Potential Applications of Food Derived Bioactive Peptides in Management of Health

International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 377-398

  Dhaval, Anusha ^a   Yadav, Neelam ^a   Purwar, Shalini ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD   (India)

Author keywords

Bioactive; Functional food; Hydrolysis; Peptides

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERMEDIN; AMINO ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; APRATOXIN A; BETA CASOMORPHINE DERIVATIVE; BETA ENDORPHIN; BETA LIPOTROPIN; BIOACTIVE PEPTIDE; BROMELAIN; CASEINOMACROPEPTIDE; CASEINOPHOSPHOPEPTIDE; CASOPLATELIN; COIBAMIDE A; CORTICOTROPIN; CRYPTIDE; CYCLOTIDE; KAPPA CASEIN; LACTOFERRIN; LUNASIN; MILK PROTEIN; MINERAL; NUTRACEUTICAL; PAPAIN; PEPTIDE FRAGMENT; POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITAMIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL CYCLE ARREST; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DRUG ANALYSIS; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG SYNTHESIS; ENZYME INHIBITION; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD PROCESSING; FUNCTIONAL FOOD; IMMUNOMODULATION; NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREVALENCE; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW;

EID: 84958766154     PISSN: 15733149     EISSN: 15733904     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9514-z     Document Type: Review

References (263)

1. Alain R (1994) Le Robert micro-poche (2nd Ed) (in french). 14 and 126
2. Alaiz M, Beppu M, Ohishi K, Kikugawa K (1994) Modification of delipidated apoprotein B of low density lipoprotein by lipid oxidation products in relation to macrophage scavenger receptor binding. Biol Pharm Bull 17:51–57
3. Alanis AJ (2005) Resistance to antibiotics: are we in the post-antibiotic era? Arch Med. Res 36:697–705
4. Alashi AM, Blanchard CL, Mailer RJ, Agboola SO, Mawson AJ, He R, Malomo SA, Girgih AT, Aluko RE (2014) Blood pressure lowering effects of Australian canola protein hydrolysates in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Res Int 55:281–287
5. Alberts B (2002) Molecular biology of the cell. Garland Science, New York, p 760
6. Aluko RE (2008) Determination of nutritional and bioactive properties of peptides in enzymatic pea, chickpea and mung bean protein hydrolysates. J AOAC Int 91:947–956
7. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures (2008) http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/2008CAFFfinalsecured.pdf (Accessed Nov 2008)
8. Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, Sung B, Aggarwal BB (2008) Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes. Pharm Res 25(9):2097–2116
9. Anonymous (1998) Larousse de poche (in french). Les Editions Francaises Inc. 8
10. Arcan I, Yemenicioglu A (2010) Effects of controlled pepsin hydrolysis on antioxidant potential and fractional changes of chickpea proteins. Food Res Int 43:140–147
11. Barba de la Rosa AP, Montoya AB, Martínez-Cuevas P, Hernández-Ledesma B, León-Galván MF, De León-Rodríguez A, González C (2010) Tryptic amaranth glutelin digests induce endothelial nitric oxide production through inhibition of ACE: antihypertensive role of amaranth peptides. Nitric Oxide: Biol Chem 23:106–111
12. Bernard G, Dromard A (2011) Book of etymology and medical terminology: Lexicon etymology (in French). Livretd etymologieet de terminologiemedicale: Lexiqued’etymologie. 1–4
13. Berrocal R, Chanton S, Juilleart MA, Pavillard B, Scherz JC, Jost R (1989) Tryptic phosphopeptides from whole casein. II Physicochemical properties related to the solubilization of calcium. J Dairy Res 56:335–341
14. Boonen K, Creemers JW, Schoofs L (2009) Bioactive peptides, networks and systems biology. BioEssays 31:300–314
15. Boschin G, Scigliuolo GM, Resta D, Arnoldi A (2014) ACE-inhibitory activity of enzymatic protein hydrolysates from lupin and other legumes. Food Chem 145:34–40
16. Bougatef A, Nedjar-Arroume N, Ravallec-Ple R, Leroy Y, Guillochon D, Barkia A et al (2008) Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of sardinelle (Sardinella aurita) by-products protein hydrolysates obtained by treatment with microbial and visceral fish serine-proteases. Food Chem 111:350–356
17. Brantl TH, Henschen A, Lottspeich F (1979) Novel opioid peptides derived from casein (β-casomorphins) Isolation from bovine casein peptone. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z Physiol Chem 360:1211–1216
18. Brown JN, Vaughan ED (1998) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Circulation 97(14):1411–1420
19. Byun HG, Kim SK (2001) Purification and characterization of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from Alaska Pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) skin. Process Biochem 36:1155–1162
20. Castell JV, Friedrich G, Kuhn CS, Poppe GE (1997) Intestinal absorption of undegraded proteins in men: presence of bromelain in plasma after oral intake. Am J Physiol 273:G139–G146
21. Chabance B, Jolle’s P, Izquierdo C, Mazoyer E, Francoual C, Drouet L et al (1995) Characterization of an antithrombotic peptide from k-casein in newborn plasma after milk ingestion. Br J Nutr 73:583–590
22. Chan KM, Decker EA (1994) Endogenous skeletal muscle antioxidants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 34:403–426
23. Chan SC, Hui L, Chen HM (1998) Enhancement of the cytolytic effect of anti-bacterial cecropin by the microvilli of cancer cells. Anticancer Res 18:4467–4474
24. Chaudhary J, Munshi M (1995) Scanning electron microscopic analysis of breast aspirates. Cytopathology 6:162–167. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2303.1995.tb00469.x
25. Chen HM, Muramoto K, Yamauchi F (1995) Structural analysis of antioxidative peptides from soybean b-conglycinin. J Agric Food Chem 43:574–578
26. Chen HM, Muramoto K, Yamauchi F, Fujimoto K, Nokihara K (1998) Antioxidative properties of histidine-containing peptides designed from peptide fragments found in the digests of a soybean protein. J Agric Food Chem 46:49–53
