Neurotrophin signal transduction in the nervous system

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 381-391

  Kaplan, David R ^a   Miller, Freda D ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; NEUROTROPHIN; NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTOR; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN P75; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR;

NERVE GROWTH; NERVE REGENERATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0034044227     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00092-1     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Borasio G.D., Markus A., Wittinghofer A., Barde Y.-A., Heumann R. Involvement of ras p21 in neurotrophin-induced response of sensory but not sympathetic neurons. J Cell Biol. 121:1993;665-672.
2. Nobes C.D., Tolkovsky A.M. Neutralizing anti-p21ras Fabs suppress rat sympathetic neuron survival induced by NGF, LIF, CNTF and cAMP. Eur J Neurosci. 7:1995;344-350.
3. Vogel K.S., Brannan C.I., Jenkins N.A., Copeland N.G., Parada L.F. Loss of neurofibromin results in neurotrophin-independent survival of embryonic sensory and sympathetic neurons. Cell. 82:1995;733-742.
4. Yao R., Cooper G.M. Requirement for phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in the prevention of apoptosis by nerve growth factor. Science. 267:1995;2003-2006.
5. Crowder R.J., Freeman R.S. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt protein kinase are necessary and sufficient for the survival of nerve growth factor-dependent sympathetic neurons. J Neurosci. 18:1998;2933-2943.
6. Dudek H., Datta S.R., Franke T.F., Birnbaum M.J., Yao R., Cooper G.M., Segal R.A., Kaplan D.R., Greenberg M.E. Regulation of neuronal survival by the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt. Science. 275:1997;661-664.
7. D'Mello S.R., Borodezt K., Soltoff S.P. Insulin-like growth factor and potassium depolarization maintain neuronal survival by distinct pathways: possible involvement of PI 3-kinase in IGF-1 signaling. J Neurosci. 17:1997;1548-1560.
8. Bartlett S.E., Reynolds A.J., Weible M., Heydon K., Hendry I.A. In sympathetic but not sensory neurons, phosphoinositide-3 kinase is important for NGF-dependent survival and the retrograde transport of 125I-βNGF. Brain Res. 761:1997;257-262.
9. Mazzoni I.E., Said F.A., Aloyz R., Miller F.D., Kaplan D. Ras regulates sympathetic neuron survival by suppressing the p53-mediated cell death pathway. J Neurosci. 19:1999;9716-9727. Demonstrates that one of the major mechanisms that Ras uses to support neurotrophin-induced neuronal survival is via suppression of a JNK-p53-Bax cell death pathway.
10. Vaillant A.R., Mazzoni I., Tudan C., Boudreau M., Kaplan D.R., Miller F.D. Depolarization and neurotrophins converge on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway to synergistically regulate neuronal survival. J Cell Biol. 146:1999;955-966. First report that neuronal depolarization mediates survival via activation of a Ras-PI-3K-Akt pathway, and that neurotrophins and depolarization synergistically support survival via convergence on this pathway.
11. Klesse L.J., Parada L.F. p21 Ras and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase are required for survival of wild-type and NF1 mutant sensory neurons. J Neurosci. 18:1998;10420-10428.
12. Virdee K., Xue L., Hemmings B.A., Goemans C., Heumann R., Tolkovsky A.M. Nerve growth factor-induced PKB/Akt activity is sustained by phosphoinositide 3-kinase dependent and independent signals in sympathetic neurons. Brain Res. 837:1999;127-142.
13. Hetman M., Kanning K., Cavanaugh J.E., Xia Z. Neuroprotection by brain-derived neurotrophic factor is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;22569-22580. Demonstrates that the ERK pathway plays a major role in neuronal survival following cellular insult, while PI-3K is the dominant pathway for neurotrophin-mediated basal survival.
14. Dolcet X., Egea J., Soler R.M., Martin-Zanca D., Comella J.X. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, but not extracellular-regulated kinases, is necessary to mediate brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced motoneuron survival. J Neurochem. 73:1999;521-531.
15. Williams E.J., Doherty P. Evidence for and against a pivotal role of PI 3-kinase in a neuronal cell survival pathway. Mol Cell Neurosci. 13:1999;272-280.
