Signaling through β-catenin and Lef/Tcf

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Volumn 56, Issue 5-6, 1999, Pages 523-537

  Novak, A ^a   Dedhar, S ^b  

^a SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Catenin; Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC); Cadherin; Dishevelled (dsh); Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3); Integrin linked kinase (ILK); Lymphoid enhancer factor T cell factor (Lef Tcf); wnt

Indexed keywords

BETA CATENIN; CADHERIN; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; LYMPHOID ENHANCER FACTOR 1; PROTEIN KINASE; TATA BINDING PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSDUCIN;

CELL ADHESION; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL NUCLEUS; COLON POLYPOSIS; CYTOPLASM; ENZYME INHIBITION; HUMAN; MESODERM; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION;

ADAPTOR PROTEINS, SIGNAL TRANSDUCING; ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI PROTEIN; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; BETA CATENIN; CA(2+)-CALMODULIN DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; CELL CYCLE PROTEINS; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; DROSOPHILA PROTEINS; FRIZZLED RECEPTORS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASES; INSECT PROTEINS; LYMPHOID ENHANCER-BINDING FACTOR 1; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEOPLASMS; PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHOPROTEINS; PROMOTER REGIONS (GENETICS); PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES; PROTEINS; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS; REPRESSOR PROTEINS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANS-ACTIVATORS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES; WNT PROTEINS; ZEBRAFISH PROTEINS;

EID: 0032729458     PISSN: 1420682X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s000180050449     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. 1 Nagafuchi A. and Takeichi M. (1989) Transmembrane control of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion: a 94 kDa protein functionally associated with a specific region of the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin. Cell Regul. 1: 37-44
2. 2 Ozawa M., Baribault H. and Kemler R. (1989) The cytoplasmic domain of the cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin associates with three independent proteins structurally related in different species. EMBO J. 8: 1711-1717
3. 3 Takeichi M. (1995) Morphogenetic roles of classic cadherins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7: 619-627
4. 4 Hulsken J., Birchmeier W. and Behrens J. (1994) E-cadherin and APC compete for the interaction with β-catenin and the cytoskeleton. J. Cell Biol. 127: 2061-2069
5. 5 Aberle H., Schwartz H. and Kemler R. (1996) Cadherin-catenin complex: protein interactions and their implications for cadherin function. J. Cell. Biochem. 61: 514-523
6. 6 Peifer M. and Wieschaus E. (1990) The segment polarity gene armadillo encodes a functionally modular protein that is the Drosophila homolog of human plakoglobin. Cell 63: 1167-1176
7. 7 McCrea P. D., Turck C. W. and Gumbiner B. (1991) A homolog of the armadillo protein in Drosophila (plakoglobin) associated with E-cadherin. Science 254: 1359-1361
8. 8 Reifer M., Rauskolb C., Williams M., Riggleman B. and Wieschaus L. (1991) The segment polarity gene armadillo interacts with the wingless signaling pathway in both embryonic and adult pattern formation. Development 111: 1029-1043
9. 9 Orsulic S. and Peifer M. (1996) An in vivo structure-function study of armadillo, the β-catenin homologue, reveals both separate and overlapping regions of the protein required for cell adhesion and for wingless signaling. J. Cell Biol. 134: 1283-1300
10. 10 Lceuwen F. van, Samos C. H. and Nusse R. (1994) Biological activity of soluble wingless protein in cultured Drosophila imaginal disc cells. Nature 368: 342-344
11. 11 Klingensmith J., Nusse R. and Perrimon N. (1994) The Drosophila segment polarity gene dishevelled encodes a novel protein required for response to the wingless signal. Genes Dev. 8: 118-130
12. 12 Siegfried E., Wilder E. L. and Perrimon N. (1994) Components of wingless signalling in Drosophila. Nature 367: 76-80
13. 13 Noordermcer J., Klingensmith J., Perrimon N. and Nusse R. (1994) dishevelled and armadillo act in the wingless signalling pathway in Drosophila. Nature 367: 80-83