27. Chen JR, Yang SC, Suetsuna K, Chao JCJ (2004) Soybean protein-derived hydrolysate affects blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Food Biochem 28(1):61–73
28. Chen GT, Zhao L, Zhao LY, Cong T, Bao SF (2007) In vitro study on antioxidant activities of peanut protein hydrolysate. J Sci Food Agric 87:357–362
29. Chen F, Beezhold K, Castranova V (2008) Tumor promoting or tumor suppressing of NF-kappa B, a matter of cell context dependency. Int Rev Immunol 27:183–204
30. Chen ZY, Peng C, Jiao R, Wong YM, Yang N, Huang Y (2009) Anti-hypertensive nutraceuticals and functional foods. J Agric Food Chem 57:4485–4499
31. Chi CF, Wang BI, Wang YM, Zhang B, Deng SG (2015) Isolation and characterization of three antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysates of bluefin leatherjacket (Navodon septentrionalis) heads. J Funct Foods 12:1–10
32. Clare DA, Swaisgood HE (2000) Bioactive milk peptides: a prospectus. J Dairy Sci 83:1187–1195
33. Craik DJ, Daly NL, Mulvenna J et al (2004) Discovery, structure and biological activities of the cyclotides. Curr Prot Pep Sci 5:297–315
34. Cross KJ, Huq NL, Palamara JE, Perich JW, Reynolds EC (2005) Physicochemical characterization of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplexes. J Bio Chem 280(153):62–69
35. Cumby N, Zhong Y, Naczk M, Shahidi F (2008) Food Chem 109:144–148
36. Dai ZY, Zhang YP, Zhang H, Liu YB (2012) Preparation and characterization of mussel (Mytilus edulis) protein hydrolysates with angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity by enzymatic hydrolysis. J Food Biochem 36:66–74
37. Daien V, Duny Y, Ribstein J, Du Cailar G, Mimran A, Villain M, Daures JP, Fesler P (2012) Treatment of hypertension with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and renal dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 25:126–132
38. Danser AHJ, Deinum J (2005) Renin, prorenin and the putative (pro) renin receptor. Hypertension 46:1069–1076
39. Deak ST, Csaky TZ (1984) Factors regulating the exchange of nutrients and drugs between lymph and blood in the small intestine. Microcirc Endothel Lymphat 1:569–588
40. Dobrzynska I, Szachowicz-Petelska B, Sulkowski S, Figaszewski Z (2005) Changes in electric charge and phospholipids composition in human colorectal cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 276:113–119. doi:10.1007/s11010-005-3557-3
41. Doyen A, Udenigwe CC, Mitchell PL, Marette A, Aluko RE (2014) Anti-diabetic and antihypertensive activities of two flaxseed protein hydrolysate fractions revealed following their simultaneous separation by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes. Food Chem 145:66–76
42. Editorial (2013) Time to effectively address hypertension in India. Ind J Med Res 137:627–631
43. Espitia PJP, Soares NFF, Coimbra JSR, Andrade NJ, Cruz RS, Medeiros EAA (2012) Bioactive peptides: synthesis, properties, and applications in the packaging and preservation of food. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safety 11:187–204. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00179.x
44. Eunice CY, Chan L (2015) Bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysates: research trends and challenges for application as nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients. Curr Opi Food Sc 1:28–37. doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2014.09.005
45. Ewart HS, Dennis D, Potvin M, Tiller T, Fang LH, Zhang R et al (2009) Development of a salmon protein hydrolysate that lowers blood pressure. Eur Food Res Technol 229:561–569
46. Fan F, Yueming W, Liu J (2010) Expression and purification of two antimicrobial peptides, PR- 39 and Protegrin-1 in Escherichia coli. Protein Exp Purif 73:147–151
47. Fernández-Musoles R, López-Díez JJ, Torregrosa G, Valles S, Alborch E, Manzanares P, Salom JB (2010) Lactoferricin B-derived peptides with inhibitory effects on ECE-dependent vasoconstriction. Peptides 31:1926–1933
48. Fernández-Musoles R, Manzanares P, Burguete MC, Alborch E, Salom JB (2013a) In vivo angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition by long-term intake of antihypertensive lactoferrin hydrolysates in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Res Int 54:627–632
49. Fernández-Musoles R, Salom JB, Martínez-Maqueda D, López-Díez JJ, Recio I, Manzanares P (2013b) Antihypertensive effects of lactoferrin hydrolysates: inhibition of angiotensin and endothelin converting enzymes. Food Chem 139:994–1000
50. Fernández-Musoles R, Castelló-Ruiz M, Arce C, Manzanares P, Ivorra MD, Salom JB (2014) Antihypertensive mechanism of lactoferrin-derived peptides: angiotensin receptor blocking effect. J Agric Food Chem 62:173–181
51. Ferreira SH, Bartelt DC, Greene LJ (1970) Isolation of bradykinin-potentiating peptides from Bothrops jararaca venom. Biochemistry 9:2583–2593
52. Fiat AM, Levy-Toledano S, Caen JP, Jollés P (1989) Biologically active peptides of casein and lactotransferrin implicated in platelet function. J Dairy Res 56:351–355
53. Fiat AM, Migliore-Samour D, Jolle’s P (1993) Biologically active peptides from milk proteins with emphasis on two examples concerning antithrombotic and immunomodulating activities. J Dairy Sci 76:301–310
54. Fisher NDL, Hollenberg NK (2005) Renin inhibition: what are the therapeutic opportunities? J the Am Soc Nephrology 16:592–599
55. Fitzgerald C, Mora-Soler L, Gallagher E, O’Connor P, Prieto J, Soler-Vila A, Hayes M (2012) Isolation and characterization of bioactive pro-peptides with in vitro renin inhibitory activities from the macroalga Palmaria palmata. J Agric Food Chem 60:7421–7427
56. Fjell CD, Hiss JA, Hancock REW, Schneider G (2012) Designing antimicrobial peptides: form follows function. Nat Rev Drug Dis 11:37–51
57. Flores MEJ, Lugo-Cervantes EC, Chel-Guerrero L (2011) Nutraceuticals and functional foods. Conventional and non-conventional sources. Studium Press, New Delhi
58. Franz G (1989) Polysaccharides in pharmacy: current applications and future concepts. Planta Med 55:493–497
