Oncogenic β-catenin signaling networks in colorectal cancer

Cell Cycle

Volumn 4, Issue 11, 2005, Pages 1520-1537

  Fuchs, Serge Y ^a   Ougolkov, Andrei V ^b,c   Spiegelman, Vladimir S ^d   Minamoto, Toshinari ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b KANAZAWA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Colorectal cancer; Signaling network; Wnt signal; catenin

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BETA CATENIN; T CELL FACTOR PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; WNT PROTEIN;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INVASION; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL ADHESION; CELL INVASION; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL NUCLEUS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; COLON CARCINOGENESIS; COLORECTAL CANCER; DRUG TARGETING; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC CODE; HUMAN; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 27744576997     PISSN: 15384101     EISSN: 15514005     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (316)

1. Ponder BAJ. Cancer genetics. Nature 2001; 411:336-41.
2. Taipale J, Beachy P. The Hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways in cancer. Nature 2001; 411:349-54.
3. Blume-Jensen P, Hunter T. Oncogenic kinase signalling. Nature 2001; 411:355-65.
4. Venables JP. Aberrant and alternative splicing in cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7647-54.
5. Polakis P. Mechanism and function of signal transduction by the Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Ca2+ pathways. Oncogene 1999; 18:7800-72.
6. Bienz M, Clevers H. Linking colorectal cancer to Wnt signaling. Cell 2000; 13:311-20, (review).
7. Polakis P. Wnt signaling and cancer. Genes Dev 2000; 14:1837-51.
8. Wong NA, Pignatelli M. β-catenin-a linchpin in colorectal carcinogenesis? Am J Pathol 2002; 160:389-401.
9. Lustig B, Behrens J. The Wnt signaling pathway and its role in tumor development. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003; 129:199-221.
10. Chung DC. The genetic basis of colorectal cancer: Insights into critical pathways of tumorigenesis. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:854-65.
11. Jass JR, Whitehall VL, Young J, Leggett BA. Emerging concepts in colorectal neoplasia. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:862-76.
12. Huelsken J, Birchmeier W. New aspects of Wnt signaling pathways in higher vertebrates. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2001; 11:547-53.
13. Reya T, Duncan AW, Ailles L, Domen J, Scherer DC, Willert K, Hintz L, Nusse R, Weissman IL. A role for Wnt signalling in self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 2003; 423:409-14.
14. Chenn A, Walsh CA. Regulation of cerebral cortical size by control of cell cycle exit in neural precursors. Science 2002; 297:365-9.
15. Alonso L, Fuchs E. Stem cells in the skin: Waste not, Wnt not. Genes Dev 2003; 17:1189-200.
16. Kielman MF, Rindapaa M, Gaspar C, van Poppel N, Breukel C, van Leeuwen S, Taketo MM, Roberts S, Smits R, Fodde R. Apc modulates embryonic stem-cell differentiation by controlling the dosage of β-catenin signaling. Nat Genet 2002; 32:594-605.
17. Cobas M, Wilson A, Ernst B, Mancini SJ, MacDonald HR, Kemler R, Radtke F. β-catenin is dispensable for hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. J Exp Med 2004; 199:221-9.
18. Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 2001; 414:105-11.
19. Ozawa M, Baribault H, Kemler R. The cytoplasmic domain of the cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin associates with three independent proteins structurally related in different species. ENBO J 1989; 8:1711-7.
20. Nastasi T, Bongiovanni A, Campos Y, Mann L, Toy JN, Bostrom J, Rottier R, Hahn C, Conaway JW, Harris AJ, d'Azzo A. Ozz-E3, a muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase, regulates β-catenin degradation during myogenesis. Dev Cell 2004; 6:269-82.
21. Graham TA, Weaver C, Mao F, Kimelman D, Xu W. Crystal structure of a β-catenin/Tcf complex. Cell 2000; 103:885-96.
22. Miller JR. The Wnts. Genome Biol 2002; 3(Review):S3001.
23. Vider B-Z, Zimber A, Chastre E, Prevot S, Gespach C, Estlein D, Wolloch Y, Tronic SR, Gazit A, Yaniv A. Evidence for the involvement of the Wnt2 gene in human colorectal cancer. Oncogene 1996; 12:153-8.
24. Smith K, Bui TD, Poulsom R, Kaklamanis L, Williams G, Harris AL. Up-regulation of macrophage wnt gene expression in adenoma-carcinoma progression of human colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 1999; 81:496-502.
25. Bafico A, Liu G, Goldin L, Harris V, Aaronson SA. An autocrine mechanism for constitutive Wnt pathway activation in human cancer cells. Cancer Cell 2004; 6:497-506.
26. Bhanot P, Brink M, Samos CH, Hsieh JC, Wang Y, Macke JP, Andrew D, Nathans J, Nusse R. A new member of the frizzled family from Drosophila functions as a Wingless receptor. Nature 1996; 382:225-30.
27. Malbon CC, Wang H, Moon RT Wnt signaling and heterotrimeric G-proteins: Strange bedfellows or classic romance? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:589-93.
28. Liu T, DeCostanzo AJ, Liu X, Wang H, Hallagan S, Moon RT, Malbon CC. G protein signaling from activated rat frizzled-1 to the β-catenin-Lef-Tcf pathway. Science 2001; 292:1718-22.
29. Tanaka S, Akiyoshi T, Mori M, Wands JR, Sugimachi K. A novel frizzled gene identified in human esophageal carcinoma mediates APC/β-catenin signals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:10164-9.
30. Tamai K, Semenov M, Kato Y, Spokony R, Liu C, Katsuyama Y, Hess F, Saint-Jeannet J-P, He X. LDL-receptor-related proteins in Wnt signal transduction. Nature 2000; 407:530-5.
31. Wehrli M, Dougan ST, Caldwell K, O'Keefe L, Schwartz S, Vaizel-Ohayon D, Schejter E, Tomlinson A, DiNardo S. Arrow encodes an LDL-receptor-related protein essential for Wingless signalling. Nature 2000; 407:527-30.
32. Bafico A, Liu G, Yaniv A, Gazit A, Aaronson SA. Novel mechanism of Wnt signalling inhibition mediated by Dickkopf-1 interaction with LRP6/Arrow. Nat Cell Biol 2001; 3:683-6.
33. Capelluto DG, Kutateladze TG, Habas R, Finkielstein CV, He X, Overduin M. The DIX domain targets dishevelled to actin stress fibers and vesicular membranes. Nature 2002; 419:726-9.
34. Wharton Jr KA. Runnin with the Dvl: Proteins that associate with Dsh/Dvl and their significance to Wnt signal transduction. Dev Biol 2003; 253:1-17.
35. Hart MJ, de los Santos R, Albert IN, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P Downregulation of β-catenin by human Axin and its association with the APC tumor suppressor, β-catenin and GSK3β. Curr Biol 1998; 8:573-81.
36. Kishida S, Yamamoto H, Ikeda S, Kishida M, Sakamoto I, Koyama S, Kikuchi A. Axin, a negative regulator of the wnt signaling pathway, directly interacts with adenomatous polyposis coli and regulates the stabilization of β-catenin. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:10823-6.
37. Ikeda S, Kishida S, Yamamoto H, Murai H, Koyama S, Kikuchi A. Axin, a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, forms a complex with GSK-3β and β-catenin and promotes GSK-3β-dependent phosphorylation of β-catenin. EMBO J 1998; 17:1371-84.
38. Behrens J, Jerchow BA, Wurtele M, Grimm J, Asbrand C, Wirtz R, Kuhl M, Wedlich D, Birchmeier W. Functional interaction of an axin homolog, conductin, with β-catenin, APC, and GSK3β. Science 1998; 280:596-9.
39. Lustig B, Jerchow B, Sachs M, Weiler S, Pietsch T, Karsten U, van de Wetering M, Clevers H, Schlag PM, Birchmeier W, Behrens J. Negative feedback loop of Wnt signaling through upregulation of conductin/axin2 in colorectal and liver tumors. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:1184-93.
