Molecular pathways involved in apoptotic cell death in the injured cochlea: Cues to novel therapeutic strategies

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 11, Issue 17, 2005, Pages 2257-2275

  Lallemend, F ^a   Lefebvre, P P ^a,b   Hans, G ^a,b   Moonen, G ^a,b   Malgrange, B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Cell death; Cochelea; Neuroprotection; Noise trauma; Ototoxicity; Trophic factors

Indexed keywords

2 AMINO 5 PHOSPHONOVALERIC ACID; 6,7 DINITRO 2,3 QUINOXALINEDIONE; ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALPHA INTERMEDIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; BENZYLOXYCARBONYLVALYLALANYLASPARTYL FLUOROMETHYL KETONE; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CALCIUM ION; CALPASTATIN; CASPASE; CASPASE INHIBITOR; CEP 1347; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CISPLATIN; CONCANAVALIN A; DEFEROXAMINE; DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMIC ACID; DIZOCILPINE; EBSELEN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 1; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUTATHIONE; IFENPRODIL; KYNURENIC ACID; LEUPEPTIN; MANGANESEDICHLORO(3,10,13,20,26 PENTAAZATETRACYCLO[20.3.1.0(4,9).0(14,19)] 1(26),22(23),24 HEXACOSATRIENE); MELANOCORTIN; MELANOTAN II; METHIONINE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; N(G) NITROARGININE METHYL ESTER; NEOMYCIN; NEURITE PROMOTING FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; NEUROTROPHIN 4; NICOTINIC AGENT; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PIFITHRIN ALPHA; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN P53; RILUZOLE; SODIUM THIOSULFATE; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; THIOUREA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; CELL DEATH; CELL SURVIVAL; CLINICAL FEATURE; COCHLEA INJURY; COCHLEA PROSTHESIS; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; HAIR CELL; HEARING LOSS; HUMAN; INNER EAR; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NEPHROTOXICITY; NERVE CELL LESION; NEUROTOXICITY; NOISE INJURY; OTOTOXICITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSORY NERVE CELL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM;

APOPTOSIS; COCHLEA; DEAFNESS; HUMANS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 21044438047     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612054367346     Document Type: Review

References (337)

1. Rosenhall U, Pedersen K, Moller MB. Self-assessment of hearing problems in an elderly population. A longitudinal study. Scand Audiol 1987; 16: 211-7.
2. Davis AC. The prevalence of hearing impairment and reported hearing disability among adults in Great Britain. Int J Epidemiol 1999; 18: 911-7.
3. Ries PW. Prevalence and characteristics of persons with hearing trouble: United States, 1990-91. Vital Health Stat 10 1994: 1-75.
4. Davis AC. Hearing disorders in the population: first phase findings of the MRC National Study of Hearing 1993.
5. Li H, Liu H, Heller S. Pluripotent stem cells from the adult mouse inner ear. Nat Med 2003; 9: 1293-9.
6. Doetsch F, Caille I, Lim DA, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A. Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain. Cell 1999; 97: 703-16.
7. Laywell ED, Rakic P, Kukekov VG, Holland EC, Steindler DA. Identification of a multipotent astrocytic stem cell in the immature and adult mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 13883-8.
8. Seri B, Garcia-Verdugo JM, McEwen BS, Alvarez-Buylla A. Astrocytes give rise to new neurons in the adult mammalian hippocampus. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 7153-60.
9. Imura T, Kornblum HI, Sofroniew MV. The predominant neural stem cell isolated from postnatal and adult forebrain but not early embryonic forebrain expresses GFAP. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 2824-32.
10. Bredberg G. Cellular pattern and nerve supply of the human organ of Corti. Acta. Otolaryngol 1968; Suppl 236: 1-135.
11. Spoendlin H. Degeneration behaviour of the cochlear nerve. Arch Klin Exp Ohren Nasen Kehlkopfheilkd 1971; 200: 275-91.
12. Webster M, Wester DB. Spiral ganglion neuron loss following organ of Corti loss: a quantitative study. Brain Res 1981; 212: 17-30.
13. Forge A, Schacht J. Aminoglycoside antibiotics. Audiol Neurootol 2000; 5: 3-22.
14. Wright A, Forge A, Kotecha B. Ototoxicity, 6th ed, vol. 3, Kerr, A.G. (Ed.). Bath press 1997; 1-36.
15. Hoople GD. Noise-induced hearing loss; diagnosis, presbycusis, susceptibility. Laryngoscope 1958; 68: 477-86.
16. Drescher MJ, Drescher DG, Medina JE. Effect of sound stimulation at several levels on concentrations of primary amines, including neurotransmitter candidates, in perilymph of the guinea pig inner ear. J Neurochem 1983; 41: 309-20.
17. Kerr JFR, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 1972; 26: 239-57.
18. Thompson CB. Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Disease. Science 1995; 267: 1456-62.
19. Kroemer G, Petit P, Zamzami N, Vayssiere JL, Mignotte B. The Biochemistry of Programmed Cell-Death. FASEB J 1995; 9: 1277-87.
20. Platt N, da Silva RP, Gordon S. Recognizing death: the phagocytosis of apoptotic. cells. Trends in Cell Biol 1998; 8: 365-72.
21. Wu YC, Horvitz HR. The C-elegans cell corpse engulfment geneced-7 encodes a protein similar to ABC transporters. Cell 1998; 93: 951-60.
22. Savill J, Fadok V. Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death. Nature 2000; 407: 784-8.
23. Martin LJ, Al Abdulla NA, Brambrink AM, Kirsch JR, Sieber FE, Portera-Cailliau C. Neurodegeneration in excitotoxicity, global cerebral ischemia, target deprivation: A perspective on the contributions of apoptosis and necrosis. Brain Res Bull 1998; 46: 281-309.
24. Bonfoco E, Krainc D, Ankarcrona M, Nicotera P, Lipton SA. Apoptosis and necrosis: two distinct events induced, respectively, by mild and intense insults with N-methyl-D-aspartate or nitric oxide/superoxide in cortical cell cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 7162-6.
25. Thornberry NA, Lazebnik Y. Caspases enemies within. Science 1998; 281: 1312-6.
26. Rano TA, Timkey T, Peterson EP, Rotonda J, Nicholson DW, Becker JW, et al. A combinatorial approach for determining protease specificities: Application to interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE). Chem Biol 1997; 4: 149-55.
27. Thornberry NA, Ranon TA, Pieterson EP, Rasper DM, Timkey T, GarciaCalvo M, et al. A combinatorial approach defines specificities of members of the caspase family and granzyme B-Functional, relationships established for key mediators of apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 17907-11.
28. Hengartner MO. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 2000; 407: 770-6.
29. Green DR. Apoptotic pathways: Paper wraps stone blunts scissors. Cell 2000; 102: 14
30. Adams JM. Ways of dying: multiple pathways to apoptosis. Genes Dev 2003; 17: 2481-95.
31. Ashkenazi A, Dixit VM. Death receptors: signaling and modulation. Science 1998; 281: 1305-8.
32. Ashkenazi A, Dixit VM. Apoptosis control by death and decoy receptors. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 1999; 11: 255-60.
33. Salvesen GS, Dixit VM. Caspase activation: The induced-proximity model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 10964-7.
34. Wang K, Yin XM, Chao DT, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ. BID: a novel BH3 domain-only death agonist. Genes Dev 1996; 10: 2859-69.
35. Luo X, Budihardjo I, Zou H, Slaughter C, Wang XD. Bid, a Bcl2 interacting protein, mediates cytochrome c release from mitochondria in response to activation of cell surface death receptors. Cell 1998; 94: 481-90.
36. Green DR, Reed JC. Mitochondria and apoptosis. Science 1998; 281: 1309-12.
37. Newmeyer DD, Ferguson-Miller S. Mitochondria: Releasing power for life and unleashing the machineries of death. Cell 2003; 112: 481-90.
38. Li P, Nijhawan D, Budihardjo I, Srinivasula SM, Ahmad M, Alnemri ES, et al. Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. Cell 1997; 91: 479-89.
39. Susin SA, Lorenzo HK, Zamzami N, Marzo I, Snow BE, Brothers GM, et al. Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. Nature 1999; 397: 441-6.