16. Philpott K.L., McCarthy M.J., Klippel A., Rubin L.L. Activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt kinase promote survival of superior cervical neurons. J Cell Biol. 139:1997;809-815.
17. Rodriguez-Viciana P., Warne P.H., Dhand R., Vanhaesebroeck B., Gout I., Fry M.J., Waterfield M.D., Downward J. Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase as a direct target of Ras. Nature. 370:1994;527-532.
18. Holgado-Madruga M., Moscatello D.K., Emlet D.R., Dieterich R., Wong A.J. Grb2-associated binder-1 mediates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation and the promotion of cell survival by nerve growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;12419-12424.
19. Korhonen J.M., Said F.A., Wong A.J., Kaplan D.R. Gab1 mediates neurite outgrowth, DNA synthesis, and survival in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;37307-37314.
20. Andjelkovic M., Suidan H.S., Meier R., Frech M., Alessi D.R., Hemmings B.A. Nerve growth factor promotes activation of the alpha, beta and gamma isoforms of protein kinase B in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. Eur J Biochem. 251:1998;195-200.
21. Aschroft M., Stephens R.M., Hallberg B., Downward J., Kaplan D.R. The selective and inducible activation of endogenous PI 3-kinase in PC12 cells results in efficient NGF-mediated survival but defective neurite outgrowth. Oncogene. 18:1999;4586-4597.
22. Blair L.A., Bence-Hanulec K.K., Mehta S., Franke T., Kaplan D., Marshall J. Akt-dependent potentiation of L channels by insulin-like growth factor-1 is required for neuronal survival. J Neurosci. 19:1999;1940-1951. This report shows that one way Akt can support neuronal survival is by directly regulating the activity of calcium channels.
23. Crowder R.J., Freeman R.S. The survival of sympathetic neurons promoted by potassium depolarization, but not by cyclic AMP, requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt. J Neurochem. 73:1999;466-475.
24. Le Casse E.C., Daird S., Korneluk R.C., MacKenzie A.E. The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and their emerging role in cancer. Oncogene. 17:1998;3247-3259.
25. Wiese S., Digby M.R., Gunnersen J.M., Gotz R., Pei G., Holtmann B., Lowenthal J., Sendtner M. The anti-apoptotic protein ITA is essential for NGF-mediated survival of embryonic chick neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2:1999;978-983. First demonstration that an IAP family member is part of a neurotrophin-mediated neuronal survival pathway.
26. Datta S.R., Brunet A., Greenberg M.E. Cellular survival: a play in three Akts. Genes Dev. 13:1999;2905-2927.
27. Chan T.O., Rittenhouse S.E., Tsichlis P.N. AKT/PKB and other D3 phosphoinositide-regulated kinase: kinase activation by phosphoinositide-dependent phosphorylation. Annu Rev Biochem. 68:1999;965-1014.
28. Vanhaesebroeck B., Alessi D.R. The PI3K-PDK1 connection: more than just a road to PKB. Biochem J. 346:2000;561-576. A critical, excellent review on the regulation of Akt and its substrates.
29. Datta S.R., Dudek H., Tao X., Masters S., Fu H., Gotoh Y., Greenberg M.E. Akt phosphorylation of Bad couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell. 91:1997;231-241.
30. Del Peso L., Gonzalez-Garcia M., Page C., Herrera R., Nunez G. Interleukin-3-induced phosphorylation of BAD through the protein kinase Akt. Science. 278:1997;687-689.
31. Bonni A., Brunet A., West A.E., Datta S.R., Takasu M.A., Greenberg M.A. Cell survival promoted by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway by transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Science. 286:1999;1358-1362. This report demonstrates that the MAP kinases and Rsks regulate a portion of cerebellar neuron survival by inhibiting the activity of BAD and stimulating the activity of CREB.
32. Miller T.M., Mouler K.L., Knudson C.M., Creedon D.J., Deshmukh M., Korsmeyer S.J., Johnson E.M. Jr. Bax deletion further orders the cell death pathway in cerebellar granule cells and suggests a caspase-independent pathway to cell death. J Cell Biol. 139:1997;205-217.
33. Shindler K.S., Yunker A.M., Cahn R., Zha J., Korsmeyer S.J., Roth K.A. Trophic support promotes survival of bcl-x-deficient telencephalic cells in vitro. Cell Death Differ. 5:1998;901-910.