59. Froidevaux R, Lignot B, Nedjar-Arroume N, Guillochon D, Coddeville B, Ricart G (2000) Kinetics of appearance of hemorphins from bovine hemoglobin peptic hydrolysates by a direct coupling of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 873:185–194
60. Fujita H, Usui H, Kurahashi K, Yoshikawa M (1995) Isolation and characterization of ovokinin, a bradykinin B1 agonist peptide derived from ovalbumin. Peptides 16(5):785–790
61. Fukudome S, Yoshikawa M (1993) Gluten exorphin-C—a novel opioid peptide derived from wheat gluten. FEBS Lett 316:17–19
62. Fukuhara M, Geary RL, Diz DI, Gallagher PE, Wilson JA et al (2000) Angiotensin-converting enzyme expression in human carotid artery atherosclerosis. Hypertension 35:353–359
63. Gagnaire V, Pierre A, Molle D, Leonil J (1996) Phosphopeptides interacting with colloidal calcium phosphate isolated by tryptic hydrolysis of bovine casein micelles. J Dairy Res 63:405–422
64. Galvez AF, Chen N, Macasieb J, de Lumen BO (2001) Chemopreventive property of a soybean peptide (lunasin) that binds to deacetylated histones and inhibits acetylation. Cancer Res 61:7473–7478
65. Garcia-Redondo AB, Roque FR, Miguel M, Lopez-Fandino R, Salaices M (2010) Vascular effects of egg white-derived peptides in resistance arteries from rats. Structure-activity relationships. J Sci Food Agric 90(12):1988–1993
66. Gardner MLG (1984) Intestinal assimilation of intact peptides and proteins from the diet-a neglected field. Biol Rev 59:289–331
67. Gardner MLG (1988) Gastrointestinal absorption of intact proteins. Annu Rev Nutr 8:329–350
68. Gauthier SF, Pouliot Y, Saint-Sauveur D (2006) Immunomodulatory peptides obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis of whey proteins. Int Dairy J 16(11):1315–1323
69. Gill HS, Doull F, Rutherfurd KJ, Cross ML (2000) Immunoregulatory peptides in bovine milk. Bri J Nutr 84(Suppl. 1):S111–S117
70. Girgih AT, Udenigwe CC, Aluko RE (2011a) In vitro antioxidant properties of hemp seed protein hydrolysate fractions. J Am Oil Chem’ Soc 88:381–389
71. Girgih AT, Udenigwe CC, Li H, Adebiyi AP, Aluko RE (2011b) Kinetics of enzyme inhibition and antihypertensive effects of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) protein hydrolysates. J Am Oil Chemists’ Soc 88:1767–1774
72. Goransson U, Luijendijk T, Johansson S et al (1999) Seven novel macrocyclic polypeptides from Viola arvensis. J Nat Prod 62:283–286
73. Graf L, Bajusz S, Patthy A, Barat E, Cseh G (1971a) Revised amide location for porcine and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Acta Biochim Biophys Acad Sci Hung 6(4):415–418
74. Graf L, Barat E, Cseh G, Sajgo M (1971b) Amino acid sequence of β-lipotropic hormone. Biochim et Biophys Acta (BBA)-Protein Struct 229:276–278
75. Guaadaoui A, Benaicha S, Elmajdub N, Bellaoui M, Hammal A (2014) What is a bioactive compound? A combined definition for a preliminary consensus. Int J Nut F Sci 3(3):174–179
76. Guang C, Phillips RD (2009) Plant food-derived angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. J Agri Food Chem 57(12):5113–5120
77. Gupta R (2004) Trends in hypertension epidemiology in India. J Hum Hypertens 18:73–78
78. Halliwell B (1994) Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence. Lancet 344:721–724
79. Hancock JT, Desikan R, Neill SJ (2001) Role of reactive oxygen species in cell signaling pathways. Biochem Soc Trans 29:345–350
80. Harnedy PA, FitzGerald RJ (2013) In vitro assessment of cardioprotective, anti-diabetic and antioxidant potential of Palmaria palmata protein hydrolysates. J App Phycology 25:1793–1803
81. Harris JI, Lerner AB (1957) Amino acid sequence of the alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone. Nature 179(4574):1346–1347
82. Hartmann R, Meisel H (2007) Food-derived peptides with biological activity: from research to food applications. Curr opin Biotech 18:163–169
83. He R, Alashi A, Malomo SA, Girgih AT, Chao D, Ju X, Aluko RE (2013a) Antihypertensive and free radical scavenging properties of enzymatic rapeseed protein hydrolysates. Food Chem 141:153–159
84. He R, Malomo SA, Girgih AT, Ju X, Auko RE (2013b) Glycinyl-histidinyl-serine (GHS), a novel rapeseed protein-derived peptide has blood pressure-lowering effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Agric Food Chem 61:8396–8402
85. Heeneman S, Sluimer JC, Daemen MJ (2007) Angiotensin-converting enzyme and vascular remodeling. Circ Res 101:441–454
86. Hemaiswarya S, Doble M (2006) Potential synergism of natural products in the treatment of cancer. Review. Phytother Res 20(4):239–249
87. Horiguchi N, Horiguchi H, Suzuki Y (2005) Effect of wheat gluten hydrolysate on immune system in healthy human subjects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69:2445–2449
88. Hou RC, Chen YS, Huang JR, Jeng KC (2006) Cross-linked bromelain inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production involving cellular signaling suppression in rats. J Agric Food Chem 54:2193–2198
89. Huang JR, Wu CC, Hou RC, Jeng KC (2008) Bromelain inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production in human THP-1 monocytes via the removal of CD14. Immunol Investig 37:263–277
90. Hussain SP, Harris CC (2007) Inflammation and cancer: an ancient link with novel potentials. Int J Cancer 121:2373–2380
91. Hwang JS (2010) Impact of processing on stability of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides obtained from tuna cooking juice. Food Res Int 43:902–906
92. Hwang JY, Shyu YS, Wang YT, Hsu CK (2010) Antioxidative properties of protein hydrolysate from defatted peanut kernels treated with esperase. Food Sci Technol 43:285–290
93. Iemolo A, Ferragud A, Cottone P, Sabino V (2015) Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide in the central amygdala causes anorexia and body weight loss via the melanocortin and the TrkB systems. J Neuropsychopahrmacol 40(8):1846–1855