40. Li LY, Luo L, Wang XD. Endonuclease G is an apoptotic DNase when released from mitochondria. Nature 2001; 412: 95-9.
41. Du C, Fang M, Li Y, Li L, Wang X. Smac, a mitochondrial protein that promotes cytochrome c-dependent caspase activation by eliminating IAP inhibition. Cell 2000; 102: 33-42.
42. Suzuki Y, Imai Y, Nakayama H, Takahashi K, Takio K, Takahashi R. A serine protease, HtrA2, is released from the mitochondria and interacts with XIAP, inducing cell death. Mol Cell 2001; 8: 613-21.
43. Yang QH, Church-Hajduk R, Ren JY, Newton ML, Du CY. Omi/HtrA2 catalytic cleavage of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) irreversibly inactivates IAPs and facilitates caspase activity in apoptosis. Genes Dev 2003; 17: 1487-96.
44. Cory S, Adams JM. The Bcl2 family: regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2: 647-56.
45. Kuwana T, Newmeyer DD. Permeabilisation of mitochondrial outer membrane by Bcl-2 family proteins during apoptosis. Molecular Biology of the Cell 2002; 13: 146.
46. Ferri KF, Kroemer G. Organelle-specific initiation of cell death pathways. Nat Cell Biol 2001; 3: E255-E263.
47. Johnstone RW, Ruefli AA, Lowe SW. Apoptosis: A link between cancer genetics and chemotherapy. Cell 2002; 108: 153-64.
48. Jin S, Kalkum M, Overholtzer M, Stoffel A, Chait BT, Levine AJ. CIAP1 and the serine protease HTRA2 are involved in a novel p53-dependent apoptosis pathway in mammals. Genes Dev 2003; 17: 359-67.
49. Millara M, Erster S, Zaika A, Petrenko O, Chittenden T, Pancoska P, et al. p53 has a direct apoptogenic role at the mitochondria. Mol Cell 2003; 11: 577-90.
50. Buttke TM, Sandstrom PA. Redox Regulation of Programmed Cell-Death in Lymphocytes - Invited Commentary. Free Radical Res 1995; 22: 389-97.
51. Dean RT, Fu SL, Stocker R, Davies MJ. Biochemistry and pathology of radical-mediated protein oxidation. Biochem J 1997; 324: 1-18.
52. Chan PH. Reactive oxygen radicals in signaling and damage in the ischemic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 2-14.
53. Cross AR, Jones OTG. Enzymatic Mechanisms of Superoxide Production. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1991; 1057: 281-98.
54. Croft S, Gilbert BC, Smith JRL, Stell JK, Sanderson WR. Mechanisms of Peroxide Stabilization - An Investigation of Some Reactions of Hydrogen-Peroxide in the Presence of Aminophosphonic Acids. J Chem Soc-Perkin Trans 2 1992: 153-60.
55. Packer MA, Porteous CM, Murphy MP. Superoxide production by mitochondria in the presence of nitric oxide forms peroxynitrite. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1996; 40: 527-34.
56. Riceevans C, Bruckdorfer KR. Free-Radicals, Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Dysfunction. Mol Aspects Med 1992; 13: 1-111.
57. Raha S, Robinson BH. Mitochondria, oxygen free radicals, disease and ageing. Trends Biochem Sci 2000; 25: 502-8.
58. Raha S, McEachern GE, Myint AT, Robinson BH. Superoxides from mitochondrial complex III: the role of manganese superoxide dismutase. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29: 170-80.
59. Halliwell B. Antioxidant defence mechanisms: from the beginning to the end (of the beginning). Free Radic Res 1999; 31: 261-72.
60. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Role of iron in oxygen radical reactions. Method Enzymol 1984; 105: 47-56.
61. Atlante A, Calissano P, Bobba A, Giannattasio S, Marra E, Passarella S. Glutamate neurotoxicity, oxidative stress and mitochondria. FEBS Lett 2001; 497: 1-5.
62. Pagano G. Redox-modulated xenobiotic action and ROS formation: a mirror or a window? Hum Exp Toxicol 2002; 21: 77-81.
63. Chan PH, Fujimura M, Lewen A, Noshita N, Sugawara T, Morita-Fujimura Y. The role of mitochondria and oxidative stress in neuronal death. J Neurochem 2001; 78: 203.
64. Boulton TO, Nye SH, Robbins DJ, Ip NY, Radziejewska E, Morgenbesser SD, et al. Erks - A Family of Protein-Serine Threonine Kinases That Are Activated and Tyrosine Phosphorylated in Response to Insulin and Ngf. Cell 1991; 65: 663-75.
65. Kyriakis JM, Banerjee P, Nikolakaki E, Dai TA, Rubie EA, Ahmad MF, et al. The Stress-Activated Protein-Kinase Subfamily of C-Jun Kinases. Nature 1994; 369: 156-60.
66. Han J, Lee JD, Bibbs L, Ulevitch RJ. A Map Kinase Targeted by Endotoxin and Hyperosmolarity in Mammalian-Cells. Science 1994; 265: 808-11.
67. Pelech SL. Networking with Proline-Directed Protein-Kinases Implicated in Tau Phosphorylation. Neurobiol Aging 1995; 16: 247-56.
68. Su B, Karin M. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and regulation of gene expression. Curr Opin Immunol 1996; 8: 402-11.
69. Cobb MH. MAP kinase pathways. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1999; 71: 479-500.
70. Ishikawa Y, Kitamura M. Dual potential of extracellular signal-regulated kinase for the control of cell survival. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 264: 696-701.
71. Ichijo H, Nishida E, Irie K, TenDijke P, Saitoh M, Moriguchi T, et al. Induction of apoptosis by ASK1, a mammalian MAPKKK that activates SAPK/JNK and p38 signaling pathways. Science 1997; 275: 90-4.
72. Yamamoto K, Ichijo H, Korsmeyer SJ. BCL-2 is phosphorylated and inactivated by an ASK1/Jun N-terminal protein kinase pathway normally activated at G(2)/M. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19: 8469-78.
73. Davis RJ. Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kinases. Cell 2000; 103: 239-52.
74. Tournier C, Whitmarsh AJ, Cavanagh J, Barrett T, Davis RJ. The MKK7 gene encodes a group of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase kinases. Mol Cell Biol 1999: 19: 1569-81.
75. Gallo KA, Johnson GL. Mixed-lineage kinase control of JNK and p38 MAPK pathways. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002; 3: 663-72.
76. Xia Z, Dickens M, Raingeaud J, Davis RJ, Greenberg ME. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science 1995; 270: 1326-31.
77. Lin A. Activation of the JNK signaling pathway: breaking the brake on apoptosis. Bioessays 2003; 25: 17-24.
78. Kallunki T, Su B, Tsigelny I, Sluss HK, Derijard B, Moore G, et al. JNK2 contains a specificity-determining region responsible for efficient c-Jun binding and phosphorylation. Genes Dev 1994; 8: 2996-3007.
79. Gupta S, Campbell D, Derijard B, Davis RJ. Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway. Science 1995; 267: 389-93.
80. Whitmarsh AJ, Shore P, Sharrocks AD, Davis RJ, Integration of MAP kinase signal transduction pathways at the serum response element. Science 1995; 269: 403-7.
81. Hu MC, Qiu WR, Wang YP. JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 are p53 N-terminal serine 34 kinases. Oncogene 1997; 15: 2277-87.
82. Harris CA, Johnson EM. BH3-only Bcl-2 family members are coordinately regulated by the JNK pathway and require Bax to induce apoptosis in neurons. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 37754-60.
83. Putcha GV, Le S, Frank S, Besirli CG, Clark K, Chu B, et al. JNK-mediated BIM phosphorylation potentiates BAX-dependent apoptosis. Neuron 2003; 38: 899-914.
84. Yu C, Minemoto Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Tang F, Bui TN, et al. JNK suppresses apoptosis via phosphorylation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein BAD. Mol Cell 2004; 13: 329-40.
85. Fan M, Goodwin M, Vu T, Brantley-Finley C, Gaarde WA, Chambers TC. Vinblastine-induced phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL is mediated by JNK and occurs in parallel with inactivation of the Raf-1/MEK/ERK cascade. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 29980-5.