40. Yan D, Wiesmann M, Rohan M, Chan V, Jefferson AB, Guo L, Sakamoto D, Caothien RH, Feller JH, Reinhard C, Garcia PD, Randazzo FM, Escobedo J, Fantl WJ, Williams LT. Elevated expression of axin2 and hndk mRNA provides evidence that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated in human colon tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:14973-8.
41. Harwood AJ. Regulation of GSK3: A cellular multiprocessor. Cell 2001; 105:821-4.
42. Frame S, Cohen P. GSK3 takes centre stage more than 20 years after its discovery. Biochem J 2001; 359:1-16.
43. Doble BW, Woodgett JR. GSK-3: Tricks of the trade for a multi-tasking kinase. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:1175-86.
44. Jope RS, Johnson GVW. The glamour and gloom of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Trends Biochem Sci 2004; 29:95-102.
45. Manoukian AS, Woodgett JR. Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in cancer: Regulation by Wnts and other signaling pathways. Adv Cancer Res 2002; 84:203-29.
46. Fearnhead NS, Britton MP, Bodmer WF. The ABC of APC. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10:721-33.
47. Fodde R, Smits R, Clevers H. APC, signal transduction and genetic instability in colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2001; 1:55-67.
48. Amit S, Hatzubai A, Birman Y, Andersen JS, Ben-Shushan E, Mann M, Ben-Neriah Y, Alkalay I. Axin-mediated CKI phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser 45: A molecular switch for the Wnt pathway. Genes Dev 2002; 16:1066-76.
49. Schwarz-Romand T, Asbrand C, Bakkers J, Kuhl M, Schaeffer HJ, Huelsken J, Behrens J, Hammerschmidt M, Birchmeier W. The ankyrin repeat protein Diversin recruits casein kinase Iepsilon to the β-catenin degradation complex and acts in both canonical Wnt and Wnt/JNK signaling. Genes Dev 2002; 16:2073-84.
50. Naito M, Katayama R, Ishioka T, Suga A, Takubo K, Nanjo M, Hashimoto C, Taira M, Takada S, Takada R, Kitagawa M, Matsuzawa S, Reed JC, Tsuruo T. Cellular FLIP inhibits β-catenin ubiquitylation and enhances Wnt signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:8418-27.
51. Ryu BK, Lee MG, Chi SG, Kim YW, Park JH. Increased expression of cFLIP(L) in colonic adenocarcinoma. J Pathol 2001; 194:15-9.
52. Spiegelman VS, Slaga TJ, Pagano M, Minamoto T, Ronai Z, Fuchs SY. Wnt/β-catenin signaling induces the expression and activity of βTrCP ubiquitin ligase receptor. Mol Cell 2000; 5:877-82.
53. Ougolkov A, Zhang B, Yamashita K, Bilim V, Mai M, Fuchs SY, Minamoto T. Associations among β-TrCP, an E3 ubiquitin ligase receptor, β-catenin and NF-κKB in colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96:1161-70.
54. Fuchs SY, Spiegelmann VS, Kumar KGS. The many faces of β-TrCP E3 ubiquitin ligases: Reflections in the magic mirror of cancer. Oncogene 2004; 23:2028-36.
55. Matsuzawa SI, Reed JC. Siah-1, SIP, and Ebi collaborate in a novel pathway for β-catenin degradation linked to p53 responses. Mol Cell 2001; 7:915-26.
56. Liu J, Stevens J, Rote CA, Yost HJ, Hu Y, Neufeld KL, White RL, Matsunami N. Siah-1 mediates a novel β-catenin degradation pathway linking p53 to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein. Mol Cell 2001; 7:927-36.
57. Porter AC, Vaillancourt RR. Tyrosine kinase receptor-activated signal transduction pathways which lead to oncogenesis. Oncogene 1998; 16:1343-52.
58. Hakam A, Yeatman TJ, Lu L, Mora L, Marcet G, Nicosia SV, Karl RC, Coppola D. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in human colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 1999; 30:1128-33.
59. Davidson LA, Jiang YH, Derr JN, Aukema HM, Lupton JR, Chapkin RS. Protein kinase isoforms in human and rat colonic mucosa. Arch Biochem Biophys 1994; 312:547-53.
60. Pongracz J, Clark P, Neoptolemos JP, Lord JM. Expression of protein kinase C isoenzymes in colorectal cancer tissue and their differential activation by different bile acids. Int J Cancer 1995; 61:35-9.
61. Murray NR, Davidson LA, Chapkin RS, Gustafson WC, Schattenberg DG, Fields AP. Overexpression of protein kinase C βII induces colonic hyperproliferation and increased sensitivity to colon carcinogenesis. J Biol Chem 1999; 145:699-711.
62. International Polycystic Kidney Disease Consortium. Polycystic kidney disease: The complete structure of the PKD1 gene and its protein. Cell 1995; 81:289-98.
63. Huan Y, van Adelsberg J. Polycystin-1, the PKD product, is in a complex containing E-cadherin and the catenins. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:1459-68.
64. Kim E, Arnould T, Sellin LK, Benzing T, Fan MJ, Grüning W, Sokol SY, Drummond I, Walz G. The polycystic kidney disease 1 gene product modulates Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:4947-53.
65. Li L, Yuan H, Weaver CD, Mao J, Farr IIIrd GH, Sussman DJ, Jonkers J, Kimelman D, Wu D. Axin and Frat1 interact witk Dvl and GSK, bringing Dvl to GSK in Wnt-mediated regulation of LEF-1. EMBO J 1999; 18:4223-40.
66. Yost C, Farr IIIrd GH, Pierce SB, Ferkey DM, Chen MM, Kimelman D. GBP, an inhibitor of GSK-3, is implicated in Xenopus development and oncogenesis. Cell 1998; 93:1031-41.
67. Kang DE, Soriano S, Xia X, Eberhart CG, De Strooper B, Zheng H, Koo EH. Presenilin couples the paired phosphorylation of β-catenin independent of axin: Implications for β-catenin activation in tumorigenesis. Cell 2002; 110:751-62.
68. Ito M, Yoshida K, Kyo E, Ayhan A, Nakayama H, Yasui W, Ito H, Takara E. Expression of several growth factors and their receptor genes in human colon carcinomas. Virchows Arch 1990; 59:173-8.
69. Nakae S, Shimada E, Urakawa T. Study of c-erbB-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor expression and DNA ploidy pattern in colorectal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1993; 54:246-51.
70. Hiscox SE, Hallett MB, Puntis MC, Nakamura T, Jang WG. Expression of the HGF/SF receptor, c-met, and its ligand in human colorectal cancers. Cancer Invest 1997; 15:513-21.
71. Jiang WG, Lloyds D, Puntis MC, Nakamura T, Hallett MB. Regulation of spreading and growth of colon cancer cells by hepatocyte growth factor. Clin Exp Metastasis 1993; 11:235-42.
72. Chakrabarty S, Rajagopal S, Huang S. Expression of antisense epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA downregulates the malignant behaviour of human colon cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 1995; 13:191-5.
73. Hazan RB, Norton L. The epidermal growth factor receptor modulates the interaction of E-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:9078-84.
74. Hiscox S, Jiang WG. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor disrupts epithelial tumor cell-cell adhesion: Involvement of β-catenin. Anticancer Res 1999; 19:509-18.
75. Alevizopoulos A, Mermod N. Transforming growth factor-beta: The breaking open of a black box. Bioessays 1997; 19:581-91.
76. Chakrabarty S, Fan D, Varani J. Modulation of differentiation and proliferation of human colon carcinoma cells by transforming growth factor beta 1 and beta 2. Int J Cancer 1990; 46:493-9.
77. Ishitani T, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Nagai S, Nishita M, Meheghini M, Barker N, Waterman M, Bowerman B, Clevers H, Shibuya H, Matsumoto K. The TAK1-NLK-MAPK-related pathway antagonizes signaling between β-catenin and transcription factor TCF. Nature 1999; 399:798-802.
78. Lee MO, Han SY, Jiang S, Park JH, Kim SJ. Differential effects of retinoic acid on growth and apoptosis in human colon cancer cell lines associated with the induction of retinoic acid receptor β. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:485-96.
79. Thomas MG, Tebbutt S, Williamson RCN. Vitamin D and its metabolites inhibit cell proliferation in human rectal mucosa and a colon cancer cell line. Gut 1992; 33:1660-3.