94. Ito N, Fukushima S, Tsuda H (1985) Carcinogenicity and modification of the carcinogenic response by BHA, BHT and other antioxidants. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 15:109–150
95. Iwai K, Hasegawa T, Taguchi Y, Morimatsu F, Sato K et al (2005) Identification of food-derived collagen peptides in human blood after oral ingestion of gelatin hydrolysates. J Agric Food Chem 53:6531–6536
96. Jabbari S, Hasani R, Kafilzadeh F, Janfeshan S (2012) Antimicrobial peptides form milk proteins: a prospectus. Ann Biol Res 3(11):5313–5318
97. Jadhav SJ, Nimbalkar SS, Kulkarni AD, Madhavi DL (1996) Lipid oxidation in biological and food systems. In: Madhavi DL, Deshpande SS, Salunkhe DK (eds) Food antioxidants. Dekker, New York, pp 5–63
98. Jamdar SN, Rajalakshmi V, Pednekar MD, Juan F, Yardi F, Sharma A (2010) Influence of degree of hydrolysis on functional properties, antioxidant activity and ACE inhibitor activity of peanut protein hydrolysate. Food Chem 121:178–184
99. Je JY, Qian ZJ, Byun HG, Kim SK (2007) Purification and characterization of an antioxidant peptide obtained from tuna backbone protein by enzymatic hydrolysis. Process Biochem 42:840–846
100. Jeong HJ, Lam Y, De Lumen BO (2002) Barley lunasin suppresses ras-induced colony formation and inhibits core histone acetylation in mammalian cells. J Agric Food Chem 50:5903–5908
101. Jeong HJ, Jeong JB, Kim DS, De Lumen BO (2007a) Inhibition of core histone acetylation by the cancer preventive peptide lunasin. J Agric Food Chem 55:632–637
102. Jeong HJ, Jeong JB, Kim DS, Park JH, Lee JB, Kweon DH, Chung GY, Seo EW, De Lumen BO (2007b) The cancer preventive peptide lunasin from wheat inhibits core histone acetylation. Cancer Lett 255:42–48
103. Jia J, Maa H, Zhao W, Wang Z, Tian W, Luo L et al (2010) The use of ultrasound for enzymatic preparation of ACE-inhibitory peptides from wheat germ protein. Food Chem 119:336–342
104. Jolles P, Levy-Toledano S, Fiat AM, Soria C, Gillessen D, Thomaidis A (1986) Analogy between fibrinogen and casein effect of an undecapeptide isolated from kappa-casein on platelet function. Eur J Biochem 158:379–382
105. Juilleart MA, Baechler R, Berrocal R, Chanton S, Scherz JC, Jost R (1989) Tryptic phosphopeptides from whole casein I. Preparation and analysis by fast protein liquid chromatography. J Dairy Res 56:603–611
106. Kalra N, Bhui K, Roy P, Srivastava S, George J, Prasad S, Shukla Y (2008) Regulation of p53 nuclear factor kappaB and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by bromelain through targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in mouse skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 226:30–37
107. Kamau SM, Lu RR, Chen W, Liu XM, Tian FW, Shen Y, Gao T (2010) Functional significance of bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins. Food Rev Int 26:386–401
108. Karhunen LJ, Juvonen JR, Huotari A, Purhonen AK, Herzig KH (2008) Effect of protein, fat, carbohydrate and fibre on gastrointestinal peptide release in humans. Reg Pep 149:70–78
109. Ko WC, Cheng ML, Hsu KC, Hwang JS (2006) Absorption-enhancing treatments for antihypertensive activity of oligopeptides from tuna cooking juice: in vivo evaluation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Food Sci 71:13–17
110. Kodera T, Nio N (2006) Identification of an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from protein hydrolysates by a soybean protease and the antihypertensive effects of hydrolysates in spontaneously hypertensive model rats. J Food Sci 71:C164–C173
111. Korhonen H, Pihlanto A (2006) Bioactive peptides: production and functionality. Review. Int Dairy J 16:945–960
112. Korhonen H, Pihlanto-Leppala A (2003) Food-derived bioactive peptides: opportunities for designing future foods. Curr Pharm Design 9:1297–1308
113. Kouno K, Hirano S, Kuboki H, Kasai M, Hatae K (2005) Effects of dried bonito (Katsuobushi) and captopril, an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, on rat isolated aorta: a possible mechanism of antihypertensive action. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69:911–915
114. Koyama M, Naramoto K, Nakajima T, Aoyama T, Watanabe M et al (2013) Purification and identification of anti-hypertensive peptides from fermented buckwheat sprouts. J Agric Food Chem 61:3013–3021
115. Koyama M, Hattori S, Amano Y, Watanabe M, Nakamura K (2014) Blood pressure-lowering peptides from neo-fermented buckwheat sprouts: a new approach to estimating ACE-inhibitory activity. PLoS One 9(9):e105802. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105802
116. Kozlowska K, Nowak J, Kwiatkowski B, Cichorek M (1999) ESR study of plasmatic membrane of the transplantable melanoma cells in relation to their biological properties. Exp Toxicol Pathol 51:89–92. doi:10.1016/S0940-2993(99)80074-8
117. Lahov E, Regelson W (1996) Antibacterial and immunostimulating casein-derived substances from milk: casecidin, isracidin, peptides. Food Chem Tox 34:131–145
118. Lee J, Koo N, Min DB (2004) Reactive oxygen species, aging, and antioxidative nutraceuticals. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 3:21–33
119. Lee JE, Bae IY, Lee HG, Yang CB (2006a) Tyr-Pro-Lys, an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica). Food Chem 99:143–148
120. Lee NY, Cheng JT, Enomoto T, Nakano Y (2006b) One peptide derived from hen ovotransferrin as pro-drug to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme. J Food Drug Anal 14:31–35
121. Lee SH, Qian ZJ, Kim SK (2010) A novel angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from tuna frame protein hydrolysate and its antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Chem 118:96–102
122. Li H, Aluko RE (2010) Identification and inhibitory properties of multifunctional peptides from pea protein hydrolysate. J Agri Food Chem 58:11471–11476
123. Li XX, Han LJ, Chen LJ (2008) In vitro antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates prepared from corn gluten meal. J Sci Food Agric 88:1660–1666
124. Lindholm P, Goransson U, Johansson S et al (2002) Cyclotides: a novel type of cytotoxic agents. Mol Cancer Therapy 1:365–369