14. 14 Peifer M., Sweeton D., Casey M. and Wieschaus E. (1994) wingless signal and Zeste-white 3 kinase trigger opposing changes in the intracellular distribution of Armadillo. Development 120: 369-380
15. 15 Yanagawa S., Lceuwen F. van, Wodarz A., Klingensmith J. and Nusse R. (1995) The dishevelled protein is modified by wingless signaling in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 9: 1087-1097
16. 16 Bhanot P., Brink M., Samos C. H., Hsich J. C., Wang Y., Macke J. P. et al. (1996) A new member of the frizzled family from Drosophila functions as a Wingless receptor. Nature 382: 225-230
17. 17 Rijsewijk F., Schuermann M., Wagenaar E., Parren P., Weigel D. and Nusse R. (1987) The Drosophila homolog of the mouse mammary oncogene int-1 is identical to the segment polarity gene wingless. Cell 50: 649-657
18. 18 Nusse R., Brown A., Papkoff J., Scambler P., Shackleford G., McMahon A. et al. (1991) A new nomenclature for int-1 and related genes: the Wnt gene family. Cell 64: 231
19. 19 McMahon A. P. and Moon R. T. (1989) Ectopic expression of the proto-oncogene int-1 in Xenopus embryos leads to duplication of the embryonic axis. Cell 58: 1075-1084
20. 20 Funayama N., Fagotto F., McCrea P. and Gumbiner B. M. (1995) Embryonic axis induction by the armadillo repeat domain of β-catenin: evidence for intracellular signaling. J. Cell Biol. 128: 959-968
21. 21 Woodgett J. R. (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3/factor A. EMBO J. 9: 2431-2438
22. 22 Yost C., Torres M., Miller J. R., Huang E., Kimelman D. and Moon R. T. (1996) The axis-inducing activity, stability, and subcellular distribution of β-catenin is regulated in Xenopus embryos by glycogen synthase kinase 3. Genes Dev. 10: 1443-1454
23. 23 Aberle H., Bauer A., Stappert J., Kispert A. and Kemler R. (1997) β-Catenin is a target for the ubiquitin-protea-some pathway. EMBO J. 16: 3797-3804
24. 24 Rubinfeld B., Souza B., Albert I., Muller O., Chamberlain S. H., Masiarz F. R. et al. (1993) Association of the APC gene product with β-catenin. Science 262: 1731-1734
25. 25 Su L. K., Vogelstein B. and Kinzler K. W. (1993) Association of the APC tumor suppressor protein with catenins. Science 262: 1734-1737
26. 26 Munemitsu S., Albert I., Souza B., Rubinfeld B. and Polakis P. (1995) Regulation of intracellular β-catenin levels by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor-suppressor protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 3046-3050
27. 27 Rubinfeld B., Albert I., Porfiri E., Fiol C., Munemitsu S. and Polakis P. (1996) Binding of GSK3β to the APC-β-catenin complex and regulation of complex assembly. Science 272: 1023-1026
28. 28 Papkoff J., Rubinfeld B., Schryver B. and Polakis P. (1996) Wnt-1 regulates free pools of catenins and stabilizes APC-catenin complexes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 2128-2134
29. 29 Behrens J., Kries J. P. von, Kuhl M., Bruhn L., Wedlich D., Grosschedl R. et al. (1996) Functional interaction of β-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1. Nature 382: 638-642
30. 30 Huber O., Korn R., McLaughlin J., Ohsugi M., Herrmann B. G. and Kemler R. (1996) Nuclear localization of β-catenin by interaction with transcription factor LEF-1. Mech. Dev. 59: 3-10
31. 31 Molenaar M., van de Wetering M., Oosterwegel M., Peterson-Maduro J., Godsave S., Korinek V. et al. (1996) XTcf-3 transcription factor mediates β-catenin-induced axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell 86: 391-399
32. 32 Bradley R. S., Cowin P. and Brown A. M. (1993) Expression of Wnt-1 in PC12 cells results in modulation of plakoglobin and E-cadherin and increased cellular adhesion. J. Cell Biol. 123: 1857-1865
33. 33 Hinck L., Nelson W. J. and Papkoff J. (1994) Wnt-1 modulates cell-cell adhesion in mammalian cells by stabilizing β-catenin binding to the cell adhesion protein cadherin. J. Cell Biol. 124: 729-741
34. 34 Detrick R. J., Dickey D. and Kintner C. R. (1990) The effects of N-cadherin misexpression on morphogenesis in Xenopus embryos. Neuron 4: 493-506
35. 35 Fujimori T., Miyatani S. and Takeichi M. (1990) Ectopic expression of N-cadherin perturbs histogenesis in Xenopus embryos. Development 110: 97-104
36. 36 Heasman J., Crawford A., Goldstone K., Garner-Hamrick P., Gumbiner B., McCrea P. et al. (1994) Overexpression of cadherins and underexpression of β-catenin inhibit dorsal mesoderm induction in early Xenopus embryos. Cell 79: 791-803