80. Easwaran V, Pishvaian M, Salimuddin, Byers S. Cross-regulation of β-catenin-LEF/TCF and retinoid signaling pathways. Curr Biol 1999; 9:1415-8.
81. Cavallo RA, Cox RT, Moline MM, Roose J, Polevoy GA, Clevers H, Peifer M, Bejsovec A. Drosophila Tcf and Groucho interact to repress Wingless signalling activity. Nature 1998; 395:604-8.
82. Roose J, Molenaar M, Peterson J, Hurenkamp J, Brantjes H, Moerer P, van de Wetering M, Destree O, Clevers H. The Xenopus Wnt effector XTcf-3 interacts with Groucho-related transcriptional repressors. Nature 1998; 395:608-12.
83. Lepourcelet M, Skivdasani RA. Characterization of a novel mammalian Groucho isoform and its role in transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:47732-40.
84. Tago K, Nakamura T, Nishita M, Hyodo J, Nagai S, Murata Y, Adachi S, Okwada S, Morishita Y, Shibuya H, Akiyama T. Inhibition of Wnt signaling by ICAT, a novel β-catenin-interacting protein. Genes Dev 2000; 14:1741-9.
85. 2 arrest and cell death in tumor cell mutants for adenomatous polyposis coli, β-catenin, or Axin. Cancer Res 2002; 62:3322-6.
86. Koyama T, Tago K, Nakamura T, Ohwada S, Morishita Y, Yokota J, Akiyama T. Mutation and expression of the β-catenin-interacting protein ICAT in human colorectal tumors. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2002; 32:358-02.
87. Kanamori M, Sandy P, Marzinotto S, Benetti R, Kai C, Hayashizaki Y, Schneider C, Suzuki H. The PDZ protein Tax-interacting protein-1 inhibits β-catenin transcriptional activity and growth of colorectal cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:38758-64.
88. Adachi S, Jigami T, Yasui T, Nakano T, Ohwada S, Omori Y, Sugano S, Ohkawara B, Shibuya H, Nakamura T, Akiyama T. Role of a BCL9-related β-catenin-binding protein, B9L, in tumorigenesis induced by aberrant activation of Wnt signaling. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8496-501.
89. Nakamori S, Ota DM, Cleary KR, Shirotani K, Irimura T. MUC1 mucin expression as a marker of progression and metastasis of human colorectal carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:353-61.
90. Yamamoto M, Bharti A, Li Y, Kufe D. Interaction of the DF3/MUC1 breast carcinoma-associated antigen and β-catenin in cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 1997; 272:12492-4.
91. Li Y, Bharti A, Chen D, Gong J, Kufe D. Interaction between glycogen synthase kinase 3β with the DF3/MUC1 carcinoma-associated antigen and β-catenin. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:7216-24.
92. Baldus SE, Monig SP, Huxel S, Landsberg S, Hanisch F-G, Engelmann K, Schneider PM, Thiele J, Holscher AH, HP. MUC1 and nuclear β-catenin are coexpressed at the invasion front of colorectal carcinomas and are both correlated with tumor prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:2790-6.
93. Lefebvre A-M, Chen I, Desreumaux P, Najib J, Fruchart J-C, Geboes K, Briggs M, Heyman R, Auwerx J. Activation of the peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ promotes the development of colon tumors in C57BL/6J-APCmin/+ mice. Nat Med 1998; 4:1053-7.
94. He TC, Sparks AB, Rago C, Hermeking H, Zawel L, da Costa LT, Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science 1998; 281:1509-12.
95. Smith DR, Myint T, Goh HS. Over-expression of the c-myc proto-oncogene in colorectal carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1993; 68:407-13.
96. Blabeletz T, Harrmann K, Jung A, Faller G, Kirchner T. Expression of nuclear β-catenin and c-myc is correlated with tumor size but not proliferative activity of colorectal adenomas. Am J Pathol 2000; 156:865-70.
97. Tetsu O, McCormick F. β-catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature 1999; 398:422-6.
98. Shtutman M, Zhurinsky J, Simcha I, Albanese C, D'Amico M, Pestell R, Ben-Ze'ev A. The cyclin D1 gene is a target of the β-catenin/LEF-1 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:5522-7.
99. Aber N, Hibshoosh H, Moss SF, Sutter T, Zhang Y, Begg M, Wang S, Weinstein IB, Holt PR. Increased expression of cyclin D1 is an early event in multistage colorectal carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 1996; 110:669-74.
100. Sutter T, Doi S, Carnevale KA, Arber N, Weinstein IB. Expression of cyclin D1 and E in human colon adenocarcinomas. J Med 1997; 28:285-309.
101. Koh TJ, Bulitta CJ, Fleming JV, Dockray GJ, Varro A, Wang TC. Gastrin is a target of the β-catenin/TCF-4 growth-signaling pathway in a model of intestinal polyposis. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:533-9.
102. Min-/+ mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Res 2001; 61:625-31.
103. Van Solinge WW, Nielsen FC, Friis-Hansen L, Falkmer UG, Rehfeld JF. Expression but incomplete maturation of progastrin in colorectal carcinomas. Gastroenterology 1993; 104:1099-107.
104. Yamada T, Takaoka AS, Naishiro Y, Hayashi R, Maruyama K, Maesawa C, Ochiai A, Hirohashi S. Transactivation of the Multidrug resistance 1 gene by T-cell factor 4/β-catenin complex in early colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2000; 60:4761-6.
105. Min/+ mice. Cancer Res 2003; 63:895-901.
106. Kargman SL, O'Neill GP, Vickers PJ, Evans JF, Mancini JA, Jothy S. Expression of prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 and -2 protein in human colon cancer. Cancer Res 1995; 55:2556-9.
107. Hsi LC, Angerman-Stewart J, Eling TE. Introduction of full-length APC modulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in HT-29 human colorectal carcinoma cells at the translational level. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:2045-9.
108. Mei JM, Hord NG, Winterstein DF, Donald SP, Phang JM. Differential expression of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2 and formation of activated β-catenin-LEF-1 transcription complex in mouse colonic epithelial cells contrasting in Apc. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:737-40.
109. Howe LR, Crawford HC, Subbaramaiah K, Hassell JA, Dannenberg AJ, Brown AM. PEA3 is upregulated in response to Wnt1 and activates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:20108-15.
110. Liu CH, Chang SH, Narko K, Trifan OC, Wu MT, Smith E, Haudenschild C, Lane TF, Hla T. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 is sufficient to induce tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:18563-9.
111. Giovannucci E. The prevention of colorectal cancer by aspirin use. Biomed Pharmacother 1999; 53:303-8.
112. He TC, Chan TA, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. PPARδ is an APC-regulated target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cell 1999; 99:335-45.
113. Reed KR, Sansom OJ, Hayes AJ, Gescher AJ, Winton DJ, Peters JM, Clarke AR. PPARδ status and Apc-mediated tumourigenesis in the mouse intestine. Oncogene 2004; 23:8992-6.
114. Gupta R, Wang D, Katkuri S, Wang H, Dey SK, DuBois RN. Activation of nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-receptor-δ accelerates intestinal adenoma growth. Nat Med 2004; 10:245-7.
115. Zhang T, Otevrel T, Gao Z, Ehrlich SM, Fields JZ, Boman BM. Evidence that APC regulates survivin expression: A possible mechanism contributing to the stem cell origin of colon cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61:8664-7.
116. Brabletz T, Jung A, Dag S, Hlubek F, Kirchner T. β-catenin regulates the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase-7 in human colorectal cancer. Am J Pathol 1999; 155:1033-8.
117. Crawford HC, Fingleton BM, Rudolph-Owen LA, Heppner Gross KJ, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P, Matrisian LM. The metalloproteinase matrilysin is a target of β-catenin transactivation in intestinal tumors. Oncogene 1999; 18:2882-91.
118. Newell KJ, Witty JP, Rodgers WH, Matrisian LM. Expression and localization of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases during colorectal carcino genesis. Mol Carcinog 1994; 10:199-206.