125. Liu JR, Chen MJ, Lin CW (2005) Antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of milk kefir and soymilk-kefir. J Agric Food Chem 53:2467–2474
126. Liu JB, Yu ZP, Zhao WZ, Lin SY, Wang EL, Zhang Y, Hao H, Wang ZZ, Chen F (2010) Isolation and identification of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from egg white protein hydrolysates. Food Chem 122(4):1159–1163
127. Liu M, Du M, Zhang Y, Xu W, Wang C, Wang K, Zhang L (2013) Purification and identification of an ace inhibitory peptide from walnut protein. J Agric Food Chem 61:4097–4100. doi:10.1021/jf4001378
128. 1 receptor deletion: study of endothelial nitric oxide metabolism. In J Pep Res Ther 21:375–382
129. Lule VK, Garg S, Pophaly SD, Tomar SD (2015) Potential health benefits of Lunasin: a multifaceted Soy—derived bioactive peptide. J Food Sci 80:R485–R494
130. Lun HH, Lan CX, Yun SC, Zhong ZY, Cheng ZB (2006) Analysis of novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from protease-hydrolyzed marine shrimp Acetes chinensis. J Pept Sci 12:726–733
131. Ma D, Zou B, Cai G, Hu X, Liu JO (2006) Total synthesis of the cyclodepsipeptide apratoxin A and its analogues and assessment of their biological activities. Chemistry 12:7615–7626
132. Maes W, Van Camp J, Vermeirssen V, Hemeryck M, Ketelslegers JM, Schrezenmeir J, Van Oostveldt P, Huyghebaert A (2004) Influence of the lactokinin Ala-Leu-Pro-Met-His-Ile-Arg (ALPMHIR) on the release of endothelin-1 by endothelial cells. Regul Pept 118:105–109
133. Marcuse R (1960) Antioxidative effect of amino-acids. Nature 186:886–887
134. Maruyama S, Mitachi H, Tanaka H, Tomizuka N, Suzuki H (1987) Studies on the active site and antihypertensive activity of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors derived from casein. Agric Biol Chem 51(6):1581–1586
135. Matoba N, Usui H, Fujita H, Yoshikawa M (1999) A novel anti-hypertensive peptide derived from ovalbumin induces nitric oxide-mediated vasorelaxation in an isolated SHR mesenteric artery. FEBS Lett 452(3):181–184
136. Matsui T, Tamaya K, Seki E, Osajima K, Matsumoto K, Kawasaki T (2002) Val-Tyr as a natural antihypertensive dipeptide can be absorbed into the human circulatory blood system. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 29:204–208
137. McCann KB, Shiell BJ, Michalski WP, Lee A, Wan J, Roginski H et al (2005) Isolation and characterization of antibacterial peptides derived from the f (164–207) region of bovine as2-casein. Int Dairy J 15:133–143
138. McCann KB, Shiell BJ, Michalski WP, Lee A, Wan J, Roginski H et al (2006) Isolation and characterization of a novel antibacterial peptide from bovine aS1-casein. Int Dairy J 16:316–323
139. Medina RA, Goeger DE, Hills P, Mooberry SL, Huang N, Romero LI, Ortega-Barria E, Gerwick WH, McPhail KL (2008) Coibamide A, a potent antiproliferative cyclic depsipeptide from the Panamanian marine cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. J Am Chem Soc 130:6324–6325
140. Megias C, Pedroche J, Yust MM, Giron-Calle J, Alaiz M, Millan F et al (2008) Production of copper-chelating peptides after hydrolysis of sunflower proteins with pepsin and pancreatin. Food Sci Technol 41:1973–1977
141. Mellander O (1950) The physiological importance of the casein phosphopeptide calcium salts II. Peroral calcium dosage of infants. Acta Soc Med Uppsala 55:247–255
142. Menard R, Khouri HE, Plouffe C, Dupras R, Ripoll D (1990) A protein engineering study of the role of aspirate 158 in the catalytic mechanism of papain. Biochem 29:6706–6713
143. Miguel M, Aleixandre A (2006) Antihypertensive peptides derived from egg proteins. J Nutr 136:1457–1460
144. Miguel M, Recio I, Gomez-Ruiz JA, Ramos M, Lopez-Fandino R (2004) Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of peptides derived from egg white proteins by enzymatic hydrolysis. J Food Prot 67(9):1914–1920
145. Miguel M, Alvarez Y, López-Fandiño R, Alonso JM, Salaices M (2007) Vasodilator effects of peptides derived from egg white proteins. Regul Pept 140:131–135
146. Miller-Keane, Marie TO (2005) Miller-Keane encyclopedia and dictionary of medicine, nursing and allied health, 7th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 62
147. Mohan S, Reddy KS, Prabhakaran D (2011) Chronic noncommunicable diseases in India. Reversing the tide. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi
148. Möller NP, Scholz-Ahrens KE, Roos N, Schrezenmeir J (2008) Bioactive peptides and proteins from foods: indication for health effects. Eur J Nutr 47(4):171–182
149. Moore JT, Langley R (2008) Amino acids the building blocks of protein. Biochem Dummies 4:55–59
150. Mosby’s Dictionary of Medicine (2013) Nursing and health professions (9th Ed). Mosby Creator, p 83
151. Motoi H, Kodama T (2003) Isolation and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from wheat gliadin hydrolysate. Nahrung/Food 47:354–358
152. Moure A, Dominguez H, Parajo JC (2005) Fractionation and enzymatic hydrolysis of soluble protein present in waste liquors from soy processing. J Agric Food Chem 53:7600–7608
153. Mukai H, Someya K, Ueki N, Kawanami M, Kiyama M, Wakamatsu K (2006) Functional cryptic peptides and their accumulative signaling. In: Peptide Science, Proceedings of 42nd Japanese Peptide Symposium, Japanese Peptide Society 152: 207–208
154. Mullally MM, Meisel H, FitzGerald RJ (1997) Identification of a novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide corresponding to a tryptic fragment of bovine beta-lactoglobulin. FEBS Lett 402(2–3):99–101
155. Murray BA, FitzGerald RJ (2007) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from food proteins: biochemistry, bioactivity and production. Curr Pharm Des 13(8):773–791
156. Nagai T, Suzuki N, Nagashima T (2006) Antioxidative activities and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activities of enzymatic hydrolysates from commercially available Kamaboko species. Food Sci Technol 12:335–346