86. New L, Jiang Y, Zhao M, Liu K, Zhu W, Flood LJ, et al. PRAK, a novel protein kinase regulated by the p38 MAP kinase. EMBO J 1998; 17: 3372-84.
87. Brenner B, Koppenhoefer U, Weinstock C, Linderkamp O, Lang F, Gulbins E. Fas- or ceramide-induced apoptosis is mediated by a rad-regulated activation of jun N-terminal kinase p38 kinases and GADD153. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 22173-81.
88. Kummer JL, Rao PK, Heidenreich KA. Apoptosis induced by withdrawal of trophic factors is mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 20490-4.
89. MacKay K, Mochly-Rosen D. An inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase protects neonatal cardiac myocytes from ischemia. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 6272-9.
90. Kumar S, Boehm J, Lee JC. p38 MAP kinases: key signalling molecules as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003; 2: 717-26.
91. Daum G, Eisenmann-Tappe I, Fries HW, Troppmair J, Rapp UR. The ins and outs of Raf kinases. Trends Biochem Sci 1994; 19: 474-80.
92. Troppmair J, Bruder JT, Munoz H, Lloyd PA, Kyriakis J, Banerjee P, et al. Mitogen-Activated Protein-Kinase Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein-Kinase Activation by Oncogenes, Serum, 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate Requires Raf and Is Necessary for Transformation. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 7030-5.
93. Moodie SA, Paris MJ, Kolch W, Wolfman A. Association of Mek1 with P21(Ras)Center-Dot-Gmppnp Is Dependent on B-Raf. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14: 7153-62.
94. Moodie SA, Wolfman A. The 3Rs of Life - Ras, Raf and Growth-Regulation. Trends Genet 1994; 10: 44-8.
95. Sozeri O, Vollmer K, Liyanage M, Frith D, Kour G, Mark GE, et al. Activation of the C-Raf Protein-Kinase by Protein-Kinase-C Phosphorylation. Oncogene 1992; 7: 2259-62.
96. Kolch W, Heidecker G, Kochs G, Hummel R, Vahidi H, Mischak H, et al. Protein kinase C alpha activates RAF-1 by direct phosphorylation. Nature 1993; 364: 249-52.
97. Mellor H, Parker PJ. The extended protein kinase C superfamily. Biochem J 1998; 332: 281-92.
98. Maher P. How protein kinase C activation protects nerve cells from oxidative stress-induced-cell death. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 2929-38.
99. Richards SA, Fu J, Romanelli A, Shimamura A, Blenis J. Ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) activation requires signals dependent on and independent of the MAP kinase ERK, Curr Biol 1999; 9: 810-20.
100. Shimamura A, Ballif BA, Richards SA, Blenis J. Rsk1 mediates a MEK-MAP kinase cell survival signal. Curr Biol 2000; 10: 127-35.
101. Xing J, Ginty DD, Greenberg ME. Coupling of the RAS-MAPK pathway to gene activation by RSK2, a growth factor-regulated CREB kinase. Science 1996; 273: 959-63.
102. Schouten GJ, Vertegaal ACO, Whiteside ST, Israel A, Toebes M, Dorsman JC, et al. I kappa B alpha is a target for the mitogen-activated 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase. EMBO J 1997; 16: 3133-44.
103. Bonni A, Brunet A, West AE, Datta SR, Takasu MA, Greenberg ME. Cell survival promoted by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway by transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Science 1999; 286: 1358-62.
104. Shimamura A, Ballif BA, Richards SA, Blenis J. The MAP kinase target RSK1 promotes cell survival and phosphorylates bad. Blood 1999; 94: 160.
105. Jost M, Huggett TM, Kari C, Boise LH, Rodeck U. Epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent control of keratinocyte survival and Bcl-x(L) expression through a MEK-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 6320-6.
106. Boucher MJ, Morisset J, Vachon PH, Reed JC, Laine J, Rivard N. MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), Mcl-1 and promotes survival of human pancreatic cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2000; 79: 355-69.
107. Tao X, Finkbeiner S, Arnold DB, Shaywitz AJ, Greenberg ME. Ca2+ influx regulates BDNF transcription by a CREB family transcription factor-dependent mechanism. Neuron 1998; 20: 709-26.
108. Woronicz JD, Gao X, Cao Z, Rothe M, Goeddel DV. I kappa B kinase-beta: NF-kappa B activation and complex formation with I kappa B kinase-alpha and NIK. Science 1997; 278: 866-9.
109. Zandi E, Rothwarf DM, Delhase M, Hayakawa M, Karin M. The I kappa B kinase complex (IKK) contains two kinase subunits, IKK alpha and IKK beta, necessary for I kappa B phosphorylation and NF-kappa B activation. Cell 1997; 91: 243-52.
110. Yabe T, Wilson D, Schwartz JP. NF kappa B activation is required for the neuroprotective effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on cerebellar granule neurons. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 43313-9.
111. Tamatani M, Che YH, Matsuzaki H, Ogawa S, Okado H, Miyake S, et al. Tumor necrosis factor induces Bcl-2 and Bcl-x expression through NF kappa B activation in primary hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 8531-8.
112. Roy N, Deveraux QL, Takahashi R, Zhou O, Ambrosini G, Altieri D, et al. The c-IAP-1 and c-IAP-2 proteins are direct inhibitors of specific caspases. Blood 1997; 90: 2645.
113. Ley R, Balmanno K, Hadfield K, Weston C, Cook SJ. Activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway promotes phosphorylation and proteasome-dependent degradation of the BH3-only protein, Bim. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 18811-6.
114. Allan LA, Morrice N, Brady S, Magee G, Pathak S, Clarke PR. Inhibition of caspase-9 through phosphorylation at Thr 125 by ERK MAPK. Nat Cell Biol 2003; 5: 647.
115. Brazil DP, Park J, Hemmings BA, PKB binding proteins: Getting in on the akt. Cell 2002; 111: 293-303.
116. Lawlor MA, Alessi DR. PKB/Akt: a key mediator of cell proliferation, survival and insulin responses? J Cell Sci 2001; 114: 2903-10.
117. Brunet A, Bonni A, Zigmond MJ, Lin MZ, Juo P, Hu LS, et al. Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor. Cell 1999; 96: 857-68.
118. Kops GJPL, de Ruiter ND, Vries-Smits AMM, Powell DR, Bus JL, Burgering BMT. Direct control of the Forkhead transcription factor AFX by protein kinase B. Nature 1999; 398: 630-4.
119. Dijkers PF, Medema RH, Lammers JWJ, Koenderman L, Coffer PJ. Expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim is regulated by the forkhead transcription factor FKHR-L1. Current Biology 2000; 10: 1201-4.
120. Datta SR, Dudek H, Tao X, Masters S, Fu H, Gotoh Y, et al. Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell 1997; 91: 231-41.
121. delPeso L, GonzalezGarcia M, Page C, Herrera R, Nunez G. Interleukin-3-induced phosphorylation of BAD through the protein kinase Akt. Science 1997; 278: 687-9.
122. Yamaguchi H, Wang HG. The protein kinase PKB/Akt regulates cell survival and apoptosis by inhibiting Bax conformational change. Oncogene 2001; 20: 7779-86.
123. Yamaguchi A, Tamatani M, Matsuzaki H, Namikawa K, Kiyama H, Vitek MP, et al. Akt activation protects hippocampal neurons from apoptosis by inhibiting transcriptional activity of p53. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 5256-64.
124. Du KY, Montminy M. CREB is a regulatory target for the protein kinase Akt/PKB. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 32377-9.
125. Kane LP, Shapiro VS, Stokoe D, Weiss A. Induction of NF-kappa B by the Akt PKB kinase. Curr Biol 1999; 91: 601-4.
126. VanderHeiden MG, Chandel NS, Williamson EK, Schumacker PT, Thompson CB. Bcl-x(L) regulates the membrane potential and volume homeostasis of mitochondria. Cell 1997; 91: 627-37.