119. Ougolkov AV, Yamashita K, Mai M, Minamoto T. Oncogenic β-catenin and MMP-7 (matrilysin) cosegregate in late-stage clinical colon cancer. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:60-71.
120. Buo L, Meling GI, Karlsrud TS, Johansen HT, Aasen AO. Antigen levels of urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor at the tumor-host interface of colorectal adenocarcinomas are related to tumor aggressiveness. Hum Pathol 1995; 26:1133-8.
121. Nakata S, Ito K, Fujimori M, Shingu K, Kajikawa S, Adachi W, Matsuyama I, Tuchiya S, Kuwano M, Amano J. Involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in microvessel invasion in human colorectal cancers. Int J Cancer 1998; 79:179-86.
122. Mann B, Gelos M, Siedow A, Hanski ML, Gratchev A, Ilyas M, Bodmer WF, Moyer MP, Riecken EO, Buhr HJ, Hanski C. Target genes of β-catenin-T cell-factor/lymphoid-enhancer-factor signaling in human colorectal carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:1603-8.
123. Hiendlmeyer E, Regus S, Wassermann S, Hlubek F, Haynl A, Dimmler A, Koch C, Knoll C, van Beest M, Reuning U, Brabletz T, Kirchner T, Jung A. β-catenin upregulates the expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator in human colorectal tumors. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1209-14.
124. Imazeki F, Yokosuka O, Yamaguchi T, Ohto M, Isono K, Omata M. Expression of variant CD44-messenger RNA in colorectal adenocarcinomas and adenomatous polyps in humans. Gastroenterology 1996; 110:362-8.
125. Mulder JW, Kruyt PM, Sewnath M, Oosting J, Seldenrijk CA, Weidema WF, Offerhaus GJ, Pals ST. Colorectal cancer prognosis and expression of exon-v6-containing CD44 proteins. Lancet 1994; 344:1470-2.
126. Kim H, Yang XL, Rosada C, Hamilton S, August T. CD44 expression in colorectal carcinoma is an early event occurring prior to K-ras and p53 mutation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1994; 310:504-7.
127. Wielenga VJM, Smits R, Korinek V, Smit L, Kielman M, Fodde R, Clevers H, Pals ST. Expression of CD44 in Apc and Tcf mutatnt mice implies regulation by the WNT pathway. Am J Pathol 1999; 154:515-23.
128. Wielenga VJM, van der Voort R, Taher TEI, Smit L, Beuling EA, van Krimpen C, Spaargaren M, Pals ST. Expression of c-met and heparin-sulfate proteoglycan forms of CD44 in colorectal cancer. Am J Pathol 2000; 157:1563-73.
129. Pyke C, Romer J, Kallunki P, Lund LR, Ralfkiaer E, Dano K, Tryggvason K. The γ2 chain of kalinin/laminin 5 is preferentially expressed in invading malignant cells in human cancers. Am J Pathol 1994; 145:782-91.
130. Pyke C, Salo S, Ralfkiaer E, Romer J, Dano K, Tryggvason K. Laminin-5 is a marker of invading cancer cells in some human carcinomas and is coexpressed with the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator in budding cancer cells in colon adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 1995; 55:4132-9.
131. Hlubek F, Jung A, Kotzor N, Kirchner T, Brabletz T. Expression of the invasion factor laminin γ2 in colorectal carcinoma is regulated by β-catenin. Cancer Res 2001; 61:8089-93.
132. Conacci-Sorrell ME, Ben-Yedidia T, Shtutman M, Feinstein E, Einat P, Ben-Ze'ev A. Nr-CAM is a target gene of the β-catenin/LEF-1 pathway in melanoma and colon cancer and its expression enhances motility and confers tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2002; 16:2058-72.
133. Gilles C, Polette M, Mestdagt M, Nawrocki-Raby B, Ruggeri P, Birembaut P, Foidart J-M. Transactivation of vimentin by β-catenin in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2003; 63:2658-64.
134. Boon EM, van der Neut R, van de Wetering M, Clevers H, Pals ST. Wnt signaling regulates expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase met in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 2002; 62:5126-8.
135. Takeuchi H, Bilchik A, Saha S, Turner R, Wiese D, Tanaka M, Kuo C, Wang H-J, Hoon DSB. c-MET expression level in primary colon cancer: A predictor of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9:1480-8.
136. Zhang X, Gaspard JP, Chung DC. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by the Wnt and K-ras pathways in colonic neoplasia. Cancer Res 2001; 61:6050-4.
137. Pennica D, Swanson TA, Welsh JW, Roy MA, Lawrence DA, Lee J, Brush J, Taneyhill LA, Deuel B, Lew M, Watanabe C, Cohen RL, Melhem MF, Finley GG, Quirke P, Goddard AD, Hillan KJ, Gurney AL, Botstein D, Levine AJ. WISP genes are members of the connective tissue growth factor family that are upregulated in wnt-1-transformed cells and aberrantly expressed in human colon tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:14717-22.
138. Xu L, Corcoran RB, Welsh JW, Pennica D, Levine AJ. WISP-1 is a Wnt-1-and β-catenin-responsive oncogene. Genes Dev 2000; 14:585-95.
139. Kim JS, Crooks H, Dracheva T, Nishanian TG, Singh B, Jen J, Waldman T. Oncogenic β-catenin is required for bone morphogenetic protein 4 expression in human cancer cells. Cancer Res 2002; 02:2744-8.
140. Vallone D, Battista S, Pierantoni GM, Fedele M, Casalino L, Santoro M, Viglietto G, Fusco A, Verde P. Neoplastic transformation of rat thyroid cells requires the junB and fra-1 gene induction which is dependent on the HMGI-C gene product. EMBO J 1997; 16:5310-21.
141. Lengyel E, Wang H, Stepp E, Juarez J, Wang Y, Doe W, Pfarr CM, Boyd D. Requirement of an upstream AP-1 motif for the constitutive and phorbol ester-inducible expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor gene. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:23176-84.
142. Kolligs FT, Nieman MT, Winer I, Hu G, Van Mater D, Feng Y, Smith IM, Wu R, Zhai Y, Cho KR, Fearon ER. ITF-2, a downstream target of the Wnt/TCF pathway, is activated in human cancers with β-catenin defects and promotes neoplastic transformation. Cancer Cell 2002; 1:145-55.
143. Rockman SP, Currie SA, Ciavarella M, Vincan E, Dow C, Thomas RJ, Phillips WA. Id2 is a target of the β-catenin/T cell factor pathway in colon carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:45113-9.
144. Willert J, Epping M, Pollack JR, Brown PO, Nusse R. A transcriptional response to Wnt protein in human embryonic carcinoma cells. BMC Dev Biol 2002; 2:8.
145. Lin YM, Ono K, Satoh S, Ishiguro H, Fujita M, Miwa N, Tanaka T, Tsunoda T, Yang KC, Nakamura Y, Furukawa Y. Identification of AF17 as a downstream gene of the β-catenin/T-cell factor pathway and its involvement in colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2001; 61:6345-9.
146. Shtutman M, Zhurinsky J, Oren M, Levina E, Ben-Ze'ev A. PML is a target gene of β-catenin and plakoglobin, and coactivates β-catenin-mediated transcription. Cancer Res 2002; 62:5947-54.
147. Jho EH, Zhang T, Domon C, Joo CK, Freund JN, Costantini F. Wnt/β-catenin/Tcf signaling induces the transcription of Axin2, a negative regulator of the signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:1172-83.
148. Leung JY, Kolligs FT, Wu R, Zhai Y, Kuick R, Hanash S, Cho KR, Fearon ER. Activation of AXIN2 expression by β-catenin-T cell factor. A feedback repressor pathway regulating Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:21657-65.
149. Roose J, Huls G, van Beest M, Moerer P, van der Horn K, Goldschmeding R, Logtenberg T, Clevers H. Synergy between tumor suppressor APC and the β-catenin-Tcf4 target Tcf1. Science 1999; 285:1923-6.
150. Laurent-Puig P, Plomteux O, Bluteau O, Zinzindohoue F, Jeannot E, Dahan K, Kartheuser A, Chapusot C, Cugnenc PH, Zucman-Rossi J. Frequent mutations of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 in colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:1311-4.