37. 37 Peifer M., Orsulic S., Pai L. M. and Loureiro J. (1993) A model system for cell adhesion and signal transduction in Drosophila. Development 119S: 163-176
38. 38 Sanson B., White P. and Vincent J. P. (1996) Uncoupling cadherin-based adhesion from wingless signalling in Drosophila. Nature 383: 627-630
39. 39 Papkoff J. (1997) Regulation of complexed and free catenin pools by distinct mechanisms: differential effects of Wnt-1 and v-Src. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 4536-4543
40. 40 Miller J. R. and Moon R. T. (1996) Signal transduction through β-catenin and specification of cell fate during embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 10: 2527-2539
41. 41 Barth A. I., Nathke I. S. and Nelson W. J. (1997) Cadherins, catenins and APC protein: interplay between cytoskeletal complexes and signaling pathways. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9: 683-690
42. 42 Gumbiner B. M. (1997) Carcinogenesis: a balance between β-catenin and APC. Curr. Biol. 7: R443-446
43. 43 Polakis P. (1997) The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1332: F127-147
44. 44 Haegel H., Larue L., Ohsugi M., Fedorov L., Herrenknecht K. and Kemler R. (1995) Lack of β-catenin affects mouse development at gastrulation. Development 121: 3529-3537
45. 45 Sokol S. Y., Klingensmith J., Perrimon N. and Itoh K. (1995) Dorsalizing and neuralizing properties of Xdsh, a maternally expressed Xenopus homolog of dishevelled. Development 121: 1637-1647
46. 46 Karnovsky A. and Klymkowsky M. W. (1995) Anterior axis duplication in Xenopus induced by the over-expression of the cadherin-binding protein plakoglobin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 4522-4526
47. 47 Moon R. T., Brown J. D. and Torres M. (1997) WNTs modulate cell fate and behavior during vertebrate development. Trends Genet. 13: 157-162
48. 48 Yost C., Farr G. H. 3rd, Pierce S. B., Ferkey D. M., Chen M. M. and Kimelman D. (1998) GBP, an inhibitor of GSK-3, is implicated in Xenopus development and oncogenesis. Cell 93: 1031-1041
49. 49 Galceran J., Farinas I., Depew M. J., Clevers H. and Grosschedl R. (1999) Wnt3a - / - like phenotype and limb deficiency in Lef1( - / - )Tcf1( - / - ) mice. Genes Dev. 13: 709-717
50. 50 Zhou P., Byrne C., Jacobs J. and Fuchs E. (1995) Lymphoid enhancer factor 1 directs hair follicle patterning and epithelial cell fate. Genes Dev. 9: 700-713
51. 51 Kratochwil K., Dull M., Farinas I., Galeeran J. and Grosschedl R. (1996) Lef1 expression is activated by BMP-4 and regulates inductive tissue interactions in tooth and hair development. Genes Dev. 10: 1382-1394
52. 52 Gat U., DasGupta R., Degenstein L. and Fuchs E. (1998) De novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated β-catenin in skin. Cell 95: 605-614
53. 53 Wikramanayake A. H., Huang L. and Klein W. H. (1998) β-Catenin is essential for patterning the maternally specified animal-vegetal axis in the sea urchin embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 9343-9348
54. 54 Emily-Fenouil F., Ghiglione C., Lhomond G., Lepage T. and Gache C. (1998) GSK3β/shaggy mediates patterning along the animal-vegetal axis of the sea urchin embryo. Development 125: 2489-2498
55. 55 Ginsburg G. T. and Kimmel A. R. (1997) Autonomous and nonautonomous regulation of axis formation by antagonistic signaling via 7-span cAMP receptors and GSK3 in Dictyostelium. Genes Dev. 11: 2112-2123
56. 56 Ahmed Y., Hayashi S., Levine A. and Wieschaus E. (1998) Regulation of armadillo by a Drosophila APC inhibits neuronal apoptosis during retinal development. Cell 93: 1171-1182
57. 57 Powell S. M., Zilz N., Beazer-Barclay Y., Bryan T. M., Hamilton S. R., Thibodeau S. N. et al. (1992) APC mutations occur early during colorectal tumorigenesis. Nature 359: 235-237
58. 58 Korinek V., Barker N., Morin P. J., van Wichen D., Weger R. de, Kinzler K. W. et al. (1997) Constitutive transcriptional activation by a β-catenin-Tcf complex in APC - / colon carcinoma. Science 275: 1784-1787
59. 59 Morin P. J., Sparks A. B., Korinek V., Barker N., Clevers H., Vogelstein B. et al. (1997) Activation of β-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in β-catenin or APC. Science 275: 1787-1790
60. 60 Rubinfeld B., Robbins P., El-Gamil M., Albert I., Porfiri E. and Polakis P. (1997) Stabilization of β-catenin by genetic defects in melanoma cell lines. Science 275: 1790-1792