34. Fujita E., Jinbo A., Matuzaki H., Konishi H., Kikkawa U., Momoi T. Akt phosphorylation site found in human caspase-9 is absent in mouse caspase-9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 264:1999;550-555.
35. Paradis S., Ruvkun G. Caenorhabditis elegans Akt/PKB transduces insulin receptor-like signals from AGE-1 PI3 kinase to the DAF-16 transcription factor. Genes Dev. 12:1998;2488-2498.
36. Brunet A., Bonni A., Zigmond M.J., Lin M.Z., Juo P., Hu L.S., Anderson M.J., Arden K.C., Blenis J., Greenberg M.E. Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a forkhead transcription factor. Cell. 96:1999;857-868. First report that a member of the forkhead family of apoptosis-inducing transcription factors is a direct target of Akt, and that a portion of Akt's prosurvival activity depends upon this mechanism.
37. Pap M., Cooper G.M. Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt cell survival pathway. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;19929-19932.
38. Hetman M., Cananaugh J.E., Kimelman D., Xia Z. Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in neuronal apoptosis induced by trophic withdrawal. J Neurosci. 20:2000;2567-2574. Reports that inhibition of GSK-3 activity, a result of PI-3 kinase activity, protects cortical neurons from cell death.
39. Grewal S.S., York R.D., Stork P.J.S. Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase signalling in neurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 9:1999;544-553. A recent review on MAP kinase signalling in neurons.
40. Creedon D.J., Johnson E.M. Jr., Lawrence J.C. Jr. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent pathways mediate the effects of nerve growth factor and cAMP on neuronal survival. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;20713-20718.
41. Virdee K., Tolkovsky A.M. Inhibition of p42 and p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity by PD98059 does not suppress nerve growth factor-induced survival of sympathetic neurons. J Neurochem. 67:1996;1801-1805.
42. Klesse L.J., Meyers K.A., Marshall C.J., Parada L.F. Nerve growth factor induces survival and differentiation through two distinct signaling cascades in PC12 cells. Oncogene. 18:1999;2055-2068.
43. Xia Z., Dickens M., Raingeaud J., Davis R.J., Greenberg M.E. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science. 270:1995;1326-1331.
44. Gunn-Moore F.J., Williams A.G., Toms N.J., Tavare J.M. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and p70S6 kinase is not correlated with cerebellar granule cell survival. Biochem J. 324:1997;365-369.
45. ••], that a major role for MEK/MAP kinase is maintenance of neuronal survival in response to insults, in this case a DNA-damaging agent.
46. Skaper S.D., Floreani M., Negro A., Facci L., Giusti P. Neurotrophins rescue cerebellar granule neurons from oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic death: selective involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Neurochem. 70:1998;1859-1868.
47. Shen S., Wiemelt A.P., McMorris F.A., Barres B.A. Retinal ganglion cells lose trophic responsiveness after axotomy. Neuron. 23:1999;285-295. An interesting paper demonstrating that the inability of neurotrophins to support the survival of injured CNS neurons is at least partially due to a decrease in trophic factor responsiveness.
48. Aloyz R.S., Bamji S.X., Pozniak C.D., Toma J.G., Atwal J., Kaplan D.R., Miller F.D. p53 is essential for developmental neuron death as regulated by the TrkA and p75 neurotrophin receptors. J Cell Biol. 143:1998;1691-1703. Identifies p53 as a key cell death sensor for both p75NTR-mediated apoptosis and developmental neuron death in vivo. This report also demonstrates an increase in Bcl2 and Bcl-xl levels and a decrease in Bax levels in sympathetic neurons with NGF treatment.
49. Michaelidis T.M., Sendtner M., Cooper J.D., Airaksinen M.S., Holtmann B., Meyer M., Thoenen H. Inactivation of bcl-2 results in progressive degeneration of motoneurons, sympathetic and sensory neurons during early postnatal development. Neuron. 17:1996;75-89.
50. Liu Y.-Z., Boxer L.M., Latchman D.S. Activation of the Bcl-2 promoter by nerve growth factor is mediated by the p42/p44 MAPK cascade. Nucleic Acids Res. 27:1999;2086-2090.
