메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 201-246

The absorption, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of chocolate polyphenols

Author keywords

Chocolate; Chocolate matrix effects; Cocoa; Dietary factors; Excretion; Metabolism; Oral absorption; Pharmacokinetics; Polyphenols

Indexed keywords


EID: 84959392179     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-803-0_17     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (3)

References (188)
  • 1
    • 33749499884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies
    • Dauchet L, Amouyel P, Hercberg S, Dallongeville J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Nutr. 2006;136(10):2588-93.
    • (2006) J Nutr. , vol.136 , Issue.10 , pp. 2588-2593
    • Dauchet, L.1    Amouyel, P.2    Hercberg, S.3    Dallongeville, J.4
  • 2
    • 0030940959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: a review
    • Ness AR, Powles JW. Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: a review. Int J Epidemiol. 1997; 26(1):1-13.
    • (1997) Int J Epidemiol. , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-13
    • Ness, A.R.1    Powles, J.W.2
  • 5
    • 0141530989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetable and fruit intake and stroke mortality in the Hiroshima/ Nagasaki life span study
    • Sauvaget C, Nagano J, Allen N, Kodama K. Vegetable and fruit intake and stroke mortality in the Hiroshima/ Nagasaki life span study. Stroke. 2003;34:2355-60.
    • (2003) Stroke. , vol.34 , pp. 2355-2360
    • Sauvaget, C.1    Nagano, J.2    Allen, N.3    Kodama, K.4
  • 6
    • 55449096597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of hypertension determined by self measurement of blood pressure at home: the Ohasama study
    • Utsugi MT, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Kurimoto A, Sato RI, Suzuki K, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of hypertension determined by self measurement of blood pressure at home: the Ohasama study. Hypertens Res. 2008;31(7):1435-43.
    • (2008) Hypertens Res. , vol.31 , Issue.7 , pp. 1435-1443
    • Utsugi, M.T.1    Ohkubo, T.2    Kikuya, M.3    Kurimoto, A.4    Sato, R.I.5    Suzuki, K.6
  • 7
    • 2942617206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy
    • Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(6):883-92.
    • (2004) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.122 , Issue.6 , pp. 883-892
    • Cho, E.1    Seddon, J.M.2    Rosner, B.3    Willett, W.C.4    Hankinson, S.E.5
  • 8
    • 0035989777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between diet and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in subjects selected from general practice
    • Watson L, Margetts B, Howarth P, Dorward M, Thompson R, Little P. The association between diet and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in subjects selected from general practice. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(2):313-8.
    • (2002) Eur Respir J. , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 313-318
    • Watson, L.1    Margetts, B.2    Howarth, P.3    Dorward, M.4    Thompson, R.5    Little, P.6
  • 9
    • 33747893377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cholecystectomy in women
    • Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Med. 2006;119(9):760-7.
    • (2006) Am J Med. , vol.119 , Issue.9 , pp. 760-767
    • Tsai, C.J.1    Leitzmann, M.F.2    Willett, W.C.3    Giovannucci, E.L.4
  • 10
    • 0034008765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bladder-cancer incidence in relation to vegetable and fruit consumption: a prospective study of atomic-bomb survivors
    • Nagano J, Kono S, Preston DL, Moriwaki H, Sharp GB, Koyama K, et al. Bladder-cancer incidence in relation to vegetable and fruit consumption: a prospective study of atomic-bomb survivors. Int J Cancer. 2000;86(1): 132-8.
    • (2000) Int J Cancer. , vol.86 , Issue.1 , pp. 132-138
    • Nagano, J.1    Kono, S.2    Preston, D.L.3    Moriwaki, H.4    Sharp, G.B.5    Koyama, K.6
  • 11
    • 0042284013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk
    • Riboli E, Norat T. Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk. Am Clin Nutr J. 2003;78(3 Suppl):559S-69.
    • (2003) Am Clin Nutr J. , vol.78 , Issue.3 , pp. 559S-569S
    • Riboli, E.1    Norat, T.2
  • 12
    • 77956518751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c4229.
    • (2010) BMJ. , vol.341 , pp. c4229
    • Carter, P.1    Gray, L.J.2    Troughton, J.3    Khunti, K.4    Davies, M.J.5
  • 13
    • 49449090919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma vitamin C level, fruit and vegetable consumption, and the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Harding AH, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Luben R, Welch A, et al. Plasma vitamin C level, fruit and vegetable consumption, and the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Int Med. 2008;168(14): 1493-9.
    • (2008) Arch Int Med. , vol.168 , Issue.14 , pp. 1493-1499
    • Harding, A.H.1    Wareham, N.J.2    Bingham, S.A.3    Khaw, K.T.4    Luben, R.5    Welch, A.6
  • 14
    • 35848947950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intake of fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Hamer M, Chida Y. Intake of fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2007;25(12):2361-9.
    • (2007) J Hypertens. , vol.25 , Issue.12 , pp. 2361-2369
    • Hamer, M.1    Chida, Y.2
  • 15
    • 0034897470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of green tea consumption and cancer incidence, Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan)
    • Nagano J, Kono S, Preston DL, Mabuchi K. A prospective study of green tea consumption and cancer incidence, Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan). Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12(6):501-8.
    • (2001) Cancer Causes Control. , vol.12 , Issue.6 , pp. 501-508
    • Nagano, J.1    Kono, S.2    Preston, D.L.3    Mabuchi, K.4
  • 16
    • 74849114005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Green tea consumption and breast cancer risk or recurrence: a meta-analysis
    • Ogunleye AA, Xue F, Michels KB. Green tea consumption and breast cancer risk or recurrence: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;119(2):477-84.
    • (2010) Breast Cancer Res Treat. , vol.119 , Issue.2 , pp. 477-484
    • Ogunleye, A.A.1    Xue, F.2    Michels, K.B.3
  • 17
    • 12844272321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies
    • Arts ICW, Hollman PCH. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81(Suppl):317S-25.
    • (2005) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.81 , pp. 317S-325S
    • Arts, I.C.W.1    Hollman, P.C.H.2
  • 18
    • 0344198059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine
    • Lee KW, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Lee CY. Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(25):7292-5.
    • (2003) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.51 , Issue.25 , pp. 7292-7295
    • Lee, K.W.1    Kim, Y.J.2    Lee, H.J.3    Lee, C.Y.4
  • 19
    • 0031721802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance
    • Bravo L. Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev. 1998;56(11):317-33.
    • (1998) Nutr Rev. , vol.56 , Issue.11 , pp. 317-333
    • Bravo, L.1
  • 20
    • 33747407002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Content of redox-active compounds (i.e., antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States
    • Halvorsen BL, Carlsen MH, Phillips KM, Bøhn SK, Holte K, Jacobs Jr DR, et al. Content of redox-active compounds (i.e., antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(1):95-135.
    • (2006) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.84 , Issue.1 , pp. 95-135
    • Halvorsen, B.L.1    Carlsen, M.H.2    Phillips, K.M.3    Bøhn, S.K.4    Holte, K.5    Jacobs, D.R.6
  • 21
    • 0034075044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catechin contents of foods commonly consumed in The Netherlands. 2. Tea, wine, fruit juices, and chocolate milk
    • Arts IC, van De Putte B, Hollman PC. Catechin contents of foods commonly consumed in The Netherlands. 2. Tea, wine, fruit juices, and chocolate milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48(5):1752-7.
    • (2000) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.48 , Issue.5 , pp. 1752-1757
    • Arts, I.C.1    van De Putte, B.2    Hollman, P.C.3
  • 22
    • 84886089205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fermentation intensity on polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of cocoa beans
    • Aikpokpodion PE, Dongo LN. Effects of fermentation intensity on polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of cocoa beans. Int J Sustain Crop Prod. 2010;5(4):66-70.
    • (2010) Int J Sustain Crop Prod. , vol.5 , Issue.4 , pp. 66-70
    • Aikpokpodion, P.E.1    Dongo, L.N.2
  • 26
    • 67649886708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of fat content on the digestibility and bioaccessibility of cocoa polyphenol by an in vitro digestion model
    • Ortega N, Reguant J, Romero MP, Macià A, Motilva MJ. Effect of fat content on the digestibility and bioaccessibility of cocoa polyphenol by an in vitro digestion model. J Agr Food Chem. 2009;57(13):5743-9.
    • (2009) J Agr Food Chem. , vol.57 , Issue.13 , pp. 5743-5749
    • Ortega, N.1    Reguant, J.2    Romero, M.P.3    Macià, A.4    Motilva, M.J.5
  • 29
    • 74049151143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted metabolic profiling of phenolics in urine and plasma after regular consumption of cocoa by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
    • Urpi-Sarda M, Monagas M, Khan N, Llorach R, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Jáuregui O, et al. Targeted metabolic profiling of phenolics in urine and plasma after regular consumption of cocoa by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2009;1216(43):7258-67.
    • (2009) J Chromatogr A. , vol.1216 , Issue.43 , pp. 7258-7267
    • Urpi-Sarda, M.1    Monagas, M.2    Khan, N.3    Llorach, R.4    Lamuela-Raventós, R.M.5    Jáuregui, O.6
  • 30
    • 34250738418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heat-shock and seed germination in a group of Mediterranean plant species growing in a burned area: an approach based on plant functional types
    • Luna B, Moreno JM, Cruz A, Fernández-González F. Heat-shock and seed germination in a group of Mediterranean plant species growing in a burned area: an approach based on plant functional types. Environ Exp Bot. 2007;60(3):324-33.