151. Rousset R, Mack JA, Wharton Jr KA, Axelrod JD, Cadigan KM, Fish MP, Nusse R, Scott MP. Naked cuticle targets dishevelled to antagonize Wnt signal transduction. Genes Dev 2001; 15:658-71.
152. Morin PJ, Sparks AB, Korinek V, Barker N, Clevers H, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Activation of β-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in β-catenin or APC. Science 1998; 275:1787-90.
153. Iwao K, Nakamori S, Kameyama M, Imaoka S, Kinoshita M, Fukui T, Ishiguro S, Nakamura Y, Miyoshi Y. Activation of the β-catenin gene by interstitial deletions involving exon 3 in primary colorectal carcinomas without adenomatous polyposis coli mutations. Cancer Res 1998; 58:1021-6.
154. Sparks AB, Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW Mutational analysis of the APC/β-catenin/Tcf pathway in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1998; 58:1130-4.
155. Mirabelli-Primdahl L, Gryfe R, Kim H, Miller A, Luceri C, Dale D, Holowaty E, Bapat B, Gallinger S, Redston M. β-catenin mutations are specific for colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability but occur in endometrial carcinomas irrespective of mutator pathway. Cancer Res 1999; 59:3346-51.
156. Miyaki M, Iijima T, Kimura J, Yasuno M, Mori T, Hayashi Y, Koike M, Shitara N, Iwama T, Kuroki T. Frequent mutation of β-catenin and APC genes in primary colorectal tumors from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1999; 59:4506-9.
157. Hirohashi S. Inactivation of the E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion system in human cancers. Am J Pathol 1998; 153:333-9.
158. Christofori G, Semb H. The role of the cell-adhesion molecule E-cadherin as a tumor-suppressor gene. Trends Biochem Sci 1999; 24:73-6.
159. Van Aken E, De Wever O, Correia da Rocha AS, Mareel M. Defective E-cadherin/catenin complexes in human cancer. Virchows Arch 2001; 439:725-51.
160. Daniel JM, Reynolds AB. Tyrosine phosphorylation and cadherin/catenin function. Bioessays 1997; 19:883-91.
161. Ozawa M, Kemler R. Altered cell adhesion activity by pervanadate due to the dissociation of alpha-catenin from the E-cadherin-cetnin complex. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:6166-70.
162. Monga SP, Mars WM, Pediaditakis P, Bell A, Mule K, Bowen WC, Wang X, Zarnegar R, Michalopoulos GK. Hepatocyte growth factor induces Wnt-independent nuclear translocation of β-catenin after Met-β-catenin dissociation in hepatocytes. Cancer Res 2002; 62:2064-71.
163. Muller T, Choidas A, Reiichmann E, Ullrich A. Phosphorylation and free pool of β-catenin are regulated by tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphatases during epithelial cell migration. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:10173-83.
164. Ghadimi BM, Behrens J, Hoffmann I, Haensch W, Birchmeier W, Schlag PM.
165. Smits R, Ruiz P, Diaz-Cano S, Luz A, Jagmohan-Changur S, Breukel C, Birchmeier C, Birchmeier W, Fodde R. E-cadherin and adenomatous polyposis coli mutations are synergistic in intestinal tumor initiation in mice. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1045-53.
166. Heppner Goss K, Groden J. Biology of the APC tumor suppressor. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:1967-79.
167. Nathke IS, Adams CL, Polakis P, Sellin JH, Nelson WJ. The adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein localizes to plasma membrane sites involved in active cell migration. J Cell Biol 1996; 134:165-79.
168. Mahmoud NN, Boolbol SK, Bilinski RT, Martucci C, Chadburn A, Bertagnolli MM. Apc gene mutation is associated with a dominant-negative effect upon intestinal cell migration. Cancer Res 1997; 57:5045-50.
169. Barth A, Nathke I, Nelson W. Cadherins, catenins and APC protein: Interplay between cytoskeletal complexes and signaling pathways. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1997; 9:683-90.
170. Groden J. Touch and go: Mediating cell-to-cell interactions and Wnt signaling in gastrointestinal tumor formation. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1161-4.
171. Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Townsley F, Bienz M. The APC tumor suppressor has a nuclear export function. Nature 2000; 406:1009-12.
172. Neufeld KL, Nix DA, Bogerd H, Kang Y, Beckerle MC, Cullen BR, White RL. Adenomatous polyposis coli protein contains two nuclear export signals and shuttles between the nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:12085-90.
173. Henderson BR. Nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of APC regulates β-catenin subcellular localization and turnover. Nat Cell Biol 2000; 2:653-60.
174. Neufeld KL, Zhang F, Cullen BR, White RL. APC-mediated downregulation of β-catenin activity involves nuclear sequestration and nuclear export. EMBO Rep 2000; 1:519-23.
175. Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Townsley F, Bienz M. The APC tumor suppressor has a nuclear export function. Nature 2000; 406:1009-12.
176. Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Cliffe A, Brabletz T, Bienz M. Nuclear export of the APC tumor suppressor controls β-catenin function in transcription. EMBO J 2003; 22:1101-13.
177. Huges RC. The galectin family of mammalian carbohydrate-binding molecules. Biochem Soc Trans 1997; 25:1194-8.
178. Lotz MM, Andrews Jr CW, Korzelius CA, Lee EC, Steele Jr GD, Clarke A, Mercurio AM. Decreased expression of Mac-2 (carbohydrate binding protein 35) and loss of its nuclear localization are associated with the neoplastic progression of colon carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:3466-70.
179. Danguy A, Camby I, Kiss R. Galectins and cancer. Biochem Biophys Acta 2000; 19:285-93.
180. Shimura T, Takenaka Y, Tsutsumi S, Hogan V, Kikuchi A, Raz A. Galectin-3, a novel binding partner of β-catenin. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6363-7.
181. Hunter T. Cooperation between oncogenes. Cell 1991; 64:249-70.
182. Downward J. Ras signaling and apoptosis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1998; 8:49-54.
183. Tang Y, Zhou H, Chen A, Pittman RN, Field J. The Akt proto-oncogene links Ras to Pak and cell survival signals. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:9106-9.
184. Gille H, Downward J. Multiple ras effector pathways contribute to G1 cell cycle progression. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:22033-40.
185. Minamoto T, Mai M, Ronai Z. K-ras mutation: Early detection in molecular diagnosis and risk assessment of colorectal, pancreas and lung cancer-a review. Cancer Detect Prev 2000; 24:1-12.
186. Minamoto T, Ougolkov A, Mai M. Detection of oncogenes in the diagnosis of cancers with active oncogenic signaling. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2002; 2:565-75.
187. Adjey AA. Blocking oncogenic ras signaling for cancer therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:1062-74.
188. Midgley RS, Kerr DJ. Ras as a target in cancer therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002; 44:109-20.
189. Cross DA, Alessi DR, Cohen P, Andjelkovich M, Hemmings BA. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B. Nature 1995; 378:785-9.
190. Zhang B, Ougolkov A, Yamashita K, Takahashi Y, Mai M, Minamoto T. β-catenin and ras oncogenes detect most human colorectal cancer. Clin Rancer Res 2003; 9:3073-9.
191. Araki Y, Okamura S, Hussain SP, Nagashima M, He P, Shiseki M, Miura K, Harris CC. Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by the Wnt and Ras pathways. Cancer Res 2003; 67:728-34.
192. Sears R, Leone G, DeGregori J, Nevins JR. Ras enhances Myc protein stability. Mol Cell 1999; 3:169-79.
193. Nishita M, Hashimoto MK, Ogata S, Laurent MN, Ueno N, Shibuya H, Cho KW. Interaction between Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways during formation of Spemann's organizer. Nature 2000; 403:781-5.
194. Labbe E, Letamendia A, Attisano L. Association of Smads with lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1/T cell-specific factor mediates cooperative signaling by the transforming growth factor-β and Wnt pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:8358-63.
195. Loeb LA. A mutator phenotype in cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61:3230-9.
196. Miyazono K, Suzuki H, Imamura T. Regulation of TGF-β signaling and its role in progression of tumors. Cancer Sci 2003; 94:230-4.