51. Riccio A., Ahn S., Davenport C.M., Blendy J.A., Ginty D.D. Mediation by a CREB family transcription factor of NGF-dependent survival of sympathetic neurons. Science. 286:1999;2358-2361. This report demonstrates that CREB is both necessary and sufficient for sympathetic neuron survival in response to NGF, and that one of the targets of CREB-dependent transcriptional activity is Bcl-2.
52. Xing J., Korhnhauser J.M., Xia Z., Thiele E.A., Greenberg M.E. Nerve growth factor activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways to stimulate CREB serine 133 phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol. 18:1998;1946-1955.
53. Du K., Montminy M. CREB is a regulatory target for the protein kinase Akt/PKB. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;32377-32379.
54. Morooka T., Nishida E. Requirement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase for neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem. 38:1998;24285-24288.
55. Casaccia-Bonnefil P., Kong H., Chao M.V. Neurotrophins: the biological paradox of survival factors eliciting apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 5:1998;357-364.
56. Bibel M., Hoppe E., Barde Y.-A. Biochemical and functional interactions between the neurotrophin receptors trk and p75NTR. EMBO J. 18:1999;616-622.
57. Rabizadeh S., Oh J., Zhong L.T., Yang J., Bitler C.M., Butcher L.L., Bredesen D.E. Induction of apoptosis by the low-affinity NGF receptor. Science. 261:1993;345-348.
58. Bamji S.X., Majdan M., Pozniak C.D., Belliveau D.J., Aloyz R., Kohn J., Causing C.G., Miller F.D. The p75 neurotrophin receptor mediates neuronal apoptosis and is essential for naturally occurring sympathetic neuron death. J Cell Biol. 140:1998;911-923. The first report that endogenous p75NTR signaling leads to death of postmitotic neurons, and demonstration of an essential role for p75NTR in naturally-occurring sympathetic neuron death in vivo.
59. Wiese S., Metzger F., Holtmann B., Sendtner M. The role of p75NTR in modulating neurotrophin survival effects in developing motoneurons. Eur J Neurosci. 11:1999;1668-1676.
60. Sedel F., Bechade C., Triller A. Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces motoneuron apoptosis in rat embryonic spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci. 11:1999;3904-3912.
61. Barrett G.L., Bartlett P.F. The p75 nerve growth factor receptor mediates survival or death depending on the stage of sensory neuron development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1993;6501-6505.
62. Davey F., Davies A.M. TrkB signalling inhibits p75-mediated apoptosis induced by nerve growth factor in embryonic proprioceptive neurons. Curr Biol. 8:1998;915-918. Another report supporting the concept that p75NTR mediates neuronal apoptosis only when Trk signalling is suboptimal or absent.
63. Casaccia-Bonnefil P., Carter B.D., Dobrowsky R.T., Chao M.V. Death of oligodendrocytes mediated by the interaction of nerve growth factor with its receptor p75. Nature. 383:1996;716-719.
64. -/- mouse phenotype.
65. Yeo T.T., Chua-Couzens J., Butcher L.L., Bredesen D.E., Cooper J.D., Valletta J.S., Mobley W.C., Longo F.M. Absence of p75NTR causes increased basal forebrain cholinergic neuron size, choline acetyltransferase activity, and target innervation. J Neurosci. 17:1997;7594-7605.
66. Hagg T. Neuronal cell death: retraction. Science. 285:1999;340.
67. Peterson D.A., Dickinson-Anson H.A., Leppert J.T., Lee K.F., Gage F.H. Central neuronal loss and behavioural impairment in mice lacking neurotrophin receptor p75. J Comp Neurol. 404:1999;1-20.
68. Bredesen D.E., Ye X., Tasinato A., Sperandio S., Wang J.J., Assa-Munt N., Rabizadeh S. p75NTR and the concept of cellular dependence: seeing how the other half die. Cell Death Differ. 5:1998;365-371.
69. Yoon S.O., Carter B.D., Casaccia-Bonnefil P., Chao M.V. Competitive signaling between TrkA and p75 nerve growth factor receptors determines cell survival. J Neurosci. 18:1998;3273-3281. First demonstration that the apoptotic potential of p75NTR in response to a given neurotrophin is determined by the Trk receptor repertoire on the cell. Also the first demonstration that Trk signalling selectively silences some p75NTR pathways and not others.