61. 61 de La Coste A., Romagnolo B., Billuart P., Renard C. A., Buendia M. A., Soubrane O. et al. (1998) Somatic mutations of the β-catenin gene are frequent in mouse and human hepatocellular carcinomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 8847-8851
62. 62 Shimizu H., Julius M. A., Giarre M., Zheng Z., Brown A. M. and Kitajewski J. (1997) Transformation by Wnt family proteins correlates with regulation of β-catenin. Cell Growth Differ. 8: 1349-1358
63. 63 Aoki M., Hecht A., Kruse U., Kemler R. and Vogt P. K. (1999) Nuclear endpoint of Wnt signaling: neoplastic transformation induced by transactivating lymphoid-enhancing factor 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 139-144
64. 64 He T. C., Sparks A. B., Rago C., Hermeking H., Zawel L., da Costa L. T. et al. (1998) Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science 281: 1509-1512
65. 65 Tetsu O. and McCormick F. (1999) β-Catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature 398: 422-426
66. 66 Hinck L., Nathke I. S., Papkoff J. and Nelson W. J. (1994) Dynamics of cadherin/catenin complex formation: novel protein interactions and pathways of complex assembly. J. Cell Biol. 125: 1327-1340
67. 67 Hardy J. (1997) Amyloid, the presenilins and Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci. 20: 154-159
68. 68 Zhang Z., Hartmann H., Do V. M., Abramowski D., Sturchler-Pierrat C., Staufenbiel M. et al. (1998) Destabilization of β-catenin by mutations in presenilin-1 potentiates neuronal apoptosis. Nature 395: 698-702
69. 69 Murayama M., Tanaka S., Palacino J., Murayama O., Honda T., Sun X. et al. (1998) Direct association of presenilin-1 with v-catenin. FEBS Lett. 433: 73-77
70. 70 Nishimura M., Yu G., Levesque G., Zhang D. M., Ruel L., Chen F. et al. (1999) Presenilin mutations associated with Alzheimer disease cause defective intracellular trafficking of β-catenin, a component of the presenilin protein complex. Nat. Med. 5: 164-169
71. 71 Takashima A., Murayama M., Murayama O., Kohno T., Honda T., Yasutake K. et al. (1998) Presenilin 1 associates with glycogen synthase kinase-3β and its substrate tau. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 9637-9641
72. 72 Riese J., Yu X., Munnerlyn A., Eresh S., Hsu S. C., Grosschedl R. et al. (1997) LEF-1, a nuclear factor coordinating signaling inputs from wingless and decapentaplegic. Cell 88: 777-787
73. 73 Carnac G., Kodjabachian L., Gurdon J. B. and Lemaire P. (1996) The homeobox gene Siamois is a target of the Wnt dorsalisation pathway and triggers organiser activity in the absence of mesoderm. Development 122: 3055-3065
74. 74 Brannon M., Gomperts M., Sumoy L., Moon R. T. and Kimelman D. (1997) A β-catenin/XTcf-3 complex binds to the siamois promoter to regulate dorsal axis specification in Xenopus. Genes Dev. 11: 2359-2370
75. 75 Hirsinger E., Duprez D., Jouve C., Malapert P., Cooke J. and Pourquie O. (1997) Noggin acts downstream of Wnt and Sonic Hedgehog to antagonize BMP4 in avian somite patterning. Development 124: 4605-4614
76. 76 Mann B., Gelos M., Siedow A., Hanski M. L., Gratchev A., Ilyas M. et al. (1999) Target genes of β-catenin-T cell-factor/ lymphoid-enhancer-factor signaling in human colorectal carcinomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 1603-1608
77. 77 Sheridan P. L., Sheline C. T., Cannon K., Voz M. L., Pazin M. J., Kadonaga J. T. et al. (1995) Activation of the HIV-1 enhancer by the LEF-1 HMG protein on nucleosome-assembled DNA in vitro. Genes Dev. 9: 2090-2104
78. 78 McKendry R., Hsu S. C., Harland R. M. and Grosschedl R. (1997) LEF-1/TCF proteins mediate wnt-inducible transcription from the Xenopus nodal-related 3 promoter. Dev. Biol. 192: 420-431
79. 79 Laurent M. N., Blitz I. L., Hashimoto C., Rothbacher U. and Cho K. W. (1997) The Xenopus homeobox gene twin mediates Wnt induction of goosecoid in establishment of Spemann's organizer. Development 124: 4905-4916
80. 80 Nusse R. and Varmus H. E. (1992) Wnt genes. Cell 69: 1073-1087
81. 81 Wang Y., Macke J. P., Abella B. S., Andreasson K., Worley P., Gilbert D. J. et al. (1996) A large family of putative transmembrane receptors homologous to the product of the Drosophila tissue polarity gene frizzled. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 4468-4476
82. 82 Yang-Snyder J., Miller J. R., Brown J. D., Lai C. J. and Moon R. T. (1996) A frizzled homolog functions in a vertebrate Wnt signaling pathway. Curr. Biol. 6: 1302-1306
83. 83 Nasevicius A., Hyatt T., Kim H., Guttman J., Walsh E., Sumanas S. et al. (1998) Evidence for a frizzled-mediated wnt pathway required for zebrafish dorsal mesoderm formation. Development 125: 4283-4292
