL, Schneider P, Tschopp J (2002) The molecular architecture of the TNF superfamily. Trends Biochem Sci 27:19-26
41. Boka G, Anglade P, Wallach D, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y, Hirsch EC (1994) Immunocytochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 172:151-154
42. Bolin LM, Verity AN, Silver JE, Shooter EM, Abrams JS (1995) Interleukin-6 production by Schwann cells and induction in sciatic nerve injury. J Neurochem 64:850-858
43. Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, Buchan I, Matteson EL, Montori V (2006) Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: Systematic review and meta-Analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 295:2275-2285
44. Bonilla IE, Tanabe K, Strittmatter SM (2002) Small proline-rich repeat protein 1A is expressed by axotomized neurons and promotes axonal outgrowth. J Neurosci 22:1303-1315
45. Border WA, Noble NA (1997) TGF-B in kidney fibrosis: A target for gene therapy. Kidney Int 51:1388-1396
46. Boulanger LM, Huh GS, Shatz CJ (2001) Neuronal plasticity and cellular immunity: Shared molecular mechanisms. Curr Opin Neurobiol 11:568-578
47. Bourdeau A, Dumont DJ, Letarte M (1999) A murine model of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Clin Invest 104:1343-1351
48. Bourdeau A, Faughnan ME, McDonald M-L, Paterson AD, Wanless IR, Letarte M (2001) Potential role of modifier genes influencing transforming growth factor-B 1 levels in the development of vascular defects in endoglin heterozygous mice with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Am J Pathol 158:2011-2020
49. Boutin H, LeFeuvre RA, Horai R, Asano M, Iwakura Y, Rothwell NJ (2001) Role of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta in ischemic brain Damage. J Neurosci 21:5528-5534
50. Boutin H, Kimber I, Rothwell NJ, Pinteaux E (2003) The expanding interleukin-1 family and its receptors: Do alternative IL-1 receptor/signaling pathways exist in the brain? Mol Neurobiol 27:239-248
51. Breder CD, Tsujimoto M, Terano Y, Scott DW, Saper CB (1993) Distribution and characterization of tumor necrosis factor-Alpha-like immunoreactivity in the murine central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 337:543-567
52. Bright JJ, Musuro BF, Du C, Sriram S (1998) Expression of IL-12 in CNS and lymphoid organs of mice with experimental allergic encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 82:22-30
53. Brionne TC, Tesseur I, Masliah E, Wyss-Coray T (2003) Loss of TGF-beta1 leads to increased neuronal cell death and microgliosis in mouse brain. Neuron 40:1133-1145
54. Bruce AJ, Boling W, Kindy MS, Peschon J, Kraemer PJ, Carpenter MK, Holtsberg FW, Mattson MP (1996) Altered neuronal and microglial responses to excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury in mice lacking TNF receptors. Nat Med 2:788-794
55. Buckwalter M, Wyss-Coray T (2004) Modelling neuroinflammatory phenotypes in vivo. J Neuroinflammation 1:10
56. Buckwalter MS, Yamane M, Coleman BS, Ormerod BK, Chin JT, Palmer T, Wyss-Coray T (2006a) Chronically increased transforming growth factor-beta1 strongly inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. Am J Pathol 169:154-164
57. Buckwalter MS, Coleman BS, Buttini M, Barbour R, Schenk D, Games D, Seubert P, Wyss-Coray T (2006b) Increased T cell recruitment to the CNS after amyloid beta 1-42 immunization in Alzheimer's mice overproducing transforming growth factor-beta 1. J Neurosci 26:11437-11441
58. Butler MP, O'Connor JJ, Moynagh PN (2004) Dissection of tumor-necrosis factor-Alpha inhibition of long-Term potentiation (LTP) reveals a p38 mitogen-Activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism which maps to early-but not late-phase LTP. Neuroscience 124:319-326
59. Cacabelos R, Fernandez-Novoa L, Lombardi V, Kubota Y, Takeda M (2005) Molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease and aging. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 27 Suppl A:1-573
60. Cacquevel M, Lebeurrier N, Cheenne S, Vivien D (2004) Cytokines in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Curr Drug Targets 5:529-534
61. Cafferty WB, Gardiner NJ, Gavazzi I, Powell J, McMahon SB, Heath JK, Munson J, Cohen J, Thompson SW (2001) Leukemia inhibitory factor determines the growth status of injured adult sensory neurons. J Neurosci 21:7161-7170
62. Cafferty WB, Gardiner NJ, Das P, Qiu J, McMahon SB, Thompson SW (2004) Conditioning injury-induced spinal axon regeneration fails in interleukin-6 knock-out mice. J Neurosci 24:4432-4443
63. Callahan JF, Burgess JL, Fornwald JA, Gaster LM, Harling JD, Harrington FP, Heer J, Kwon C, Lehr R, Mathur A, Olson BA, Weinstock J, Laping NJ (2002) Identification of novel inhibitors of the transforming growth factor b1 (TGF-b1) type 1 receptor (ALK5). J Med Chem 45:999-1001
64. Campbell IL, Abraham CR, Masliah E, Kemper P, Inglis JD, Oldstone MBA, Mucke L (1993) Neurologic disease induced in transgenic mice by cerebral overexpression of interleukin 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:10061-10065
65. Campbell IL, Stalder AK, Chiang CS, Bellinger R, Heyser CJ, Steffensen S, Masliah E, Powell HC, Gold LH, Henriksen SJ, Siggins GR (1997) Transgenic models to assess the pathogenic actions of cytokines in the central nervous systemsti Mol Psychiatry 2:125-129
66. Cannella B, Gao YL, Brosnan C, Raine CS (1996) IL-10 fails to abrogate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 45:735-746
67. Carvey PM, Chen EY, Lipton JW, Tong CW, Chang QA, Ling ZD (2005) Intra-parenchymal injection of tumor necrosis factor-Alpha and interleukin 1-beta produces dopamine neuron loss in the rat. J Neural Transm 112:601-612
68. Chen LZ, Hochwald GM, Huang C, Dakin G, Tao H, Cheng C, Simmons WJ, Dranoff G, Thorbecke GJ (1998) Gene therapy in allergic encephalomyelitis using myelin basic proteinspecific T cells engineered to express latent transforming growth factor-beta1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:12516-12521
69. Chen H, Zhang SM, Hernan MA, Schwarzschild MA, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Ascherio A (2003) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of Parkinson Disease. Arch Neurol 60:1059-1064
70. Chen Z, Duan RS, Q HC, Wu Q, Mix E, Winblad B, Ljunggren HG, Zhu J (2004) IL-12p35 deficiency alleviates kainic acid-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in C57BL/6 mice. Neurobiol Dis 17:171-178
71. Chen Y, Pawlikowska L, Yao JS, Shen F, Zhai W, Achrol AS, Lawton MT, Kwok PY, Yang GY, Young WL (2006) Interleukin-6 involvement in brain arteriovenous malformations. Ann Neurol 59:72-80
72. Chin J, Angers A, Cleary LJ, Eskin A, Byrne JH (2002) Transforming growth factor ? 1 alters synapsin Distribution and modulates synaptic depression in Aplysia. J Neurosci 22:1-6
73. Choi DW (1988) Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron 1:623-634
74. Chun J (2001) Selected comparison of immune and nervous system development. Adv Immunol 77:297-322
75. Chung CY, Seo H, Sonntag KC, Brooks A, Lin L, Isacson O (2005) Cell type-specific gene expression of midbrain Dopaminergic neurons reveals molecules involved in their vulnerability and protection. Hum Mol Genet 14:1709-1725
76. Cleren C, Calingasan NY, Chen J, Beal MF (2005) Celastrol protects against MPTP- And 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 94:995-1004
77. Collins JS, Perry RT, Watson B, Jr., Harrell LE, Acton RT, Blacker D, Albert MS, Tanzi RE, Bassett SS, McInnis MG, Campbell RD, Go RC (2000) Association of a haplotype for tumor necrosis factor in siblings with late-onset Alzheimer disease: The NIMH Alzheimer Disease Genetics Initiative. Am J Med Genet 96:823-830
78. Corti A, Ghezzi P (2004) Tumor Necrosis Factor: Methods and Protocols, First Edition. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press
79. Crews L, Wyss-Coray T, Masliah E (2004) Insights into the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus from transgenic and experimental animal models. Brain Pathol 14:312-316
80. Crisi GM, Santambrogio L, Hochwald GM, Smith SR, Carlino JA, Thorbecke GJ (1995) Staphylococcal enterotoxin B and tumor-necrosis factor-Alpha-induced relapses of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Protection by transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10. Eur J Immunol 25:3035-3040