70. Majdan M., Lachance C., Gloster A., Aloyz R., Zeindler C., Bamji S., Bhakar A., Belliveau D., Fawcett J., Miller F.D., Barker P.A. Transgenic mice expressing the intracellular domain of the p75 neurotrophin receptor undergo neuronal apoptosis. J Neurosci. 17:1997;6988-6998.
71. Ferri C.C., Moore F.A., Bisby M.A. Effects of facial nerve injury on mouse motoneurons lacking the p75 low-affinity neurotrophin receptor. J Neurobiol. 34:1998;1-9.
72. Roux P.P., Colicos M.A., Barker P.A., Kennedy T.E. p75 neurotrophin receptor expression is induced in apoptotic neurons after seizure. J Neurosci. 19:1999;6887-6896. Intriguing demonstration that p75NTR is upregulated in virtually all apoptotic CNS neurons at longer timepoints following seizure.
73. Rudge J.S., Mather P.E., Pasnikowski E.M., Cai N., Corcoran T., Acheson A., Anderson K., Lindsay R.M., Wiegand S.J. Endogenous BDNF protein is increased in adult rat hippocampus after a kainic acid induced excitotoxic insult but exogenous BDNF is not neuroprotective. Exp Neurol. 149:1998;398-410.
74. Majdan M., Miller F.D. Neuronal life and death decisions: functional antagonism between the Trk and p75 neurotrophin receptors. Int J Devl Neurosci. 17:1999;153-161.
75. Frade J.M., Rodriguez-Tebar A., Barde Y.-A. Induction of cell death by endogenous nerve growth factor through its p75 receptor. Nature. 383:1996;166-168.
76. Frade J.M., Barde Y.-A. Genetic evidence for cell death mediated by nerve growth factor and the neurotrophin receptor p75 in the developing mouse retina and spinal cord. Development. 126:1999;683-690.
77. -/- mice.
78. Lee K.F., Davies A.M., Jaenisch R. p75-deficient embryonic dorsal root sensory and neonatal sympathetic neurons display a decreased sensitivity to NGF. Development. 12:1994;1027-1033.
79. Belliveau D.J., Krivko I., Kohn J., Lachance C., Pozniak C., Rusakov D., Kaplan D., Miller F.D. NGF and NT-3 both activate TrkA on sympathetic neurons but differentially regulate survival and neuritogenesis. J Cell Biol. 136:1997;374-388.
80. Barker P.A. p75NTR: a study in contrasts. Cell Death Differ. 5:1998;346-356.
81. Yang D.D., Kuan C., Whitmarsh A.J., Rincon M., Zheng T.S., Davis R.J., Rakic P., Flavell R.A. Absence of excitotoxicity-induced apoptosis in the hippocampus of mice lacking the Jnk3 gene. Nature. 389:1997;865-870.
82. Morrison R.S., Wenzel H.J., Kinoshita Y., Robbins C.A., Donehower L.A., Schwartzkroin P.A. Loss of the p53 tumor suppressor gene protects neurons from kainate-induced cell death. J Neurosci. 16:1996;1337-1345.
83. Gu C., Casaccia-Bonnefil P., Srinivasan A., Chao M.V. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis mediated by caspase activation. J Neurosci. 19:1999;3043-3049.
84. Schwartz D., Rotter V. p53-dependent cell cycle control: response to genotoxic stress. Semin Cancer Biol. 8:1998;325-336.
85. Casademunt E., Carter B.D., Benzel I., Frade J.M., Dechant G., Barde Y-A. The zinc finger protein NRIF interacts with the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR and participates in programmed cell death. EMBO J. 18:1999;6050-6061. First identification of NRIF, a protein that interacts with p75NTR and that plays an essential role during naturally-occurring cell death in the nervous system in vivo.
86. Khursigara G., Orlinick J.R., Chao M.V. Association of the p75 neurotrophin receptor with TRAF6. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;2597-2600. First demonstration that members of the TRAF family interact with p75NTR. Also shows that TRAF6 is essential for p75NTR-regulated NF-κB activation.
87. Chittka A., Chao M.V. Identification of a zinc finger protein whose subcellular distribution is regulated by serum and nerve growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;10705-10710. Reports a novel p75NTR interactor that may play a role in cell cycle regulation.