    • (2007) Environ Exp Bot. , vol.60 , Issue.3 , pp. 324-333
    • Luna, B.1    Moreno, J.M.2    Cruz, A.3    Fernández-González, F.4
  • 31
    • 33746491715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of cocoa beans
    • Othman A, Ismail A, Abdul Ghani N, Adenan I. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of cocoa beans. Food Chem. 2007;100(4):1523-30.
    • (2007) Food Chem. , vol.100 , Issue.4 , pp. 1523-1530
    • Othman, A.1    Ismail, A.2    Abdul Ghani, N.3    Adenan, I.4
  • 32
    • 0025893869 scopus 로고
    • Growth and survival; 57 of Bordetella bronchiseptica in natural waters and in buffered saline without added nutrients
    • Porter JF, Parton R, Wardlaw AC. Growth and survival; 57 of Bordetella bronchiseptica in natural waters and in buffered saline without added nutrients. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991;57(4):1202-6.
    • (1991) Appl Environ Microbiol. , vol.57 , Issue.4 , pp. 1202-1206
    • Porter, J.F.1    Parton, R.2    Wardlaw, A.C.3
  • 33
    • 84983184047 scopus 로고
    • (-)-Epicatechin content in fermented and unfermented cocoa beans
    • Kim H, Keeney PG. (-)-Epicatechin content in fermented and unfermented cocoa beans. J Food Sci. 1984;49(4):1090-2.
    • (1984) J Food Sci. , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 1090-1092
    • Kim, H.1    Keeney, P.G.2
  • 34
    • 0033946356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review on polyphenols in Theobroma cacao: changes in composition during the manufacture of chocolate and methodology for identification and quantification
    • Wollgast J, Anklam E. Review on polyphenols in Theobroma cacao: changes in composition during the manufacture of chocolate and methodology for identification and quantification. Food Res Int. 2000;33(6):423-47.
    • (2000) Food Res Int. , vol.33 , Issue.6 , pp. 423-447
    • Wollgast, J.1    Anklam, E.2
  • 35
    • 21644464080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant and membrane effects of procyanidin dimers and trimers isolated from peanut and cocoa
    • Verstraeten SV, Hammerstone JF, Keen CL, Fraga CG, Oteiza PI. Antioxidant and membrane effects of procyanidin dimers and trimers isolated from peanut and cocoa. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(12):5041-8.
    • (2005) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.53 , Issue.12 , pp. 5041-5048
    • Verstraeten, S.V.1    Hammerstone, J.F.2    Keen, C.L.3    Fraga, C.G.4    Oteiza, P.I.5
  • 36
    • 33846132580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of a molecular sensory science approach to alkalized cocoa (Theobroma cacao): structure determination and sensory activity of nonenzymatically C-glycosylated flavan-3-ols
    • Stark T, Hofmann T. Application of a molecular sensory science approach to alkalized cocoa (Theobroma cacao): structure determination and sensory activity of nonenzymatically C-glycosylated flavan-3-ols. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(25):9510-21.
    • (2006) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.54 , Issue.25 , pp. 9510-9521
    • Stark, T.1    Hofmann, T.2
  • 37
    • 0033213538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HPLC method for the quantification of procyanidins in cocoa and chocolate samples and correlation to total antioxidant capacity
    • Adamson GE, Lazarus SA, Mitchell AE, Prior RL, Cao G, Jacobs PH, et al. HPLC method for the quantification of procyanidins in cocoa and chocolate samples and correlation to total antioxidant capacity. J Agric Food Chem. 1999;47(10):4184-8.
    • (1999) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.47 , Issue.10 , pp. 4184-4188
    • Adamson, G.E.1    Lazarus, S.A.2    Mitchell, A.E.3    Prior, R.L.4    Cao, G.5    Jacobs, P.H.6
  • 38
    • 0034564153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyses of polyphenols in cacao liquor, cocoa, and chocolate by normal-phase and reversed-phase HPLC
    • Natsume M, Osakabe N, Yamagishi M, Takizawa T, Nakamura T, Miyatake H, et al. Analyses of polyphenols in cacao liquor, cocoa, and chocolate by normal-phase and reversed-phase HPLC. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000;64(12):2581-7.
    • (2000) Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , vol.64 , Issue.12 , pp. 2581-2587
    • Natsume, M.1    Osakabe, N.2    Yamagishi, M.3    Takizawa, T.4    Nakamura, T.5    Miyatake, H.6
  • 39
    • 0033868592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procyanidin content and variation in some commonly consumed foods
    • Hammerstone JF, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH. Procyanidin content and variation in some commonly consumed foods. J Nutr. 2000;130(8S Suppl):2086S-92.
    • (2000) J Nutr. , vol.130 , Issue.8 , pp. 2086S-2092S
    • Hammerstone, J.F.1    Lazarus, S.A.2    Schmitz, H.H.3
  • 41
    • 0037041060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proanthocyanidin glycosides and related polyphenols from cacao liquor and their antioxidant effects
    • Hatano T, Miyatake H, Natsume M, Osakabe N, Takizawa T, Ito H, et al. Proanthocyanidin glycosides and related polyphenols from cacao liquor and their antioxidant effects. Phytochemistry. 2002;59(7):749-58.
    • (2002) Phytochemistry. , vol.59 , Issue.7 , pp. 749-758
    • Hatano, T.1    Miyatake, H.2    Natsume, M.3    Osakabe, N.4    Takizawa, T.5    Ito, H.6
  • 44
    • 70350146781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preservation of cocoa antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, flavan-3-ols, and procyanidin content in foods prepared with cocoa powder
    • Stahl L, Miller KB, Apgar J, Sweigart DS, Stuart DA, McHale N, et al. Preservation of cocoa antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, flavan-3-ols, and procyanidin content in foods prepared with cocoa powder. J Food Sci. 2009;74(6):C456-61.
    • (2009) J Food Sci. , vol.74 , Issue.6 , pp. C456-C461
    • Stahl, L.1    Miller, K.B.2    Apgar, J.3    Sweigart, D.S.4    Stuart, D.A.5    McHale, N.6
  • 45
    • 78049281488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of fermentation, drying, roasting, and Dutch processing on epicatechin and catechin content of cacao beans and cocoa ingredients
    • Payne MJ, Hurst WJ, Miller KB, Rank C, Stuart DA. Impact of fermentation, drying, roasting, and Dutch processing on epicatechin and catechin content of cacao beans and cocoa ingredients. J Agric Food Chem. 2011;58(19):10518-27.
    • (2011) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.58 , Issue.19 , pp. 10518-10527
    • Payne, M.J.1    Hurst, W.J.2    Miller, K.B.3    Rank, C.4    Stuart, D.A.5
  • 46
    • 21644464080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant and membrane effects of procyanidin dimers and trimers isolated from peanut and cocoa
    • Caligiani A, Cirlini M, Palla G, Ravaglia R, Arlorio M. Antioxidant and membrane effects of procyanidin dimers and trimers isolated from peanut and cocoa. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(12):5041-8.
    • (2005) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.53 , Issue.12 , pp. 5041-5048
    • Caligiani, A.1    Cirlini, M.2    Palla, G.3    Ravaglia, R.4    Arlorio, M.5
  • 47
    • 33646908267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of pulp preconditioning on the content of polyphenols in cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao) during fermentation
    • Nazaruddin R, Seng LK, Hassan O, Said M. Effect of pulp preconditioning on the content of polyphenols in cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao) during fermentation. Ind Crops Prod. 2006;24(1):87-94.
    • (2006) Ind Crops Prod. , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-94
    • Nazaruddin, R.1    Seng, L.K.2    Hassan, O.3    Said, M.4
  • 48
    • 0242299610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of the number of flavanol units on the antioxidant activity of procyanidin fractions isolated from chocolate
    • Counet C, Collin S. Effect of the number of flavanol units on the antioxidant activity of procyanidin fractions isolated from chocolate. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(23):6816-22.
    • (2003) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.51 , Issue.23 , pp. 6816-6822
    • Counet, C.1    Collin, S.2
  • 49
    • 22244481560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensory-guided decomposition of roasted cocoa nibs (Theobroma cacao) and structure determination of taste-active polyphenols
    • Stark T, Bareuther S, Hofmann T. Sensory-guided decomposition of roasted cocoa nibs (Theobroma cacao) and structure determination of taste-active polyphenols. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(13):5407-18.
    • (2005) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.53 , Issue.13 , pp. 5407-5418
    • Stark, T.1    Bareuther, S.2    Hofmann, T.3
  • 51
    • 0034235426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant polyphenols in tea, cocoa, and wine
    • Dreosti IE. Antioxidant polyphenols in tea, cocoa, and wine. Nutrition. 2000;16(708):692-4.
    • (2000) Nutrition. , vol.16 , Issue.708 , pp. 692-694
    • Dreosti, I.E.1
  • 52
    • 11844285673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorption, bioavailability, and metabolism of flavonoids
    • Hollman PC. Absorption, bioavailability, and metabolism of flavonoids. Pharml Biol. 2004;42(S1):74-83.
    • (2004) Pharml Biol. , vol.42 , pp. 74-83
    • Hollman, P.C.1
  • 53
    • 0037977138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside and black tea phenols are extensively metabolized in humans
    • Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Buijsman MN, van Amelsvoort JM, Katan MB. Chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside and black tea phenols are extensively metabolized in humans. J Nutr. 2003;133(6):1806-14.