127. Nutt LK, Pataer A, Pahler J, Fang BL, Roth J, Mcconkey DJ, et al. Bax and Bak promote apoptosis by modulating endoplasmic reticular and mitochondrial Ca2+ stores. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 9219-25.
128. Klee CB, Ren H, Wang XT. Regulation of the calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase, calcineurin. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 13367-70.
129. Wang HG, Pathan N, Ethell IM, Krajewski S, Yamaguchi Y, Shibasaki F, et al. Ca2+-induced apoptosis through calcineurin dephosphorylation of BAD. Science 1999; 284: 339-43.
130. Jayaraman T, Marks AR. Calcineurin is downstream of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in the apoptotic and cell growth pathways. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 6417-20.
131. Carafoli E, Molinari M. Calpain: A protease in search of a function? Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1998; 247: 193-203.
132. Squier MKT, Miller ACK, Malkinson AM, Cohen JJ. Calpain Activation in Apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 1994; 159: 229-37.
133. Wood DE, Thomas A, Devi LA, Berman Y, Beavis RC, Reed JC, et al. Bax cleavage is mediated by calpain during drug-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 1998; 17: 1069-78.
134. Sun L, Carpenter G. Epidermal growth factor activation of NF-kappa B is mediated through I kappa B alpha degradation and intracellular free calcium. Oncogene 1998; 16: 2095-102.
135. Biswas G, Anandatheerthavarada HK, Zaidi M, Avadhani NG. Mitochondria to nucleus stress signaling: a distinctive mechanism of NF kappa B/Rel activation through calcineurin-mediated inactivation of I kappa B beta. J Cell Biol 2003; 161: 507-19.
136. Sheng M, Mcfadden G, Greenberg ME. Membrane Depolarization and Calcium Induce C-Fos Transcription Via Phosphorylation of Transcription Factor Creb. Neuron 1990; 4: 571-82.
137. Matthews RP, Guthrie CR, Wailes LM, Zhao XY, Means AR, Mcknight GS. Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein-Kinase Type-Ii and Type-Iv Differentially Regulate Creb-Dependent Gene-Expression. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14: 6107-16.
138. Sun PQ, Enslen H, Myung PS, Maurer RA. Differential Activation of Creb by Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein-Kinases Type-Ii and Type-Iv Involves Phosphorylation of A Site That Negatively Regulates Activity. Genes Dev 1994; 8: 2527-39.
139. Soderling TR. The Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cascade. Trends Biochem Sci 1999; 24: 232-6.
140. Enslen H, Tokumitsu H, Stork PJS, Davis RJ, Soderling TR. Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 10803-8.
141. York RD, Yao H, Dillon T, Ellig CL, Eckert SP, McCleskey EW, et al. Rap1 mediates sustained MAP kinase activation induced by nerve growth factor. Nature 1998; 392: 622-6.
142. Yang BF, Xiao C, Roa WH, Krammer PH, Hao CH. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II regulation of c-FLIP expression and phosphorylation in modulation of Fas-mediated signaling in malignant glioma cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 7043-50.
143. Gutcher I, Webb PR, Anderson NG. The isoform-specific regulation of apoptosis by protein kinase C. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003; 60: 1061-70.
144. Lenoir M, Daudet N, Humbert G, Renard N, Gallego M, Pujol R, et al. Morphological and molecular changes in the inner hair cell region of the rat cochlea after amikacin treatment. J Neurocytol 1999; 28: 925-37.
145. Vago P, Humbert G, Lenoir M. Amikacin intoxication induces apoptosis and cell proliferation in rat organ of Corti. Neuroreport 1998; 9: 431-6.
146. Nakagawa T, Yamane H, Takayama M, Sunami K, Nakai Y. Apoptosis of guinea pig cochlear hair cells following chronic aminoglycoside treatment. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1998; 255: 127-31.
147. Bowers WJ, Chen X, Guo H, Frisina DR, Federoff HJ, Frisina RD. Neurotrophin-3 transduction attenuates cisplatin spiral ganglion neuron ototoxicity in the cochlea. Mol Ther 2002; 6: 12-8.
148. Lee JE, Nakagawa T, Kim TS, Iguchi F, Endo T, Dong Y, et al. A novel model for rapid induction of apoptosis in spiral ganglions of mice. Laryngoscope 2003; 113: 994-9.
149. Hu BH, Guo W, Wang PY, Henderson D, Jiang SC. Intense noise-induced apoptosis in hair cells of guinea pig cochleae. Acta Otolaryngol 2000; 120: 19-24.
150. Hu BH, Henderson D, Nicotera TM. Involvement of apoptosis in progression of cochlear lesion following exposure to intense noise. Hear Res 2002; 166: 62-71.
151. Lallemend F, Lefebvre PP, Hans G, Rigo JM, Van de Water TR, Moonen G, et al. Substance P protects spiral ganglion neurons from apoptosis via PKC-Ca2+-MAPK/ERK pathways. J Neurochem 2003; 87: 508-21.
152. Ennis HL. Inhibition of protein synthesis by polypeptide antibiotics. II. In vitro protein synthesis. J Bacteriol 1965; 90: 1109-19.
153. Pancoast SJ. Aminoglycoside antibiotics in clinical use. Med Clin North Am 1988; 72: 581-612.
154. Schacht J. Biochemical basis of aminoglycoside ototoxicity. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993; 26: 845-56.
155. Garetz SL, Schacht J. Ototoxicity: of mice and men. 1996: 116-54.
156. Forge A. Outer hair cell loss and supporting cell expansion following chronic gentamicin treatment. Hear Res 1985; 19: 171-82.
157. Li L, Nevill G, Forge A. Two modes of hair cell loss from the vestibular sensory epithelia of the guinea pig inner ear. J Comp Neurol 1995; 355: 405-17.
158. Matsui JI, Ogilvie JM, Warchol ME. Inhibition of caspases prevents ototoxic and ongoing hair cell death. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 1218-27.
159. Cunningham LL, Cheng AG, Rubel EW. Caspase activation in hair cells of the mouse utricle exposed to neomycin. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 8532-40.
160. Cheng AG, Cunningham LL, Rubel EW. Hair Cell Death in the Avian Basilar Papilla: Characterization of the in vitro Model and Caspase Activation. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2003; 4: 91-105.
161. Matsui JI, Haque A, Huss D, Messana EP, Alosi JA, Roberson DW, et al. Caspase inhibitors promote vestibular hair cell survival and function after aminoglycoside treatment in vivo. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 6111-22.
162. Hirose K, Hockenbery DM, Rubel EW. Reactive oxygen species in chick hair cells after gentamicin exposure in vitro. Hear Res 1997; 104: 1-14.
163. Takayama M, Yamane H, Konishi K, Iguchi H, Shibata S, Sunami K, et al. Induction of free radicals in the cochlea by an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1997; 528: 19-24.
164. Takumida M, Popa R, Anniko M. Free radicals in the guinea pig inner ear following gentamicin exposure. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1999; 61: 63-70.
165. Takumida M, Anniko M. Nitric oxide in guinea pig vestibular sensory cells following gentamicin exposure in vitro. Acta Otolaryngol 2001; 121: 346-50.
166. Priuska EM, Schacht J. Formation of free radicals by gentamicin and iron and evidence for an iron/gentamicin complex. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 50: 1749-52.
167. Song BB, Schacht J. Variable efficacy of radical scavengers and iron chelators to attenuate gentamicin ototoxicity in guinea pig in vivo. Hear Res 1996; 94: 87-93.
168. Song BB, Anderson DJ, Schacht J. Protection from gentamicin ototoxicity by iron chelators in guinea pig in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 282: 369-77.
169. Conlon BJ, Perry BP, Smith DW. Attenuation of neomycin ototoxicity by iron chelation. Laryngoscope 1998; 108: 284-7.
170. McFadden SL, Ding D, Salvemini D, Salvi RJ. M40403, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, protects cochlear hair cells from gentamicin, but not cisplatin toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 186: 46-54.
171. Pullan LM, Stumpo RJ, Powel RJ, Paschetto KA, Britt M. Neomycin is an agonist at a polyamine site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. J Neurochem 1992; 59: 2087-93.