88. Carter B.D., Kaltschmidt C., Kaltschmidt B., Offenhauser N., Bohm-Matthaei R., Bauerle P.A., Barde Y.-A. Selective activation of NF-κB by nerve growth factor through the neurotrophin receptor p75. Science. 272:1996;542-545.
89. Ladiwala U., Lachance C., Simoneau S.J.J., Bhakar A., Barker P.A., Antel J.P. p75 neurotrophin receptor expression on adult human oligodendrocytes: signaling without cell death in response to NGF. J Neurosci. 18:1998;1297-1304.
90. Kimpinski K., Jelinski S., Mearow K. The anti-p75 antibody, MC192, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor inhibit nerve growth factor-dependent neurite growth from adult sensory neurons. Neurosci. 93:1999;253-263.
91. Maggirwar S.B., Sarmiere P.D., Dewhurst S., Freeman R.S. Nerve growth factor-dependent activation of NF-κB contributes to survival of sympathetic neurons. J Neurosci. 18:1998;10356-10365. First demonstration that NF-κB is part of a neurotrophin-regulated survival pathway.
92. Hamanoue M., Middleton G., Wyatt S., Jaffray E., Hay R.T., Davies A.M. p75-mediated NF-κB activation enhances the survival response of developing sensory neurons to nerve growth factor. Mol Cell Neurosci. 14:1999;28-40. Demonstrates that p75NTR can potentiate Trk-induced survival activity via NF-κB.
93. Wong B.R., Besser D., Kim N., Arron J.R., Vologodskaia M., Hanafusa H., Choi Y. TRANCE, a TNF family member, activates Akt/PKB through a signaling complex involving TRAF6 and c-Src. Mol Cell. 4:1999;1041-1049.
94. Ye X., Mehlen P., Rabizadeh S., VanArsdale T., Zhang H., Shin H., Wang J.J.L., Leo E., Zapata J., Hauser C.A.et al. TRAF family proteins interact with the common neurotrophin receptor and modulate apoptosis induction. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;30202-30208.
95. Lee K.F., Bachman K., Landis S., Jaenisch R. Dependence on p75 for innervation of some sympathetic targets. Science. 263:1994;1447-1449.
96. Kohn J., Aloyz R.S., Toma J.G., Haak-Frendscho M., Miller F.D. Functionally antagonistic interactions between the TrkA and p75 neurotrophin receptors regulate sympathetic neuron growth and target innervation. J Neurosci. 19:1999;5393-5408. Reports that, when Trk signalling is robust, BDNF-mediated p75NTR activation leads to decreased sympathetic neuron growth both in culture and in vivo.
97. -/- mice, adult sympathetic neurons will grow robustly on CNS myelin when exposed to increased NGF.
98. Posse de Chaves E.I., Bussiere M., Vance D.E., Campenot R.B., Vance J.E. Elevation of ceramide within distal neurites inhibits neurite growth in cultured rat sympathetic neurons. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;3028-3035.
99. Muller G., Storz P., Bourtelle S., Doppler H., Pfizenmaier K., Mischak H., Philipp A., Kaiser C., Kolch W. Regulation of Raf-1 kinase by TNF via its second messenger ceramide and crosstalk with mitogenic signalling. EMBO J. 17:1998;732-742.
100. Zhou H., Summers S.A., Birnbaum M.J., Pittman R.N. Inhibition of Akt kinase by cell-permeable ceramide and its implications for ceramide-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;16568-16575.
101. Brann A.B., Scott R., Neuberger Y., Abulafia D., Boldin S., Fainzilber M., Futerman A.H. Ceramide signaling downstream of the p75 neurotrophin receptor mediates the effects of nerve growth factor on outgrowth of cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci. 19:1999;8199-8206.
102. Yamashita T., Tucker K.L., Barde Y-A. Neurotrophin binding to the p75 receptor modulates Rho activity and axonal outgrowth. Neuron. 24:1999;585-593. An intriguing report indicating that p75NTR regulates Rho activity, thereby providing a mechanism whereby p75NTR could directly modulate growth.
103. ••], demonstrating that decreased Rho activity leads to increased axonal growth.
104. Dechant G., Barde Y.A. Signalling through the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 7:1997;413-418.
105. Anton E.S., Weskamp G., Reichardt L.F., Matthew W.D. Nerve growth factor and its low affinity receptor promote Schwann cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1994;2795-2799.
