Edible Bio-Based Nanostructures: Delivery, Absorption and Potential Toxicity

Food Engineering Reviews

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 491-513

  Martins, Joana T ^a   Ramos, Óscar L ^a,b   Pinheiro, Ana C ^a   Bourbon, Ana I ^a   Silva, Hélder D ^a   Rivera, Melissa C ^a   Cerqueira, Miguel A ^a   Pastrana, Lorenzo ^c   Malcata, F Xavier ^b   González Fernández, África ^d   Vicente, António A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VIGO   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VIGO   (Spain)

Author keywords

Absorption enhancers; Bioactive compounds; Gastrointestinal tract; Intestinal absorption; Nanoparticles

Indexed keywords

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; NANOPARTICLES; TOXIC MATERIALS; TOXICITY;

ABSORPTION-ENHANCERS; BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS; FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; INTESTINAL ABSORPTION; PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS;

NANOSTRUCTURES;

EID: 84946479932     PISSN: 18667910     EISSN: 18667929     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12393-015-9116-0     Document Type: Review

References (187)

1. Acosta E (2009) Bioavailability of nanoparticles in nutrient and nutraceutical delivery. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 14:3–15
2. Agrawal GK, Timperio AM, Zolla L, Bansal V, Shukla R, Rakwal R (2013) Biomarker discovery and applications for foods and beverages: proteomics to nanoproteomics. J Proteomics 93:74–92
3. Aillon KL, Xie Y, El-Gendy N, Berkland CJ, Forrest ML (2009) Effects of nanomaterial physicochemical properties on in vivo toxicity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 61:457–466
4. Akbulut O, Mace CR, Martinez RV, Kumar AA, Nie Z, Patton MR, Whitesides GM (2012) Separation of nanoparticles in aqueous multiphase systems through centrifugation. Nano Lett 12:4060–4064
5. Alemdaroglu FE, Alemdaroglu NC, Langguth P, Herrmann A (2008) Cellular uptake of DNA block copolymer micelles with different shapes. Macromol Rapid Commun 29:326–329
6. Arora S, Rajwade JM, Paknikar KM (2012) Nanotoxicology and in vitro studies: the need of the hour. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 258:151–165
7. Atal N, Bedi K (2010) Bioenhancers: revolutionary concept to market. J Ayurveda Integr Med 1:96–99
8. Aungst BJ (2012) Absorption enhancers: applications and advances. AAPS J 14:10–18
9. Azevedo MA, Bourbon AI, Vicente AA, Cerqueira MA (2014) Alginate/chitosan nanoparticles for encapsulation and controlled release of vitamin B2. Int J Biol Macromol 71:141–146
10. Bergin IL, Witzmann FA (2013) Nanoparticle toxicity by the gastrointestinal route: evidence and knowledge gaps. Int J Biomed Nanosci Nanotechnol 3:163–210
11. Berton-Carabin CC, Coupland JN, Elias RJ (2013) Effect of the lipophilicity of model ingredients on their location and reactivity in emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Asp 431:9–17
12. Blasco C, Picó Y (2011) Determining nanomaterials in food. TrAC-Trend Anal Chem 30:84–99
13. Bouwmeester H, Dekkers S, Noordam MY, Hagens WI, Bulder AS, de Heer C, ten Voorde SECG, Wijnhoven SWP, Marvin HJP, Sips AJAM (2009) Review of health safety aspects of nanotechnologies in food production. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 53:52–62
14. Buehler MJ, Cranford S (2010) Materiomics: biological protein materials, from nano to macro. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 3:127–147
15. Cerqueira M, Pinheiro AC, Silva HD, Ramos PE, Azevedo MA, Flores-López ML, Rivera MC, Bourbon AI, Ramos ÓL, Vicente AA (2014) Design of bio-nanosystems for oral delivery of functional compounds. Food Eng Rev 6:1–19
16. Chalasani KB, Russell-Jones GJ, Jain AK, Diwan PV, Jain SK (2007) Effective oral delivery of insulin in animal models using vitamin B12-coated dextran nanoparticles. J Control Release 122:141–150
17. Chang C (2010) The immune effects of naturally occurring and synthetic nanoparticles. J Autoimmun 34:J234–J246
18. Chen L, Subirade M (2006) Alginate–whey protein granular microspheres as oral delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds. Biomaterials 27:4646–4654
19. Chen L, Remondetto GE, Subirade M (2006) Food protein-based materials as nutraceutical delivery systems. Trends Food Sci Technol 17:272–283
20. Chen M-C, Mi F-L, Liao Z-X, Hsiao C-W, Sonaje K, Chung M-F, Hsu L-W, Sung H-W (2013) Recent advances in chitosan-based nanoparticles for oral delivery of macromolecules. Adv Drug Del Rev 65:865–879