84. 84 Kennerdell J. R. and Carthew R. W. (1998) Use of dsRNA-mediated genetic interference to demonstrate that frizzled and frizzled 2 act in the wingless pathway. Cell 95: 1017-1026
85. 85 Bhat K. M. (1998) frizzled and frizzled 2 play a partially redundant role in wingless signaling and have similar requirements to wingless in neurogenesis. Cell 95: 1027-1036
86. 86 Reichsman F., Smith L. and Cumberledge S. (1996) Glycosaminoglycans can modulate extracellular localization of the wingless protein and promote signal transduction. J. Cell Biol. 135: 819-827
87. 87 Binari R. C., Staveley B. E., Johnson W. A., Godavarti R., Sasisekharan R. and Manoukian A. S. (1997) Genetic evidence that heparin-like glycosaminoglycans are involved in wingless signaling. Development 124: 2623-2632
88. 88 Hacker U., Lin X. and Perrimon N. (1997) The Drosophila sugarless gene modulates Wingless signaling and encodes an enzyme involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis. Development 124: 3565-3573
89. 89 Hoang B., Moos M. Jr., Vukicevic S. and Luyten F. P. (1996) Primary structure and tissue distribution of FRZB, a novel protein related to Drosophila frizzled, suggest a role in skeletal morphogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 26131-26137
90. 90 Leyns L., Bouwmeester T., Kim S. H., Piccolo S. and De Robertis E. M. (1997) Frzb-1 is a secreted antagonist of Wnt signaling expressed in the Spemann organizer. Cell 88: 747-756
91. 91 Wang S., Krinks M., Lin K., Luyten F. P. and Moos M. Jr. (1997) Frzb, a secreted protein expressed in the Spemann organizer, binds and inhibits Wnt-8. Cell 88: 757-766
92. 92 Rattner A., Hsieh J. C., Smallwood P. M., Gilbert D. J., Copeland N. G., Jenkins N. A. et al. (1997) A family of secreted proteins contains homology to the cysteine-rich ligand-binding domain of frizzled receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 2859-2863
93. 93 Finch P. W., He X., Kelley M. J., Uren A., Schaudies R. P., Popescu N. C. et al. (1997) Purification and molecular cloning of a secreted, Frizzled-related antagonist of Wnt action. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 6770-6775
94. 94 Glinka A., Wu W., Delius H., Monaghan A. P., Blumenstock C. and Nichrs C. (1998) Dickkopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction. Nature 391: 357-362
95. 95 Hsieh J. C., Kodjabachian L., Rebbert M. L., Rattner A., Smallwood P. M., Samos C. H. et al. (1999) A new secreted protein that binds to Wnt proteins and inhibits their activities. Nature 398: 431-436
96. 96 Axelrod J. D., Miller J. R., Shulman J. M., Moon R. T. and Perrimon N. (1998) Differential recruitment of Dishevelled provides signaling specificity in the planar cell polarity and Wingless signaling pathways. Genes Dev. 12: 2610-2622
97. 97 Willert K., Brink M., Wodarz A., Varmus H. and Nusse R. (1997) Casein kinase 2 associates with and phosphorylates dishevelled. EMBO J. 16: 3089-3096
98. 98 Adler P. N. (1992) The genetic control of tissue polarity in Drosophila. Bioessays 14: 735-741
99. 99 Boutros M., Paricio N., Strutt D. I. and Mlodzik M. (1998) Dishevelled activates JNK and discriminates between JNK pathways in planar polarity and wingless signaling. Cell 94: 109-118
100. 100 Axelrod J. D., Matsuno K., Artavanis-Tsakonas S. and Perrimon N. (1996) Interaction between Wingless and Notch signaling pathways mediated by dishevelled. Science 271: 1826-1832
101. 101 Fanto M. and Mlodzik M. (1999) Asymmetric Notch activation specifics photoreceptors R3 and R4 and planar polarity in the Drosophila eye. Nature 397: 523-526
102. 102 Cooper M. T. and Bray S. J. (1999) Frizzled regulation of Notch signalling polarizes cell fate in the Dronophila eye. Nature 397: 526-530
103. 103 Cook D., Fry M. J., Hughes K., Sumathipala R., Woodgett J. R. and Dale T. C. (1996) Wingless inactivates glycogen synthase kinase-3 via an intracellular signalling pathway which involves a protein kinase C. EMBO J. 15: 4526-4536
104. 104 Delcommenne M., Tan C., Gray V., Rue L., Woodgett J. and Dedhar S. (1998) Phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase-dependent regulation of glycogcn synthase kinase 3 and protein kinase B/AKT by the integrin-linked kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 11211-11216
105. 105 Nakagawa H., Murata Y., Koyama K., Fujiyama A., Miyoshi Y., Monden M. et al. (1998) Identification of a brain-specific APC homologue, APCL, and its interaction with β-catenin. Cancer Res. 58: 5176-5181