157. Nagai T, Suzuki N, Tanoue Y, Kai N, Nagashima T (2007) Antioxidant and antihypertensive activities of autolysate and enzymatic hydrolysates from yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) ichyoimo tubers. J Food Agric Environ 5:64–68
158. Nagasawa T, Yonekura T, Nishizawa N, Kitts DD (2001) In vitro and in vivo inhibition of muscle lipid and protein oxidation by carnosine. Mol Cell Biochem 225:29–34
159. Nakamura Y, Yamamoto N, Sakai K, Okubo A, Yamazaki S, Takano T (1995) Purification and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors from sour milk. J Dairy Sci 78:777–783
160. Nakamura K, Naramoto K, Koyama M (2013) Blood-pressure-lowering effect of fermented buckwheat sprouts in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Funct Foods 5:406–415
161. Ngo DH, Ryu BM, Vo TS, Himaya SWA, Wijesekara I, Kim SKF (2011) Free radical scavenging and angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) skin gelatin. Int. J Bio Macromol 49:1110–1116. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.09.009
162. Ningappa M, Srinivas L (2008) Purification and characterization of ∼35 kDa antioxidant protein from curry leaves (Murraya koenigii L.). Toxicol In Vitro 22:699–709
163. Okada Y, Okada M (1998) Scavenging effect of water soluble proteins in broad beans on free radicals and active oxygen species. J Agric Food Chem 46:401–406
164. Online Etymology Dictionary (website): http://www.etymonline.com; (2013)
165. Onuh JO, Girgih AT, Aluko RE, Aliani M (2013) Inhibitions of renin and angiotensin converting enzyme activities by enzymatic chicken skin protein hydrolysates. Food Res Int 53:260–267
166. Pagelow I, Werner H (1986) Immunomodulation by some oligopeptides. Methodol Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 8(2):91–95
167. Parker F, Migliore-Samour D, Floc F, Zerial A, Werner GH, Jollés J, Casaretto M, Zahn H, Jollés P (1984) Immunostimulating hexapeptide from human casein amino acid sequence, synthesis and biological properties. Eur J Biochem 145:677–682
168. Pedroche J, Yust MM, Giron-Calle J, Alaiz M, Millan F, Vioque J (2002) Utilization of chickpea protein isolates for production of peptides with angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. J Sci Food Agric 82(9):960–965
169. Pena-Ramos EA, Xiong YL (2002) Antioxidant activity of soy protein hydrolyzates in a liposomial system. J Food Sci 67:2952–2956
170. Penă-Ramos EA, Xiong YL, Arteaga GE (2004) Fractionation and characterization for antioxidant activity of hydrolysed whey protein. J Sci Food Agric 84:1908–1918
171. Penta-Ramos EA, Xiong YL (2000) Antioxidant activity of whey protein hydrolysates in a liposomal system. J Dairy Sci 84:2577–2583
172. Perna AF, Ingrosso D, De Santo NG (2003) Homocysteine and oxidative stress. Amino Acids 25:409–417
173. Phelan M, Aherne A, FitzGerald RJ, O’Brien NM (2009) Casein-derived bioactive peptides: biological effects, industrial uses, safety aspects and regulatory status. Int Dairy J 19:643–654
174. Powers J-PS, Hancock REW (2003) The relationship between peptide structure and antibacterial activity. Peptides 24(11):1681–1691
175. Qian ZJ, Jung WK, Kim SK (2008) Free radical scavenging activity of a novel antioxidative peptide purified from hydrolysate of bullfrog skin, Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Bioresour Technol 99:1690–1698
176. Quirós A, Ramos M, Muguerza B, Delgado MA, Miguel M, Aleixandre A et al (2007) Identification of novel antihypertensive peptides in milk fermented with Enterococcus faecalis. Int Dairy J 17(1):33–41
177. Raghavan S, Kristinsson HG (2009) ACE-inhibitory activity of tilapia protein hydrolysates. Food Chem 117:582–588
178. Rajapakse N, Mendis E, Jung WK, Je JY, Kim SK (2005) Purification of a radical scavenging peptide from fermented mussel sauce and its antioxidant properties. Food Res Int 38:175–182
179. Reddy KS, Shah B, Varghese C, Ramadoss A (2005) Responding to the threat of chronic diseases in India. Lancet 366:1744–1749
180. Revilla E, Maria CS, Miramontes E, Bautista J, Garcia-Martinez A, Cremades O et al (2009) Nutraceutical composition, antioxidant activity and hypocholesterolemic effect of a water-soluble enzymatic extract from rice bran. Food Res Int 42:387–393
181. Rice-Evans CA, Diplock AT (1992) Current status of antioxidant therapy. Free Rad Biol Med 15:77–79
182. Richard JF, Brian AM, Daniel JW (2004) Hypotensive peptides from milk proteins. The emerging role of dairy proteins and bioactive peptides in nutrition and health. J Nutr 134:980S–988S
183. Roberts PR, Burney JD, Black KW, Zaloga GP (1999) Effect of chain length on absorption of biologically active peptides from the gastrointestinal tract. Digestion 60:332–337
184. Rosendorff C, Black HR (2009) Evidence for a lower target blood pressure for people with heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 24:318–324
185. Roudot-Algaron F, LeBars D, Kerhoas L, Einhorn J, Gripon JC (1994) Phosphopeptides from Comté cheese: nature and origin. J Food Sci 59:544–550
186. Rubas W, Grass GM (1991) Gastrointestinal lymphatic absorption of peptides and proteins. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 7:15–69
187. Ruiz-Giménez P, Salom JB, Marcos JF, Vallés S, Martínez- Maqueda D, Recio I, Torregrosa G, Alborch E, Manzanares P (2012) Antihypertensive effect of a bovine lactoferrin pepsin hydrolysate: identification of novel active peptides. Food Chem 131:266–273
188. Rupachandra S, Sarada DVL (2014) Anti-proliferative and apoptic properties of a peptide from the seeds of Polyalthia longifolia against human cancer cell lines. Ind J Biochem Biophys 51:127–134
189. Sakanaka S, Tachibana Y (2006) Active oxygen scavenging activity of egg-yolk protein hydrolysates and their effects on lipid oxidation in beef and tuna homogenates. Food Chem 95:243–249
190. Samogyi LP (2006) Food additives. In: Hui YH (ed) Handbook of food science, technology, and engineering, vol 2. Taylor and Francis CRC, Oxfordshire, pp 13–83