21. Chithrani BD, Ghazani AA, Chan WCW (2006) Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. Nano Lett 6:662–668
22. Couvreur P, Kante B, Roland M, Guiot P, Bauduin P, Speiser P (1979) Polycyanoacrylate nanocapsules as potential lysosomotropic carriers: preparation, morphological and sorptive properties. J Pharm Pharmacol 31:331–332
23. Cui J, van Koeverden MP, Müllner M, Kempe K, Caruso F (2014) Emerging methods for the fabrication of polymer capsules. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 207:14–31
24. Dandekar PP, Jain R, Patil S, Dhumal R, Tiwari D, Sharma S, Vanage G, Patravale V (2010) Curcumin-loaded hydrogel nanoparticles: application in anti-malarial therapy and toxicological evaluation. J Pharm Sci 99:4992–5010
25. Das RK, Kasoju N, Bora U (2010) Encapsulation of curcumin in alginate–chitosan–pluronic composite nanoparticles for delivery to cancer cells. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 6:153–160
26. David-Birman T, Mackie A, Lesmes U (2013) Impact of dietary fibers on the properties and proteolytic digestibility of lactoferrin nano-particles. Food Hydrocoll 31:33–41
27. De Lima R, Feitosa L, Pereira AdES, De Moura MR, Aouada FA, Mattoso LHC, Fraceto LF (2010) Evaluation of the genotoxicity of chitosan nanoparticles for use in food packaging films. J Food Sci 75:N89–N96
28. del Mercato LL, Rivera-Gil P, Abbasi AZ, Ochs M, Ganas C, Zins I, Sonnichsen C, Parak WJ (2010) LbL multilayer capsules: recent progress and future outlook for their use in life sciences. Nanoscale 2:458–467
29. Delcea M, Möhwald H, Skirtach AG (2011) Stimuli-responsive LbL capsules and nanoshells for drug delivery. Adv Drug Del Rev 63:730–747
30. Dell’Orco D, Lundqvist M, Cedervall T, Linse S (2012) Delivery success rate of engineered nanoparticles in the presence of the protein corona: a systems-level screening. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 8:1271–1281
31. des Rieux A, Fievez V, Garinot M, Schneider Y-J, Préat V (2006) Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: a mechanistic approach. J Control Release 116:1–27
32. Desai M, Labhasetwar V, Amidon G, Levy R (1996) Gastrointestinal uptake of biodegradable microparticles: effect of particle size. Pharm Res 13:1838–1845
33. Díaz B, Sánchez-Espinel C, Arruebo M, Faro J, de Miguel E, Magadán S, Yagüe C, Fernández-Pacheco R, Ibarra MR, Santamaría J, González-Fernández Á (2008) Assessing methods for blood cell cytotoxic responses to inorganic nanoparticles and nanoparticle aggregates. Small 4:2025–2034
34. Dickinson E (2009) Hydrocolloids as emulsifiers and emulsion stabilizers. Food Hydrocoll 23:1473–1482
35. Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE (2013) Understanding the correlation between in vitro and in vivo immunotoxicity tests for nanomedicines. J Control Release 172:456–466
36. Doh H-J, Jung Y, Balakrishnan P, Cho H-J, Kim D-D (2013) A novel lipid nanoemulsion system for improved permeation of granisetron. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 101:475–480
37. Donato-Capel L, Garcia-Rodenas CL, Pouteau E, Lehmann U, Srichuwong S, Erkner A, Kolodziejczyk E, Hughes E, Wooster TJ, Sagalowicz L (2014) Technological means to modulate food digestion and physiological response. In: Boland M, Golding M, Singh H (eds) Food structures, digestion and health, 1st edn. Academic Press, San Diego
38. Drusch S (2007) Sugar beet pectin: a novel emulsifying wall component for microencapsulation of lipophilic food ingredients by spray-drying. Food Hydrocoll 21:1223–1228
39. Dufort S, Sancey L, Coll J-L (2012) Physico-chemical parameters that govern nanoparticles fate also dictate rules for their molecular evolution. Adv Drug Del Rev 64:179–189
40. EC (2008) Commission Recommendation of 07/02/2008 on a Code of Conduct for Responsible Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies Research 1-10
41. EC (2011) Commission recommendation of 18 October 2011 on the definition of nanomaterial. Off J Eur Union 275:38–40
42. EC (2013) Commission delegated regulation (EU) no 1363/2013 of 12 December 2013 amending regulation (EU) no 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the provision of food information to consumers as regards the definition of ‘engineered nanomaterials’. Off J Eur Union 343:26–28
43. EFSA (2009) Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Committee. The potential risks arising from nanoscience and nanotechnologies on food and feed safety. EFSA J 958:1–39