    • (2003) J Nutr. , vol.133 , Issue.6 , pp. 1806-1814
    • Olthof, M.R.1    Hollman, P.C.2    Buijsman, M.N.3    van Amelsvoort, J.M.4    Katan, M.B.5
  • 54
    • 53649086057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of alkalization on the antioxidant and flavanol content of commercial cocoa powders
    • Miller KB, Hurst WJ, Payne MJ, Stuart DA, Apgar J, Sweigart DS, et al. Impact of alkalization on the antioxidant and flavanol content of commercial cocoa powders. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(18):8527-33.
    • (2008) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.56 , Issue.18 , pp. 8527-8533
    • Miller, K.B.1    Hurst, W.J.2    Payne, M.J.3    Stuart, D.A.4    Apgar, J.5    Sweigart, D.S.6
  • 55
    • 0343061059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of pH on the stability of plant phenolic compounds
    • Friedman M, Jürgens HS. Effect of pH on the stability of plant phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48(6):2101-10.
    • (2000) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.48 , Issue.6 , pp. 2101-2110
    • Friedman, M.1    Jürgens, H.S.2
  • 56
    • 36148967755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catechin degradation with concurrent formation of homo- and heterocatechin dimers during in vitro digestion
    • Neilson AP, Hopf AS, Cooper BR, Pereira MA, Bomser JA, Ferruzzi MG. Catechin degradation with concurrent formation of homo- and heterocatechin dimers during in vitro digestion. J Agr Food Chem. 2007;55(22): 8941-49.
    • (2007) J Agr Food Chem. , vol.55 , Issue.22 , pp. 8941-8949
    • Neilson, A.P.1    Hopf, A.S.2    Cooper, B.R.3    Pereira, M.A.4    Bomser, J.A.5    Ferruzzi, M.G.6
  • 57
    • 0035030786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulated intestinal digestion of green and black teas
    • Record IR, Lane JM. Simulated intestinal digestion of green and black teas. Food Chem. 2001;73(4):481-86.
    • (2001) Food Chem. , vol.73 , Issue.4 , pp. 481-486
    • Record, I.R.1    Lane, J.M.2
  • 58
    • 0037070377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability of the flavan-3-ols epicatechin and catechin and related dimeric procyanidins derived from cocoa
    • Zhu QY, Holt RR, Lazarus SA, Ensunsa JL, Hammerstone JF, Schmitz HH, et al. Stability of the flavan-3-ols epicatechin and catechin and related dimeric procyanidins derived from cocoa. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(6):1700-5.
    • (2002) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.50 , Issue.6 , pp. 1700-1705
    • Zhu, Q.Y.1    Holt, R.R.2    Lazarus, S.A.3    Ensunsa, J.L.4    Hammerstone, J.F.5    Schmitz, H.H.6
  • 60
    • 0036229187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procyanidins are not bioavailable in rats fed a single meal containing a grapeseed extract or the procyanidin dimer B3
    • Donovan JL, Manach C, Rios L, Morand C, Scalbert A, Rémésy C. Procyanidins are not bioavailable in rats fed a single meal containing a grapeseed extract or the procyanidin dimer B3. Br J Nutr. 2002;87(4):299-306.
    • (2002) Br J Nutr. , vol.87 , Issue.4 , pp. 299-306
    • Donovan, J.L.1    Manach, C.2    Rios, L.3    Morand, C.4    Scalbert, A.5    Rémésy, C.6
  • 61
    • 78049512483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel approaches for analysing gut microbes and dietary polyphenols: challenges and opportunities
    • Kemperman RA, Bolca S, Roger LC, Vaughan EE. Novel approaches for analysing gut microbes and dietary polyphenols: challenges and opportunities. Microbiology. 2010;156(Pt 11):3224-31.
    • (2010) Microbiology. , vol.156 , pp. 3224-3231
    • Kemperman, R.A.1    Bolca, S.2    Roger, L.C.3    Vaughan, E.E.4
  • 62
    • 33745504721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procyanidin and catechin contents and antioxidant capacity of cocoa and chocolate products
    • Gu L, House SE, Wu X, Ou B, Prior RL. Procyanidin and catechin contents and antioxidant capacity of cocoa and chocolate products. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(11):4057-61.
    • (2006) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.54 , Issue.11 , pp. 4057-4061
    • Gu, L.1    House, S.E.2    Wu, X.3    Ou, B.4    Prior, R.L.5
  • 64
    • 53449089371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability issues in studying the health effects of plant polyphenolic compounds
    • Yang CS, Sang S, Lambert JD, Lee MJ. Bioavailability issues in studying the health effects of plant polyphenolic compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008;52(Suppl 1):S139-51.
    • (2008) Mol Nutr Food Res. , vol.52 , pp. S139-S151
    • Yang, C.S.1    Sang, S.2    Lambert, J.D.3    Lee, M.J.4
  • 65
    • 48449083346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial metabolism of dietary phenolic compounds in the colon
    • Aura AM. Microbial metabolism of dietary phenolic compounds in the colon. Phytochem Rev. 2008;7(3):407-29.
    • (2008) Phytochem Rev. , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 407-429
    • Aura, A.M.1
  • 66
    • 41249083356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial metabolism of catechin stereoisomers by human faecal microbiota: comparison of targeted analysis and a non-targeted metabolomics method
    • Aura AM, Mattila I, Seppnen-Lakso T, Miettinen J, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Orešĭc M. Microbial metabolism of catechin stereoisomers by human faecal microbiota: comparison of targeted analysis and a non-targeted metabolomics method. Phytochem Lett. 2008;1(1):18-22.
    • (2008) Phytochem Lett. , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-22
    • Aura, A.M.1    Mattila, I.2    Seppnen-Lakso, T.3    Miettinen, J.4    Oksman-Caldentey, K.M.5    Orešĭc, M.6
  • 67
    • 0033863355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols
    • Scalbert A, Williamson G. Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J Nutr. 2000;130(8S Suppl): 2073S-85.
    • (2000) J Nutr. , vol.130 , Issue.8 , pp. 2073S-2085S
    • Scalbert, A.1    Williamson, G.2
  • 68
    • 0036828117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolism of dietary polyphenols and the relevance to circulating levels of conjugated metabolites
    • Rechner AR, Kuhnle G, Hu H, Roedig-Penman A, van den Braak MH, Moore KP, et al. The metabolism of dietary polyphenols and the relevance to circulating levels of conjugated metabolites. Free Radic Res. 2002;36(11):1229-41.
    • (2002) Free Radic Res. , vol.36 , Issue.11 , pp. 1229-1241
    • Rechner, A.R.1    Kuhnle, G.2    Hu, H.3    Roedig-Penman, A.4    Van Den Braak, M.H.5    Moore, K.P.6
  • 69
    • 0000823220 scopus 로고
    • The metabolic fate of rutin and quercetin in the animal body
    • Booth AN, Deeds F, Jones FT, Murray CW. The metabolic fate of rutin and quercetin in the animal body. J Biol Chem. 1956;223(1):251-7.
    • (1956) J Biol Chem. , vol.223 , Issue.1 , pp. 251-257
    • Booth, A.N.1    Deeds, F.2    Jones, F.T.3    Murray, C.W.4
  • 70
    • 0014965097 scopus 로고
    • The metabolism of (+)-catechin to hydroxyphenylvaleric acids by the intestinal micro flora
    • Scheline RR. The metabolism of (+)-catechin to hydroxyphenylvaleric acids by the intestinal micro flora. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1970;222(1):228-30.
    • (1970) Biochim Biophys Acta. , vol.222 , Issue.1 , pp. 228-230
    • Scheline, R.R.1
  • 72
    • 0014382799 scopus 로고
    • Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Metabolism of (+)-catechin in the guinea pig
    • Das NP, Griffiths LA. Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Metabolism of (+)-catechin in the guinea pig. Biochem J. 1968;110(3):449-56.
    • (1968) Biochem J. , vol.110 , Issue.3 , pp. 449-456
    • Das, N.P.1    Griffiths, L.A.2
  • 73
    • 0023278775 scopus 로고
    • Effects of antibiotic pretreatments on the metabolism and excretion of [U 14 C](+)-catechin [(U 14 C](+)-cyanidanol-3) and its metabolite, 3 ¢ -O-methyl-(+)-catechin
    • Gott DM, Griffiths LA. Effects of antibiotic pretreatments on the metabolism and excretion of [U 14 C](+)-catechin [(U 14 C](+)-cyanidanol-3) and its metabolite, 3 ¢ -O-methyl-(+)-catechin. Xenobiotica. 1987;17(4):423-34.
    • (1987) Xenobiotica. , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 423-434
    • Gott, D.M.1    Griffiths, L.A.2
  • 74
    • 0013770508 scopus 로고
    • Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Identification of the metabolites of (+)-catechin in rat urine
    • Griffiths LA. Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Identification of the metabolites of (+)-catechin in rat urine. Biochem J. 1964;92(1):173-9.
    • (1964) Biochem J. , vol.92 , Issue.1 , pp. 173-179
    • Griffiths, L.A.1
  • 75
    • 0031009218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotransformation of (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate by human intestinal bacteria
    • Meselhy MR, Nakamura N, Hattori M. Biotransformation of (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate by human intestinal bacteria. Chem Pharm Bull(Tokyo). 1997;45(5):888-93.
    • (1997) Chem Pharm Bull(Tokyo). , vol.45 , Issue.5 , pp. 888-893
    • Meselhy, M.R.1    Nakamura, N.2    Hattori, M.3
  • 76
    • 0015192967 scopus 로고
    • Rate of adaptation of some of the urea cycle enzymes to a low-protein diet
    • Das TK. Rate of adaptation of some of the urea cycle enzymes to a low-protein diet. Proc Nutr Soc. 1971;30(3):79A-80.