191. Sarmadi BH, Ismail H (2010) Antioxidative peptides from food proteins: a review. Peptides 31:1949–1956
192. Sato A, Saruta T (2003) Aldosterone breakthrough during angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. Am J Hypertens 16(9 Pt 1):781–788
193. Sato R, Noguchi T, Naito H (1986) Casein phosphopeptide (CPP) enhances calcium absorption from the ligated segment of rat small intestine. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 32:67–76
194. Schiffrin EL (2005) Vascular endothelin in hypertension. Vasc Pharmacol 43:19–29
195. Schlimme E, Meisel H (1995) Bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins: structural, physiological and analytical aspects. Die Nahrung 39:1–20
196. Schweizer F (2009) Cationic amphiphilic peptides with cancer selective toxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 625:190–194. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.043
197. Segall L, Covic A, Goldsmith DJA (2007) Direct renin inhibitors: the dawn of a new era, or just a variation on a theme? Nephrol Dial Transpl 22:2435–2439
198. Selvam R, Devaraj S (1996) Oxalate binding to rat kidney mitochondria: induction by oxidized glutathione. Indian J Biochem Biophys 33:62–65
199. Shahidi F, Zhong Y (2008) Bioactive Peptides. J AOAC Int 91:914–931
200. Sharma S, Singh R, Rana S (2011) Bioactive Peptides: a Review. Int. J. Bioautomation 15(4):223–250
201. Sheih IC, Wu TK, Fang TJ (2009) Antioxidant properties of a new antioxidative peptide from algae protein waste hydrolysate in different oxidation systems. Bioresour Technol 100:3419–3425
202. Shimizu M, Tsunogai M, Arai S (1997) Transepithelial transport of oligopeptides in the human intestinal cell, Caco-2. Peptides 18:681–687
203. Shimizu M, Sawashita N, Morimatsu F, Ichikawa J, Taguchi Y, Ijiri Y et al (2008) Antithrombotic papain- hydrolyzed peptides isolated from pork meat. Thromb Res 123(5):753–757
204. Sienkiewicz-Szlapka E, Jarmolowska B, Krawczuk S, Kostyra E, Kostyra H, Iwan M (2008) Contents of agonistic and antagonistic opioid peptides in different cheese varieties. Int Dairy J 19(4):258–263
205. Silva SV, Malcata FX (2005) Caseins as source of bioactive peptides. Int Dairy J 15:1–15
206. Singh TK, Fox PF, Healy A (1997) Isolation and identification of further peptides in the diafiltration retentate of water-soluble fraction of Cheddar cheese. J Dairy Res 64(3):433–443
207. Sok M, Sentjurc M, Schara M (1999) Membrane fluidity characteristics of human lung cancer. Cancer Lett 139:215–220. doi:10.1016/S0304-3835(99)00044-0
208. Srinivas JR, Navam SH, Pengyin C, Arvind K, Andronikos M (2012) Peptides derived from high oleic acid soyabean meals inhibit colon, liver and lung cancer cell growth. Food Res Int 50:282–288
209. Staessen J, Lijnen P, Fagard R, Verschueren LJ, Amery A (1981) Rise in plasma concentration of aldosterone during long-term angiotensin II suppression. J Endocrinol 91(3):457–465
210. Suetsuna K, Chen JR (2002) Isolation and characterization of peptides with antioxidant activity derived from wheat gluten. Food Sci Technol Res 8:227–230
211. Suetsuna K, Ukeda H, Ochi H (2000) Isolation and characterization of free radical scavenging activities peptides derived from casein. J Nutr Biochem 11:128–131
212. Sun J, He H, Xie BJ (2004) Novel antioxidant peptides from fermented mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. J Agric Food Chem 52:6646–6652
213. Suresh BVV (2011) One hundered years of peptide chemistry. Resonance July: 640–647
214. Svangard E, Goransson U, Hocaoglu Z et al (2004) Cytotoxic cyclotides from Viola tricolor. J Nat Prod 67:144–147
215. Takahashi M, Moriguchi S, Yoshikawa M, Sasaki R (1994) Isolation and characterization of oryzatensin – a novel bioactive peptide with ileum-contracting and immunomodulating activities derived from rice albumin. Biochem Mol Biol Int 33:1151–1158
216. Takahashi M, Fukunaga H, Kaneto H, Fukudome SI, Yoshikawa M (2000a) Behavioral and pharmacological studies on gluten exorphin A5, a newly isolated bioactive food protein fragment, in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 84:259–265
217. Takahashi S, Kumagai M, Shindo S, Saito K, Kawamura Y (2000b) Renin inhibits N-acetly-glucosamine-2-epimerase (renin binding protein). J Biochem 128:951–956
218. Tanaka M, Tokuyasu M, Matsui T, Matsumoto K (2008) Endothelium-independent vasodilation effect of di- and tri-peptides in thoracic aorta of Sprague-Dawley rats. Life Sci 82:869–875
219. 2+ influx. Peptides 30:1502–1507
220. Tang CH, Peng J, Zhen DW, Chen Z (2009) Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) protein hydrolysates. Food Chem 115:672–678
221. Taussig SJ, Szekerczes J, Batkin S (1985) Inhibition of tumour growth in vitro by bromelain, an extract of the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus). Planta Med 51:538–539
222. Tejedor AG, Rivera LS, Ruiz MC, Recio I, Salom JB, Manzanares P (2014) Novel antihypertensive lactoferrin-derived peptides produced by Kluyveromyces marxianus: gastrointestinal stability profile and in vivo angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. J Agric Food Chem 62:1609–1616. doi:10.1021/jf4053868
223. Teschemacher H, Koch G, Brantl V (1997) Milk protein-derived opioid receptor ligands. Pept Sci 43:99–117
224. The American Heritage Medical Dictionary (2007) Houghton Mifflin Company: 47
225. Tironi VA, Anon MC (2010) Amaranth proteins as a source of antioxidant peptides: effect of proteolysis. Food Res Int 43:315–322
226. Tsuge N, Eikawa Y, Namura Y, Yamamoto M, Sugisawa K (1991) Antioxidative activity of peptides prepared by enzymic hydrolysis of egg white albumin. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 65:1635–1641
227. Tysnes BB, Maurer HR, Porwol T, Probst B, Bjerkvig R, Hoover F (2001) Bromelain reversibly inhibits invasive properties of glioma cells. Neoplasia 3:469–479
228. Udenigwe CC, Aluko RE (2012) Food protein-derived bioactive peptides: production, processing and potential health benefits. J Food Sci 71:R11–R24