44. EFSA (2011) Guidance on the risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain. EFSA J 9:2140
45. Elsabahy M, Wooley KL (2013) Cytokines as biomarkers of nanoparticle immunotoxicity. Chem Soc Rev 42:5552
46. Elzoghby AO, Samy WM, Elgindy NA (2012) Protein-based nanocarriers as promising drug and gene delivery systems. J Control Release 161:38–49
47. Ensign LM, Cone R, Hanes J (2012) Oral drug delivery with polymeric nanoparticles: the gastrointestinal mucus barriers. Adv Drug Del Rev 64:557–570
48. FAO/WHO (2010) FAO/WHO expert meeting on the application of nanotechnologies in the food and agriculture sectors: potential food safety implications: Meeting Report, Rome
49. FDA (2014) Considering whether an FDA-regulated product involves the application of nanotechnology. http://www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm257698.htm. Accessed 08 May 2014
50. Feng C, Wang Z, Jiang C, Kong M, Zhou X, Li Y, Cheng X, Chen X (2013) Chitosan/o-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for efficient and safe oral anticancer drug delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 457:158–167
51. Feng C, Sun G, Wang Z, Cheng X, Park H, Cha D, Kong M, Chen X (2014) Transport mechanism of doxorubicin loaded chitosan based nanogels across intestinal epithelium. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 87:197–207
52. Fischer HC, Chan WCW (2007) Nanotoxicity: the growing need for in vivo study. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18:565–571
53. Fischer KE, Jayagopal A, Nagaraj G, Daniels RH, Li EM, Silvestrini MT, Desai TA (2011) Nanoengineered surfaces enhance drug loading and adhesion. Nano Lett 11:1076–1081
54. FSA (2006) Draft Food Standards Agency regulatory review on nanotechnology in food: issue for comment. http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/int060401a.pdf. Accessed 08-05-2014
55. Genot AJ, Fujii T, Rondelez Y (2013) In vitro regulatory models for systems biology. Biotechnol Adv 31:789–796
56. Giese C, Marx U (2014) Human immunity in vitro—solving immunogenicity and more. Adv Drug Del Rev 69–70:103–122
57. Grassi M, Grassi G, Lapasin R, Colombo I (2007) Understanding drug release and absorption mechanisms: a physical and mathematical approach. CRC Press, Boca Raton
58. Guri A, Gülseren I, Corredig M (2013) Utilization of solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced delivery of curcumin in cocultures of HT29-MTX and Caco-2 cells. Food Funct 4:1410–1419
59. Guzey D, McClements DJ (2006) Characterization of β-lactoglobulin–chitosan interactions in aqueous solutions: a calorimetry, light scattering, electrophoretic mobility and solubility study. Food Hydrocoll 20:124–131
60. Hafner A, Lovrić J, Voinovich D, Filipović-Grčić J (2009) Melatonin-loaded lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles: physicochemical characterisation and permeability through Caco-2 cell monolayers. Int J Pharm 381:205–213
61. He B, Lin P, Jia Z, Du W, Qu W, Yuan L, Dai W, Zhang H, Wang X, Wang J (2013) The transport mechanisms of polymer nanoparticles in Caco-2 epithelial cells. Biomaterials 34:6082–6098
62. Hennink WE, van Nostrum CF (2012) Novel crosslinking methods to design hydrogels. Adv Drug Del Rev 64(Supplement):223–236
63. Hu L, Mao Z, Gao C (2009) Colloidal particles for cellular uptake and delivery. J Mater Chem 19:3108–3115
64. Hunter AC, Elsom J, Wibroe PP, Moghimi SM (2012) Polymeric particulate technologies for oral drug delivery and targeting: a pathophysiological perspective. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 8:S5–S20
65. ISO (2008) Nanotechnologies—terminology and definitions for nano-objects: nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate ISO/TS 27687:2008
66. Jin Y, Song Y, Zhu X, Zhou D, Chen C, Zhang Z, Huang Y (2012) Goblet cell-targeting nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery and the influence of mucus on insulin transport. Biomaterials 33:1573–1582
67. Joshi G, Kumar A, Sawant K (2014) Enhanced bioavailability and intestinal uptake of Gemcitabine HCl loaded PLGA nanoparticles after oral delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 60:80–89
68. Joye IJ, McClements DJ (2014) Biopolymer-based nanoparticles and microparticles: fabrication, characterization, and application. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 19(5):417–427