172. Basile AS, Huang JM, Xie C, Webster D, Berlin C, Skolnick P. N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists limit aminoglycoside antibiotic-induced hearing loss. Nat Med 1996; 2: 1338-43.
173. Segal JA, Harris BD, Kustova Y, Basile A, Skolnick P. Aminoglycoside neurotoxicity involves NMDA receptor activation. Brain Res 1999; 815: 270-7.
174. Duan M, Agerman K, Ernfors P, Canlon B. Complementary roles of neurotrophin 3 and a N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in the protection of noise and aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 7597-602.
175. Niedzielski AS, Wenthold RJ. Expression of AMPA, kainate, NMDA receptor subunits in cochlear and vestibular ganglia. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 2338-53.
176. Pirvola U, Cao Y, Oellig C, Suoqiang Z, Pettersson RF, Ylikoski J. The site of action of neuronal acidic fibroblast growth factor is the organ of Corti of the rat cochlea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 9269-73.
177. Pirvola U, Liang XQ, Virkkala J, Saarma M, Murakata C, Camoratto AM, et al. Rescue of hearing, auditory hair cells, neurons by CEP-1347/KT7515, an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 43-50.
178. Wang J, Van de Water TR. Bonny C, de Ribaupierre F, Puel JL, Zine A. A Peptide Inhibitor of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Protects against Both Aminoglycoside and Acoustic Trauma-Induced Auditory Hair Cell Death and Hearing Loss. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 8596-607.
179. Maroney AC, Finn JP, Connors TJ, Durkin JT, Angeles T, Gessner G, et al. Cep-1347 (KT7515), a semisynthetic inhibitor of the mixed lineage kinase family. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 25302-8.
180. Bonny C, Oberson A, Negri S, Sauser C, Schorderet DF. Cell-permeable peptide inhibitors of JNK: novel blockers of beta-cell death. Diabetes 2001; 50: 77-82.
181. Ylikoski J, Xing-Qun L, Virkkala J, Pirvola U. Blockade of c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway attenuates gentamicin-induced cochlear and vestibular hair cell death. Hear Res 2002; 166: 33-43.
182. Ruan RS, Leong SK, Mark I, Yeoh KH. Effects of BDNF and NT-3 on hair cell survival in guinea pig cochlea damaged by kanamycin treatment. Neuroreport 1999; 10: 2067-71.
183. Miller JM, Chi DH, O'Keeffe LJ, Kruszka P, Raphael Y, Altschuler RA. Neurotrophins can enhance spiral ganglion cell survival after inner hair cell loss. Int J Dev Neurosci 1997; 15: 631-43.
184. Gillespie LN, Clark GM, Bartlett PF, Marzella PL. BDNF-induced survival of auditory neurons in vivo: Cessation of treatment leads to accelerated loss of survival effects. J Neurosci Res 2003; 71: 785-90.
185. Ernfors P, Duan ML, Elshamy WM, Canion B. Protection of auditory neurons from aminoglycoside toxicity by neurotrophin-3. Nat Med 1996; 2: 463-7.
186. Staecker H, Kopke R, Malgrange B, Lefebvre P, Van de Water TR. NT-3 and/or BDNF therapy prevents loss of auditory neurons following loss of hair cells. Neuroreport 1996; 7: 889-94.
187. Gao WQ. Role of neurotrophins and lectins in prevention of ototoxicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 884: 312-27.
188. Shinohara T, Bredberg G, Ulfendahl M, Pyykko I, Olivius NP, Kaksonen R, et al. Neurotrophic factor intervention restores auditory function in deafened animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 1657-60.
189. Low W, Dazert S, Baird A, Ryan AF. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) protects rat cochlear hair cells in organotypical culture from aminoglycoside injury. J Cell Physiol 1996; 167: 443-50.
190. Suzuki M, Yagi M, Brown JN, Miller AL, Miller JM, Raphael Y. Effect of transgenic GDNF expression on gentamicin-induced cochlear and vestibular toxicity. Gene Ther 2000; 7: 1046-54.
191. Yagi M, Magal E, Sheng Z, Ang KA, Raphael Y. Hair cell protection from aminoglycoside ototoxicity by adenovirus-mediated overexpression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10: 813-23.
192. Yagi M, Kanzaki S, Kawamoto K, Shin B, Shah PP, Magal E, et al. Spiral ganglion neurons are protected from degeneration by GDNF gene therapy. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2000; 1: 315-25.
193. Staecker H, Dazert S, Malgrange B, Lefebvre PP, Ryan AF, Van de Water TR. Transforming growth factor alpha treatment alters intracellular calcium levels in hair cells and protects them from ototoxic damage in vitro. Int J Dev Neurosci 1997; 15: 553-62.
194. Song BB, Sha SH, Schacht J. Iron chelators protect from aminoglycoside-induced cochleo- and vestibulo-toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 25: 189-95.
195. Himeno C, Komeda M, Izumikawa M, Takemura K, Yagi M, Weiping Y, et al. Intracochlear administration of dexamethasone attenuates aminoglycoside ototoxicity in the guinea pig. Hear Res 2002; 167: 61-70.
196. Zheng JL, Gao WQ. Concanavalin A protects hair cells against gentamicin ototoxicity in rat cochlear explant cultures. J Neurobiol 1999; 39: 29-40.
197. Richardson GP, Russell IJ. Cochlear cultures as a model system for studying aminoglycoside induced ototoxicity. Hear Res 1991; 53: 293-311.
198. Markman M. Intraperitoneal antineoplastic drug delivery: rationale and results. Lancet Oncol 2003; 4: 277-83.
199. Hartwig S, Pettersson U, Stahle J. cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum: a cytostatic with an ototoxic effect. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1983; 45: 257-61.
200. Moroso MJ, Blair RL. A review of cis-platinum ototoxicity. J Otolaryngol 1983; 12: 365-9.
201. Laurell G, Bagger-Sjoback D. Degeneration of the organ of Corti following intravenous administration of cisplatin. Acta Otolaryngol 1991; 111: 891-8.
202. Fausti SA, Larson VD, Noffsinger D, Wilson RH, Phillips DS, Fowler CG. High-frequency audiometric monitoring strategies for early detection of ototoxicity. Ear Hear 1994; 15: 232-9.
203. Comis SD, Rhys-Evans PH, Osborne MP, Pickles JO, Jeffries DJ, Pearse HA. Early morphological and chemical changes induced by cisplatin in the guinea pig organ of Corti. J Laryngol Otol 1986; 100: 1375-83.
204. Hinojosa R, Riggs LC, Strauss M, Matz GJ. Temporal bone histopathology of cisplatin ototoxicity. Am J Otol 1995; 16: 731-40.
205. Kohn S, Fradis M, Pratt H, Zidan J, Podoshin L, Robinson E, et al. Cisplatin ototoxicity in guinea pigs with special reference to toxic effects in the stria vascularis. Laryngoscope 1988; 98: 865-71.
206. Gabaizadeh R, Staecker H, Liu W, Van de Water TR. BDNF protection of auditory neurons from cisplatin involves changes in intracellular levels of both reactive oxygen species and glutathione. Brain Res Mot Brain Res 1997; 50: 71-8.
207. Gabaizadeh R, Staecker H, Liu W, Kopke R, Malgrange B, Lefebvre PP, et al. Protection of both auditory hair cells and auditory neurons from cisplatin induced damage. Acta Otolaryngol 1997; 117: 232-8.
208. Huang H, Zhu L, Reid BR, Drobny GP, Hopkins PB. Solution structure of a cispiatin-induced DNA interstrand cross-link. Science 1995; 270: 1842-5.
209. Jordan P, Carmo-Fonseca M. Molecular mechanisms involved in cisplatin cytotoxicity. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2000; 57: 1229-35.
210. Trimmer EE, Essigmann JM. Cisplatin. Essays Biochem 1999; 34: 191-211.
211. Evans P, Halliwell B. Free radicals and hearing. Cause, consequence, criteria. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 884: 19-40.
212. Clerici WJ, Hensley K. DiMartino DL, Butterfield DA. Direct detection of ototoxicant-induced reactive oxygen species generation in cochlear explants. Hear Res 1996; 98: 116-24.