    • (1971) Proc Nutr Soc. , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 79A-80A
    • Das, T.K.1
  • 77
    • 0037392343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chocolate intake increases urinary excretion of polyphenol-derived phenolic acids in healthy human subjects
    • Rios LY, Gonthier MP, Rémésy C, Mila I, Lapierre C, Lazarus SA, et al. Chocolate intake increases urinary excretion of polyphenol-derived phenolic acids in healthy human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(4):912-28.
    • (2003) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.77 , Issue.4 , pp. 912-928
    • Rios, L.Y.1    Gonthier, M.P.2    Rémésy, C.3    Mila, I.4    Lapierre, C.5    Lazarus, S.A.6
  • 78
    • 70449120709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profile of plasma and urine metabolites after the intake of almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] polyphenols in humans
    • Urpi-Sarda M, Garrido I, Monagas M, Gómez-Cordovés C, Medina-Remón A, Andres-Lacueva C, et al. Profile of plasma and urine metabolites after the intake of almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] polyphenols in humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(21):10134-42.
    • (2009) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.57 , Issue.21 , pp. 10134-10142
    • Urpi-Sarda, M.1    Garrido, I.2    Monagas, M.3    Gómez-Cordovés, C.4    Medina-Remón, A.5    Andres-Lacueva, C.6
  • 80
    • 0035209197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The heterocyclic ring fission and dehydroxylation of catechins and related compounds by Eubacterium sp. strain SDG-2, a human intestinal bacterium
    • Wang LQ, Meselhy MR, Li Y, Nakamura N, Min BS, Qin GW, et al. The heterocyclic ring fission and dehydroxylation of catechins and related compounds by Eubacterium sp. strain SDG-2, a human intestinal bacterium. Chem Pharm Bull(Tokyo). 2001;49(12):1640-3.
    • (2001) Chem Pharm Bull(Tokyo). , vol.49 , Issue.12 , pp. 1640-1643
    • Wang, L.Q.1    Meselhy, M.R.2    Li, Y.3    Nakamura, N.4    Min, B.S.5    Qin, G.W.6
  • 81
    • 78349244466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of green tea catechins by the human small intestine
    • Schantz M, Erk T, Richling E. Metabolism of green tea catechins by the human small intestine. Biotechnol J. 2010;5(10):1050-9.
    • (2010) Biotechnol J. , vol.5 , Issue.10 , pp. 1050-1059
    • Schantz, M.1    Erk, T.2    Richling, E.3
  • 82
    • 0036667454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of methylated and ring-fission metabolites of tea catechins formed in humans, mice, and rats
    • Meng X, Sang S, Zhu N, Lu H, Sheng S, Lee MJ, et al. Identification and characterization of methylated and ring-fission metabolites of tea catechins formed in humans, mice, and rats. Chem Res Toxicol. 2002; 15(8):1042-50.
    • (2002) Chem Res Toxicol. , vol.15 , Issue.8 , pp. 1042-1050
    • Meng, X.1    Sang, S.2    Zhu, N.3    Lu, H.4    Sheng, S.5    Lee, M.J.6
  • 83
    • 0014638918 scopus 로고
    • Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Metabolism of (+)-[14 C] catechin in the rat and guinea pig
    • Das NP, Griffiths LA. Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Metabolism of (+)-[14 C] catechin in the rat and guinea pig. Biochem J. 1969;115(4):831-6.
    • (1969) Biochem J. , vol.115 , Issue.4 , pp. 831-836
    • Das, N.P.1    Griffiths, L.A.2
  • 84
    • 33749451314 scopus 로고
    • The mechanisms of catechins metabolism. I. substances in the urine of rabbits administered (+)-catechin
    • Oshima Y, Watanabe H, Isakari S. The mechanisms of catechins metabolism. I. substances in the urine of rabbits administered (+)-catechin. Biochem J. 1958;45(11):861-5.
    • (1958) Biochem J. , vol.45 , Issue.11 , pp. 861-865
    • Oshima, Y.1    Watanabe, H.2    Isakari, S.3
  • 85
    • 3042879439 scopus 로고
    • The hydroxylation of catechol acids by intestinal contents
    • Booth AN, Williams RT. The hydroxylation of catechol acids by intestinal contents. Biochem J. 1963; 88(3):66-7.
    • (1963) Biochem J. , vol.88 , Issue.3 , pp. 66-67
    • Booth, A.N.1    Williams, R.T.2
  • 86
    • 6344291795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of gallic acid and catechin by Lactobacillus hilgardii from wine
    • Alberto MR, Gómez-Cordovés C, Manca de Nadra MC. Metabolism of gallic acid and catechin by Lactobacillus hilgardii from wine. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(21):6465-6459.
    • (2004) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.52 , Issue.21 , pp. 6465-6459
    • Alberto, M.R.1    Gómez-Cordovés, C.2    Manca de Nadra, M.C.3
  • 87
    • 0033866635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactions of peroxynitrite with cocoa procyanidin oligomers
    • Arteel GE, Schroeder P, Sies H. Reactions of peroxynitrite with cocoa procyanidin oligomers. J Nutr. 2000;130(8 S Suppl):2100S-4.
    • (2000) J Nutr. , vol.130 , Issue.8 , pp. 2100S-2104S
    • Arteel, G.E.1    Schroeder, P.2    Sies, H.3
  • 88
    • 74349097440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypolipidemic effects of proanthocyanidins and their underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms
    • Bladé C, Arola L, Salvadó MJ. Hypolipidemic effects of proanthocyanidins and their underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54(1):37-59.
    • (2010) Mol Nutr Food Res. , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 37-59
    • Bladé, C.1    Arola, L.2    Salvadó, M.J.3
  • 89
    • 34047167381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary supplementation with cacao liquor proanthocyanidins prevents elevation of blood glucose levels in diabetic obese mice
    • Tomaru M, Takano H, Osakabe N, Yasuda A, Inoue K, Yanagisawa R, et al. Dietary supplementation with cacao liquor proanthocyanidins prevents elevation of blood glucose levels in diabetic obese mice. Nutrition. 2007;23(4):351-5.
    • (2007) Nutrition. , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 351-355
    • Tomaru, M.1    Takano, H.2    Osakabe, N.3    Yasuda, A.4    Inoue, K.5    Yanagisawa, R.6
  • 90
    • 68149124472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary phenolics: chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health
    • Crozier A, Jaganath IB, Clifford MN. Dietary phenolics: chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health. Nat Prod Rep. 2009;26(8):1001-43.
    • (2009) Nat Prod Rep. , vol.26 , Issue.8 , pp. 1001-1043
    • Crozier, A.1    Jaganath, I.B.2    Clifford, M.N.3
  • 91
    • 67749147086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procyanidin dimers A1, A2, and B2 are absorbed without conjugation or methylation from the small intestine of rats
    • Appeldoorn MM, Vincken JP, Gruppen H, Hollman PCH. Procyanidin dimers A1, A2, and B2 are absorbed without conjugation or methylation from the small intestine of rats. J Nutr. 2009;139(8):169-1473.
    • (2009) J Nutr. , vol.139 , Issue.8 , pp. 169-1473
    • Appeldoorn, M.M.1    Vincken, J.P.2    Gruppen, H.3    Hollman, P.C.H.4
  • 92
    • 0033745131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymeric proanthocyanidins are catabolized by human colonic micro flora into low-molecular-weight phenolic acids
    • Déprez S, Brezillon C, Rabot S, Philippe C, Mila I, Lapierre C, et al. Polymeric proanthocyanidins are catabolized by human colonic micro flora into low-molecular-weight phenolic acids. J Nutr. 2000;130(11):2733-8.
    • (2000) J Nutr. , vol.130 , Issue.11 , pp. 2733-2738
    • Déprez, S.1    Brezillon, C.2    Rabot, S.3    Philippe, C.4    Mila, I.5    Lapierre, C.6
  • 93
    • 77954000859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the in vitro biotransformation of (-)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2 by human faecal microbiota
    • Stoupi S, Williamson G, Drynan JW, Barron D, Clifford MN. A comparison of the in vitro biotransformation of (-)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2 by human faecal microbiota. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54(6):747-59.
    • (2010) Mol Nutr Food Res. , vol.54 , Issue.6 , pp. 747-759
    • Stoupi, S.1    Williamson, G.2    Drynan, J.W.3    Barron, D.4    Clifford, M.N.5
  • 94
    • 69949161222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degradation and metabolism of catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and related compounds by the intestinal microbiota in the pig cecum model
    • van't Slot G, Humpf HU. Degradation and metabolism of catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and related compounds by the intestinal microbiota in the pig cecum model. J Agric Food Chem. 2009; 57(17):8041-8.
    • (2009) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.57 , Issue.17 , pp. 8041-8048
    • van't Slot, G.1    Humpf, H.U.2
  • 95
    • 60849099335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antipathogenic properties of green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate at concentrations below the MIC against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7
    • Lee KM, Kim WS, Lim J, Nam S, Youn M, Nam SW, et al. Antipathogenic properties of green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate at concentrations below the MIC against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Prot. 2009;72(2):325-31.
    • (2009) J Food Prot. , vol.72 , Issue.2 , pp. 325-331
    • Lee, K.M.1    Kim, W.S.2    Lim, J.3    Nam, S.4    Youn, M.5    Nam, S.W.6
  • 96
    • 2342474455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of condensed tannins on bacterial diversity and metabolic activity in the rat gastrointestinal tract
    • Smith AH, Mackie RI. Effect of condensed tannins on bacterial diversity and metabolic activity in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70(2):1104-15.