81. Cua DJ, Groux H, Hinton DR, Stohlman SA, Coffman RL (1999) Transgenic interleukin 10 prevents induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 189:1005-1010
82. Cua DJ, Hutchins B, LaFace DM, Stohlman SA, Coffman RL (2001) Central nervous system expression of IL-10 inhibits autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 166:602-608
83. Cua DJ, Sherlock J, Chen Y, Murphy CA, Joyce B, Seymour B, Lucian L, To W, Kwan S, Churakova T, Zurawski S, Wiekowski M, Lira SA, Gorman D, Kastelein RA, Sedgwick JD (2003) Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain. Nature 421:744-748
84. Cunningham AJ, Murray CA, O'Neill LA, Lynch MA, O'Connor JJ (1996) Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibit long-Term potentiation in the rat dentate gyrus in vitro. Neurosci Lett 203:17-20
85. Curran B, O'Connor JJ (2001) The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-18 impairs long-Term potentiation and NMDA receptor-mediated transmission in the rat hippocampus in vitro. Neuroscience 108:83-90
86. Curran BP, Murray HJ, O'Connor JJ (2003) A role for c-Jun N-Terminal kinase in the inhibition of long-Term potentiation by interleukin-1beta and long-Term depression in the rat dentate gyrus in vitro. Neuroscience 118:347-357
87. De Groot CJ, Montagne L, Barten AD, Sminia P, Van Der Valk P (1999) Expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 isoforms and TGF-beta type I and type II receptors in multiple sclerosis lesions and human adult astrocyte cultures. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58:174-187
88. de Sousa Lopes SM, Carvalho RL, van Den Driesche S, Goumans MJ, ten Dijke P, Mummery CL (2003) Distribution of phosphorylated Smad2 identifies target tissues of TGF beta ligands in mouse development. Gene Expr Patterns 3:355-360
89. Deboer T, Fontana A, Tobler I (2002) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand and TNF receptor deficiency affects sleep and the sleep EEG. J Neurophysiol 88:839-846
90. Dennler S, Goumans M-J, Dijke Pt (2002) Transforming growth factor ? ? signal transduction. J Leukoc Biol 71:731-740
91. Derynck R, Zhang YE (2003) Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF-beta family signalling. Nature 425:577-584
92. Dickson MC, Martin JS, Cousins FM, Kulkarni AB, Karlsson S, Akhurst RJ (1995) Defective haematopoiesis and vasculogenesis in transforming growth factor-B 1 knock out mice. Development 121:1845-1854
93. Dinarello CA (2006) Interleukin 1 and interleukin 18 as mediators of inflammation and the aging process. Am J Clin Nutr 83:447S-455S
94. Dopp JM, Mackenzie-Graham A, Otero GC, Merrill JE (1997) Differential expression, cytokine modulation, and specific functions of type-1 and type-2 tumor necrosis factor receptors in rat glia. J Neuroimmunol 75:104-112
95. Du Y, Dodel RC, Eastwood BJ, Bales KR, Gao F, Lohmuller F, Muller U, Kurz A, Zimmer R, Evans RM, Hake A, Gasser T, Oertel WH, Griffin WS, Paul SM, Farlow MR (2000) Association of an interleukin 1 alpha polymorphism with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 55:480-483
96. Ehl C, Kolsch H, Ptok U, Jessen F, Schmitz S, Frahnert C, Schlosser R, Rao ML, Maier W, Heun R (2003) Association of an interleukin-1beta gene polymorphism at position -511 with Alzheimer's disease. Int J Mol Med 11:235-238
97. Fan L, Young PR, Barone FC, Feuerstein GZ, Smith DH, McIntosh TK (1996) Experimental brain injury induces differential expression of tumor necrosis factor-Alpha mRNA in the CNS. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 36:287-291
98. Felderhoff-Mueser U, Schmidt OI, Oberholzer A, Buhrer C, Stahel PF (2005) IL-18: A key player in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration? Trends Neurosci 28:487-493
99. Ferger B, Leng A, Mura A, Hengerer B, Feldon J (2004) Genetic ablation of tumor necrosis factor-Alpha (TNF-Alpha) and pharmacological inhibition of TNF-synthesis attenuates MPTP toxicity in mouse striatum. J Neurochem 89:822-833
100. Fernandez LA, Sanz-Rodriguez F, Blanco FJ, Bernabeu C, Botella LM (2006) Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, a vascular dysplasia affecting the TGF-beta signaling pathway. Clin Med Res 4:66-78
101. Feuerstein GZ, Liu T, Barone FC (1994) Cytokines, inflammation, and brain injury: Role of tumor necrosis factor-Alpha. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 6:341-360
102. Fillit H, Ding WH, Buee L, Kalman J, Altstiel L, Lawlor B, Wolf-Klein G (1991) Elevated circulating tumor necrosis factor levels in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 129:318-320
103. Finch CE, Laping NJ, Morgan TE, Nichols NR, Pasinetti GM (1993) TGF-B 1 is an organizer of responses to neurodegeneration. J Cell Biochem 53:314-322
104. Fiore M, Probert L, Kollias G, Akassoglou K, Alleva E, Aloe L (1996) Neurobehavioral alterations in Developing transgenic mice expressing TNF-Alpha in the brain. Brain Behav Immun 10:126-138
105. Flanders KC, Burmester JK (2003) Medical applications of transforming growth factor-beta. Clin Med Res 1:13-20
106. Flanders KC, Ren RF, Lippa CF (1998) Transforming growth factor-B s in neurodegenerative disease. Prog Neurobiol 54:71-85
107. Flanders KC, Kim ES, Roberts AB (2001) Immunohistochemical expression of Smads 1-6 in the 15-day gestation mouse embryo: Signaling by BMPs and TGF-betas. Dev Dyn 220:141-154
108. Gaertner RF, Wyss-Coray T, Von Euw D, Lesne S, Vivien D, Lacombe P (2005) Reduced brain tissue perfusion in TGF-beta 1 transgenic mice showing Alzheimer's disease-like cerebrovascular abnormalities. Neurobiol Dis 19:38-46
109. Galbreath E, Kim S-J, Park K, Brenner M, Messing A (1995) Overexpression of TGF-B 1 in the central nervous system of transgenic mice results in hydrocephalus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54:339-349
110. Gao HM, Hong JS, Zhang W, Liu B (2002a) Distinct role for microglia in rotenone-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci 22:782-790
111. Gao HM, Jiang J, Wilson B, Zhang W, Hong JS, Liu B (2002b) Microglial activation-mediated delayed and progressive degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons: Relevance to Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 81:1285-1297
112. Gao HM, Liu B, Zhang W, Hong JS (2003) Novel anti-inflammatory therapy for Parkinson's disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 24:395-401
113. Gayle DA, Ling Z, Tong C, Landers T, Lipton JW, Carvey PM (2002) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced dopamine cell loss in culture: Roles of tumor necrosis factor-Alpha, interleukin-1beta, and nitric oxide. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 133:27-35
114. Glaser KB, Li J, Aakre ME, Morgan DW, Sheppard G, Stewart KD, Pollock J, Lee P, O'Connor CZ, Anderson SN, Mussatto DJ, Wegner CW, Moses HL (2002) Transforming growth factor beta mimetics: Discovery of 7-[4-(4-cyanophenyl) phenoxy]-heptanohydroxamic acid, a biaryl hydroxamate inhibitor of histone deacetylase. Mol Cancer Ther 1:759-768
115. Golan H, Levav T, Mendelsohn A, Huleihel M (2004) Involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha in hippocampal development and function. Cereb Cortex 14:97-105
116. Goodman JC, Robertson CS, Grossman RG, Narayan RK (1990) Elevation of tumor necrosis factor in head injury. J Neuroimmunol 30:213-217
117. Goumans MJ, Valdimarsdottir G, Itoh S, Rosendahl A, Sideras P, ten Dijke P (2002) Balancing the activation state of the endothelium via two distinct TGF-B type I receptors. EMBO J 21:1743-1753
118. Goumans MJ, Valdimarsdottir G, Itoh S, Lebrin F, Larsson J, Mummery C, Karlsson S, ten Dijke P (2003) Activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)1 is an antagonistic mediator of lateral TGFbeta/ ALK5 signaling. Mol Cell 12:817-828
119. Grammas P, Ovase R (2002) Cerebrovascular transforming growth factor-B contributes to inflammation in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Am J Pathol 160:1583-1587
120. Green EK, Harris JM, Lemmon H, Lambert JC, Chartier-Harlin MC, St Clair D, Mann DM, Iwatsubo T, Lendon CL (2002) Are interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms risk factors or disease modifiers in AD? Neurology 58:1566-1568
121. Grell M, Wajant H, Zimmermann G, Scheurich P (1998) The type 1 receptor (CD120a) is the high-Affinity receptor for soluble tumor necrosis factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:570-575