106. 106 Es J. H. van, Kirkpatrick C., Wetering M. van de, Molenaar M., Miles A., Kuipers J. et al. (1999) Identification of APC2, a homologue of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumour suppressor. Curr. Biol. 9: 105-108
107. 107 Vleminckx K., Wong E., Guger K., Rubinfeld B., Polakis P. and Gumbiner R. M. (1997) Adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein has signaling activity in Xenopus laevis embryos resulting in the induction of an ectopic dorsoanterior axis. J. Cell Biol. 136: 411-420
108. 108 Rocheleau C. E., Downs W. D., Lin R., Wittmann C., Bei Y., Cha Y. H. et al. (1997) Wnt signaling and an APC-related gene specify endoderm in early C. elegans embryos. Cell 90: 707-716
109. 109 Yamamoto M., Bharti A., Li Y. and Kufe D. (1997) Interaction of the DF3/MUC1 breast carcinoma-associated antigen and β-catenin in cell adhesion. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 12492-12494
110. 110 Li Y., Bharti A., Chen D., Gong J. and Kufe D. (1998) Interaction of glycogen synthase kinase 3β with the DF3/ MUC1 carcinoma-associated antigen and β-catenin. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 7216-7224
111. 111 Bauer A., Huber O. and Kemler R. (1998) Pontin52, an interaction partner of β-catenin, binds to the TATA box binding protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 14787-14792
112. 112 Wetering M. van de, Cavallo R., Dooijes D., Beest M. van, Es J. van, Loureiro J. et al. (1997) Armadillo coactivates transcription driven by the product of the Drosophila segment polarity gene dTCF. Cell 88: 789-799
113. 113 Fagotto F., Gluck U. and Gumbiner B. M. (1998) Nuclear localization signal-independent and importin/karyopherin-independent nuclear import of β-catenin. Curr. Biol. 8: 181-190
114. 114 Beals C. R., Sheridan C. M., Turck C. W., Gardner P. and Crabtree G. R. (1997) Nuclear export of NF-ATc enhanced by glycogen synthase kinase-3. Science 275: 1930-1934
115. 115 Diehl J. A., Cheng M., Roussel M. F. and Sherr C. J. (1998) Glycogen synthase kinase-3β regulates cyclin D1 proteolysis and subcellular localization. Genes dev. 12: 3499-3511
116. 116 Waterman M. L. and Jones K. A. (1990) Purification of TCF-1 α, a T-cell-specific transcription factor that activates the T-cell receptor C α gene enhancer in a context-dependent manner. New Biol. 2: 621-636
117. 117 Waterman M. L., Fischer W. H. and Jones K. A. (1991) A thymus-specific member of the HMG protein family regulates the human T cell receptor C α enhancer. Genes Dev. 5: 656-669
118. 118 Travis A., Amsterdam A., Belanger C. and Grosschedl R. (1991) LEF-1, a gene encoding a lymphoid-specific protein with an HMG domain, regulates T-cell receptor α enhancer function. Genes Dev. 5: 880-894
119. 119 Wetering M. van de, Oosterwegel M., Dooijes D. and Clevers H. (1991) Identification and cloning of TCF-1, a T lymphocyte-specific transcription factor containing a sequence-specific HMG box. EMBO J. 10: 123-132
120. 120 Wetering M. van de, Castrop J., Korinek V. and Clevers H. (1996) Extensive alternative splicing and dual promoter usage generate Tcf-1 protein isoforms with differential transcription control properties. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 745-752
121. 121 Castrop J., Norren K. van and devers H. (1992) A gene family of HMG-box transcription factors with homology to TCF-1. Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 611
122. 122 Brunner E., Peter O., Schweizer L. and Basier K. (1997) pangolin encodes a Lcf-1 homologue that acts downstream of Armadillo to transduce the Wingless signal in Drosophila. Nature 385: 829-833
123. 123 Clevers H, and Wetering M. van de (1997) TCF/LEF factor earn their wings. Trends Genet. 13: 485-489
124. 124 Oosterwegel M., Wetering M. van de, Timmerman J., Kruisbeek A., Destree O., Meijlink V. et il. (1993) Differential expression of the HMG box factors TCF-1 and LEF-1 during murine embryogenesis. Development 118: 439-448
125. 125 Giese K., Cox J. and Grosschedl R. (1992) The HMG domain of lymphoid enhancer factor 1 bends DMA and facilitates assembly of functional nucleoprotein structures. Cell 69: 185-195
126. 126 Giese K., Kingsley C., Kirshner J. R. and Grosschedl R. (1995) Assembly and function of a TCR α enhancer complex is dependent on LeF-1-induced DNA binding and multiple protein-protein interactions. Genes Dev. 9: 995-1008