106. Ferri C.C., Bisby M.A. Improved survival of injured sciatic nerve Schwann cells in mice lacking the p75 receptor. Neurosci Lett. 272:1999;191-194.
107. Chandler C.E., Parsons L.M., Hosang M., Shooter E.M. A monoclonal antibody modulates the interaction of nerve growth factor with PC12 cells. J Biol Chem. 259:1985;6882-6889.
108. Kaplan D.R., Miller F.D. Signal transduction by the neurotrophin receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 9:1997;213-221.
109. Kouhara H., Hadari Y.R., Spivak-Kroizman T., Schilling J., Bar-Sagi D., Schlessinger J. A lipid-anchored Grb2-binding protein that links FGF-receptor activation to the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. Cell. 89:1997;693-702.
110. Meakin S.O., MacDonald J.I.S., Gryz E.A., Kubu C.J., Verdi J.M. The signaling adapter FRS-2 competes with Shc for binding to the nerve growth factor receptor TrkA. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;9861-9870.
111. Qian X., Riccio A., Zhang Y., Ginty D.D. Identification and characterization of novel substrates of Trk receptors in developing neurons. Neuron. 21:1998;1017-1029. Identification of rAPS and SH2-B as Trk interacting proteins involved in modulating NGF-dependent survival signalling.
112. Yamashita H., Avraham S., Jiang S., Dikic I., Avraham H. The Csk homologous kinase associates with TrkA receptors and is involved in neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;15059-15065.
113. Wright J.H., Drueckes P., Bartoe J., Zhao Z., Shen S.-H., Krebs E.G. A role for the SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase in nerve growth factor-induced PC12 cell differentiation. Mol Biol Cell. 8:1997;1575-1585.
114. Corbic K.C., Foster D.A., Rosner M.R. Protein kinase Cδ mediates neurogenic but not mitogenic activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in neuronal cells. Mol Cell Biol. 19:1999;4209-4218.
115. Yamada M., Ohnishi H., Sano S., Nakatani A., Ikeuchi T., Hatanaka H. Insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2 are tyrosine phosphorylated and associated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in response to brain-derived neurotrophic factor in cultured cerebral cortical neurons. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;30334-30339.
116. Bazenet C.E., Mota M.A., Rubin L.L. The small GTP-binding protein Cdc42 is required for nerve growth factor withdrawal-induced neuronal death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;3984-3989.
117. Kanamoto T., Mota M., Takeda K., Rubin L.L., Miyazono K., Ichijo H., Bazenet C.E. Role of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase in regulation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and apoptosis in sympathetic neurons. Mol Cell Biol. 20:2000;196-204. Demonstrates that Ask1 is a crucial element of NGF withdrawal-induced death of sympathetic neurons and PC12 cells.
118. Eilers A., Whitfield J., Babij C., Rubin L.L., Ham J. Role of the jun kinase pathway in the regulation of c-Jun expression and apoptosis in sympathetic neurons. J Neurosci. 18:1998;1713-1724.
119. Le-Niculescu H., Bonfoco E., Kasuya Y., Claret F-X., Green D.R., Karin M. Withdrawal of survival factors results in activation of the JNK pathway in neuronal cells leading to Fas ligand induction and cell death. Mol Cell Biol. 19:1999;751-763. Definitively demonstrates that a JNK-c-jun-Fas ligand pathway is an important mediator of stress-induced neuronal apoptosis in PC12 cells and cerebellar neurons.
120. Park D.S., Levine B., Ferrari G., Greene L.A. Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors and dominant negative cyclin dependent kinase 4 and 6 promote survival of NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons. J Neurosci. 17:1997;8975-8983.
121. Sherr C.J. Tumor surveillance via the ARF-p53 pathway. Genes Dev. 12:1998;2984-2991.
122. Kuan C-Y., Yang D.D., Roy D.R.S., Davis R.J., Rakic P., Flavell R.A. The Jnk1 and Jnk2 protein kinases are required for regional specific apoptosis during early brain development. Neuron. 22:1999;667-676. Shows that mice lacking Jnk1 and Jnk2 exhibit dysregulated neuronal apoptosis in various developing neural structures.