122. Grigoryan GA, Gray JA, Rashid T, Chadwick A, Hodges H (2000) Conditionally immortal neuroepithelial stem cell grafts restore spatial learning in rats with lesions at the source of cholinergic forebrain projections cholinergic forebrain projections Conditionally immortal neuroepithelial stem cell grafts restore spatial leaming in rats with lesions at the source of cholinergic forebrain projections. Restor Neurol Neurosci 17:1
123. Grilli M, Barbieri I, Basudev H, Brusa R, Casati C, Lozza G, Ongini E (2000) Interleukin-10 modulates neuronal threshold of vulnerability to ischaemic damage. Eur J Neurosci 12:2265-2272
124. Grimaldi LM, Casadei VM, Ferri C, Veglia F, Licastro F, Annoni G, Biunno I, De Bellis G, Sorbi S, Mariani C, Canal N, Griffin WS, Franceschi M (2000) Association of early-onset Alzheimer's disease with an interleukin-1alpha gene polymorphism. Ann Neurol 47:361-365
125. Gross CE, Bednar MM, Howard DB, Sporn MB (1993) Transforming growth factor-B 1 reduces infarct size after experimental cerebral ischemia in a rabbit model. Stroke 24:558-562
126. Guo Z, Iyun T, Fu W, Zhang P, Mattson MP (2004) Bone marrow transplantation reveals roles for brain macrophage/microglia TNF signaling and nitric oxide production in excitotoxic neuronal death. Neuromolecular Med 5:219-234
127. Hailer NP, Vogt C, Korf HW, Dehghani F (2005) Interleukin-1beta exacerbates and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist attenuates neuronal injury and microglial activation after excitotoxic damage in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Eur J Neurosci 21:2347-2360
128. Hakansson A, Westberg L, Nilsson S, Buervenich S, Carmine A, Holmberg B, Sydow O, Olson L, Johnels B, Eriksson E, Nissbrandt H (2005) Interaction of polymorphisms in the genes encoding interleukin-6 and estrogen receptor beta on the susceptibility to Parkinson's disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 133:88-92
129. Haridas V, Darnay BG, Natarajan K, Heller R, Aggarwal BB (1998) Overexpression of the p80 TNF receptor leads to TNF-dependent apoptosis, nuclear factor-kappa B activation, and c-Jun kinase activation. J Immunol 160:3152-3162
130. Harrington JF, Messier AA, Levine A, Szmydynger-Chodobska J, Chodobski A (2005) Shedding of tumor necrosis factor type 1 receptor after experimental spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 22:919-928
131. Hasegawa Y, Inagaki T, Sawada M, Suzumura A (2000) Impaired cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocytes/macrophages in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 101:159-164
132. Heldmann U, Thored P, Claasen JH, Arvidsson A, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O (2005) TNF-Alpha antibody infusion impairs survival of stroke-generated neuroblasts in adult rat brain. Exp Neurol 196:204-208
133. Henrich-Noack P, Prehn JHM, Krieglstein J (1996) TGF-B 1 protects hippocampal neurons against degeneration caused by transient global ischemia. Dose-response relationship and potential neuroprotective mechanisms. Stroke 27:1609-1615
134. Hermann GE, Rogers RC, Bresnahan JC, Beattie MS (2001) Tumor necrosis factor-Alpha induces cFOS and strongly potentiates glutamate-mediated cell death in the rat spinal cord. Neurobiol Dis 8:590-599
135. Hirsch EC, Hunot S, Damier P, Faucheux B (1998) Glial cells and inflammation in Parkinson's disease: A role in neurodegeneration? Ann Neurol 44:S115-120
136. Hjelmeland MD, Hjelmeland AB, Sathornsumetee S, Reese ED, Herbstreith MH, Laping NJ, Friedman HS, Bigner DD, Wang XF, Rich JN (2004) SB-431542, a small molecule transforming growth factor-beta-receptor antagonist, inhibits human glioma cell line proliferation and motility. Mol Cancer Ther 3:737-745
137. Hofman FM, Hinton DR, Johnson K, Merrill JE (1989) Tumor necrosis factor identified in multiple sclerosis brain. J Exp Med 170:607-612
138. Huang S, Flanders KC, Roberts AB (2000) Characterization of the mouse Smad1 gene and its expression pattern in adult mouse tissues. Gene 258:43-53
139. Hunot S, Dugas N, Faucheux B, Hartmann A, Tardieu M, Debre P, Agid Y, Dugas B, Hirsch EC (1999) FcepsilonRII/CD23 is expressed in Parkinson's disease and induces, in vitro, production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-Alpha in glial cells. J Neurosci 19:3440-3447
140. Hunter CA (2005) New IL-12-family members: IL-23 and IL-27, cytokines with divergent functions. Nat Rev Immunol 5:521-531
141. Idriss HT, Naismith JH (2000) TNF alpha and the TNF receptor superfamily: Structure-function relationship(s). Microsc Res Tech 50:184-195
142. Isacson O (2002) Models of repair mechanisms for future treatment modalities of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 57:839-846
143. Issazadeh S, Ljungdahl A, Hojeberg B, Mustafa M, Olsson T (1995a) Cytokine production in the central nervous system of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Dynamics of mRNA expression for interleukin-10, interleukin-12, cytolysin, tumor necrosis factor alpha and tumor necrosis factor beta. J Neuroimmunol 61:205-212
144. Issazadeh S, Mustafa M, Ljungdahl A, Hojeberg B, Dagerlind A, Elde R, Olsson T (1995b) Interferon gamma, interleukin 4 and transforming growth factor beta in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: Dynamics of cellular mRNA expression in the central nervous system and lymphoid cells. J Neurosci Res 40:579-590
145. Itoh S, Itoh F, Goumans M-J, ten Dijke P (2000) Signaling of transforming growth factor-B family members through Smad proteins. Eur J Biochem 267:6954-6967
146. Jakobsen PH, McKay V, Morris-Jones SD, McGuire W, van Hensbroek MB, Meisner S, Bendtzen K, Schousboe I, Bygbjerg IC, Greenwood BM (1994) Increased concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and decreased concentrations of beta-2-glycoprotein I in Gambian children with cerebral malaria. Infect Immun 62:4374-4379
147. Janelsins MC, Mastrangelo MA, Oddo S, LaFerla FM, Federoff HJ, Bowers WJ (2005) Early correlation of microglial activation with enhanced tumor necrosis factor-Alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression specifically within the entorhinal cortex of triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice. J Neuroinflammation 2:23
148. Janssens K, Vanhoenacker F, Bonduelle M, Verbruggen L, Van Maldergem L, Ralston S, Guanabens N, Migone N, Wientroub S, Divizia MT, Bergmann C, Bennett C, Simsek S, Melancon S, Cundy T, Van Hul W (2006) Camurati-Engelmann Disease: Review of the clinical, radiological, and molecular data of 24 families and implications for diagnosis and treatment. J Med Genet 43:1-11
149. Jee Y, Liu R, Bai XF, Campagnolo DI, Shi FD, Vollmer TL (2006) Do Th2 cells mediate the effects of glatiramer acetate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis? Int Immunol 18:537-544
150. John GR, Lee SC, Brosnan CF (2003) Cytokines: Powerful regulators of glial cell activation. Neuroscientist 9:10-22
151. Johns LD, Sriram S (1993) Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Neutralizing antibody to TGF beta 1 enhances the clinical severity of the disease. J Neuroimmunol 47:1-7
152. Johns LD, Flanders KC, Ranges GE, Sriram S (1991) Successful treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with transforming growth factor. J Immunol 147:1792
153. Johnson DW, Berg JN, Baldwin MA, Gallione CJ, Marondel I, Yoon SJ, Stenzel TT, Speer M, Pericak-Vance MA, Diamond A, Guttmacher AE, Jackson CE, Attisano L, Kucherlapati R, Porteous ME, Marchuk DA (1996) Mutations in the activin receptor-like kinase 1 gene in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2. Nat Genet 13:189-195
154. Juttler E, Tarabin V, Schwaninger M (2002) Interleukin-6 (IL-6): A possible neuromodulator induced by neuronal activity. Neuroscientist 8:268-275
155. Kalinovsky A, Scheiffele P (2004) Transcriptional control of synaptic differentiation by retrograde signals. Curr Opin Neurobiol 14:272-279
156. Karahan ZC, Deda G, Sipahi T, Elhan AH, Akar N (2005) TNF-Alpha -308G/A and IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphisms in the Turkish pediatric stroke patients. Thromb Res 115:393-398
157. Kassiotis G, Pasparakis M, Kollias G, Probert L (1999) TNF accelerates the onset but does not alter the incidence and severity of myelin basic protein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 29:774-780
158. Kelliher MA, Grimm S, Ishida Y, Kuo F, Stanger BZ, Leder P (1998) The death domain kinase RIP mediates the TNF-induced NF-kappaB signal. Immunity 8:297-303