    • (2004) Appl Environ Microbiol. , vol.70 , Issue.2 , pp. 1104-1115
    • Smith, A.H.1    Mackie, R.I.2
  • 97
    • 34547626969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant activity of natural and cultured Cordyceps sp
    • Gu YX, Song YW, Fan LQ, Yuan QS. Antioxidant activity of natural and cultured Cordyceps sp. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007;32(11):1028-31.
    • (2007) Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. , vol.32 , Issue.11 , pp. 1028-1031
    • Gu, Y.X.1    Song, Y.W.2    Fan, L.Q.3    Yuan, Q.S.4
  • 98
    • 0141751843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of tea flavonoids in the gastrointestinal tract
    • Spencer JP. Metabolism of tea flavonoids in the gastrointestinal tract. J Nutr. 2003;133(10):3255S-61.
    • (2003) J Nutr. , vol.133 , Issue.10 , pp. 3255S-3261S
    • Spencer, J.P.1
  • 100
    • 0035662997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins: gastrointestinal tract influences and their relevance to bioactive forms in vivo
    • Spencer JPE, Schroeter H, Rechner A, Rice-Evans C. Bioavailability of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins: gastrointestinal tract influences and their relevance to bioactive forms in vivo. Antiox Redox Sig. 2001;3(6): 1023-40.
    • (2001) Antiox Redox Sig. , vol.3 , Issue.6 , pp. 1023-1040
    • Spencer, J.P.E.1    Schroeter, H.2    Rechner, A.3    Rice-Evans, C.4
  • 101
    • 0034994354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catechin is metabolized by both the small intestine and liver of rats
    • Donovan JL, Crespy V, Manach C, Morand C, Besson C, Scalbert A, et al. Catechin is metabolized by both the small intestine and liver of rats. J Nutr. 2001;131(6):1753-7.
    • (2001) J Nutr. , vol.131 , Issue.6 , pp. 1753-1757
    • Donovan, J.L.1    Crespy, V.2    Manach, C.3    Morand, C.4    Besson, C.5    Scalbert, A.6
  • 102
    • 0036146735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary flavonols: chemistry, food content, and metabolism
    • Aherne SA, O'Brien NM. Dietary flavonols: chemistry, food content, and metabolism. Nutrition. 2002;18(1): 75-81.
    • (2002) Nutrition. , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 75-81
    • Aherne, S.A.1    O'Brien, N.M.2
  • 103
    • 23844479261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay to quantify plasma (-)-epicatechin metabolites after ingestion of a standard portion of cocoa beverage in humans
    • Roura E, Andrés-Lacueva C, Jáuregui O, Badia E, Estruch R, Izquierdo-Pulido M, et al. Rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay to quantify plasma (-)-epicatechin metabolites after ingestion of a standard portion of cocoa beverage in humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(16):6190-4.
    • (2005) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.53 , Issue.16 , pp. 6190-6194
    • Roura, E.1    Andrés-Lacueva, C.2    Jáuregui, O.3    Badia, E.4    Estruch, R.5    Izquierdo-Pulido, M.6
  • 104
    • 0021068103 scopus 로고
    • The effects of an experimental hepatitis on the metabolic disposition of 3-O-(+)-[14C]methylcatechin in the rat
    • Hackett AM, Griffiths LA. The effects of an experimental hepatitis on the metabolic disposition of 3-O-(+)-[14C]methylcatechin in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos. 1983;11(6):602-6.
    • (1983) Drug Metab Dispos. , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 602-606
    • Hackett, A.M.1    Griffiths, L.A.2
  • 105
    • 0015185492 scopus 로고
    • Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Absorption and metabolism of (+)-catechin in man
    • Das NP. Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Absorption and metabolism of (+)-catechin in man. Biochem Pharmacol. 1971;20(12):3435-45.
    • (1971) Biochem Pharmacol. , vol.20 , Issue.12 , pp. 3435-3445
    • Das, N.P.1
  • 106
    • 0015155224 scopus 로고
    • Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Biliary and urinary excretion of metabolites of (+)-(U- 14 C) catechin
    • Das NP, Sothy SP. Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Biliary and urinary excretion of metabolites of (+)-(U- 14 C) catechin. Biochem J. 1971;125(2):417-23.
    • (1971) Biochem J. , vol.125 , Issue.2 , pp. 417-423
    • Das, N.P.1    Sothy, S.P.2
  • 107
    • 0014665626 scopus 로고
    • Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Degradation of (+)-catechin by rat intestinal contents
    • Das NP. Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Degradation of (+)-catechin by rat intestinal contents. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1969;177(3):668-70.
    • (1969) Biochim Biophys Acta. , vol.177 , Issue.3 , pp. 668-670
    • Das, N.P.1
  • 108
    • 0025874444 scopus 로고
    • Sulphation of the flavonoids quercetin and catechin by rat liver
    • Shali NA, Curtis CG, Powell GM, Roy AB. Sulphation of the flavonoids quercetin and catechin by rat liver. Xenobiotica. 1991;21(7):881-93.
    • (1991) Xenobiotica. , vol.21 , Issue.7 , pp. 881-893
    • Shali, N.A.1    Curtis, C.G.2    Powell, G.M.3    Roy, A.B.4
  • 109
    • 66149158179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sulfation of dietary flavonoids by human sulfotransferases
    • Huang C, Chen Y, Zhou T, Chen G. Sulfation of dietary flavonoids by human sulfotransferases. Xenobiotica. 2009;39(4):312-22.
    • (2009) Xenobiotica. , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 312-322
    • Huang, C.1    Chen, Y.2    Zhou, T.3    Chen, G.4
  • 110
    • 0020643232 scopus 로고
    • The metabolism and excretion of (+)-[14 C]-cyanidanol-3 in man following oral administration
    • Hackett AM, Griffiths LA, Broillet A, Wermeille M. The metabolism and excretion of (+)-[14 C]-cyanidanol-3 in man following oral administration. Xenobiotica. 1983;13(5):279-83.
    • (1983) Xenobiotica. , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 279-283
    • Hackett, A.M.1    Griffiths, L.A.2    Broillet, A.3    Wermeille, M.4
  • 111
    • 0019996949 scopus 로고
    • The metabolism and excretion of 3-palmitoyl-(+)-catechin in the rat
    • Hackett AM, Griffiths LA. The metabolism and excretion of 3-palmitoyl-(+)-catechin in the rat. Xenobiotica. 1982;12(7):447-56.
    • (1982) Xenobiotica. , vol.12 , Issue.7 , pp. 447-456
    • Hackett, A.M.1    Griffiths, L.A.2
  • 112
    • 0019202567 scopus 로고
    • Identification of the major biliary metabolite of (+)-catechin in the rat
    • Shaw IC, Griffiths LA. Identification of the major biliary metabolite of (+)-catechin in the rat. Xenobiotica. 1980;10(12):905-11.
    • (1980) Xenobiotica. , vol.10 , Issue.12 , pp. 905-911
    • Shaw, I.C.1    Griffiths, L.A.2
  • 113
    • 0021732276 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of (+)-catechin and some of its C-6 and C-8 substituted derivatives in the isolated perfused pig liver
    • van der Merwe PJ, Hundt HK. Metabolism of (+)-catechin and some of its C-6 and C-8 substituted derivatives in the isolated perfused pig liver. Xenobiotica. 1984;14(10):795-802.
    • (1984) Xenobiotica. , vol.14 , Issue.10 , pp. 795-802
    • van der Merwe, P.J.1    Hundt, H.K.2
  • 114
    • 0019463256 scopus 로고
    • The metabolism and excretion of 3-O-methyl-(+)-catechin in the rat, mouse, and marmoset
    • Hackett AM, Griffiths LA. The metabolism and excretion of 3-O-methyl-(+)-catechin in the rat, mouse, and marmoset. Drug Metab Dispos. 1981;9(1):54-9.
    • (1981) Drug Metab Dispos. , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 54-59
    • Hackett, A.M.1    Griffiths, L.A.2
  • 115
    • 0020483209 scopus 로고
    • 3 ¢ -O-methyl-(+)-catechin glucuronide and 3 ¢ -O-methyl-(+)-catechin sulphate: new urinary metabolites of (+)-catechin in the rat and the marmoset
    • Hackett AM, Shaw IC, Griffiths LA. 3 ¢ -O-methyl-(+)-catechin glucuronide and 3 ¢ -O-methyl-(+)-catechin sulphate: new urinary metabolites of (+)-catechin in the rat and the marmoset. Experientia. 1982;38(5):538-40.
    • (1982) Experientia. , vol.38 , Issue.5 , pp. 538-540
    • Hackett, A.M.1    Shaw, I.C.2    Griffiths, L.A.3
  • 116
    • 0022373027 scopus 로고
    • The quantitative disposition of 3-O-methyl-(+)-[U- 14 C]catechin in man following oral administration
    • Hackett AM, Griffiths LA, Wermeille M. The quantitative disposition of 3-O-methyl-(+)-[U- 14 C]catechin in man following oral administration. Xenobiotica. 1985;15(11):907-14.
    • (1985) Xenobiotica. , vol.15 , Issue.11 , pp. 907-914
    • Hackett, A.M.1    Griffiths, L.A.2    Wermeille, M.3
  • 117
    • 0020640389 scopus 로고
    • Identification of the major urinary metabolites of (+)-catechin and 3-O-methyl-(+)-catechin in man
    • Wermeille M, Turin E, Griffiths LA. Identification of the major urinary metabolites of (+)-catechin and 3-O-methyl-(+)-catechin in man. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1983;8(1):77-784.