197. Ilyas M, Efstathiou JA, Straub J, Kim HC, Bodmer WF. Transforming growth factor β stimulation of colorectal cancer cell lines: Type II receptor bypass and changes in adhesion molecule expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:3087-91.
198. Ivaska J, Heino J. Adhesion receptors and cell invasion: Mechanisms of integrin-guided degradation of extracellular matrix. Cell Mol Life Sci 2000; 57:16-24.
199. Hannigan GE, Leung-Hagesteijn C, Fitz-Gibon L, Coppolino MG, Radeva G, Filmus J, Bell JC, Dedhar S. Regulation of cell adhesion and anchorage-dependent growth by a new β1-integrin-linked protein kinase. Nature 1996; 379:91-6.
200. Dedhar S. Cell-substrate interactions and signaling through ILK. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2000; 12:250-6.
201. Radeva G, Petrocelli T, Behrend E, Leung-Hagesteijn C, Filmus J, Sligerland J, Dedhar S. Overexpression of the integrin-linled kinase promotes anchorage-independent cell cycle progression. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:13937-44.
202. Attwell S, Roskelly C, Dedhar S. The integrin-linked kinase (ILK) suppresses anoikis. Oncogene 2000; 19:3811-5.
203. Wu C, Keightley SY, Leung-Hagesteijn C, Radeva G, Coppolino M, Goicoechea S, McDonald JA, Dedhar S. Integrin-linked protein kinase regulates fibronectin matrix assembly, E-cadherin expression, and tumorigenicity. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:528-36.
204. Throussard AA, Costello P, Yoganathan TN, Kumagai S, Roskelley CD, Dedhar S. The integrin-linked kinase (ILK) induces an invasive phenotype via AP-1 transcription factor-dependent upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Oncogene 2000; 19:5444-52.
205. Delcommenne M, Tan C, Gray V, Rue L, Woodgett J, Dedhar S. Phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase-dependent regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and protein kinase B/AKT by the integrin-linked kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:11211-6.
206. Diehl JA, Cheng M, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β regulates cyclin D1 proteolysis and subcellular localization. Genes Dev 1998; 12:3499-511.
207. Novak A, Hsu SC, Leung-Hagesteijn C, Radeva G, Papkoff J, Montesano R, Roskelley C, Grossschedl R, Dehar S. Cell adhesion and the integrin-linked kinase regulate the LEF-1 and β-catenin signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:4374-9.
208. Novak A, Dehar S. Signaling through β-catenin and Lef/Tcf. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999; 56:523-37.
209. Tan C, Castello P, Sanghera J, Dominguez D, Baulida J, de Herreros AG, Dehar S. Inhibition of integrin linked kinase (ILK) suppresses β-catenin-Lef/Tcf-dependent transcription and expression of the E-cadherin repressor, snail, in APC-/- human colon carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2001; 20:133-40.
210. Marotta A, Tan C, Gray V, Malik S, Gallinger S, Sanghera J, Dupuis B, Owen D, Dedhar S, Salh B. Dysregulation of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) signaling in colonic polyposis. Oncogene 2001; 20:6250-7.
211. Marotta A, Parhar K, Owen D, Dehar S, Salh B. Characteristics of integrin-linked kinase signalling in sporadic human colon cancer. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:1755-62.
212. Harman FS, Nicol CJ, Marin HE, Ward JM, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ attenuates colon carcinogenesis. Nat Med 2004; 10:481-3.
213. Gupta RA, DuBois RN. Colorectal cancer prevention and treatment by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Nat Rev Cancer 2001; 1:11-21.
214. Janne PA, Mayer RJ. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1960-8.
215. Umer A, Viner JL, Richmond VE, Anderson WF, Hawk ET. Chemoprevention of colorectal carcinogenesis. Int J Clin Oncol 2002; 7:2-26.
216. Fajas L, Auboeuf D, Raspe E, Schoojans K, Lefebvre AM, Saladin R, Najib J, Laville M, Fruchart JC, Deeb S, Vidal-Puig A, Flier J, Briggs MR, Staels B, Vidal H, Auwerx J. The organization, promoter analysis, and expression of the human PPARγ gene. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:18779-89.
217. Sheng H, Shao J, DuBois RN. K-ras-mediated increase in cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA stability involves activation of the protein kinase B. Cancer Res 2001; 61:2670-5.
218. Gerhold DL, Liu F, Jiang G, Li Z, Xu J, Lu M, Sachs JR, Bagchi A, Fridman A, Holder DJ, Doebber TW, Berger J, Elbrecht A, Moller DE, Zhang BB. Gene expression profile of adipocyte differentiation and its regulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists. Endocrinology 2002; 143:2106-18.
219. Sharma C, Pradeep A, Wong L, Rana A, Rana B. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activation can regulate β-catenin levels via a proteasome-mediated and adenomatous polyposis coli-independent pathway. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:35583-94.
220. Karin M, Ben-Neriah Y. Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: The control of NF-κB activity. Annu Rev Immunol 2000; 18:621-63.
221. Mayo MW, Baldwin AS. The transcription factor NF-KB: Control of oncogenesis and cancer therapy resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1470:M55-62.
222. Bharti AC, Aggarwal BB. Nuclear factor-kappa B and cancer: Its role in prevention and therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:883-8.
223. DiDonato JA, Hayakawa M, Rothwarf DM, Zandi E, Karin M. A cytokine-responsive IκB kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-κB. Nature 1997; 388:548-54.
224. Rothwarf DM, Zandi E, Natoli G, Karin M. IKK-γ is an essential regulatory subunit of the IκB kinase complex. Nature 1998; 395:297-300.
225. Maniatis T. A ubiquitin ligase complex essential for the NF-κB, Wnt/Wingless, and Hedgehog signaling pathways. Genes Dev 1999; 3:505-10.
226. Lamberti C, Lin KM, Yamamoto Y, Verma U, Verma IM, Byers S, Gaynor RB. Regulation of β-catenin function by the IκB kinases. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:42276-86.
227. Hoeflich KP, Luo J, Rubie EA, Tsao MS, Jin O, Woodgett JR. Requirement for glycogen synthase kinase-3β in cell survival and NF-κB activation. Nature 2000; 406:86-90.
228. Laney JD, Hochstrasser M. Substrate targeting in the ubiquitin system. Cell 1999; 97:427-30.
229. Spiegelman VS, Tang W, Katoh M, Slaga TJ, Fuchs SY. Inhibition of HOS expression and activities by Wnt pathway. Oncogene 2002; 21:856-60.
230. Belaidouni N, Peuchmaur M, Perret C, Florentin A, Benarous R, Besnard-Guerin C. Overexpression of human βTrCP1 deleted of its F box induces tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. Oncogene 2005; 24:2271-6.
231. Fuchs SY. The role of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in oncogenic signaling. Cancer Biol Ther 2002; 1:337-41.
232. Deng J, Xia W, Miller SA, Wen Y, Wang HY, Hung MC. Crossregulation of NF-κB by the APC/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway. Mol Carcinog 2004; 39:139-46.
233. Deng J, Miller SA, Wang HY, Xia W, Wen Y, Zhou BP, Li Y, Lin SY, Hung MC. β-catenin interacts with and inhibits NF-κB in human colon and breast cancer. Cancer Cell 2002; 2:323-34.
234. Kikuchi A. Tumor formation by genetic mutations in the components of the Wnt signaling pathway. Cancer Sci 2003; 94:225-9.
235. Damalas A, Ben-Ze'ev A, Simcha I, Shtutman M, Leal JFM, Zhurinsky J, Geiger B, Oren M. Excess β-catenin promotes accumulation of transcriptionally active p53. EMBO J 1999; 18:3054-63.
236. Cagatay T, Ozturk M. p53 mutation as a source of aberrant β-catenin accumulation in cancer cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:7971-80.
237. Damalas A, Kahan S, Shtutman M, Ben-Ze'ev A, Oren M. Deregulated β-catenin induces a p53- and ARF-dependent growth arrest and cooperates with Ras in transformation. EMBO J 2001; 20:4912-22.