159. Ki CS, Na DL, Kim HJ, Kim JW (2001) Alpha-1 antichymotrypsin and alpha-2 macroglobulin gene polymorphisms are not associated with Korean late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 302:69-72
160. Kim S-J, Angel P, Lafyatis R, Hattori K, Kim KY, Sporn MB, Karin M, Roberts AB (1990) Autoinduction of transforming growth factor ? 1 is mediated by the AP-1 complex. Mol Cell Biol 10:1492-1497
161. Kim DK, Kim J, Park HJ (2004) Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 2-pyridinyl-[1,2,4]triazoles as inhibitors of transforming growth factor beta1 type 1 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 12:2013-2020
162. Kinouchi K, Brown G, Pasternak G, Donner DB (1991) Identification and characterization of receptors for tumor necrosis factor-Alpha in the brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 181:1532-1538
163. Kitazawa K, Tada T (1994) Elevation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 level in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with communicating hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 25:1400-1404
164. Kitazawa M, Oddo S, Yamasaki TR, Green KN, LaFerla FM (2005) Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation exacerbates tau pathology by a cyclin-dependent kinase 5-mediated pathway in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 25:8843-8853
165. Knight JC, Udalova I, Hill AV, Greenwood BM, Peshu N, Marsh K, Kwiatkowski D (1999) A polymorphism that affects OCT-1 binding to the TNF promoter region is associated with severe malaria. Nat Genet 22:145-150
166. Knoblach SM, Faden AI (1998) Interleukin-10 improves outcome and alters proinflammatory cytokine expression after experimental traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 153:143-151
167. Knoblach SM, Fan L, Faden AI (1999) Early neuronal expression of tumor necrosis factor-Alpha after experimental brain injury contributes to neurological impairment. J Neuroimmunol 95:115-125
168. Koedel U, Bernatowicz A, Frei K, Fontana A, Pfister HW (1996) Systemically (but not intrathecally) administered IL-10 attenuates pathophysiologic alterations in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. J Immunol 157:5185-5191
169. Kollias G (2005) TNF pathophysiology in murine models of chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Semin Arthritis Rheum 34:3-6
170. Kolsch H, Ptok U, Bagli M, Papassotiropoulos A, Schmitz S, Barkow K, Kockler M, Rao ML, Maier W, Heun R (2001) Gene polymorphisms of interleukin-1alpha influence the course of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 49:818-819
171. Konig HG, Kogel D, Rami A, Prehn JH (2005) TGF-{beta}1 activates two distinct type I receptors in neurons: Implications for neuronal NF-{kappa}B signaling. J Cell Biol 168:1077-1086
172. Korner H, Lemckert FA, Chaudhri G, Etteldorf S, Sedgwick JD (1997) Tumor necrosis factor blockade in actively induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis prevents clinical disease despite activated T cell infiltration to the central nervous system. Eur J Immunol 27:1973-1981
173. Krieglstein K, Rufer M, Suter-Crazzolara C, Unsicker K (1995) Neural functions of the transforming growth factors beta. Int J Dev Neurosci 13:301-315
174. Kulkarni AB, Huh C-H, Becker D, Geiser A, Lyght M, Flanders KC, Roberts AB, Sporn M, Ward JM, Karlson S (1993) Transforming growth factor-B 1 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:770-774.
175. Kumar NM, Sigurdson SL, Sheppard D, Lwebuga-Mukasa JS (1995) Differential modulation of integrin receptors and extracellular matrix laminin by transforming growth factor-beta 1 in rat alveolar epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 221:385-394
176. Kuruvilla AP, Shah R, Hochwald GM, Liggitt HD, Palladino MA, Thorbecke GJ (1991) Protective effect of transforming growth factor beta 1 on experimental autoimmune diseases in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:2918-2921
177. Langrish CL, Chen Y, Blumenschein WM, Mattson J, Basham B, Sedgwick JD, McClanahan T, Kastelein RA, Cua DJ (2005) IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med 201:233-240
178. Lassmann S, Kincaid C, Asensio VC, Campbell IL (2001) Induction of type 1 immune pathology in the brain following immunization without central nervous system autoantigen in transgenic mice with astrocyte-Targeted expression of IL-12. J Immunol 167:5485-5493
179. Ledeboer A, Breve JJ, Wierinckx A, van Der Jagt S, Bristow AF, Leysen JE, Tilders FJ, Van Dam AM (2002) Expression and regulation of interleukin-10 and interleukin-10 receptor in rat astroglial and microglial cells. Eur J Neurosci 16:1175-1185
180. Leng A, Mura A, Feldon J, Ferger B (2005) Tumor necrosis factor-Alpha receptor ablation in a chronic MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 375:107-111
181. Leon LR (2002) Invited review: Cytokine regulation of fever: Studies using gene knockout mice. J Appl Physiol 92:2648-2655
182. Leonard JP, Waldburger KE, Goldman SJ (1995) Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against interleukin 12. J Exp Med 181:381-386
183. Leonoudakis D, Braithwaite SP, Beattie MS, Beattie EC (2004) TNFalpha-induced AMPA-receptor trafficking in CNS neurons; relevance to excitotoxicity? Neuron Glia Biol 1:263-273
184. Letterio JJ (2000) Murine models define the role of TGF-B as a master regulator of immune cell function. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 11:81-87
185. Li DY, Sorensen LK, Brooke BS, Urness LD, Davis EC, Taylor DG, Boak BB, Wendel DP (1999) Defective angiogenesis in mice lacking endoglin. Science 284:1534-1537
186. Li Y, Liu L, Barger SW, Griffin WS (2003) Interleukin-1 mediates pathological effects of microglia on tau phosphorylation and on synaptophysin synthesis in cortical neurons through a p38-MAPK pathway. J Neurosci 23:1605-1611
187. Li MO, Wan YY, Sanjabi S, Robertson AK, Flavell RA (2006) Transforming growth factor-beta regulation of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 24:99-146
188. Lieberman AP, Pitha PM, Shin HS, Shin ML (1989) Production of tumor necrosis factor and other cytokines by astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or a neurotropic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:6348-6352
189. Lin S, Wei X, Xu Y, Yan C, Dodel R, Zhang Y, Liu J, Klaunig JE, Farlow M, Du Y (2003) Minocycline blocks 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity and free radical production in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Life Sci 72:1635-1641
190. Lin AH, Luo J, Mondshein LH, Ten Dijke P, Vivien D, Contag CH, Wyss-Coray T (2005) Global analysis of Smad2/3-dependent TGF-{beta} signaling in living mice reveals prominent tissuespecific responses to injury. J Immunol 175:547-554
191. Ling ZD, Potter ED, Lipton JW, Carvey PM (1998) Differentiation of mesencephalic progenitor cells into dopaminergic neurons by cytokines. Exp Neurol 149:411-423
192. Ling ZD, Robie HC, Tong CW, Carvey PM (1999) Both the antioxidant and D3 agonist actions of pramipexole mediate its neuroprotective actions in mesencephalic cultures. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:202-210
193. Ling Z, Gayle DA, Ma SY, Lipton JW, Tong CW, Hong JS, Carvey PM (2002) In utero bacterial endotoxin exposure causes loss of tyrosine hydroxylase neurons in the postnatal rat midbrain. Mov Disord 17:116-124
194. Link J, Sîderstrîm M, Olsson T, Hîjeberg B, Ljungdahl è, Link H (1994) Increased transforming growth factor-B , interleukin-4, and interferon-gamma in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 36:379-386
195. Lippa CF, Flanders KC, Kim ES, Croul S (1998) TGF-beta receptors-I and -II immunoexpression in Alzheimer's disease: A comparison with aging and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurobiol Aging 19:527-533
196. Liu ZG (2005) Molecular mechanism of TNF signaling and beyond. Cell Res 15:24-27
197. Liu RY, Snider WD (2001) Different signaling pathways mediate regenerative versus developmental sensory axon growth. J Neurosci 21:RC164
198. Liu T, Clark RK, McDonnell PC, Young PR, White RF, Barone FC, Feuerstein GZ (1994) Tumor necrosis factor-Alpha expression in ischemic neurons. Stroke 25:1481-1488