    • (1983) Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 77-784
    • Wermeille, M.1    Turin, E.2    Griffiths, L.A.3
  • 119
    • 0019957194 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism and excretion of the liver-protective agent (+)-catechin in experimental hepatitis
    • Shaw IC, Hackett AM, Griffiths LA. Metabolism and excretion of the liver-protective agent (+)-catechin in experimental hepatitis. Xenobiotica. 1982;12(7):405-16.
    • (1982) Xenobiotica. , vol.12 , Issue.7 , pp. 405-416
    • Shaw, I.C.1    Hackett, A.M.2    Griffiths, L.A.3
  • 120
    • 0023520136 scopus 로고
    • The disposition and metabolism of (+)-cyanidanol-3 in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis
    • Smillie MV, Griffiths LA, Male PJ, Wermeille MM. The disposition and metabolism of (+)-cyanidanol-3 in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;33(3):255-9.
    • (1987) Eur J Clin Pharmacol. , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 255-259
    • Smillie, M.V.1    Griffiths, L.A.2    Male, P.J.3    Wermeille, M.M.4
  • 121
    • 0033143452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of the major antioxidative metabolites in biological fluids of the rat with ingested (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin
    • Harada M, Kan Y, Naoki H, Fukui Y, Kageyama N, Nakai M, et al. Identification of the major antioxidative metabolites in biological fluids of the rat with ingested (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1999;63(6):973-7.
    • (1999) Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , vol.63 , Issue.6 , pp. 973-977
    • Harada, M.1    Kan, Y.2    Naoki, H.3    Fukui, Y.4    Kageyama, N.5    Nakai, M.6
  • 122
    • 0032078794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of antioxidative ability of rat plasma by oral administration of (-)-epicatechin
    • Da Silva EL, Piskula M, Terao J. Enhancement of antioxidative ability of rat plasma by oral administration of (-)-epicatechin. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;24(7-8):1209-16.
    • (1998) Free Radic Biol Med. , vol.24 , Issue.7-8 , pp. 1209-1216
    • Da Silva, E.L.1    Piskula, M.2    Terao, J.3
  • 123
    • 0031820964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of (-)-epicatechin metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration and distribution of conjugation enzymes in rat tissues
    • Piskula MK, Terao J. Accumulation of (-)-epicatechin metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration and distribution of conjugation enzymes in rat tissues. J Nutr. 1998;128(7):1172-8.
    • (1998) J Nutr. , vol.128 , Issue.7 , pp. 1172-1178
    • Piskula, M.K.1    Terao, J.2
  • 125
    • 0034493222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability of (-)-epicatechin upon intake of chocolate and cocoa in human volunteers
    • Baba S, Osakabe N, Yasuda A, Natsume M, Takizawa T, Nakamura T, et al. Bioavailability of (-)-epicatechin upon intake of chocolate and cocoa in human volunteers. Free Radic Res. 2000;33(5):635-41.
    • (2000) Free Radic Res. , vol.33 , Issue.5 , pp. 635-641
    • Baba, S.1    Osakabe, N.2    Yasuda, A.3    Natsume, M.4    Takizawa, T.5    Nakamura, T.6
  • 126
    • 0032965140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of (-)-epicatechin metabolites and their metabolic fate in the rat
    • Okushio K, Suzuki M, Matsumoto N, Nanjo F, Hara Y. Identification of (-)-epicatechin metabolites and their metabolic fate in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999;27(2):309-16.
    • (1999) Drug Metab Dispos. , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 309-316
    • Okushio, K.1    Suzuki, M.2    Matsumoto, N.3    Nanjo, F.4    Hara, Y.5
  • 127
    • 0035543069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorption and urinary excretion of (-)-epicatechin after administration of different levels of cocoa powder or (-)-epicatechin in rats
    • Baba S, Osakabe N, Natsume M, Muto Y, Takizawa T, Terao J. Absorption and urinary excretion of (-)-epicatechin after administration of different levels of cocoa powder or (-)-epicatechin in rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49(12):6050-6.
    • (2001) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.49 , Issue.12 , pp. 6050-6056
    • Baba, S.1    Osakabe, N.2    Natsume, M.3    Muto, Y.4    Takizawa, T.5    Terao, J.6
  • 128
    • 0032951085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and their 3 ¢ - and 4 ¢ -O-methylated analogs. A comparison of sensitive methods
    • Donovan JL, Luthria DL, Stremple P, Waterhouse AL. Analysis of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and their 3 ¢ - and 4 ¢ -O-methylated analogs. A comparison of sensitive methods. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999;726(1-2):277-83.
    • (1999) J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. , vol.726 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 277-283
    • Donovan, J.L.1    Luthria, D.L.2    Stremple, P.3    Waterhouse, A.L.4
  • 129
    • 0032755312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary flavonoids as antioxidants in vivo: conjugated metabolites of (-)-epicatechin and quercetin participate in antioxidative defense in blood plasma
    • Terao J. Dietary flavonoids as antioxidants in vivo: conjugated metabolites of (-)-epicatechin and quercetin participate in antioxidative defense in blood plasma. J Med Invest. 1999;46(3-4):159-68.
    • (1999) J Med Invest. , vol.46 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 159-168
    • Terao, J.1
  • 130
    • 0036296305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorption and metabolism of antioxidative polyphenolic compounds in red wine
    • Yamashita S, Sakane T, Harada M, Sugiura N, Koda H, Kiso Y, et al. Absorption and metabolism of antioxidative polyphenolic compounds in red wine. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;957(1):325-8.
    • (2002) Ann N Y Acad Sci. , vol.957 , Issue.1 , pp. 325-328
    • Yamashita, S.1    Sakane, T.2    Harada, M.3    Sugiura, N.4    Koda, H.5    Kiso, Y.6
  • 131
    • 0034770989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transport and metabolism of the tea flavonoid (-)-epicatechin by the human intestinal cell line caco-2
    • Vaidyanathan JB, Walle T. Transport and metabolism of the tea flavonoid (-)-epicatechin by the human intestinal cell line caco-2. Pharm Res. 2001;18(10):1420-5.
    • (2001) Pharm Res. , vol.18 , Issue.10 , pp. 1420-1425
    • Vaidyanathan, J.B.1    Walle, T.2
  • 132
    • 0036320939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucuronidation and sulfation of the tea flavonoid (-)-epicatechin by the human and rat enzymes
    • Vaidyanathan JB, Walle T. Glucuronidation and sulfation of the tea flavonoid (-)-epicatechin by the human and rat enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002;30(8):897-903.
    • (2002) Drug Metab Dispos. , vol.30 , Issue.8 , pp. 897-903
    • Vaidyanathan, J.B.1    Walle, T.2
  • 133
    • 14844353944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorption, distribution and secretion of epicatechin and quercetin in the rat
    • Abrahamse L, Kloots WJ, van Amelsvoort JM. Absorption, distribution and secretion of epicatechin and quercetin in the rat. Nutr Res. 2005;25(3):305-17.
    • (2005) Nutr Res. , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 305-317
    • Abrahamse, L.1    Kloots, W.J.2    van Amelsvoort, J.M.3
  • 134
    • 71649091008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyphenols from cocoa and vascular health-a critical review
    • Rimbach G, Melchin M, Moehring J, Wagner AE. Polyphenols from cocoa and vascular health-a critical review. Int J Mol Sci. 2009;10(10):4290-309.
    • (2009) Int J Mol Sci. , vol.10 , Issue.10 , pp. 4290-4309
    • Rimbach, G.1    Melchin, M.2    Moehring, J.3    Wagner, A.E.4
  • 135
    • 0034811344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epicatechin is the primary bioavailable form of the procyanidin dimers B2 and B5 after transfer across the small intestine
    • Spencer JP, Schroeter H, Shenoy B, Srai SK, Debnam ES, Rice-Evans C. Epicatechin is the primary bioavailable form of the procyanidin dimers B2 and B5 after transfer across the small intestine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;285(3):588-93.
    • (2001) Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , vol.285 , Issue.3 , pp. 588-593
    • Spencer, J.P.1    Schroeter, H.2    Shenoy, B.3    Srai, S.K.4    Debnam, E.S.5    Rice-Evans, C.6
  • 136
    • 0033981434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (+)-Catechin in human plasma after ingestion of a single serving of reconstituted red wine
    • Bell JRC, Donovan JL, Wong R, Waterhouse AL et al. (+)-Catechin in human plasma after ingestion of a single serving of reconstituted red wine. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(1):103-8.
    • (2000) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.71 , Issue.1 , pp. 103-108
    • Bell, J.R.C.1    Donovan, J.L.2    Wong, R.3    Waterhouse, A.L.4
  • 137
    • 0033645432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa powder enhances the level of antioxidative activity in rat plasma
    • Baba S, Osakabe N, Natsume M, Yasuda A, Takizawa T, Nakamura T, et al. Cocoa powder enhances the level of antioxidative activity in rat plasma. Br J Nutr. 2000;84(5):673-80.
    • (2000) Br J Nutr. , vol.84 , Issue.5 , pp. 673-680
    • Baba, S.1    Osakabe, N.2    Natsume, M.3    Yasuda, A.4    Takizawa, T.5    Nakamura, T.6
  • 138
    • 0033867144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dose-response effect from chocolate consumption on plasma epicatechin and oxidative damage
    • Wang JF, Schramm DD, Holt RR, Ensunsa JL, Fraga CG, Schmitz HH, et al. A dose-response effect from chocolate consumption on plasma epicatechin and oxidative damage. J Nutr. 2000;130(8 S Suppl):2115S-9.