127. 127 Giese K. and Grosschedl R. (1993) LEF-1 contains an activation domain that stimulates transcription only in a specific context of factor-binding sites. EMBO J. 12: 4667-4676
128. 128 Carlsson P., Waterman M. L. and Jones K. A. (1993) The hLEF/TCF-1 α HMG protein contains a context-dependent transcriptional activation domain that induces the TCR α enhancer in T cells. Genes Dev. 7: 2418-2430
129. 129 Bruhn L., Munnerlyn A. and Grosschedl R. (1997) ALY, a context-dependent coactivator of LEF-1 and AML-1, is required for TCRα enhancer function. Genes Dev. 11: 640-653
130. 130 Hsu S. C., Galceran J. and Grosschedl R. (1998) Modulation of transcriptional regulation by LEF-1 in response to Wnt-1 signaling and association with β-catenin. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 4807-4818
131. 131 Merriam J. M., Rubenstein A. B. and Klymkowsky M. W. (1997) Cytoplasmically anchored plakoglobin induces a WNT-like phenotype in Xenopus. Dev. Biol. 185: 67-81
132. 132 Miller J. R. and Moon R. T. (1997) Analysis of the signaling activities of localization mutants of β-catenin during axis specification in Xenopus. J. Cell Biol. 139: 229-243
133. 133 Cox R. T., Pai L. M., Miller J. R., Orsulic S., Stein J., McCormick C. A. et al. (1999) Membrane-tethered Drosophila Armadillo cannot transduce Wingless signal on its own. Development 126: 1327-1335
134. 134 Waltzer L. and Bienz M. (1998) Drosophila CBP represses the transcription factor TCF to antagonize Wingless signalling. Nature 395: 521-525
135. 135 Roose J., Molenaar M., Peterson J., Hurenkamp J., Brantjes H., Moerer P. et al. (1998) The Xenopus Wnt effector XTcf-3 interacts with Groucho-relaled transcriptional repressors. Nature 395: 608-612
136. 136 Cavallo R. A., Cox R. T., Moline M. M., Roose J., Polevoy G. A., Clevers H. et al. (1998) Drsophila Tcf and Groucho interact to repress Wingless signalling activity. Nature 395: 604-608
137. 137 Levanon D., Goldstein R. E., Bernstein Y., Tang H., Goldenberg D., Stifani S. et al. (1998) Transcriptional repression by AML1 and LEF-1 is mediated by the TLE/Groucho compressors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 11590-11595
138. 138 Lin R., Hill R. J. and Priess J. R. (1998) POP-1 and anterior-posterior fate decisions in C. elegans embryos. Cell 92: 229-239
139. 139 Thorpe C. J., Schlesinger A., Carter J. C. and Bowerman B. (1997) Wnt signaling polarizes an early C. elegans blastomere to distinguish endoderm from mesoderm. Cell 90: 695-705
140. 140 Han M. (1997) Gut reaction to Wnt signaling in worms. Cell 90: 581-584
141. 141 Zeng L., Fagotto F., Zhang T., Hsu W., Vasicek T. J., Perry W. L. 3rd et al. (1997) The mouse Fused locus encodes Axin, an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway that regulates embryonic axis formation. Cell 90: 181-192
142. 142 Behrens J., Jerchow B. A., Wurtele M., Grimm J., Asbrand C., Wirtz R. et al. (1998) Functional interaction of an axin homolog, conductin, with β-catenin, APC, and GSK3β. Science 280: 596-599
143. 143 Yamamoto H., Kishida S., Uochi T., Ikeda S., Koyama S., Asashima M. et al. (1998) Axil, a member of the Axin family, interacts with both glycogen synthase kinase 3β and β-catenin and inhibits axis formation of Xenopus embryos. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 2867-2875
144. 144 Ikeda S., Kishida S., Yamamoto H., Murai H., Koyama S. and Kikuchi A. (1998) Axin, a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, forms a complex with GSK-3β and β-catenin and promotes GSK-3β-dependent phosphorylation of β-catenin. EMBO J. 17: 1371-1384
145. 145 Sakanaka C., Weiss J. B. and Williams L. T. (1998) Bridging of β-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3β by axin and inhibition of β-catenin-mediated transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 3020-3023
146. 146 Hart M. J., Santos R. de los, Albert I. N., Rubinfeld B. and Polakis P. (1998) Downregulation of β-catenin by human Axin and its association with the APC tumor suppressor, β-catenin and GSK3 β. Curr. Biol. 8: 573-581
147. 147 Wang S. S., Esplin E. D., Li J. L., Huang L., Gazdar A., Minna J. et al. (1998) Alterations of the PPP2R1B gene in human lung and colon cancer. Science 282: 284-287
148. 148 Hsu W., Zeng L. and Costantini F. (1999) Identification of a domain of Axin that binds to the scrine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A and a self-binding domain. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 3439-344,5