199. Liu B, Du L, Hong JS (2000) Naloxone protects rat dopaminergic neurons against inflammatory damage through inhibition of microglia activation and superoxide generation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293:607-617
200. Liu Y, Ehtesham M, Samoto K, Wheeler CJ, Thompson RC, Villarreal LP, Black KL, Yu JS (2002) In situ adenoviral interleukin 12 gene transfer confers potent and long-lasting cytotoxic immunity in glioma. Cancer Gene Ther 9:9-15
201. Locksley RM, Killeen N, Lenardo MJ (2001) The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: Integrating mammalian biology. Cell 104:487-501
202. Loeys BL, Chen J, Neptune ER, Judge DP, Podowski M, Holm T, Meyers J, Leitch CC, Katsanis N, Sharifi N, Xu FL, Myers LA, Spevak PJ, Cameron DE, De Backer J, Hellemans J, Chen Y, Davis EC, Webb CL, Kress W, Coucke P, Rifkin DB, De Paepe AM, Dietz HC (2005) A syndrome of altered cardiovascular, craniofacial, neurocognitive and skeletal development caused by mutations in TGFBR1 or TGFBR2. Nat Genet 37:275-281
203. Luckenbill-Edds L (1997) Laminin and the mechanism of neuronal outgrowth. Brain Res Rev 23:1-27
204. Luethviksson BR, Gunnlaugsdottir B (2003) Transforming growth factor-beta as a regulator of site-specific T-cell inflammatory response. Scand J Immunol 58:129-138
205. Lund S, Porzgen P, Mortensen AL, Hasseldam H, Bozyczko-Coyne D, Morath S, Hartung T, Bianchi M, Ghezzi P, Bsibsi M, Dijkstra S, Leist M (2005) Inhibition of microglial inflammation by the MLK inhibitor CEP-1347. J Neurochem 92:1439-1451
206. Lundkvist J, Sundgren-Andersson AK, Tingsborg S, Ostlund P, Engfors C, Alheim K, Bartfai T, Iverfeldt K, Schultzberg M (1999) Acute-phase responses in transgenic mice with CNS overexpression of IL-1 receptor antagonist. Am J Physiol 276:R644-651
207. Luo J, Lin AH, Masliah E, Wyss-Coray T (2006) Bioluminescence imaging of Smad signaling in living mice shows correlation with excitotoxic neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:18326-18331
208. Luterman JD, Haroutunian V, Yemul S, Ho L, Purohit D, Aisen PS (2000) Cytokine gene expression as a function of the clinical progression of Alzheimer disease dementia. Arch Neurol 2000:1153-1160
209. MacEwan DJ (2002) TNF receptor subtype signalling: Differences and cellular consequences. Cell Signal 14:477-492
210. Madri JA, Bell L, Merwin JR (1992) Modulation of vascular cell behavior by transforming growth factors ? Mol Reprod Dev 32:121-126
211. Mangan PR, Harrington LE, O'Quinn DB, Helms WS, Bullard DC, Elson CO, Hatton RD, Wahl SM, Schoeb TR, Weaver CT (2006) Transforming growth factor-beta induces development of the T(H)17 lineage. Nature 441:231-234
212. Marchetti B, Abbracchio MP (2005) To be or not to be (inflamed) - is that the question in antiinflammatory drug therapy of neurodegenerative disorders? Trends Pharmacol Sci 26:517-525
213. Marchetti L, Klein M, Schlett K, Pfizenmaier K, Eisel UL (2004) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated neuroprotection against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity is enhanced by N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptor activation. Essential role of a TNF receptor 2-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent NF-kappa B pathway. J Biol Chem 279:32869-32881
214. Marklund N, Keck C, Hoover R, Soltesz K, Millard M, LeBold D, Spangler Z, Banning A, Benson J, McIntosh TK (2005) Administration of monoclonal antibodies neutralizing the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin -6 does not attenuate acute behavioral deficits following experimental traumatic brain injury in the rat. Restor Neurol Neurosci 23:31-42
215. Massagué J, Blain SW, Lo RS (2000) TGF-B signaling in growth control, cancer, and heritable disorders. Cell 103:295-309
216. McAllister KA, Grogg KM, Johnson DW, Gallione CJ, Baldwin MA, Jackson CE, Helmbold EA, Markel DS, McKinnon WC, Murrell J (1994) Endoglin, a TGF-beta binding protein of endothelial cells, is the gene for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1. Nat Genet 8:345-351
217. McCoy MK, Martinez TN, Ruhn KA, Szymkowski DE, Smith CG, Botterman BR, Tansey KE, Tansey MG (2006) Blocking soluble tumor necrosis factor signaling with dominant-negative TNF inhibitor attenuates loss of dopaminergic neurons in models of Parkinsons Disease. J Neurosci 26:9365-9375
218. McCusker SM, Curran MD, Dynan KB, McCullagh CD, Urquhart DD, Middleton D, Patterson CC, McIlroy SP, Passmore AP (2001) Association between polymorphism in regulatory region of gene encoding tumour necrosis factor alpha and risk of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: A case-control study. Lancet 357:436-439
219. McGeer PL, McGeer EG (2001) Polymorphisms in inflammatory genes and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 58:1790-1792
220. McGuire W, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D (1994) Variation in the TNFalpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature 371:508-510
221. McGuire W, Knight JC, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D (1999) Severe malarial anemia and cerebral malaria are associated with different tumor necrosis factor promoter alleles. J Infect Dis 179:287-290
222. McGuire SO, Ling ZD, Lipton JW, Sortwell CE, Collier TJ, Carvey PM (2001) Tumor necrosis factor alpha is toxic to embryonic mesencephalic dopamine neurons. Exp Neurol 169:219-230
223. Mehlhorn G, Hollborn M, Schliebs R (2000) Induction of cytokines in glial cells surrounding cortical beta-Amyloid plaques in transgenic Tg2576 mice with Alzheimer pathology. Int J Dev Neurosci 18:423-431
224. Merrill JE (1991) Effects of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-Alpha on astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and glial precursors in vitro. Dev Neurosci 13:130-137
225. Mogi M, Harada M, Riederer P, Narabayashi H, Fujita K, Nagatsu T (1994) Tumor necrosis factor-Alpha (TNF-Alpha) increases both in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid from parkinsonian patients. Neurosci Lett 165:208-210
226. Mogi M, Togari A, Tanaka K, Ogawa N, Ichinose H, Nagatsu T (1999) Increase in level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-Alpha in 6-hydroxydopamine- lesioned striatum in rats without influence of systemic l-DOPA on the TNF-Alpha induction. Neurosci Lett 268:101-104
227. Mogi M, Togari A, Kondo T, Mizuno Y, Komure O, Kuno S, Ichinose H, Nagatsu T (2000) Caspase activities and tumor necrosis factor receptor R1 (p55) level are elevated in the substantia nigra from parkinsonian brain. J Neural Transm 107:335-341
228. Moon JA, Kim HT, Cho IS, Sheen YY, Kim DK (2006) IN-1130, a novel transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor kinase (ALK5) inhibitor, suppresses renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 70:1234-1243
229. Morganti-Kossman MC, Lenzlinger PM, Hans V, Stahel P, Csuka E, Ammann E, Stocker R, Trentz O, Kossmann T (1997) Production of cytokines following brain injury: Beneficial and deleterious for the damaged tissue. Mol Psychiatry 2:133-136
230. Mrak, RE, Griffin WS (2007) Common inflammatory mechanisms in Lewy body disease and Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 66(8):683-6
231. Munch G, Apelt J, Rosemarie Kientsch E, Stahl P, Luth HJ, Schliebs R (2003) Advanced glycation endproducts and pro-inflammatory cytokines in transgenic Tg2576 mice with amyloid plaque pathology. J Neurochem 86:283-289
232. Murphy GM, Jr., Claassen JD, DeVoss JJ, Pascoe N, Taylor J, Tinklenberg JR, Yesavage JA (2001) Rate of cognitive decline in AD is accelerated by the interleukin-1 alpha -889 1 allele. Neurology 56:1595-1597
233. Nagatsu T, Sawada M (2005) Inflammatory process in Parkinson's disease: Role for cytokines. Curr Pharm Des 11:999-1016
234. Nagatsu T, Mogi M, Ichinose H, Togari A (2000a) Changes in cytokines and neurotrophins in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm Suppl:277-290
235. Nagatsu T, Mogi M, Ichinose H, Togari A (2000b) Cytokines in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm Suppl:143-151
236. Nicoletti F, DiMarco R, Patti F, Reggio E, Nicoletti A, Zaccone P, Stivala F, Meroni PL, Reggio A (1998) Blood levels of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) are elevated in both relapsing remitting and chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and are further augmented by treatment with interferon-beta 1b (IFN-beta1b). Clin Exp Immunol 113:96-99