    • (2000) J Nutr. , vol.130 , Issue.8 , pp. 2115S-2119S
    • Wang, J.F.1    Schramm, D.D.2    Holt, R.R.3    Ensunsa, J.L.4    Fraga, C.G.5    Schmitz, H.H.6
  • 139
    • 0035167804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo comparison of the bioavailability of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and their mixture in orally administered rats
    • Baba S, Osakabe N, Natsume M, Muto Y, Takizawa T, Terao J. In vivo comparison of the bioavailability of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and their mixture in orally administered rats. J Nutr. 2001;131(11):2885-91.
    • (2001) J Nutr. , vol.131 , Issue.11 , pp. 2885-2891
    • Baba, S.1    Osakabe, N.2    Natsume, M.3    Muto, Y.4    Takizawa, T.5    Terao, J.6
  • 140
    • 0034967897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of urinary metabolites of tea catechins by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
    • Li C, Meng X, Winnik B, Lee MJ, Lu H, Sheng S, et al. Analysis of urinary metabolites of tea catechins by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol. 2001;14(6):702-7.
    • (2001) Chem Res Toxicol. , vol.14 , Issue.6 , pp. 702-707
    • Li, C.1    Meng, X.2    Winnik, B.3    Lee, M.J.4    Lu, H.5    Sheng, S.6
  • 141
    • 77951258383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chiral separation of (+)/(-)-catechin from sulfated and glucuronidated metabolites in human plasma after cocoa consumption
    • Ritter C, Zimmermann BF, Galensa R. Chiral separation of (+)/(-)-catechin from sulfated and glucuronidated metabolites in human plasma after cocoa consumption. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;397(2):723-30.
    • (2010) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.397 , Issue.2 , pp. 723-730
    • Ritter, C.1    Zimmermann, B.F.2    Galensa, R.3
  • 143
    • 13844272546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyphenols in foods are more complex than often thought
    • Cheynier V. Polyphenols in foods are more complex than often thought. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81(1Suppl):223S-9.
    • (2005) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.81 , Issue.1 , pp. 223S-229S
    • Cheynier, V.1
  • 144
    • 57549108329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of proanthocyanidins
    • Hümmer W, Schreier P. Analysis of proanthocyanidins. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008;52(12):1381-98.
    • (2008) Mol Nutr Food Res. , vol.52 , Issue.12 , pp. 1381-1398
    • Hümmer, W.1    Schreier, P.2
  • 146
    • 24344493398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of the inter flavanyl bond in proanthocyanidins from natural sources lacking C-4 (C-ring) deoxy flavonoid nucleophiles
    • Ferreira D, Marais JP, Slade D. Heterogeneity of the inter flavanyl bond in proanthocyanidins from natural sources lacking C-4 (C-ring) deoxy flavonoid nucleophiles. Phytochemistry. 2005;66(18):2216-37.
    • (2005) Phytochemistry. , vol.66 , Issue.18 , pp. 2216-2237
    • Ferreira, D.1    Marais, J.P.2    Slade, D.3
  • 147
    • 4744360691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between procyanidin and flavor contents of cocoa liquors from different origins
    • Counet C, Ouwerx C, Rosoux D, Collin S. Relationship between procyanidin and flavor contents of cocoa liquors from different origins. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(20):6243-49.
    • (2004) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.52 , Issue.20 , pp. 6243-6249
    • Counet, C.1    Ouwerx, C.2    Rosoux, D.3    Collin, S.4
  • 148
    • 0242691717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of grape seed polyphenol in the rat
    • Nakamura Y, Tonogai Y. Metabolism of grape seed polyphenol in the rat. J Agric Food Chem. 2003; 51(24):7215-25.
    • (2003) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.51 , Issue.24 , pp. 7215-7225
    • Nakamura, Y.1    Tonogai, Y.2
  • 149
    • 0344613481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procyanidin B1 is detected in human serum after intake of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract
    • Sano A, Yamakoshi J, Tokutake S, Tobe K, Kubota Y, Kikuchi M. Procyanidin B1 is detected in human serum after intake of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003;67(5):1140-3.
    • (2003) Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , vol.67 , Issue.5 , pp. 1140-1143
    • Sano, A.1    Yamakoshi, J.2    Tokutake, S.3    Tobe, K.4    Kubota, Y.5    Kikuchi, M.6
  • 150
    • 17644437235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon-14 biolabeling of (+)-catechin and proanthocyanidin oligomers in willow tree cuttings
    • Déprez S, Mila I, Scalbert A. Carbon-14 biolabeling of (+)-catechin and proanthocyanidin oligomers in willow tree cuttings. J Agric Food Chem. 1999;47(10):4219-30.
    • (1999) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.47 , Issue.10 , pp. 4219-4230
    • Déprez, S.1    Mila, I.2    Scalbert, A.3
  • 151
    • 0036628736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorption and urinary excretion of procyanidin by [epicatechin-(4b-8)-epicatechin] in rats
    • Baba S, Osakabe N, Natsume M, Terao J. Absorption and urinary excretion of procyanidin by [epicatechin-(4b-8)-epicatechin] in rats. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002;33(1):142-8.
    • (2002) Free Radic Biol Med. , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 142-148
    • Baba, S.1    Osakabe, N.2    Natsume, M.3    Terao, J.4
  • 152
    • 0036784053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procyanidin dimer B2[epicatechin-(4 b -8)-epicatechin] in human plasma after the consumption of a flavanol-rich cocoa
    • Holt RR, Lazarus SA, Sullards MC, Zhu QY, Schramm DD, Hammerstone JF, et al. Procyanidin dimer B2[epicatechin-(4 b -8)-epicatechin] in human plasma after the consumption of a flavanol-rich cocoa. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(4):798-804.
    • (2002) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.76 , Issue.4 , pp. 798-804
    • Holt, R.R.1    Lazarus, S.A.2    Sullards, M.C.3    Zhu, Q.Y.4    Schramm, D.D.5    Hammerstone, J.F.6
  • 153
    • 0042031054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability of dietary doses of 3 H-labelled tea antioxidants (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin in rat
    • Catterall F, King LJ, Clifford MN, Ioannides C. Bioavailability of dietary doses of 3 H-labelled tea antioxidants (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin in rat. Xenobiotica. 2003;33(7):743-53.
    • (2003) Xenobiotica. , vol.33 , Issue.7 , pp. 743-753
    • Catterall, F.1    King, L.J.2    Clifford, M.N.3    Ioannides, C.4
  • 154
    • 0034083836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral absorption and bioavailability of tea catechins
    • Zhu M, Chen Y, Li RC. Oral absorption and bioavailability of tea catechins. Planta Med. 2000;66(5):444-7.
    • (2000) Planta Med. , vol.66 , Issue.5 , pp. 444-447
    • Zhu, M.1    Chen, Y.2    Li, R.C.3
  • 155
    • 25444482129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The absorption, metabolism and excretion of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins following the ingestion of a grape seed extract by rats
    • Tsang C, Auger C, Mullen W, Bornet A, Rouanet JM, Crozier A, et al. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins following the ingestion of a grape seed extract by rats. Br J Nutr. 2005;94(2):170-81.
    • (2005) Br J Nutr. , vol.94 , Issue.2 , pp. 170-181
    • Tsang, C.1    Auger, C.2    Mullen, W.3    Bornet, A.4    Rouanet, J.M.5    Crozier, A.6
  • 156
    • 0036842980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of presystemic hepatic extraction to the low oral bioavailability of green tea catechins in rats
    • Cai Y, Anavy ND, Chow HHS. Contribution of presystemic hepatic extraction to the low oral bioavailability of green tea catechins in rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002;30(11):1246-9.
    • (2002) Drug Metab Dispos. , vol.30 , Issue.11 , pp. 1246-1249
    • Cai, Y.1    Anavy, N.D.2    Chow, H.H.S.3
  • 157
    • 0032893641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma kinetics in man of epicatechin from black chocolate
    • Richelle M, Tavazzi I, Enslen M, Offord EA. Plasma kinetics in man of epicatechin from black chocolate. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53(1):22-6.
    • (1999) Eur J Clin Nutr. , vol.53 , Issue.1 , pp. 22-26
    • Richelle, M.1    Tavazzi, I.2    Enslen, M.3    Offord, E.A.4
  • 158
    • 0033867415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epicatechin in human plasma: in vivo determination and effect of chocolate consumption on plasma oxidation status
    • Rein D, Lotito S, Holt RR, Keen CL, Schmitz HH, Fraga CG. Epicatechin in human plasma: in vivo determination and effect of chocolate consumption on plasma oxidation status. J Nutr. 2000;130(8 S Suppl):2109S-14.
    • (2000) J Nutr. , vol.130 , Issue.8 , pp. 2109S-2114S
    • Rein, D.1    Lotito, S.2    Holt, R.R.3    Keen, C.L.4    Schmitz, H.H.5    Fraga, C.G.6
  • 159
    • 34249865394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new process to develop a cocoa powder with higher flavonoid monomer content and enhanced bioavailability in healthy humans
    • Tomás-Barberán FA, Cienfuegos-Jovellanos E, Marín A, Muguerza B, Gil-Izquierdo A, Cerda B, et al. A new process to develop a cocoa powder with higher flavonoid monomer content and enhanced bioavailability in healthy humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(10):3926-35.
    • (2007) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.55 , Issue.10 , pp. 3926-3935
    • Tomás-Barberán, F.A.1    Cienfuegos-Jovellanos, E.2    Marín, A.3    Muguerza, B.4    Gil-Izquierdo, A.5    Cerda, B.6
  • 160
    • 33645834300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of catechins in Theobroma cacao beans by cyclodextrinmodified micellar electrokinetic chromatography
    • Gotti R, Furlanetto S, Pinzauti S, Cavrini V. Analysis of catechins in Theobroma cacao beans by cyclodextrinmodified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2006;1112(1-2):345-52.