213. Fisher DE. Apoptosis in Cancer-Therapy - Crossing the Threshold. Cell 1994; 78: 539-42.
214. Henkels KM, Turchi JJ. Induction of apoptosis in cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant human ovarian cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 4488-92.
215. Henkels KM, Turchi JJ. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis proceeds by caspase-3-dependent and -independent pathways in cisplatin-resistant and -sensitive human ovarian cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 3077-83.
216. Kopke RD, Liu W, Gabaizadeh R, Jacono A, Feghali J, Spray D, et al. Use of organotypic cultures of Corti's organ to study the protective effects of antioxidant molecules on cisplatin-induced damage of auditory hair cells. Am J Otol 1997; 18: 559-71.
217. Alam SA, Ikeda K, Oshima T, Suzuki M, Kawase T, Kikuchi T, et al. Cisplatin-induced apoptotic cell death in Mongolian gerbil cochlea. Hear Res 2000; 141: 28-38.
218. Teranishi MA, Nakashima T. Effects of trolox, locally applied on round windows, on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in guinea pigs. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2003; 67: 133-9.
219. Campbell KC, Rybak LP, Meech RP, Hughes L. D-methionine provides excellent protection from cisplatin ototoxicity in the rat. Hear Res 1996; 102: 90-8.
220. Korver KD, Rybak LP, Whitworth C, Campbell KM. Round window application of D-methionine provides complete cisplatin otoprotection. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 126: 683-9.
221. Church MW, Kaltenbach JA, Blakley BW, Burgio DL. The comparative effects of sodium thiosulfate, diethyldithiocarbamate, fosfomycin and WR-2721 on ameliorating cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Hear Res 1995; 86: 195-203.
222. Rybak LP, Ravi R, Somani SM. Mechanism of protection by diethyldithiocarbamate against cisplatin ototoxicity: antioxidant system. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1995; 26: 293-300.
223. Saito T, Zhang ZJ, Manabe Y, Ohtsubo T, Saito H. The effect of sodium thiosulfate on ototoxicity and pharmacokinetics after cisplatin treatment in guinea pigs. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1997; 254: 281-6.
224. Wang J, Lloyd Faulconbridge RV, Fetoni A, Guitton MJ, Pujol R, Puel JL. Local application of sodium thiosulfate prevents cisplatin-induced hearing loss in the guinea pig. Neuropharmacology 2003; 45: 380-93.
225. Feghali JG, Liu W, Van de Water TR. L-n-acetyl-cysteine protection against cisplatin-induced auditory neuronal and hair cell toxicity. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 1147-55.
226. Ekborn A, Laurell G, Johnstrom P, Wallin I, Eksborg S, Ehrsson H. D-Methionine and cisplatin ototoxicity in the guinea pig: D-methionine influences cisplatin pharmacokinetics. Hear Res 2002; 165: 53-61.
227. Kuang R, Hever G, Zajic G, Yan Q, Collins F, Louis JC, et al. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Potential for otoprotection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 884: 270-91.
228. Gill JS, Windebank AJ. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons is associated with attempted entry into the cell cycle. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 2842-50.
229. Fritsche M, Haessler C, Brandner G. Induction of nuclear accumulation of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 by DNA-damaging agents. Oncogene 1993; 8: 307-18.
230. Park SA, Choi KS, Bang JH, Huh K, Kim SU. Cisplatin-induced apoptotic cell death in mouse hybrid neurons is blocked by antioxidants through suppression of cisplatin-mediated accumulation of p53 but not of Fas/Fas ligand. J Neurochem 2000; 75: 946-53.
231. Devarajan P, Savoca M, Castaneda MP, Park MS, Esteban-Cruciani N, Kalinec G, et al. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis in auditory cells: role of death receptor and mitochondrial pathways. Hear Res 2002; 174: 45-54.
232. Zhang M, Liu W, Ding D, Salvi R. Pifithrin-alpha suppresses p53 and protects cochlear and vestibular hair cells from cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Neuroscience 2003; 120: 191-205.
233. Huang T, Cheng AG, Stupak H, Liu W, Kim A, Staecker H, et al. Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of cochlear sensory cells: otoprotective strategies. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000; 18: 259-70.
234. Liu W, Staecker H, Stupak H, Malgrange B, Lefebvre P, Van de Water TR. Caspase inhibitors prevent cisplatin-induced apoptosis of auditory sensory cells. Neuroreport 1998; 9: 2609-14.
235. Heijmen PS, Klis SF, de Groot JC, Smoorenburg GF. Cisplatin ototoxicity and the possibly protective effect of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Hear Res 1999; 128: 27-39.
236. Smoorenburg GF, de Groot JC, Harriers FP, Klis SF. Protection and spontaneous recovery from cisplatin-induced hearing loss. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 884: 192-210.
237. Wolters FL, de Vocht TF, Klis SF, Hamers FP, Smoorenburg GF. Co-treatment with melanotan-II, a potent melanocortin, does not protect against cisplatin ototoxicity. Hear Res 2002; 172: 110-7.
238. Ekborn A, Laurell G, Ehrsson H, Miller J. Intracochlear administration of thiourea protects against cisplatin-induced outer hair cell loss in the guinea pig. Hear Res 2003; 181: 109-15.
239. Rybak LP, Whitworth C, Somani S. Application of antioxidants and other agents to prevent cisplatin ototoxicity. Laryngoscope 1999; 109: 1740-4.
240. Watanabe K, Hess A, Michel O, Yagi T. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor reduces the apoptotic change in the cisplatin-treated cochlea of guinea pigs. Anticancer Drugs 2000; 11: 731-5.
241. Saunders JC, Dear SP, Schneider ME. The anatomical consequences of acoustic injury: A review and tutorial. J Acoust Soc Am 1985; 78: 833-60.
242. Bobbin RP. Glutamate and aspartate mimic the afferent transmitter in the cochlea. Exp Brain Res 1979; 34: 389-93.
243. Eybalin M. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators of the mammalian cochlea. Physiol Rev 1993; 73: 309-73.
244. Puel JL, Pujol R, Ladrech S, Eybalin M. Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid electrophysiological and neurotoxic effects in the guinea-pig cochlea. Neuroscience 1991; 45: 63-72.
245. Pujol R, Puel JL. Excitotoxicity, synaptic repair, functional recovery in the mammalian cochlea: a review of recent findings. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 884: 249-54.
246. Yamane H, Nakai Y, Takayama M, Iguchi H, Nakagawa T, Kojima A. Appearance of free radicals in the guinea pig inner ear after noise-induced acoustic trauma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1995; 252: 504-8.
247. Lamm K, Arnold W. Noise-induced cochlear hypoxia is intensity dependent, correlates with hearing loss and precedes reduction of cochlear blood flow. Audiol Neurootol 1996; 1: 148-60.
248. Lautermann J, Ten Cate WJ. Postnatal expression of the alpha-thyroid hormone receptor in the rat cochlea. Hear Res 1997; 107: 23-8.
249. Kopke RD, Coleman JK, Liu J, Campbell KC, Riffenburgh RH. Candidate's thesis: enhancing intrinsic cochlear stress defenses to reduce noise-induced hearing loss. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 1515-32.
250. Puel JL, Pujol R, Tribillac F, Ladrech S, Eybalin M. Excitatory amino acid antagonists protect cochlear auditory neurons from excitotoxicity. J Comp Neurol 1994; 341: 241-56.
251. Ruel J, Bobbin RP, Vidal D, Pujol R, Puel JL. The selective AMPA receptor antagonist GYKI 53784 blocks action potential generation and excitotoxicity in the guinea pig cochlea. Neuropharmacology 2000; 39: 1959-73.
252. Ohinata Y, Yamasoba T, Schacht J, Miller JM. Glutathione limits noise-induced hearing loss. Hear Res 2000; 146: 28-34.
253. Kopke RD, Weisskopf PA, Boone JL, Jackson RL, Wester DC, Hoffer ME, et al. Reduction of noise-induced hearing loss using L-NAC and salicylate in the chinchilla. Hear Res 2000; 149: 138-46.
254. Lim DJ, Melnick W. Acoustic damage of the cochlea. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic observation. Arch Otolaryngol 1971; 94: 294-305.