69. Joye IJ, Davidov-Pardo G, McClements DJ (2014) Nanotechnology for increased micronutrient bioavailability. Trends Food Sci Technol 40(2):168–182
70. Jung T, Kamm W, Breitenbach A, Kaiserling E, Xiao JX, Kissel T (2000) Biodegradable nanoparticles for oral delivery of peptides: is there a role for polymers to affect mucosal uptake? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 50:147–160
71. Kabanov AV, Vinogradov SV (2009) Nanogels as pharmaceutical carriers: finite networks of infinite capabilities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 48(30):5418–5429
72. Karakoti AS, Hench LL, Seal S (2006) The potential toxicity of nanomaterials - the role of surfaces. JOM 58:77–82
73. Kesarwani K, Gupta R (2013) Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: an overview. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 3:253–266
74. Kettiger H, Schipanski A, Wick P, Huwyler J (2013) Engineered nanomaterial uptake and tissue distribution: from cell to organism. Int J Nanomed 8:3255
75. Khalid N, Kobayashi I, Neves MA, Uemura K, Nakajima M (2013) Preparation and characterization of water-in-oil emulsions loaded with high concentration of l-ascorbic acid. LWT Food Sci Technol 51:448–454
76. Kim J-E, Yoon I-S, Cho H-J, Kim D-H, Choi Y-H, Kim D-D (2014) Emulsion-based colloidal nanosystems for oral delivery of doxorubicin: improved intestinal paracellular absorption and alleviated cardiotoxicity. Int J Pharm 464(1–2):117–126
77. Kong F, Singh RP (2010) A human gastric simulator (HGS) to study food digestion in human stomach. J Food Sci 75:E627–E635
78. Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Arora T (2013) Nutrition, the gut microbiome and the metabolic syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroentrol 27:59–72
79. Kowalczyk B, Lagzi I, Grzybowski BA (2011) Nanoseparations: strategies for size and/or shape-selective purification of nanoparticles. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 16:135–148
80. Krug SM, Amasheh M, Dittmann I, Christoffel I, Fromm M, Amasheh S (2013) Sodium caprate as an enhancer of macromolecule permeation across tricellular tight junctions of intestinal cells. Biomaterials 34:275–282
81. Lai DY (2012) Toward toxicity testing of nanomaterials in the 21st century: a paradigm for moving forward. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 4:1–15
82. Lai SK, Wang Y-Y, Hanes J (2009) Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to mucosal tissues. Adv Drug Del Rev 61:158–171
83. Lakshmanan A, Latha P, Subramanian KS (2012) Nanotoxicity—an overview. Int J Adv Life Sci 5:1–11
84. Lee J, Ko S, Kim H, Kwon H (2011) Integrity and cell-monolayer permeability of chitosan nanoparticles in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Food Sci Biotechnol 20:1033–1042
85. Leonard F, Ali H, Collnot E-M, Crielaard BJ, Lammers T, Storm G, Lehr C-M (2012) Screening of budesonide nanoformulations for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in an inflamed 3D cell-culture model. Altex 29:275–285
86. Li Y, McClements DJ (2014) Modulating lipid droplet intestinal lipolysis by electrostatic complexation with anionic polysaccharides: influence of cosurfactants. Food Hydrocoll 35:367–374
87. Li Y, Hu M, Xiao H, Du Y, Decker EA, McClements DJ (2010) Controlling the functional performance of emulsion-based delivery systems using multi-component biopolymer coatings. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 76:38–47
88. Li X, Guo S, Zhu C, Zhu Q, Gan Y, Rantanen J, Rahbek UL, Hovgaard L, Yang M (2013) Intestinal mucosa permeability following oral insulin delivery using core shell corona nanolipoparticles. Biomaterials 34:9678–9687
89. Lin Y-H, Chung C-K, Chen C-T, Liang H-F, Chen S-C, Sung H-W (2005) Preparation of nanoparticles composed of chitosan/poly-γ-glutamic acid and evaluation of their permeability through Caco-2 cells. Biomacromolecules 6:1104–1112
90. Linsinger TPJ, Chaudhry Q, Dehalu V, Delahaut P, Dudkiewicz A, Grombe R, von der Kammer F, Larsen EH, Legros S, Loeschner K, Peters R, Ramsch R, Roebben G, Tiede K, Weigel S (2013) Validation of methods for the detection and quantification of engineered nanoparticles in food. Food Chem 138:1959–1966
91. Liu F, Urban MW (2010) Recent advances and challenges in designing stimuli-responsive polymers. Prog Polym Sci 35:3–23
92. Liu Z, Wang S, Hu M (2009) Oral absorption basics: pathways, physico-chemical and biological factors affecting absorption. In: Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhang GGZ, Liu L, Porter WR (eds) Developing solid oral dosage forms. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 263–288