229. Udenigwe CC, Mohan A (2014) Mechanisms of food protein- derived antihypertensive peptides other than ACE inhibition. J Funct Foods 8C:45–52
230. Udenigwe CC, Lin YS, Hou WC, Aluko RE (2009) Kinetics of the inhibition of renin and angiotensin I-converting enzyme by flaxseed protein hydrolysate fractions. J Funct Foods 1:199–207
231. Udenigwe CC, Adebiyi A, Doyen A, Li H, Bazinet L, Aluko RE (2012) Low molecular weight flaxseed protein-derived arginine-containing peptides reduced blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats faster than amino acid form of arginine and native flaxseed protein. Food Chem 132:468–475
232. Ueki M, Someya K, Matsuo Y, Wakamatsu K, Mukai H (2007) Cryptides: functional cryptic peptides hidden in protein structures. Biopolym (Pept Sci) 88(2):190–198
233. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J (2007) Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39:44–84
234. Vercruysse L, Van Camp J, Smagghe G (2005) ACE inhibitory peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysates of animal muscle protein: a review. J Agric Food Chem 53:8106–8115
235. Vercruysse L, Smagghe G, Beckers T, Van Camp J (2009) Antioxidative and ACE inhibitory activities in enzymatic hydrolysates of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. Food Chem 114:38–43
236. Vioque J, Clemente A, Pedroche J, Yust MM, Millan F (2001) Obtencion y aplicaciones de hidrolizados proteicos. Grasas Aceites 52:132–136
237. Vogel HJ, Schibli DJ, Weiguo J, Lohmeier-Vogel EM, Epand RF, Epand RM (2002) Towards a structure-function analysis of bovine lactoferricin and related tryptophan and arginine containing peptides. Biochem Cell Biol 80:49–63
238. Wachtel-Galor S, Szeto YT, Tomlinson B, Benzie IF (2004) Ganoderma lucidum (‘Lingzhi’); acute and short-term biomarker response to supplementation. Int J Food Sci Nutr 55:75–83
239. Wang MT, Honn KV, Nie D (2007) Cyclooxygenases, prostanoids, and tumor progression. Cancer Metast Rev 26:525–534
240. 2+ channels. Peptides 31:2060–2066
241. Wele A, Zhang Y, Ndoye I et al (2004) A cytotoxic cyclic heptapeptide from the seeds of Annona cherimola. J Nat Prod 67:1577–1579
242. Wood JM, Maibaum J, Rahuel J, Grutter MG, Cohen NC, Rasetti V, Rüger H, Göschke R, Stutz S, Fuhrer W, Schilling W, Rigollier P, Yamaguchi Y, Cumin F, Baum HP, Schnell CR, Herold P, Mah R, Jensen C, O’Brien E, Stanton A, Bedigian MP (2003) Structure-based design of aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 308:698–705
243. World Health Organization (2009) Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. WHO, Geneva
244. World Health Organization (2011a) Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control. WHO, Geneva
245. World Health Organization (2011) Global health status on non communicable diseases 2010
246. Wu J, Ding X (2002) Characterization of inhibition and stability of soy-protein derived angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. Food Res Int 35:367–375
247. Wu CH, Chen HM, Shiau CY (2003) Free amino acids and peptides related to antioxidant properties in protein hydrolysates of mackerel (Scomber austriasicus). Food Res Int 36:949–957
248. Xie Z, Huang J, Xu X, Jin Z (2008) Antioxidant activity of peptides isolated from alfalfa leaf protein hydrolysate. Food Chem 111:370–376
249. Xu JX, Jin S (1999) Studies on synthesis, structure and antitumor activities of analogues of Papaver somniferum pollen tridecapepide. Chem J Chin Univ 20:722–726
250. Xudong M, Chunfu W, Wei W, Xiaobo L (2006) Peptides from plants: a new source for antitumor drug research. Asian J Tradit Med 1:85–90
251. Yamada A, Sakurai T, Ochi D, Mitsuyama E, Yamauchi K, Abe F (2013) Novel angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from bovine casein. Food Chem 141(4):3781–3789
252. Yamamoto N, Maeno M, Takano T (1999) Purification and characterization of an antihypertensive peptide from a yogurt-like product fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus CPN4. J Dairy Sci 82:1388–1393
253. Yodiyingyong S, Chaichana C, Nuchsuk C, Roytrakul S, Thienprasart NPT, Ratanapo S (2013) Partial purification of cytotoxic peptides against gastric cancer cells from protein hydrolysate of Euphorbia hirta Linn. Int J Biol Biomol Agri Food Biotechnol Eng 7:74–77
254. Yoshiji H, Fukui H (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factor. J Nara Med Assoc 55:63–72
255. You SJ, Udenigwe CC, Aluko RE, Wu JP (2010) Multifunctional peptides from egg white lysozyme. Food Res Int 43(3):848–855
256. Yu ZP, Zhao WZ, Liu JB, Lu J, Chen F (2011) QIGLF, a novel angiotensin I converting enzyme-inhibitory peptide from egg white protein. J Sci Food Agric 91(5):921–926
257. Zhang J, Zhang H, Wang L, Guo X, Wang X, Yao H (2010) Isolation and identification of antioxidative peptide from rice endosperm protein enzymatic hydrolysates by consecutive chromatography and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS. Food Chem 119:226–234
258. Zhao QY, Sannier F, Piot JM (1996) Kinetics of appearance of four hemorphins from bovine hemoglobin peptic hydrolysates by HPLC coupled with photodiode array detection. Biochim Biophys Acta 1295:73–80
259. Zhao Y, Bafang L, Dong S, Liu Z, Zhao X, Wang J, Zeng M (2009) A novel ACE inhibitory peptide isolated from Acaudina molpadioidea hydrolysate. Peptides 30:1028–1033
260. Zhao J, Huang GR, Zhang MN, Chen WW, Jiang JX (2011) Amino acid composition, molecular weight distribution and antioxidant stability of shrimp processing by-product hydrolysates. Am J Food Technol 6:904–913
261. Zhong F, Liu J, Ma J, Shoemaker CF (2007) Preparation of hypocholesterol peptides from soy protein and their hypocholesterolemic effect in mice. Food Res Int 40:661–667
262. Zhu L, Chen J, Tang X, Xiong YL (2008) Reducing, radical scavenging, and helation properties of in vitro digests of alcalase-treated zein hydrolysates. J Agric Food Chem 56:2714–2721
263. Ziv E, Bendayan M (2000) Intestinal absorption of peptides through the enterocytes. Microsc Res Technol 49:346–352