237. Nicoll JA, Mrak RE, Graham DI, Stewart J, Wilcock G, MacGowan S, Esiri MM, Murray LS, Dewar D, Love S, Moss T, Griffin WS (2000) Association of interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 47:365-368
238. Nishimura M, Mizuta I, Mizuta E, Yamasaki S, Ohta M, Kaji R, Kuno S (2001) Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms in patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 311:1-4
239. Nishimura M, Kuno S, Kaji R, Yasuno K, Kawakami H (2005) Glutathione-S-Transferase-1 and interleukin-1beta gene polymorphisms in Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 20:901-902
240. O'Neill EJ, Day MJ, Wraith DC (2006) IL-10 is essential for disease protection following intranasal peptide administration in the C57BL/6 model of EAE. J Neuroimmunol 178:1-8
241. Oh SP, Seki T, Goss KA, Imamura T, Yi Y, Donahue PK, Li L, Miyazono K, Dijke P, Kim S, Li E (2000) Activin receptor-like kinase 1 modulates transforming growth factor-B 1 signaling in the regulation of angiogensis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:2626-2631
242. Paganelli R, Di Iorio A, Patricelli L, Ripani F, Sparvieri E, Faricelli R, Iarlori C, Porreca E, Di Gioacchino M, Abate G (2002) Proinflammatory cytokines in sera of elderly patients with dementia: Levels in vascular injury are higher than those of mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease patients. Exp Gerontol 37:257-263
243. Pagenstecher A, Lassmann S, Carson MJ, Kincaid CL, Stalder AK, Campbell IL (2000) Astrocyte-Targeted expression of IL-12 induces active cellular immune responses in the central nervous system and modulates experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 164:4481-4492
244. Pang L, Ye W, Che X-M, Roessler BJ, Betz AL, Yang G-Y (2001) Reduction of inflammatory response in the mouse brain with adenoviral-mediated transforming growth factor-B 1 expression. Stroke 32:544-552
245. Park JH, Shin SH (1996) Induction of IL-12 gene expression in the brain in septic shock. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 224:391-396
246. Park H, Li Z, Yang XO, Chang SH, Nurieva R, Wang YH, Wang Y, Hood L, Zhu Z, Tian Q, Dong C (2005) A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17. Nat Immunol 6:1133-1141
247. Pasparakis M, Alexopoulou L, Episkopou V, Kollias G (1996) Immune and inflammatory responses in TNF alpha-deficient mice: A critical requirement for TNF alpha in the formation of primary B cell follicles, follicular dendritic cell networks and germinal centers, and in the maturation of the humoral immune response. J Exp Med 184:1397-1411
248. Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ (2005) The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun 19:493-499
249. Pavlov VA, Ochani M, Gallowitsch-Puerta M, Ochani K, Huston JM, Czura CJ, Al-Abed Y, Tracey KJ (2006) Central muscarinic cholinergic regulation of the systemic inflammatory response during endotoxemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:5219-5223
250. Pawlikowska L, Tran MN, Achrol AS, McCulloch CE, Ha C, Lind DL, Hashimoto T, Zaroff J, Lawton MT, Marchuk DA, Kwok PY, Young WL (2004) Polymorphisms in genes involved in inflammatory and angiogenic pathways and the risk of hemorrhagic presentation of brain arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 35:2294-2300
251. Pepper MS (1997) Transforming growth factor-B : Vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and vessel wall integrity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 8:21-43
252. Peress NS, Perillo E (1995) Differential expression of TGF-beta 1, 2 and 3 isotypes in Alzheimer's disease: A comparative immunohistochemical study with cerebral infarction, aged human and mouse control brains. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54:802-811
253. Perry RT, Collins JS, Harrell LE, Acton RT, Go RC (2001a) Investigation of association of 13 polymorphisms in eight genes in southeastern African American Alzheimer disease patients as compared to age-matched controls. Am J Med Genet 105:332-342
254. Perry RT, Collins JS, Wiener H, Acton R, Go RC (2001b) The role of TNF and its receptors in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 22:873-883
255. Pestka S, Krause CD, Sarkar D, Walter MR, Shi Y, Fisher PB (2004) Interleukin-10 and related cytokines and receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 22:929-979
256. Pickering M, Cumiskey D, O'Connor JJ (2005) Actions of TNF-Alpha on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Exp Physiol 90:663-670
257. Pimentel-Muinos FX, Seed B (1999) Regulated commitment of TNF receptor signaling: A molecular switch for death or activation. Immunity 11:783-793
258. Pinteaux E, Rothwell NJ, Boutin H (2006) Neuroprotective actions of endogenous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) are mediated by glia. Glia 53:551-556
259. Pittet JF, Griffiths MJ, Geiser T, Kaminski N, Dalton SL, Huang X, Brown LA, Gotwals PJ, Koteliansky VE, Matthay MA, Sheppard D (2001) TGF-beta is a critical mediator of acute lung injury. J Clin Invest 107:1537-1544
260. Pradervand S, Yasukawa H, Muller OG, Kjekshus H, Nakamura T, St Amand TR, Yajima T, Matsumura K, Duplain H, Iwatate M, Woodard S, Pedrazzini T, Ross J, Firsov D, Rossier BC, Hoshijima M, Chien KR (2004) Small proline-rich protein 1A is a gp130 pathway- And stressinducible cardioprotective protein. EMBO J 23:4517-4525
261. Prehn JH, Bindokas VP, Marcuccilli CJ, Krajewski S, Reed JC, Miller RJ (1994) Regulation of neuronal Bcl2 protein expression and calcium homeostasis by transforming growth factor type beta confers wide-ranging protection on rat hippocampal neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:12599-12603
262. Probert L, Akassoglou K (2001) Glial expression of tumor necrosis factor in transgenic animals: How do these models reflect the 'normal situation'? Glia 36:212-219
263. Probert L, Akassoglou K, Pasparakis M, Kontogeorgos G, Kollias G (1995) Spontaneous inflammatory demyelinating disease in transgenic mice showing central nervous system-specific expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:11294-11298
264. Probert L, Eugster HP, Akassoglou K, Bauer J, Frei K, Lassmann H, Fontana A (2000) TNFR1 signalling is critical for the development of demyelination and the limitation of T-cell responses during immune-mediated CNS disease. Brain 123 (Pt 10):2005-2019
265. Qiu J, Cafferty WB, McMahon SB, Thompson SW (2005) Conditioning injury-induced spinal axon regeneration requires signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation. J Neurosci 25:1645-1653
266. Quintana A, Giralt M, Rojas S, Penkowa M, Campbell IL, Hidalgo J, Molinero A (2005) Differential role of tumor necrosis factor receptors in mouse brain inflammatory responses in cryolesion brain injury. J Neurosci Res 82:701-716
267. Racke MK, Dhib-Jalbut S, Cannella B, Albert PS, Raine CS, McFarlin DE (1991) Prevention and treatment of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by transforming growth factor-B 1. J Immunol 146:3012-3017
268. Raine CS, Bonetti B, Cannella B (1998) Multiple sclerosis: Expression of molecules of the tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor families in relationship to the demyelinated plaque. Rev Neurol (Paris) 154:577-585
269. Rieckmann P, Albrecht M, Kitze B, Weber T, Tumani H, Broocks A, Luer W, Helwig A, Poser S (1995) Tumor necrosis factor-Alpha messenger RNA expression in patients with relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis is associated with disease activity. Ann Neurol 37:82-88
270. Roberts AB, Sporn MB (1996) Transforming growth factor-B In: The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound Repair, Second Edition (Clark RAF, ed.), pp. 275-308. New York, NY: Plenum Press
271. Rott O, Fleischer B, Cash E (1994) Interleukin-10 prevents experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. Eur J Immunol 24:1434-1440
272. Rousselet E, Callebert J, Parain K, Joubert C, Hunot S, Hartmann A, Jacque C, Perez-Diaz F, Cohen-Salmon C, Launay JM, Hirsch EC (2002) Role of TNF-Alpha receptors in mice intoxicated with the parkinsonian toxin MPTP. Exp Neurol 177:183-192
273. Ruddle NH, Bergman CM, McGrath KM, Lingenheld EG, Grunnet ML, Padula SJ, Clark RB (1990) An antibody to lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor prevents transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 172:1193-1200