255. Engstrom H, Engstrom B. Structural changes in the cochlea following overstimulation by noise. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1979; 360: 75-9.
256. Liberman MC. Chronic ultrastructural changes in acoustic trauma: serial-section reconstruction of stereocilia and cuticular plates. Hear Res 1987; 26: 65-88.
257. Cheng AG, Huang T, Stracher A, Kim A, Liu W, Malgrange B, et al. Calpain inhibitors protect auditory sensory cells from hypoxia and neurotrophin-withdrawal induced apoptosis. Brain Res 1999; 850: 234-43.
258. Nicotera TM, Hu BH, Henderson D. The Caspase Pathway in Noise-Induced Apoptosis of the Chinchilla Cochlea. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2003.
259. Hu BH, Henderson D. Changes in F-actin labeling in the outer hair cell and the Deiters cell in the chinchilla cochlea following noise exposure. Hear Res 1997; 110: 209-18.
260. Schlaepfer DD, Hauck CR, Sieg DJ. Signaling through focal adhesion kinase. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1999; 71: 435-78.
261. Fridberger A, Flock A, Ulfendahl M, Flock B. Acoustic overstimulation increases outer hair cell Ca2+ concentrations and causes dynamic contractions of the hearing organ. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 7127-32.
262. Maurer J, Heinrich UR, Hinni M, Mann W. Alteration of the calcium content in inner hair cells of the cochlea of the guinea pig after acute noise trauma with and without application of the organic calcium channel blocker diltiazem. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1999; 61: 328-33.
263. Gale JE, Piazza V, Ciubotaru CD, Mammano F. A mechanism for sensing noise damage in the inner ear. Curr Biol 2004; 14: 526-9.
264. Lumpkin EA, Hudspeth AJ. Detection of Ca2+ entry through mechanosensitive channels localizes the site of mechanoelectrical transduction in hair cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 10297-301.
265. Zhao Y, Yamoah EN, Gillespie PG. Regeneration of broken tip links and restoration of mechanical transduction in hair cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 15469-74.
266. Roberts WM, Jacobs RA, Hudspeth AJ. Colocalization of ion channels involved in frequency selectivity and synaptic transmission at presynaptic active zones of hair cells. J Neurosci 1990; 10: 3664-84.
267. Frolenkov GI, Mammano F, Belyantseva IA, Coling D, Kachar B. Two distinct Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways regulate the motor output of cochlear outer hair cells. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 5940-8.
268. Wang J, Ding D, Shulman A, Stracher A, Salvi RJ. Leupeptin protects sensory hair cells from acoustic trauma. Neuroreport 1999; 10: 811-6.
269. Keithley EM, Ma CL, Ryan AF, Louis JC, Magal E. GDNF protects the cochlea against noise damage. Neuroreport 1998; 9: 2183-7.
270. Shoji F, Yamasoba T, Magal E, Dolan DF, Altschuler RA, Miller JM. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor has a dose dependent influence on noise-induced hearing loss in the guinea pig cochlea. Hear Res 2000; 142: 41-55.
271. Hakuba N, Watabe K, Hyodo J, Ohashi T, Eto Y, Taniguchi M, et al. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of a gene prevents hearing loss and progressive inner hair cell loss after transient cochlear ischemia in gerbils. Gene Ther 2003; 10: 426-33.
272. Shoji F, Miller AL, Mitchell A, Yamasoba T, Altschuler RA, Miller JM. Differential protective effects of neurotrophins in the attenuation of noise-induced hair cell loss. Hear Res 2000; 146: 134-42.
273. Yamasoba T, Altschuler RA, Raphael Y, Miller AL, Shoji F, Miller JM. Absence of hair cell protection by exogenous FGF-1 and FGF-2 delivered to guinea pig cochlea in vivo. Noise Health 2001; 3: 65-78.
274. Puel JL, Ruel J, Gervais dC, Pujol R. Excitotoxicity and repair of cochlear synapses after noise-trauma induced hearing loss. Neuroreport 1998; 9: 2109-14.
275. Khan MJ, Seidman MD, Quirk WS, Shivapuja BG. Effects of kynurenic acid as a glutamate receptor antagonist in the guinea pig. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2000; 257: 177-81.
276. Chen GD, Kong J, Reinhard K, Fechter LD. NMDA receptor blockage protects against permanent noise-induced hearing loss but not its potentiation by carbon monoxide. Hear Res 2001; 154: 108-15.
277. Ohinata Y, Miller JM, Schacht J. Protection from noise-induced lipid peroxidation and hair cell loss in the cochlea. Brain Res 2003; 966: 265-73.
278. Wang J, Dib M, Lenoir M, Vago P, Eybalin M, Hameg A, et al. Riluzole rescues cochlear sensory cells from acoustic trauma in the guinea-pig. Neuroscience 2002; 111: 635-48.
279. Hakuba N, Matsubara A, Hyodo J, Taniguchi M, Maetani T, Shimizu Y, et al. AMPA/kainate-type glutamate receptor antagonist reduces progressive inner hair cell loss after transient cochlear ischemia. Brain Res 2003; 979: 194-202.
280. Pourbakht A, Yamasoba T. Ebselen attenuates cochlear damage caused by acoustic trauma. Hear Res 2003; 181: 100-8.
281. Yamasoba T, Nuttall AL, Harris C, Raphael Y, Miller JM. Role of glutathione in protection against noise-induced hearing loss. Brain Res 1998; 784: 82-90.
282. Tabuchi K, Okubo H, Fujihira K, Tsuji S, Hara A, Kusakari J. Protection of outer hair cells from reperfusion injury by an iron chelator and a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in the guinea pig cochlea. Neurosci Lett 2001; 307: 29-32.
283. Tabuchi K, Tsuji S, Asaka Y, Hara A, Kusakari J. Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the cochlea: effects of an iron chelator and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Hear Res 2001; 160: 31-6.
284. Yamasoba T, Schacht J, Shoji F, Miller JM. Attenuation of cochlear damage from noise trauma by an iron chelator, a free radical scavenger and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in vivo. Brain Res 1999; 815: 317-25.
285. Guinan JJ Jr, Warr WB, Norris BE. Differential olivocochlear projections from lateral versus medial zones of the superior olivary complex. J Comp Neurol 1983; 221: 358-70.
286. Puel JL. Chemical synaptic transmission in the cochlea. Prog Neurobiol 1995; 47: 449-76.
287. Maison SF, Luebke AE, Liberman MC, Zuo J. Efferent protection from acoustic injury is mediated via alpha9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on outer hair cells. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 10838-46.
288. Ruel J, Nouvian R, Gervais dC, Pujol R, Eybalin M, Puel JL. Dopamine inhibition of auditory nerve activity in the adult mammalian cochlea. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14: 977-86.
289. d'Aldin C, Puel JL, Leducq R, Crambes O, Eybalin M, Pujol R. Effects of a dopaminergic agonist in the guinea pig cochlea. Hear Res 1995; 90: 202-11.
290. Canlon B, Borg E, Flock A. Protection against noise trauma by pre-exposure to a low level acoustic stimulus. Hear Res 1988; 34: 197-200.
291. Miyakita T, Hellstrom PA, Frimanson E, Axelsson A. Effect of low level acoustic stimulation on temporary threshold shift in young humans. Hear Res 1992; 60: 149-55.
292. Campo P, Subramaniam M, Henderson D. The effect of 'conditioning' exposures on hearing loss from traumatic exposure. Hear Res 1991; 55: 195-200.
293. Zheng XY, Henderson D, McFadden SL, Hu BH. The role of the cochlear efferent system in acquired resistance to noise-induced hearing loss. Hear Res 1997; 104: 191-203.
294. Niu X, Shao R, Canlon B. Suppression of apoptosis occurs in the cochlea by sound conditioning. Neuroreport 2003; 14: 1025-9.
295. Ylikoski J, Pirvola U, Happola O, Panula P, Virtanen I. Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuroactive substances in the inner ear of rat and guinea pig. Acta Otolaryngol 1989; 107: 417-23.
296. Ultsch MH, Wiesmann C, Simmons LC, Henrich J, Yang M, Reilly D, et al. Crystal structures of the neurotrophin-binding domain of TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. J Mol Biol 1999; 290: 149-59.