    • (2006) J Chromatogr A. , vol.1112 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 345-352
    • Gotti, R.1    Furlanetto, S.2    Pinzauti, S.3    Cavrini, V.4
  • 161
    • 33749241530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (+)-Catechin is more bioavailable than (-)-catechin: relevance to the bioavailability of catechin from cocoa
    • Donovan JL, Crespy V, Oliveira M, Cooper KA, Gibson BB, Williamson G. (+)-Catechin is more bioavailable than (-)-catechin: relevance to the bioavailability of catechin from cocoa. Free Radic Res. 2006; 40(10):1029-34.
    • (2006) Free Radic Res. , vol.40 , Issue.10 , pp. 1029-1034
    • Donovan, J.L.1    Crespy, V.2    Oliveira, M.3    Cooper, K.A.4    Gibson, B.B.5    Williamson, G.6
  • 162
    • 78651249150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The stereochemical configuration of flavanols influences the level and metabolism of flavanols in humans and their biological activity in vivo
    • Ottaviani JI, Momma TY, Heiss C, Kwik-Uribe C, Schroeter H, Keen CL. The stereochemical configuration of flavanols influences the level and metabolism of flavanols in humans and their biological activity in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;50(2):237-44.
    • (2011) Free Radic Biol Med. , vol.50 , Issue.2 , pp. 237-244
    • Ottaviani, J.I.1    Momma, T.Y.2    Heiss, C.3    Kwik-Uribe, C.4    Schroeter, H.5    Keen, C.L.6
  • 164
    • 0030614844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physicochemical and physiological mechanisms for the effects of food on drug absorption: the role of lipids and pH
    • Charman WN, Porter CJH, Mithani S, Dressman JB. Physicochemical and physiological mechanisms for the effects of food on drug absorption: the role of lipids and pH. J Pharm Sci. 1997;86(3):269-82.
    • (1997) J Pharm Sci. , vol.86 , Issue.3 , pp. 269-282
    • Charman, W.N.1    Porter, C.J.H.2    Mithani, S.3    Dressman, J.B.4
  • 165
    • 0030973745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant flavonols and ischemic heart disease in a Welsh population of men: the Caerphilly study
    • Hertog MG, Sweetnam PM, Fehily AM, Elwood PC, Kromhout D. Antioxidant flavonols and ischemic heart disease in a Welsh population of men: the Caerphilly study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(5):1489-94.
    • (1997) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.65 , Issue.5 , pp. 1489-1494
    • Hertog, M.G.1    Sweetnam, P.M.2    Fehily, A.M.3    Elwood, P.C.4    Kromhout, D.5
  • 167
    • 0033975353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A single dose of tea with or without milk increases plasma antioxidant activity in humans
    • Leenen R, Roodenburg AJC, Tijburg LBM, Wiseman SA. A single dose of tea with or without milk increases plasma antioxidant activity in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54(1):87-92.
    • (2000) Eur J Clin Nutr. , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-92
    • Leenen, R.1    Roodenburg, A.J.C.2    Tijburg, L.B.M.3    Wiseman, S.A.4
  • 169
    • 0034851466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the antioxidant activity of commonly consumed polyphenolic beverages (coffee, cocoa, and tea) prepared per cup serving
    • Richelle M, Tavazzi I, Offord E. Comparison of the antioxidant activity of commonly consumed polyphenolic beverages (coffee, cocoa, and tea) prepared per cup serving. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49(7):3438-42.
    • (2001) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.49 , Issue.7 , pp. 3438-3442
    • Richelle, M.1    Tavazzi, I.2    Offord, E.3
  • 173
    • 0346727133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Milk and absorption of dietary flavanols
    • Serafini M, Crozier A. Milk and absorption of dietary flavanols. Nature. 2003;426(6968):788.
    • (2003) Nature. , vol.426 , Issue.6968 , pp. 788
    • Serafini, M.1    Crozier, A.2
  • 175
    • 34147126028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of milk protein on the bioavailability of cocoa polyphenols
    • Keogh JB, McInerney J, Clifton PM. The effect of milk protein on the bioavailability of cocoa polyphenols. J Food Sci. 2007;72(3):S230-3.
    • (2007) J Food Sci. , vol.72 , Issue.3 , pp. S230-S233
    • Keogh, J.B.1    McInerney, J.2    Clifton, P.M.3
  • 177
    • 51749117180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of milk as a food matrix for polyphenols on the excretion profile of cocoa (-)-epicatechin metabolites in healthy human subjects
    • Roura E, Andrés-Lacueva C, Estruch R, Mata Bilbao ML, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Lamuela-Raventós RM. The effect of milk as a food matrix for polyphenols on the excretion profile of cocoa (-)-epicatechin metabolites in healthy human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2008;100(4):846-51.
    • (2008) Br J Nutr. , vol.100 , Issue.4 , pp. 846-851
    • Roura, E.1    Andrés-Lacueva, C.2    Estruch, R.3    Mata Bilbao, M.L.4    Izquierdo-Pulido, M.5    Lamuela-Raventós, R.M.6
  • 178
    • 66849115650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans
    • Mullen W, Borges G, Donovan JL, Edwards CA, Serafini M, Lean MEJ, et al. Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89(6):1784-91.
    • (2009) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.89 , Issue.6 , pp. 1784-1791
    • Mullen, W.1    Borges, G.2    Donovan, J.L.3    Edwards, C.A.4    Serafini, M.5    Lean, M.E.J.6
  • 179
    • 65349092748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the effect of type of dairy product and of chocolate matrix on the oral absorption of monomeric chocolate flavanols in a small animal model
    • Gossai D, Lau-Cam CA. Assessment of the effect of type of dairy product and of chocolate matrix on the oral absorption of monomeric chocolate flavanols in a small animal model. Pharmazie. 2009;64(3):202-9.
    • (2009) Pharmazie. , vol.64 , Issue.3 , pp. 202-209
    • Gossai, D.1    Lau-Cam, C.A.2
  • 180
    • 0034850138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of polyphenol bioavailability in rat small intestine
    • Carbonaro M, Grant G, Pusztai A. Evaluation of polyphenol bioavailability in rat small intestine. Eur J Nutr. 2001;40(2):84-90.
    • (2001) Eur J Nutr. , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 84-90
    • Carbonaro, M.1    Grant, G.2    Pusztai, A.3
  • 181
    • 77955284662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral bioavailability of quercetin from different quercetin glycosides in dogs
    • Reinboth M, Wolffram S, Abraham G, Ungemach FFR, Cermak R. Oral bioavailability of quercetin from different quercetin glycosides in dogs. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(2):198-203.
    • (2010) Br J Nutr. , vol.104 , Issue.2 , pp. 198-203
    • Reinboth, M.1    Wolffram, S.2    Abraham, G.3    Ungemach, F.F.R.4    Cermak, R.5
  • 182
    • 0000193993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An in vitro method to simulate phenolic compound release from the food matrix in the gastrointestinal tract
    • Gil-Izquierdo A, Zafrilla P, Tomás-Barberán FA. An in vitro method to simulate phenolic compound release from the food matrix in the gastrointestinal tract. Eur Food Res Technol. 2002;214(2):155-9.
    • (2002) Eur Food Res Technol. , vol.214 , Issue.2 , pp. 155-159
    • Gil-Izquierdo, A.1    Zafrilla, P.2    Tomás-Barberán, F.A.3
  • 183
    • 70350279308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of chocolate formulation factors on in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of catechins in humans
    • Neilson AP, George JC, Mattes RD, Janle EM, Matusheski NV, Ferruzzi MG. Influence of chocolate formulation factors on in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of catechins in humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2009; 57(20):9418-26.
    • (2009) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.57 , Issue.20 , pp. 9418-9426
    • Neilson, A.P.1    George, J.C.2    Mattes, R.D.3    Janle, E.M.4    Matusheski, N.V.5    Ferruzzi, M.G.6
  • 184
    • 77953172278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chocolate matrix factors modulate the pharmacokinetic behavior of cocoa flavan-3-ol phase II metabolites following oral consumption by Sprague-Dawley rats
    • Neilson AP, Sapper TN, Janle EM, Rudolph R, Matusheski NV, Ferruzzi MG. Chocolate matrix factors modulate the pharmacokinetic behavior of cocoa flavan-3-ol phase II metabolites following oral consumption by Sprague-Dawley rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(11):6685-91.
    • (2010) J Agric Food Chem. , vol.58 , Issue.11 , pp. 6685-6691
    • Neilson, A.P.1    Sapper, T.N.2    Janle, E.M.3    Rudolph, R.4    Matusheski, N.V.5    Ferruzzi, M.G.6
  • 186
    • 0034476222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The materials science of chocolate
    • Fryer P, Pinschower K. The materials science of chocolate. Mater Res Soc Bull. 2000;25(12):25-9.
    • (2000) Mater Res Soc Bull. , vol.25 , Issue.12 , pp. 25-29
    • Fryer, P.1    Pinschower, K.2
  • 188
    • 77951209860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models
    • Serra A, Macià A, Romero MP, Bladé C, Arola L, Motilva MJ. Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(7):944-52.
    • (2010) Br J Nutr. , vol.103 , Issue.7 , pp. 944-952
    • Serra, A.1    Macià, A.2    Romero, M.P.3    Bladé, C.4    Arola, L.5    Motilva, M.J.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.