274. Ruuls SR, Hoek RM, Ngo VN, McNeil T, Lucian LA, Janatpour MJ, Korner H, Scheerens H, Hessel EM, Cyster JG, McEvoy LM, Sedgwick JD (2001) Membrane-bound TNF supports secondary lymphoid organ structure but is subservient to secreted TNF in Driving autoimmune inflammation. Immunity 15:533-543
275. Saavedra A, Baltazar G, Duarte EP (2007) Interleukin-1beta mediates GDNF up-regulation upon Dopaminergic injury in ventral midbrain cell cultures. Neurobiol Dis 25(1):92-104
276. Sairam K, Saravanan KS, Banerjee R, Mohanakumar KP (2003) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug sodium salicylate, but not diclofenac or celecoxib, protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in rats. Brain Res 966:245-252
277. Samoilova EB, Horton JL, Chen Y (1998a) Acceleration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice: Roles of interleukin-10 in Disease progression and recovery. Cell Immunol 188:118-124
278. Samoilova EB, Horton JL, Hilliard B, Liu TS, Chen Y (1998b) IL-6-deficient mice are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Roles of IL-6 in the activation and differentiation of autoreactive T cells. J Immunol 161:6480-6486
279. Sanyal S, Kim SM, Ramaswami M (2004) Retrograde regulation in the CNS; neuron-specific interpretations of TGF-beta signaling. Neuron 41:845-848
280. Satomi J, Mount RJ, Toporsian M, Paterson AD, Wallace MC, Harrison RV, Letarte M (2003) Cerebral vascular abnormalities in a murine model of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Stroke 34:783-789
281. Scherbel U, Raghupathi R, Nakamura M, Saatman KE, Trojanowski JQ, Neugebauer E, Marino MW, McIntosh TK (1999) Differential acute and chronic responses of tumor necrosis factordeficient mice to experimental brain injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:8721-8726
282. Schweizer U, Gunnersen J, Karch C, Wiese S, Holtmann B, Takeda K, Akira S, Sendtner M (2002) Conditional gene ablation of Stat3 reveals differential signaling requirements for survival of motoneurons during development and after nerve injury in the adult. J Cell Biol 156:287-297
283. Sedgwick JD, Riminton DS, Cyster JG, Korner H (2000) Tumor necrosis factor: A master-regulator of leukocyte movement. Immunol Today 21:110-113
284. Segal BM, Dwyer BK, Shevach EM (1998) An interleukin (IL)-10/IL-12 immunoregulatory circuit controls susceptibility to autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 187:537-546
285. Sekiyama A, Ueda H, Kashiwamura S, Nishida K, Kawai K, Teshima-kondo S, Rokutan K, Okamura H (2005) IL-18; a cytokine translates a stress into medical science. J Med Invest 52 Suppl:236-239
286. Selmaj KW, Farooq M, Norton WT, Raine CS, Brosnan CF (1990) Proliferation of astrocytes in vitro in response to cytokines. A primary role for tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 144:129-135
287. Selmaj K, Raine CS, Cannella B, Brosnan CF (1991) Identification of lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor in multiple sclerosis lesions. J Clin Invest 87:949-954
288. Selmaj K, Papierz W, Glabinski A, Kohno T (1995) Prevention of chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I. J Neuroimmunol 56:135-141
289. Seripa D, Dobrina A, Margaglione M, Matera MG, Gravina C, Vecile E, Fazio VM (2003) Relevance of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist intron-2 polymorphism in ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 15:276-281
290. Sharief MK, Hentges R (1991) Association between tumor necrosis factor-Alpha and disease progression in patients with multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 325:467-472
291. Shen HM, Pervaiz S (2006) TNF receptor superfamily-induced cell death: Redox-dependent execution. FASEB J 20:1589-1598
292. Sheng JG, Jones RA, Zhou XQ, McGinness JM, Van Eldik LJ, Mrak RE, Griffin WS (2001) Interleukin-1 promotion of MAPK-p38 overexpression in experimental animals and in Alzheimer's disease: Potential significance for tau protein phosphorylation. Neurochem Int 39:341-348
293. Shi Y, Massague J (2003) Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. Cell 113:685-700
294. Sly LM, Krzesicki RF, Brashler JR, Buhl AE, McKinley DD, Carter DB, Chin JE (2001) Endogenous brain cytokine mRNA and inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide are elevated in the Tg2576 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 56:581-588
295. Smith T, Hewson AK, Kingsley CI, Leonard JP, Cuzner ML (1997) Interleukin-12 induces relapse in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat. Am J Pathol 150:1909-1917
296. Sriram K, Matheson JM, Benkovic SA, Miller DB, Luster MI, O'Callaghan JP (2002) Mice deficient in TNF receptors are protected against dopaminergic neurotoxicity: Implications for Parkinson's disease. FASEB J 16:1474-1476
297. Sriram K, Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP (2006a) Minocycline attenuates microglial activation but fails to mitigate striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity: Role of tumor necrosis factor-Alpha. J Neurochem 96:706-718
298. Sriram K, Matheson JM, Benkovic SA, Miller DB, Luster MI, O'Callaghan JP (2006b) Deficiency of TNF receptors suppresses microglial activation and alters the susceptibility of brain regions to MPTP-induced neurotoxicity: Role of TNF-Alpha. FASEB J 20:670-682
299. Stalder AK, Pagenstecher A, Yu NC, Kincaid C, Chiang CS, Hobbs MV, Bloom FE, Campbell IL (1997) Lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-12 expression in the central nervous system and cultured astrocytes and microglia. J Immunol 159:1344-1351
300. Steed PM, Tansey MG, Zalevsky J, Zhukovsky EA, Desjarlais JR, Szymkowski DE, Abbott C, Carmichael D, Chan C, Cherry L, Cheung P, Chirino AJ, Chung HH, Doberstein SK, Eivazi A, Filikov AV, Gao SX, Hubert RS, Hwang M, Hyun L, Kashi S, Kim A, Kim E, Kung J, Martinez SP, Muchhal US, Nguyen DH, O'Brien C, O'Keefe D, Singer K, Vafa O, Vielmetter J, Yoder SC, Dahiyat BI (2003) Inactivation of TNF signaling by rationally designed dominantnegative TNF variants. Science 301:1895-1898
301. Sukal SA, Nadiminti L, Granstein RD (2006) Etanercept and demyelinating disease in a patient with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 54:160-164
302. Suthanthiran M, Li B, Song JO, Ding R, Sharma VK, Schwartz JE, August P (2000) Transforming growth factor-B 1 hyperexpression in African-American hypertensives: A novel mediator of hypertension and/or target organ Damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:3479-3484
303. Sweeney ST, Davis GW (2002) Unrestricted synaptic growth in spinster-A late endosomal protein implicated in TGF-beta-mediated synaptic growth regulation. Neuron 36:403-416
304. Swiergiel AH, Dunn AJ (2006) Feeding, exploratory, anxiety- And depression-related behaviors are not altered in interleukin-6-deficient male mice. Behav Brain Res 171:94-108
305. Szymkowski DE (2005) Creating the next generation of protein therapeutics through rational drug design. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 8:590-600
306. t Hart BA, Brok HP, Remarque E, Benson J, Treacy G, Amor S, Hintzen RQ, Laman JD, Bauer J, Blezer EL (2005) Suppression of ongoing disease in a nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis by a human-Anti-human IL-12p40 antibody. J Immunol 175:4761-4768
307. Tada T, Kanaji M, Kobayashi S (1994) Induction of communicating hydrocephalus in mice by intrathecal injection of human recombinant transforming growth factor-beta 1. J Neuroimmunol 50:153-158
308. Taga T (1996) Gp130, a shared signal transducing receptor component for hematopoietic and neuropoietic cytokines. J Neurochem 67:1-10
309. Takizawa T, Tada T, Kitazawa K, Tanaka Y, Hongo K, Kameko M, Uemura KI (2001) Inflammatory cytokine cascade released by leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res 23:724-730
310. Tarkowski E, Issa R, Sjogren M, Wallin A, Blennow K, Tarkowski A, Kumar P (2002) Increased intrathecal levels of the angiogenic factors VEGF and TGF-beta in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging 23:237-243
311. Tartaglia LA, Rothe M, Hu YF, Goeddel DV (1993) Tumor necrosis factor's cytotoxic activity is signaled by the p55 TNF receptor. Cell 73:213-216