297. Miller FD, Kaplan DR. Neurotrophin signalling pathways regulating neuronal apoptosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2001; 58: 1045-53.
298. Kaplan DR, Miller FD. Neurotrophin signal transduction in the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000; 10: 381-91.
299. Pawson T, Nash P. Protein-protein interactions define specificity in signal transduction. Genes Dev 2000; 14: 1027-47.
300. Ernfors P, Van De WT, Loring J, Jaenisch R. Complementary roles of BDNF and NT-3 in vestibular and auditory development. Neuron 1995; 14: 1153-64.
301. Farinas I, Jones KR, Tessarollo L, Vigers AJ, Huang E, Kirstein M, et al. Spatial shaping of cochlear innervation by temporally regulated neurotrophin expression. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 6170-80.
302. Fritzsch B, Farinas I, Reichardt LF. Lack of neurotrophin 3 causes losses of both classes of spiral ganglion neurons in the cochlea in region-specific fashion. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 6213-25.
303. Lefebvre PP, Malgrange B, Staecker H, Moghadass M, Van de Water TR, Moonen G. Neurotrophins affect survival and neuritogenesis by adult injured auditory neurons in vitro. Neuroreport 1994; 5: 865-8.
304. Malgrange B, Lefebvre P, Van de Water TR, Staecker H, Moonen G. Effects of neurotrophins on early auditory neurones in cell culture. Neuroreport 1996; 7: 913-7.
305. Marzella PL, Clark GM. Growth factors, auditory neurones and cochlear implants: a review. Acta Otolaryngol 1999; 119: 407-12.
306. Hansen MR, Zha XM, Bok J, Green SH. Multiple distinct signal pathways, including an autocrine neurotrophic mechanism, contribute to the survival-promoting effect of depolarization on spiral ganglion neurons in vitro. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 2256-67.
307. Postigo A, Calella AM, Fritzsch B, Knipper M, Katz D, Eilers A, et al. Distinct requirements for TrkB and TrkC signaling in target innervation by sensory neurons. Genes Dev 2002; 16: 633-45.
308. Hartnick CJ, Staecker H, Malgrange B, Lefebvre PP, Liu W, Moonen G, et al. Neurotrophic effects of BDNF and CNTF, alone and in combination, on postnatal day 5 rat acoustic ganglion neurons. J Neurobiol 1996; 30: 246-54.
309. Kanzaki S, Stover T, Kawamoto K, Prieskorn DM, Altschuler RA, Miller JM, et al. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and chronic electrical stimulation prevent VIII cranial nerve degeneration following denervation. J Comp Neurol 2002; 454: 350-60.
310. Lefebvre PP, Van de Water TR, Weber T, Rogister B, Moonen G. Growth factor interactions in cultures of dissociated adult acoustic ganglia: neuronotrophic effects. Brain Res 1991; 567: 306-12.
311. Luo L, Koutnouyan H, Baird A, Ryan AF. Acidic and basic FGF mRNA expression in the adult and developing rat cochlea. Hear Res 1993; 69: 182-93.
312. Ylikoski J, Pirvola U, Virkkala J, Suvanto P, Liang XQ, Magal E, et al. Guinea pig auditory neurons are protected by glial cell line-derived growth factor from degeneration after noise trauma. Hear Res 1998; 124: 17-26.
313. Lefebvre PP, Martin D, Staecker H, Weber T, Moonen G, Van de Water TR. TGF beta 1 expression is initiated in adult auditory neurons by sectioning of the auditory nerve. Neuroreport 1992; 3: 295-8.
314. Lefebvre PP, Staecker H, Weber T, Van de Water TR, Rogister B, Moonen G. TGFSS1 modulates bFGF receptor message expression in cultured adult auditory neurons. Neuroreport 1991; 2: 305-8.
315. Staecker H, Liu W, Hartnick C, Lefebvre P, Malgrange B, Moonen G, et al. NT-3 combined with CNTF promotes survival of neurons in modiolus-spiral ganglion explants. Neuroreport 1995; 6: 1533-7.
316. Altschuler RA, Cho Y, Ylikoski J, Pirvola U, Magal E, Miller JM. Rescue and regrowth of sensory nerves following deafferentation by neurotrophic factors, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 884: 305-11.
317. Lousteau RJ. Increased spiral ganglion cell survival in electrically stimulated, deafened guinea pig cochleae. Laryngoscope 1987; 97: 836-42.
318. Hartshorn DO, Miller JM, Altschuler RA. Protective effect of electrical stimulation in the deafened guinea pig cochlea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 104: 311-9.
319. Mitchell A, Miller JM, Finger PA, Heller JW, Raphael Y, Altschuler RA. Effects of chronic high-rate electrical stimulation on the cochlea and eighth nerve in the deafened guinea pig. Hear Res 1997; 105: 30-43.
320. Hegarty JL, Kay AR, Green SH. Trophic support of cultured spiral ganglion neurons by depolarization exceeds and is additive with that by neurotrophins or cAMP and requires elevation of [Ca2+]i within a set range. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 1959-70.
321. Hansen MR, Vijapurkar U, Koland JG, Green SH. Reciprocal signaling between spiral ganglion neurons and Schwann cells involves neuregulin and neurotrophins. Hear Res 2001; 161: 87-98.
322. Bok J, Zha XM, Cho YS, Green SH. An extranuclear locus of cAMP-dependent protein kinase action is necessary and sufficient for promotion of spiral ganglion neuronal survival by cAMP. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 777-87.
323. Kawano H, Shimozono M, Tono T, Miyata A, Komune S. Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide mRNA in the cochlea of rats. Mol Brain Res 2001; 94: 200-3.
324. Hokfelt T. Neuropeptides in perspective: the last ten years. Neuron 1991; 7: 867-79.
325. Villalba M, Bockaert J, Journot L. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP-38) protects cerebellar granule neurons from apoptosis by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathway. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 83-90.
326. Chen LW, Yung KK, Chan YS. Neurokinin peptides and neurokinin receptors as potential therapeutic intervention targets of basal ganglia in the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Curr Drug Targets 2004; 5: 197-206.
327. Choi DW. Ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1996; 6: 667-72.
328. Lee JM, Zipfel GJ, Choi DW. The changing landscape of ischaemic brain injury mechanisms. Nature 1999; 399: A7-14.
329. Snider BJ, Gottron FJ, Choi DW. Apoptosis and necrosis in cerebrovascular disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 893: 243-53.
330. Elgoyhen AB, Johnson DS, Boulter J, Vetter DE, Heinemann S. Alpha 9: an acetylcholine receptor with novel pharmacological properties expressed in rat cochlear hair cells. Cell 1994; 79: 705-15.
331. Elgoyhen AB, Vetter DE, Katz E, Rothlin CV, Heinemann SF, Boulter J. alpha10: a determinant of nicotinic cholinergic receptor function in mammalian vestibular and cochlear mechanosensory hair cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 3501-6.
332. Chen X, Frisina RD, Bowers WJ, Frisina DR, Federoff HJ. HSV amplicon-mediated neurotrophin-3 expression protects murine spiral ganglion neurons from cisplatin-induced damage. Mol Ther 2001; 3: 958-63.
333. Kawamoto K, Yagi M, Stover T, Kanzaki S, Raphael Y. Hearing and hair cells are protected by adenoviral gene therapy with TGF-beta1 and GDNF. Mol Ther 2003; 7: 484-92.
334. Goycoolea MV. Clinical aspects of round window membrane permeability under normal and pathological conditions. Acta Otolaryngol 2001; 121: 437-47.
335. Friedman EJ. Immune modulation by ionizing radiation and its implications for cancer immunotherapy. Curr Pharm Design 2002; 8(19): 1765-80.
336. Ganapathi R, Vaziri SA, Tabata M, Takigawa N, Grabowski DR, Bukowski RM, et al. Inhibition of NF-kappaB and proteasome activity in tumors: can we improve the therapeutic potential of topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II poisons. Curr Pharm Design 2002; 8(22): 1945-58.
337. Nikam SS, Meltzer LT. NR2B selective NMDA receptor antagonists. Curr Pharm Design 2002; 8(10): 845-55.