93. Liu Y, Wang P, Sun C, Zhao J, Du Y, Shi F, Feng N (2011) Bioadhesion and enhanced bioavailability by wheat germ agglutinin-grafted lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drug bufalin. Int J Pharm 419:260–265
94. Loh JW, Saunders M, Lim L-Y (2012) Cytotoxicity of monodispersed chitosan nanoparticles against the Caco-2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 262:273–282
95. Lopes MA, Abrahim BA, Cabral LM, Rodrigues CR, Seiça RMF, de Baptista Veiga FJ, Ribeiro AJ (2014) Intestinal absorption of insulin nanoparticles: contribution of M cells. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 10(6):1139–1151
96. Loretz B, Bernkop-Schnurch A (2007) In vitro cytotoxicity testing of non-thiolated and thiolated chitosan nanoparticles for oral gene delivery. Nanotoxicology 1:139–148
97. Lozano T, Rey M, Rojas E, Moya S, Fleddermann J, Estrela-Lopis I, Donath E, Wang B, Mao Z, Gao C, González-Fernández A (2011) Cytotoxicity effects of metal oxide nanoparticles in human tumor cell lines. J Phys: Conf Ser 304:012046
98. Lu F, Wu S-H, Hung Y, Mou C-Y (2009) Size effect on cell uptake in well-suspended, uniform mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Small 5:1408–1413
99. Luo Y, Teng Z, Wang Q (2012) Development of zein nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan for encapsulation and controlled release of vitamin D3. J Agric Food Chem 60:836–843
100. Ma J, Guan R, Shen H, Lu F, Xiao C, Liu M, Kang T (2013) Comparison of anticancer activity between lactoferrin nanoliposome and lactoferrin in Caco-2 cells in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 59:72–77
101. Mahmoudi M, Meng J, Xue X, Liang XJ, Rahman M, Pfeiffer C, Hartmann R, Gil PR, Pelaz B, Parak WJ, del Pino P, Carregal-Romero S, Kanaras AG, Tamil Selvan S (2014) Interaction of stable colloidal nanoparticles with cellular membranes. Biotechnol Adv 32:679–692
102. Manke A, Wang L, Rojanasakul Y (2013) Mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. BioMed Res Int 2013:1–15
103. McClements DJ (2013) Edible lipid nanoparticles: digestion, absorption, and potential toxicity. Prog Lipid Res 52:409–423
104. McClements DJ, Xiao H (2012) Potential biological fate of ingested nanoemulsions: influence of particle characteristics. Food Funct 3:202–220
105. McClements DJ, Decker EA, Weiss J (2007) Emulsion-based delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive components. J Food Sci 72:R109–R124
106. Miller T, Rachel R, Besheer A, Uezguen S, Weigandt M, Goepferich A (2012) Comparative investigations on in vitro serum stability of polymeric micelle formulations. Pharm Res 29:448–459
107. Molino NM, Bilotkach K, Fraser DA, Ren D, Wang S-W (2012) Complement activation and cell uptake responses toward polymer-functionalized protein nanocapsules. Biomacromolecules 13:974–981
108. Mora-Huertas CE, Fessi H, Elaissari A (2010) Polymer-based nanocapsules for drug delivery. Int J Pharm 385:113–142
109. Moros M, Hernáez B, Garet E, Dias JT, Sáez B, Grazú V, González-Fernández A, Alonso C, de la Fuente JM (2012) Monosaccharides versus PEG-functionalized NPs: influence in the cellular uptake. ACS Nano 6:1565–1577
110. Motornov M, Roiter Y, Tokarev I, Minko S (2010) Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, nanogels and capsules for integrated multifunctional intelligent systems. Prog Polym Sci 35:174–211
111. Mwilu SK, El Badawy AM, Bradham K, Nelson C, Thomas D, Scheckel KG, Tolaymat T, Ma L, Rogers KR (2013) Changes in silver nanoparticles exposed to human synthetic stomach fluid: effects of particle size and surface chemistry. Sci Total Environ 447:90–98
112. NanoLyse (2010) Nanoparticles in food: analytical methods for detection and characterisation. Project funded by the European Union’s framework programme. http://www.nanolyse.eu/default.aspx. Accessed 13 June 2014
113. Neal AL (2008) What can be inferred from bacterium–nanoparticle interactions about the potential consequences of environmental exposure to nanoparticles? Ecotoxicology 17:362–371
114. Norris DA, Sinko PJ (1997) The role of surface hydrophobicity in the transport of polystyrene microspheres through Caco-2 cell monolayers and intestinal mucin. In: Proceedings of the controlled release society, pp 17–18
115. Ofokansi K, Winter G, Fricker G, Coester C (2010) Matrix-loaded biodegradable gelatin nanoparticles as new approach to improve drug loading and delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 76:1–9