238. Hershko A, Ciechanover A. The ubiquitin system. Annu Rev Biochem 1998; 67:425-79.
239. Hershko A, Ciechanover A, Varshavsky A. The ubiquitin system. Nat Med 2000; 6:1073-81.
240. Ciechanover A, Orian A, Schwartz AL. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis: Biological regulation via destruction. Bioessays 2000; 22:442-51.
241. Yamasaki L, Pagano M. Cell cycle, proteolysis and cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2004; 16:623-8.
242. Daujat S, Neel H, Piette J. MDM2: Life without p53. Trends Genet 2001; 17:459-64.
243. Agarwal A, Das K, Lerner N, Sathe S, Cicek M, Casey G, Sizemore N. The AKT/IκB kinase pathway promotes angiogenic/metastatic gene expression in colorectal cancer by activating nuclear factor-κB and β-catenin. Oncogene 2005; 24:1021-31.
244. Cohen P, Goedert M. GSK3 inhibitors: Development and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 3:479-87.
245. Dihlmann S, Klein S, Doeberitz MV, MK. Reduction of β-catenin/T-cell transcription factor signaling by aspirin and indomethacin is caused by an increased stabilization of phosphorylated β-catenin. Mol Cancer Ther 2003; 2:509-16.
246. Rask K, Nilsson A, Brännström M, Carlsson P, Hellberg P, Janson PO, Hedin L, Sundfeldt K. Wnt-signalling pathway in ovarian epithelial tumors: Increased expression of β-catenin and GSK3β. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:1298-304.
247. Liao X, Zhang L, Thrasher JB, Du J, Li B. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β suppression eliminates tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing resistance in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2003; 2:1215-22.
248. Wang L, Lin H-K, Hu Y-C, Xie S, Yang L, Chang C. Suppression of androgen receptor-mediated transactivation and cell growth by the glycogen kinase 3β in prostate cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:32444-52.
249. Schwabe RF, Brenner DA. Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and apoptosis in hepatocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 283:G204-11.
250. Shakoori A, Ougolkov A, Yu ZW, Zhang B, Modarressi MH, Billadeau DD, Mai M, Takahashi Y, Minamoto T Deregulated GSK3β activity in colorectal cancer: Its association with tumor cell survival and proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:1365-73.
251. Lum L, Beachy PA. The Hedgehog response network: Sensors, switches, and routers. Science 2004; 304:1755-9.
252. Bijlsma MF, Spek CA, Peppelenbosch MP. Hedgehog: An unusual signal transducer. Bioessays 2004; 26:387-34.
253. Aboulkassim TO, LaRue H, Lemieux P, Rousseau F, Fradet Y. Alteration of the PATCHED locus in superficial bladder cancer. Oncogene 2003; 22:2967-71.
254. Karhadkar SS, Steven Bova G, Abdallah N, Dhara S, Gardner D, Maitra A, Isaacs JT, Berman DM, Beachy PA. Hedgehog signalling in prostate regeneration, neoplasia and metastasis. Nature 2004; 431:707-12.
255. Sanchez P, Hernandez AM, Stecca B, Kahler AJ, DeGueme AM, Barrett A, Beyna M, Datta MW, Datta S, Ruiz i Altaba A. Inhibition of prostate cancer proliferation by interference with SONIC HEDGEHOG-GLI1 signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101:12561-6.
256. Fan L, Pepicelli CV, Dibble CC, Catbagan W, Zarycki JL, Laciak R, Gipp J, Shaw A, Lamm ML, Munoz A, Lipinski R, Thrasher JB, Bushman W. Hedgehog signaling promotes prostate xenograft tumor growth. Endocrinology 2004; 145:3961-70.
257. Kubo M, Nakamura M, Tasaki A, Yamanaka N, Nakashima H, Nomura M, Kuroki S, Katano M. Hedgehog signaling pathway is a new therapeutic target for patients with breast cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6071-4.
258. Berman DM, Karhadkar SS, Maitra A, de Oca RM, Gersteinblith MR, Briggs K, Parker AR, Shimada Y, Eshleman JR, Watkins DN, Beachy PA. Widespread requirement for Hedgehog ligand stimulation in growth of digestive tract tumors. Nature 2003; 425:846-51.
259. Thayer SP, di Magliano MP, Heiser PW, Nielsen CM, Roberts DJ, Lauwers GY, Qi YP, Gysin S, del Castillo CF, Yajnik V, Antoniu B, McMahon M, Warshaw AL, Hebrok M. Hedgehog is an early and late mediator of pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis. Nature 2003; 425:851-6.
260. Berman DM, Karhadkar SS, Hallahan AR, Pritchard JI, Eberhart CG, Watkins DN, Chen JK, Cooper MK, Taipale J, Olson JM, Beachy PA. Medulloblastoma growth inhibition by hedgehog pathway blockade. Science 2002; 297:1559-61.
261. Jiang J, Struhl G. Regulation of the Hedgehog and Wingless signalling pathways by the F-box/WD40-repeat protein Slimb. Nature 1998; 391:493-6.
262. Price MA, Kalderon D. Proteolysis of the Hedgehog signaling effector Cubitus interruptus requires phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase 3 and casein kinase 1. Cell 2002; 108:823-35.
263. Jia J, Amanai K, Wang G, Tang J, Wang B, Jiang J. Shaggy/GSK3 antagonizes Hedgehog signalling by regulating Cubitus interruptus. Nature 2002; 416:548-52.
264. Brabletz T, Jung A, Hermann K, Günther K, Hohenberger W, Kirchner T. Nuclear overepression of the oncoprotein β-catenin in colorectal cancer is localized predominantly at the invasion front. Pathol Res Pract 1998; 194:701-4.
265. Günther K, Brabletz T, Kraus C, Dworak O, Reymond MA, Jung A, Hohenberger W, Kirchner T, Köckerling F, Ballhausen WG. Predictive value of nuclear beta-catenin expression for the occurrence of distant metastases in rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1998; 41:1256-61.
266. Hugh TJ, Dillon SA, O'Dowd G, Getty B, Pignatelli M, Poston GJ, Kinsella AR. β-catenin expression in primary and metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1999; 82:504-11.
267. Maruyama K, Ochiai A, Akimoto S, Nakamura S, Baba S, Moriya Y, Hirohashi S. Cytoplasmic beta-catenin accumulation as a predictor of hematogeneous metastasis in human colorectal cancer. Oncology 2000; 59:302-9.
268. Chung GG, Provost E, Kielhorn EP, Charette LA, Smith BL, Rimm DL. Tissue microarray analysis of β-catenin in colorectal cancer shows nuclear phospho-β-catenin is associated with a better prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7:4013-20.
269. Camp RL, Chung GG, Rimm DL. Automated subcellular localization and quantification of protein expression in tissue microarrays. Nat Med 2002; 8:1323-7.
270. Wong SCC, Lo SFE, Cheung MT, Ng KOE, Tse CW, Lai BSP, Lee KC, Lo YMD. Quatification of plasma β-catenin mRNA in colorectal cancer and adenoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1613-7.
271. Gerdes B, Ramaswamy A, Simon B, Pietsch T, Bastian D, Kersting M, Moll R, Bartsch D. Analysis of β-catenin gene mutations in pancreatic tumors. Digestion 1999; 60:544-8.
272. Tanaka Y, Kato K, Notohara K, Hojo H, Ijiri R, Miyake T, Nagahara N, Sasaki F, Kitagawa N, Nakatani Y, Kobayashi Y. Frequent β-catenin mutation and cytoplasmic/nuclear accumuration in pancreatic solid-pseusopapillary neoplasm. Cancer Res 2001; 61:8401-4.
273. Al-Aynati MM, Radulovich N, Riddell RH, Tsao MS. Epithelial-cadherin and β-catenin expression changes in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1235-40.
274. Lowy AM, Fenoglio-Preiser C, Kim OJ, Kordich J, Gomez A, Knight J, James L, Groden J. Dysregulation of β-catenin expression correlates with tumor differentiation in pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2003; 10:284-90.
275. Nawrocki B, Polette M, Van Hengel J, Tournier J-M, Van Roy F, Birembault P. Cytoplasmic redistribution of E-cadherin-catenin adhesion complex is associated with downregulated tyrosine phosphorylation of E-cadherin in human bronchoplumonary carcinomas. Am J Pathol 1998; 153:1521-30.