312. Taupin V, Renno T, Bourbonniere L, Peterson AC, Rodriguez M, Owens T (1997) Increased severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, chronic macrophage/microglial reactivity, and demyelination in transgenic mice producing tumor necrosis factor-Alpha in the central nervous system. Eur J Immunol 27:905-913
313. ten Dijke P, Hill CS (2004) New insights into TGF-beta-Smad signalling. Trends Biochem Sci 29:265-273
314. Tesseur I, Zou K, Berber E, Zhang H, Wyss-Coray T (2006a) Highly sensitive and specific bioassay for measuring bioactive TGF-beta. BMC Cell Biol 7:15
315. Tesseur I, Zou K, Esposito L, Bard F, Berber E, Can JV, Lin AH, Crews L, Tremblay P, Mathews P, Mucke L, Masliah E, Wyss-Coray T (2006b) Deficiency in neuronal TGF-beta signaling promotes neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's pathology. J Clin Invest 116:3060-3069
316. Thackray AM, McKenzie AN, Klein MA, Lauder A, Bujdoso R (2004) Accelerated prion Disease in the absence of interleukin-10. J Virol 78:13697-13707
317. Tian J, Shi J, Bailey K, Mann DM (2003) Negative association between amyloid plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 352:137-140
318. Tobinick E, Gross H, Weinberger A, Cohen H (2006) TNF-Alpha modulation for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A 6-month pilot study. MedGenMed 8:25
319. Tonelli LH, Postolache TT (2005) Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and major histocompatibility complex molecules in the normal brain and after peripheral immune challenge. Neurol Res 27:679-684
320. Tsukazaki T, Chiang TA, Davison AF, Attisano L, Wrana JL (1998) SARA, a FYVE domain protein that recruits Smad2 to the TGFbeta receptor. Cell 95:779-791
321. Ueberham U, Ueberham E, Bruckner MK, Seeger G, Gartner U, Gruschka H, Gebhardt R, Arendt T (2005) Inducible neuronal expression of transgenic TGF-beta1 in vivo: Dissection of short-Term and long-Term effects. Eur J Neurosci 22:50-64
322. Uhl M, Aulwurm S, Wischhusen J, Weiler M, Ma JY, Almirez R, Mangadu R, Liu YW, Platten M, Herrlinger U, Murphy A, Wong DH, Wick W, Higgins LS, Weller M (2004) SD-208, a novel transforming growth factor beta receptor I kinase inhibitor, inhibits growth and invasiveness and enhances immunogenicity of murine and human glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 64:7954-7961
323. Unsicker K, Krieglstein K (2000) Co-Activation of TGF-B and cytokine signaling pathways are required for neurotropic functions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 11:97-102
324. Unsicker K, Krieglstein K (2002) TGF-betas and their roles in the regulation of neuron survival. Adv Exp Med Biol 513:353-374
325. Unsicker K, Flanders KC, Cissel DS, Lafyatis R, Sporn MB (1991) Transforming growth factor beta isoforms in the adult rat central and peripheral nervous system. Neuroscience 44:613-625
326. van Der Wal EA, Gómez-Pinilla F, Cotman CW (1993) Transforming growth factor-B 1 is in plaques in Alzheimer and Down pathologies. Neuroreport 4:69-72
327. Veldhoen M, Hocking RJ, Flavell RA, Stockinger B (2006a) Signals mediated by transforming growth factor-beta initiate autoimmune encephalomyelitis, but chronic inflammation is needed to sustain Disease. Nat Immunol 7:1151-1156
328. Veldhoen M, Hocking RJ, Atkins CJ, Locksley RM, Stockinger B (2006b) TGFbeta in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells. Immunity 24:179-189
329. Venstrom KA, Reichardt LF (1993) Extracellular matrix. 2: Role of extracellular matrix molecules and their receptors in the nervous system. FASEB J 7:996-1003
330. Vitarbo EA, Chatzipanteli K, Kinoshita K, Truettner JS, Alonso OF, Dietrich WD (2004) Tumor necrosis factor alpha expression and protein levels after fluid percussion injury in rats: The effect of injury severity and brain temperature. Neurosurgery 55:416-424; discussion 424-415
331. Wajant H, Pfizenmaier K, Scheurich P (2003) Tumor necrosis factor signaling. Cell Death Differ 10:45-65
332. Weinstein M, Yang X, Deng C-X (2000) Functions of mammalian Smad genes as revealed by targeted gene disruption in mice. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 11:49-58
333. Wiendl H, Hohlfeld R (2002) Therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis: Lessons from failed and interrupted treatment trials. BioDrugs 16:183-200
334. Wilson AG, de Vries N, Pociot F, di Giovine FS, van Der Putte LB, Duff GW (1993) An allelic polymorphism within the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region is strongly associated with HLA A1, B8, and DR3 alleles. J Exp Med 177:557-560
335. Windhagen A, Newcombe J, Dangond F, Strand C, Woodroofe MN, Cuzner ML, Hafler DA (1995) Expression of costimulatory molecules B7-1 (CD80), B7-2 (CD86), and interleukin 12 cytokine in multiple sclerosis lesions. J Exp Med 182:1985-1996
336. Wu Z, Zhang J, Nakanishi H (2005) Leptomeningeal cells activate microglia and astrocytes to induce IL-10 production by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines during systemic inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 167:90-98
337. Wyss-Coray T (2006) Inflammation in Alzheimer disease: Driving force, bystander or beneficial response? Nat Med 12:1005-1015
338. Wyss-Coray T, Mucke L (2002) Inflammation in neurodegenerative disease - A double-edged sword. Neuron 35:419-432
339. Wyss-Coray T, Feng L, Masliah E, Ruppe MD, Lee HS, Toggas SM, Rockenstein EM, Mucke L (1995) Increased central nervous system production of extracellular matrix components and development of hydrocephalus in transgenic mice overexpressing transforming growth factor-B 1. Am J Pathol 147:53-67
340. Wyss-Coray T, Borrow P, Brooker MJ, Mucke L (1997a) Astroglial overproduction of TGF-B 1 enhances inflammatory central nervous system disease in transgenic mice. J Neuroimmunol 77:45-50
341. Wyss-Coray T, Masliah E, Mallory M, McConlogue L, Johnson-Wood K, Lin C, Mucke L (1997b) Amyloidogenic role of cytokine TGF-B 1 in transgenic mice and Alzheimer's disease. Nature 389:603-606
342. Wyss-Coray T, Lin C, Sanan D, Mucke L, Masliah E (2000) Chronic overproduction of TGF-B 1 in astrocytes promotes Alzheimer's disease-like microvascular degeneration in transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 156:139-150
343. Wyss-Coray T, Lin C, Yan F, Yu G, Rohde M, McConlogue L, Masliah E, Mucke L (2001) TGF-B 1 promotes microglial amyloid-B clearance and reduces plaque burden in transgenic mice. Nat Med 7:612-618
344. Wyss-Coray T, Yan F, Lin AH, Lambris JD, Alexander JJ, Quigg RJ, Masliah E (2002) Prominent neurodegeneration and increased plaque formation in complement-inhibited Alzheimer's mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:10837-10842
345. Yamashita T, Sawamoto K, Suzuki S, Suzuki N, Adachi K, Kawase T, Mihara M, Ohsugi Y, Abe K, Okano H (2005) Blockade of interleukin-6 signaling aggravates ischemic cerebral damage in mice: Possible involvement of Stat3 activation in the protection of neurons. J Neurochem 94:459-468
346. Yang L, Lindholm K, Konishi Y, Li R, Shen Y (2002) Target depletion of distinct tumor necrosis factor receptor subtypes reveals hippocampal neuron Death and survival through different signal transduction pathways. J Neurosci 22:3025-3032
347. Yang YC, Piek E, Zavadil J, Liang D, Xie D, Heyer J, Pavlidis P, Kucherlapati R, Roberts AB, Bottinger EP (2003) Hierarchical model of gene regulation by transforming growth factor beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:10269-10274
348. Youdim MB, Buccafusco JJ (2005) Multi-functional drugs for various CNS targets in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 26:27-35
349. Zdanov A (2004) Structural features of the interleukin-10 family of cytokines. Curr Pharm Des 10:3873-3884
350. Zhang F, Endo S, Cleary LJ, Eskin A, Byrne JH (1997) Role of transforming growth factor-B in long-Term synaptic facilitation in Aplysia. Science 275:1318
351. Zheng X, Wang J, Haerry TE, Wu AY, Martin J, O'Connor MB, Lee CH, Lee T (2003) TGF-beta signaling activates steroid hormone receptor expression During neuronal remodeling in the Drosophila brain. Cell 112:303-315
352. Zhu Y, Yang G-Y, Ahlemeyer B, Pang L, Che X-M, Culmsee C, Klumpp S, Krieglstein J (2002) Transforming growth factor-B 1 increases bad phosphorylation and protects neurons against damage. J Neurosci 22:3898-3909
353. Zou JY, Crews FT (2005) TNF alpha potentiates glutamate neurotoxicity by inhibiting glutamate uptake in organotypic brain slice cultures: Neuroprotection by NF kappa B inhibition. Brain Res 1034:11-24