116. Oh JK, Lee DI, Park JM (2009) Biopolymer-based microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. Prog Polym Sci 34:1261–1282
117. Papasani MR, Wang G, Hill RA (2012) Gold nanoparticles: the importance of physiological principles to devise strategies for targeted drug delivery. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 8:804–814
118. Patil S, Sandberg A, Heckert E, Self W, Seal S (2007) Protein adsorption and cellular uptake of cerium oxide nanoparticles as a function of zeta potential. Biomaterials 28:4600–4607
119. Peng Q, Zhang S, Yang Q, Zhang T, Wei X-Q, Jiang L, Zhang C-L, Chen Q-M, Zhang Z-R, Lin Y-F (2013) Preformed albumin corona, a protective coating for nanoparticles based drug delivery system. Biomaterials 34:8521–8530
120. Pérez OE, David-Birman T, Kesselman E, Levi-Tal S, Lesmes U (2014) Milk protein–vitamin interactions: formation of beta-lactoglobulin/folic acid nano-complexes and their impact on in vitro gastro-duodenal proteolysis. Food Hydrocoll 38:40–47
121. Peters R, Dam G, Bouwmeester H, Helsper H, Allmaier G, Kammer F, Ramsch R, Solans C, Tomaniov M, Hajslova J, Weigel S (2011) Identification and characterization of organic nanoparticles in food. TrAC-Trend Anal Chem 30:100–112
122. Pinheiro AC, Lad M, Silva HD, Coimbra MA, Boland M, Vicente AA (2013) Unravelling the behaviour of curcumin nanoemulsions during in vitro digestion: effect of the surface charge. Soft Matter 9:3147
123. Pinto Reis C, Neufeld RJ, Ribeiro AJ, Veiga F (2006) Nanoencapsulation I. Methods for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 2:8–21
124. Plapied L, Duhem N, des Rieux A, Préat V (2011) Fate of polymeric nanocarriers for oral drug delivery. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 16:228–237
125. Poma A, Di Giorgio ML (2008) Toxicogenomics to improve comprehension of the mechanisms underlying responses of in vitro and in vivo systems to nanomaterials: a review. Curr Genomics 9:571–585
126. M-M P, Somchue W, Shiowatana J, Siripinyanond A (2014) Flow field-flow fractionation for particle size characterization of selenium nanoparticles incubated in gastrointestinal conditions. Food Res Int 57:203–209
127. Powell JJ, Faria N, Thomas-McKay E, Pele LC (2010) Origin and fate of dietary nanoparticles and microparticles in the gastrointestinal tract. J Autoimmun 34:J226–J233
128. Prego C, Paolicelli P, Díaz B, Vicente S, Sánchez A, González-Fernández Á, Alonso MJ (2010) Chitosan-based nanoparticles for improving immunization against hepatitis B infection. Vaccine 28:2607–2614
129. Rajaonarivony M, Vauthier C, Couarraze G, Puisieux F, Couvreur P (1993) Development of a new drug carrier made from alginate. J Pharm Sci 82:912–917
130. Rao JP, Geckeler KE (2011) Polymer nanoparticles: preparation techniques and size-control parameters. Prog Polym Sci 36:887–913
131. Roger E, Kalscheuer S, Kirtane A, Guru BR, Grill AE, Whittum-Hudson J, Panyam J (2012) Folic acid functionalized nanoparticles for enhanced oral drug delivery. Mol Pharm 9:2103–2110
132. Rosenblum D, Peer D (2014) Omics-based nanomedicine: the future of personalized oncology. Cancer Lett 352:126–136
133. Rubinstein M, Colby RH (2003) Polymer physics. Oxford University Press, Oxford
134. Ruh H, Kühl B, Brenner-Weiss G, Hopf C, Diabaté S, Weiss C (2012) Identification of serum proteins bound to industrial nanomaterials. Toxicol Lett 208:41–50
135. Sagalowicz L, Leser ME (2010) Delivery systems for liquid food products. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 15:61–72
136. Sahay G, Alakhova DY, Kabanov AV (2010) Endocytosis of nanomedicines. J Control Release 145:182–195
137. Salminen H, Weiss J (2014) Electrostatic adsorption and stability of whey protein–pectin complexes on emulsion interfaces. Food Hydrocoll 35:410–419
138. Salvia-Trujillo L, Qian C, Martín-Belloso O, McClements DJ (2013) Influence of particle size on lipid digestion and β-carotene bioaccessibility in emulsions and nanoemulsions. Food Chem 141:1472–1480
139. Sanguansri P, Augustin MA (2006) Nanoscale materials development—a food industry perspective. Trends Food Sci Technol 17:547–556
140. Sarmento B, das Neves J (2012) Chitosan-based systems for biopharmaceuticals: delivery, targeting and polymer therapeutics. Wiley, Chichester