276. Kase S, Sugio K, Yamazaki K, Okamoto T, Yano T, Sugimachi K. Expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in human nonsmall cell lung cancer and the clinical significance. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:4789-96.
277. Hommura F, Fruuchi K, Yamazaki K, Ogura S, Kinoshita I, Shimizu M, Moriuchi T, Katoh H, Nishimura M, Dosaka-Akita H. Increased expression of β-catenin predicts better prognosis in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas. Cancer 2002; 94:752-8.
278. Shigematsu K, Sekido Y, Usami N, Mori S, Sato M, Horio Y, Hasegawa Y, Bader SA, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Hida T, Yoshioka H, Imaizumi M, Ueda Y, Takahashi M, Shimokata K. Genetic alteration of the β-catenin gene (CTNNB1) in human lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma and identification of a new 3p21.3 homozygous deletion. Oncogene 2001; 20:4249-57.
279. Kotsinas A, Evangelou K, Zacharatos P, Kittas C, Gorgoulis VG. Proliferation, but not apoptosis, is associated with distinct β-catenin expression patterns in nonsmall-cell lung carcinomas. Am J Pathol 2002; 161:1619-34.
280. Dihlmann S, Siermann A, von Krebel Doeberitz M. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs aspirin and indomethacin attenuate β-catenin/Tcf4 signaling. Oncogene 2001; 20:645-53.
281. Dihlmann S, Siermann A, von Krebel Doeberitz M. Reduction of β-catenin/T-cell transcription factor signaling by aspirin and indomethacin is caused by an increased stabilization of phosphorylated β-catenin. Mol Cancer Ther 2003; 2:509-16.
282. Yamada Y, Yoshimi N, Hirose Y, Hara A, Shimizu M, Kuno T, Katayama M, Qiao Z, Mori H. Suppression of occurrence and advancement of β-catenin-accumulated crypts, possible premalignant lesions of colon cancer, by selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:617-23.
283. Martinez ME, Willett WC. Calcium, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7:163-8.
284. Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS, van Stolk RU, Haile RW, Sandler RS, Rothstein R, Summers RW, Snover DC, Beck GJ, Bond JH, Greenberg ER. Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:101-7.
285. Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Colditz GA, Folsom AR, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Miller AB, Pietinen P, Potter JD, Rohan TE, Terry P, Toniolo P, Virtanen MJ, Willett WC, Wolk A, Wu K, Yaun SS, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Hunter DJ. Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: A pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96:1015-1022, (Erratum in: J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96:1724).
286. Chakrabarty S, Radjendirane V, Appelman H, Varani J. Extracellular calcium and calcium sensing receptor function in human colon carcinomas: Promotion of E-cadherin and suppression of β-catenin/TCF activation. Cancer Res 2003; 63:67-71.
287. Rok H, Green DW, Boswell CB, Pippin JA, Drebin JA. Suppression of β-catenin inhibits the neoplastic growth of APC-mutant colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 2001; 61:6563-8.
288. Verma UN, Surabhi RM, Schmaltieg A, Becerra C, Gaynor RB. Small interfering RNAs directed against β-catenin inhibit the in vitro and in vivo growth of colon cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9:1291-300.
289. Chen R-H, McCormick F. Selective targeting to the hyperactive β-catenin/T-cell factor pathway in colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 2001; 61:4445-9.
290. Kwong KY, Zou Y, Day C-P, Hung M-C. The suppression of colon cancer cell growth in nude mice by targeting β-catenin/Tcf pathway. Oncogene 2002; 21:8340-6.
291. Pastan I, Gottesman MM. Multidrug resistance. Annu Rev Med 1991; 42:277-86.
292. Ling V. Multidrug resistance: Molecular mechanism and clinical relevance. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1997; 40:S3-8.
293. Yamashita K, Nakazato H, Ito K, Ougolkov A, Takahashi Y, Mai M, Minamoto T. Effect of adjuvant chemotherapy with PSK for colon cancer patients showing oncogenic β-catenin activation in primary tumor. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(July 15 Suppl):3650.
294. INK4A and is a region of low proliferation. Am J Pathol 2001; 159:1613-7.
295. Brabletz T, Jung A, Reu S, Porzner M, Hlubek F, Kunz-Schughart LA, Nuechel R. β-catenin expression in colorectal cancers indicates tumor progression driven by the tumor environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:10356-61.
296. Park CC, Bissell MJ, Barcellos-Hoff MH. The influence of the microenvironment on the malignant phenotype. Mol Med Today 2000; 6:324-9.
297. Liotta LA, Kohn EC. The microenvironment of the tumor-host interface. Nature 2001; 411:375-9.
298. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000; 100:57-70.
299. Efstathiou JA, Noda M, Rowan A, Dixon C, Chinery R, Jawhari A, Hattori T, Wright NA, Bodmer WF, Pignatelli M. Intestinal trefoil factor controls the expression of the adenomatous polyposis coli-catenin and the E-cadherin-catenin complexes in human colon carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:3122-7.
300. Savagner P. Leaving the neighborhood: Molecular mechanisms involved during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Bioessays 2001; 23:912-23.
301. Thiery JP. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in tumor progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2:442-54.
302. Zhou BP, Deng J, Xia W, Xu J, Li YM, Gunduz M, Hung M-C. Dual regulation of snail by GSK-3β-mediated phosphorylation in control of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6:931-40.
303. Naishiro Y, Yamada T, Takaoka AS, Hayashi R, Hasegawa F, Imai K, Hirohashi S. Restoration of epithelial cell polarity in a colorectal cancer cell line by suppression of β-catenin/T-cell factor 4-mediated gene transactivation. Cancer Res 2001; 61:2751-8.
304. Mariadason JM, Bordonaro M, Aslam F, Shi L, Kuraguchi M, Velcich A, Augenlicht LH. Down-regulation of β-catenin TCF signaling is linked to colonic epithelial cell differentiation. Cancer Res 2001; 61:3465-71.
305. Warner JK, Wang JCY, Hope KJ, Jin L, Dick JE. Concepts of human leukemic development. Oncogene 2004; 23:7164-77.
306. Al-Hajj M, Clarke MF. Self-renewal and solid tumor stem cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:7274-82.
307. Potten CS, Loeffler M. Stem Cells: Attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainties. Lessons for and from the crypt. Development 1990; 110:1001-20.
308. Potten CS, Booth C, Pritchard DM. The intestinal epithelial stem cell: The mucosal governor. Intl J Exp Pathol 1997; 78:219-43.
309. Booth C, Brady G, Potten CS. Crowd control in the crypt. Nat Med 2002; 8:1360-1.
310. Batlle E, Henderson JT, Beghtel H, van den Born MMW, Sancho E, Huls G, Meeldijk J, Robertson J, van de Wetering M, Pawson T, Clevers H. β-catenin and TCF mediate cell positioning in the intestinal epithelium by controlling the expression of EphB/EphrinB. Cell 2002; 111:251-63.
311. van de Wetering M, Sancho E, Verweij C, de Lau W, Oving I, Hurlstone A, van der Horn K, Batlle E, Coudreuse D, Haramis A-P, Tjon-Pon-Fong M, Moerer P, van den Born M, Soete G, Pals S, Eilers M, Medema R, Clevers H. The β-catenin/Tcf-4 complex imposes a crypt progenitor phenotype on colorectal cancer cells. Cell 2002; 111:241-50.
312. Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science 1997; 276:71-4.
313. Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 1999; 284:143-7.
314. Direkze NC, Hodivala-Dilke K, Jeffery R, Hunt T, Poulsom R, Oukrif D, Alison MR, Wright NA. Bone marrow contribution to tumor-associated myofibroblasts and fibroblasts. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8492-5.
315. Jones RJ, Matsui WH, Smith BD. Cancer stem cells: Are we missing the target? J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96:583-5.
316. Student M, Marini FC, Dembinski JL, Zompetta C, Cabreira-Hansen M, Bekele BN, Champlin RE, Andreeff M. Mesenchymal stem cells: Potential precursors fro tumor stroma and targeted-delivery vehicle for anticancer agents. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96:1593-603.