149. 149 Seeling J. M., Miller J. R., Gil R., Moon R. T., White R. and Virshup D. M. (1999) Regulation of β-catenin signaling by the B56 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. Science 283: 2089-2091
150. 150 Jiang J. and Struhl G. (1998) Regulation of the Hedgehog and Wingless signalling pathways by the F-box/WD40-repeat protein Slimb. Nature 391: 493-496
151. 151 Margottin F., Bour S. P., Durand H., Selig L., Benichou S., Richard V. et al. (1998) A novel human WD protein, h-β TrCp, that interacts with IIIV-1 Vpu connects CD4 to the ER degradation pathway through an F-box motif. Mol. Cell Res. 1: 565-574
152. 152 Marikawa Y. and Elinson R. P. (1998) TrCP is a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and dorsal axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Mech. Dev. 77: 75-80
153. 153 Winston J. T., Strack P., Beer-Romero P., Chu C. Y., Elledge S. J. and Harper J. W. (1999) The SCFβ-TRCP-ubiquitin ligase complex associates specifically with phosphorylated destruction motifs in IκBα and β-catenin and stimulates IκBα ubiquitination in vitro. Genes Dev. 13: 270-283
154. 154 Hart M., Concordet J. P., Lassot I., Albert I., Santos R. de los, Durand H. et al. (1999) The F-box protein β-TrCP associates with phosphorylated β-catenin and regulates its activity in the cell. Curr. Biol. 9: 207-210
155. 155 Hannigan G. E., Leung-Hagesteijn C., Fitz-Gibbon L., Coppolino M. G., Radeva G., Filmus J. et al. (1996) Regulation of cell adhesion and anchorage-dependent growth by a new β 1-integrin-linked protein kinase. Nature 379: 91-96
156. 156 Wu C., Keightley S. Y., Leung-Hagesteijn C., Radeva G., Coppolino M., Goicoechea S. et al. (1998) Integrin-linked protein kinase regulates fibronectin matrix assembly, E-cadherin expression, and tumorigenicity. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 528-536
157. 157 Novak A., Hsu S. C., Leung-Hagesteijn C., Radeva G., Papkoff J., Montesano R. et al. (1998) Cell adhesion and the integrin-linked kinase regulate the LEF-1 and β-catenin signaling pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 4374-4379
158. 158 King W. G., Mattaliano M. D., Chan T. O., Tsichlis P. N. and Brugge J. S. (1997) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is required for integrin-stimulated AKT and Raf-1/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 4406-4418
159. I59 Khwaja A., Rodriguez-Viciana P., Wennstrom S., Warne P. H. and Downward J. (1997) Matrix adhesion and Ras transformation both activate a phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase and protein kinase B/Akt cellular survival pathway. EMBO J. 16: 2783-2793
160. 160 Tu Y., Li F., Goicoechea S. and Wu C. (1999) The LIM-only protein PINCH directly interacts with integrin-linked kinase and is recruited to integrin-rich sites in spreading cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 2425-2434
161. 161 Radeva G., Petrocelli T., Behrend E., Leung-Hagesteijn C., Filmus J., Slingerland J. et al. (1997) Overexpression of the integrin-linked kinase promotes anchorage-independent cell cycle progression. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 13937-13944
162. 162 Finnemann S., Kuhl M., Otto G. and Wedlich D. (1995) Cadherin transfection of Xenopus XTC cells downregulates expression of substrate adhesion molecules. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 5082-5091
163. 163 Monier-Gavelle F. and Duband J. L. (1997) Cross talk between adhesion molecules: control of N-cadherin activity by intracellular signals elicited by β1 and β3 integrins in migrating neural crest cells. J. Cell Biol. 137: 1663-1681
164. 164 Yanagawa S., Lee J. S., Haruna T., Oda H., Uemura T., Takeichi M. et al. (1997) Accumulation of Armadillo induced by Wingless, Dishevelled, and dominant-negative Zeste-White 3 leads to elevated DE-cadherin in Drosophila clone 8 wing disc cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 25243-25251
165. 165 Elion E. A. (1998) Routing MAP kinase cascades. Science 281: 1625-1626
166. 166 Schaeffer H. J., Catling A. D., Eblen S. T., Collier L. S., Krauss A. and Weber M. J. (1998) MP1: a MEK binding partner that enhances enzymatic activation of the MAP kinase cascade. Science 281: 1668-1671
167. 167 Whitmarsh A. J., Cavanagh J., Tournier C., Yasuda J. and Davis R. J. (1998) A mammalian scaffold complex that selectively mediates MAP kinase activation. Science 281: 1671-1674