141. Semete B, Booysen LIJ, Kalombo L, Venter JD, Katata L, Ramalapa B, Verschoor JÁ, Swai H (2010) In vivo uptake and acute immune response to orally administered chitosan and PEG coated PLGA nanoparticles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 249:158–165
142. Sessa M, Balestrieri ML, Ferrari G, Servillo L, Castaldo D, D’Onofrio N, Donsì F, Tsao R (2014) Bioavailability of encapsulated resveratrol into nanoemulsion-based delivery systems. Food Chem 147:42–50
143. Sharifi S, Behzadi S, Laurent S, Laird Forrest M, Stroeve P, Mahmoudi M (2012) Toxicity of nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 41:2323
144. Sheng Y, He H, Zou H (2014) Poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles coated with combined WGA and water-soluble chitosan for mucosal delivery of β-galactosidase. Drug Deliv 21:370–378
145. Shpigelman A, Cohen Y, Livney YD (2012) Thermally-induced β-lactoglobulin–EGCG nanovehicles: loading, stability, sensory and digestive-release study. Food Hydrocoll 29:57–67
146. Silva HD, Cerqueira MA, Vicente AA (2011) Nanoemulsions for food applications: development and characterization. Food Bioprocess Technol 5:854–867
147. Simón-Vázquez R, Lozano-Fernández T, Peleteiro-Olmedo M, González-Fernández Á (2014) Conformational changes in human plasma proteins induced by metal oxide nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 113:198–206
148. Sneharani AH, Karakkat JV, Singh SA, Rao AGA (2010) Interaction of curcumin with β-lactoglobulin—stability, spectroscopic analysis, and molecular modeling of the complex. J Agric Food Chem 58:11130–11139
149. Somchue W, Sermsri W, Shiowatana J, Siripinyanond A (2009) Encapsulation of α-tocopherol in protein-based delivery particles. Food Res Int 42:909–914
150. Sonaje K, Lin Y-H, Juang J-H, Wey S-P, Chen C-T, Sung H-W (2009) In vivo evaluation of safety and efficacy of self-assembled nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. Biomaterials 30:2329–2339
151. Soppimath KS, Aminabhavi TM, Kulkarni AR, Rudzinski WE (2001) Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery devices. J Control Release 70:1–20
152. Subirade M, Chen L (2008) In: Garti N (ed) Delivery and controlled release of bioactives in foods and nutraceuticals, 1st edn. CRC Press, Cambridge
153. Sukhorukov GB, Donath E, Davis S, Lichtenfeld H, Caruso F, Popov VI, MoÈhwald H (1998) Stepwise polyelectrolyte assembly on particle surfaces: a novel approach to colloid design. Polym Advan Technol 9:759–767
154. Szakal C, Roberts SM, Westerhoff P, Bartholomaeus A, Buck N, Illuminato I, Canady R, Rogers M (2014) Measurement of nanomaterials in foods: integrative consideration of challenges and future prospects. ACS Nano 8:3128–3135
155. Tan JPK, Wang Q, Tam KC (2008) Control of burst release from nanogels via layer by layer assembly. J Control Release 128:248–254
156. Tang D-W, Yu S-H, Ho Y-C, Huang B-Q, Tsai G-J, Hsieh H-Y, Sung H-W, Mi F-L (2013) Characterization of tea catechins-loaded nanoparticles prepared from chitosan and an edible polypeptide. Food Hydrocoll 30:33–41
157. Tatiraju DV, Bagade VB, Karambelkar PJ, Jadhav VM, Kadam V (2013) Natural bioenhancers: an overview. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2:55–60
158. Teng Z, Li Y, Luo Y, Zhang B, Wang Q (2013) Cationic β-lactoglobulin nanoparticles as a bioavailability enhancer: protein characterization and particle formation. Biomacromolecules 14:2848–2856
159. Teng Z, Luo Y, Wang T, Zhang B, Wang Q (2013) Development and application of nanoparticles synthesized with folic acid conjugated soy protein. J Agric Food Chem 61:2556–2564
160. Thanki K, Gangwal RP, Sangamwar AT, Jain S (2013) Oral delivery of anticancer drugs: challenges and opportunities. J Control Release 170:15–40
161. Ting Y, Jiang Y, Ho C-T, Huang Q (2014) Common delivery systems for enhancing in vivo bioavailability and biological efficacy of nutraceuticals. J Funct Foods 7:112–128
162. Torne SJ, Ansari KA, Vavia PR, Trotta F, Cavalli R (2010) Enhanced oral paclitaxel bioavailability after administration of paclitaxel-loaded nanosponges. Drug Deliv 17:419–425
163. Torres-Lugo M, García M, Record R, Peppas NA (2002) pH-sensitive hydrogels as gastrointestinal tract absorption enhancers: transport mechanisms of salmon calcitonin and other model molecules using the Caco-2 cell model. Biotechnol Prog 18:612–616
164. Totosaus A, Montejano JG, Salazar JA, Guerrero I (2002) A review of physical and chemical protein-gel induction. Int J Food Sci Technol 37:589–601
165. Troncoso E, Aguilera JM, McClements DJ (2012) Influence of particle size on the in vitro digestibility of protein-coated lipid nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 382:110–116
166. Vander AJ, Sherman J, Luciano DS (eds) (2011) The digestion and absorption of food. Human physiology: the mechanism of body function, 8th edn. The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, pp 553–591
167. Vega-Villa KR, Takemoto JK, Yáñez JA, Remsberg CM, Forrest ML, Davies NM (2008) Clinical toxicities of nanocarrier systems. Adv Drug Del Rev 60:929–938
168. Vicente S, Diaz-Freitas B, Peleteiro M, Sanchez A, Pascual DW, Gonzalez-Fernandez A, Alonso MJ (2013) A polymer/oil based nanovaccine as a single-dose immunization approach. PLoS ONE 8(e62500):1–8
169. Vinogradov SV, Bronich TK, Kabanov AV (2002) Nanosized cationic hydrogels for drug delivery: preparation, properties and interactions with cells. Adv Drug Del Rev 54:135–147
170. Wang R, Tian Z, Chen L (2011) Nano-encapsulations liberated from barley protein microparticles for oral delivery of bioactive compounds. Int J Pharm 406:153–162
171. Wang F, Yu L, Monopoli MP, Sandin P, Mahon E, Salvati A, Dawson KA (2013) The biomolecular corona is retained during nanoparticle uptake and protects the cells from the damage induced by cationic nanoparticles until degraded in the lysosomes. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 9:1159–1168
172. Wang Y, Ma Y, Zheng Y, Song J, Yang X, Bi C, Zhang D, Zhang Q (2013) In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of a novel puerarin nanosuspension against colon cancer, with high efficacy and low toxicity. Int J Pharm 441:728–735
173. Woitiski CB, Sarmento B, Carvalho RA, Neufeld RJ, Veiga F (2011) Facilitated nanoscale delivery of insulin across intestinal membrane models. Int J Pharm 412:123–131
174. Wolfram J, Yang Y, Shen J, Moten A, Chen C, Shen H, Ferrari M, Zhao Y (2014) The nano-plasma interface: implications of the protein corona. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 124:17–24
175. Wong JE, Müller CB, Díez-Pascual AM, Richtering W (2009) Study of layer-by-layer films on thermoresponsive nanogels using temperature-controlled dual-focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 113:15907–15913
176. Xu S, Olenyuk BZ, Okamoto CT, Hamm-Alvarez SF (2013) Targeting receptor-mediated endocytotic pathways with nanoparticles: rationale and advances. Adv Drug Del Rev 65:121–138
177. Yan L, Gu Z, Zhao Y (2013) Chemical mechanisms of the toxicological properties of nanomaterials: generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Chem Asian J 8:2342–2353
178. Yin Y, Chen D, Qiao M, Lu Z, Hu H (2006) Preparation and evaluation of lectin-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles for oral delivery of thymopentin. J Control Release 116:337–345
179. Zattoni A, Roda B, Borghi F, Marassi V, Reschiglian P (2014) Flow field-flow fractionation for the analysis of nanoparticles used in drug delivery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 87:53–61
180. Zhang Z-H, Wang X-P, Ayman WY, Munyendo WL, Lv H-X, Zhou J-P (2013) Studies on lactoferrin nanoparticles of gambogic acid for oral delivery. Drug Deliv 20:86–93
181. Zhang H, Mi J, Huo Y, Huang X, Xing J, Yamamoto A, Gao Y (2014) Absorption enhancing effects of chitosan oligomers on the intestinal absorption of low molecular weight heparin in rats. Int J Pharm 466:156–162
182. Zhang X, Qi J, Lu Y, He W, Li X, Wu W (2014) Biotinylated liposomes as potential carriers for the oral delivery of insulin. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 10:167–176
183. Zhao J, Castranova V (2011) Toxicology of nanomaterials used in nanomedicine. J Toxicol Environ Health B 14:593–632
184. Zhaojie M, Ming Z, Shengnan W, Xiaojia B, Hatch GM, Jingkai G, Li C (2014) Amorphous solid dispersion of berberine with absorption enhancer demonstrates a remarkable hypoglycemic effect via improving its bioavailability. Int J Pharm 467:50–59
185. Zhu C, Gupta A, Hall VL, Rayla AL, Christensen RG, Dake B, Lakshmanan A, Kuperwasser C, Stormo GD, Wolfe SA (2013) Using defined finger–finger interfaces as units of assembly for constructing zinc-finger nucleases. Nucleic Acids Res 41:2455–2465
186. Zimet P, Livney YD (2009) Beta-lactoglobulin and its nanocomplexes with pectin as vehicles for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Food Hydrocoll 23:1120–1126
187. Zolnik BS, González-Fernández Á, Sadrieh N, Dobrovolskaia MA (2010) Minireview: nanoparticles and the immune system. Endocrinology 151:458–465