New advances in molecular mechanisms and emerging therapeutic targets in alcoholic liver diseases

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 36, 2014, Pages 12908-12933

  Williams, Jessica A ^a   Manley, Sharon ^a   Ding, Wen Xing ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcoholic liver disease; Autophagy; Fatty liver; FoxO3; IL 22; Lipin 1; RIP3

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; CYTOKINE; HEPCIDIN; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 3; INTERLEUKIN 22; MICRORNA; OSTEOPONTIN; S ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FKHRL1;

ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; CELL DEATH; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; ZINC DEFICIENCY; ANIMAL; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HUMAN; LIVER; LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC; METABOLISM; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; PATHOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PROTECTION; RISK FACTOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DRUG DESIGN; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; LIVER; LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; PHENOTYPE; PROTECTIVE FACTORS; RISK FACTORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84919816311     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12908     Document Type: Review

References (248)

1. Altamirano J, Bataller R. Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and new targets for therapy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8: 491-501 [PMID: 21826088 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.134]
2. Teli MR, Day CP, Burt AD, Bennett MK, James OF. Determinants of progression to cirrhosis or fibrosis in pure alcoholic fatty liver. Lancet 1995; 346: 987-990 [PMID: 7475591]
3. Stewart SH. Racial and ethnic differences in alcohol-associated aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase elevation. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2236-2239 [PMID: 12390068]
4. Stinson FS, Grant BF, Dufour MC. The critical dimension of ethnicity in liver cirrhosis mortality statistics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 1181-1187 [PMID: 11505049]
5. Moshage H. Alcoholic liver disease: a matter of hormones? J Hepatol 2001; 35: 130-133 [PMID: 11495031]
6. O'Shea RS, Dasarathy S, McCullough AJ. Alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 2010; 51: 307-328 [PMID: 20034030 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23258]
7. Sato N, Lindros KO, Baraona E, Ikejima K, Mezey E, Järveläinen HA, Ramchandani VA. Sex difference in alcoholrelated organ injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 40S-45S [PMID: 11391047]
8. Baraona E, Abittan CS, Dohmen K, Moretti M, Pozzato G, Chayes ZW, Schaefer C, Lieber CS. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 502-507 [PMID: 11329488]
9. Enomoto N, Yamashina S, Schemmer P, Rivera CA, Bradford BU, Enomoto A, Brenner DA, Thurman RG. Estriol sensitizes rat Kupffer cells via gut-derived endotoxin. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: G671-G677 [PMID: 10484393]
10. Iimuro Y, Frankenberg MV, Arteel GE, Bradford BU, Wall CA, Thurman RG. Female rats exhibit greater susceptibility to early alcohol-induced liver injury than males. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: G1186-G1194 [PMID: 9176229]
11. Kono H, Wheeler MD, Rusyn I, Lin M, Seabra V, Rivera CA, Bradford BU, Forman DT, Thurman RG. Gender differences in early alcohol-induced liver injury: role of CD14, NF-kappaB, and TNF-alpha. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 278: G652-G661 [PMID: 10762620]
12. Yin M, Ikejima K, Wheeler MD, Bradford BU, Seabra V, Forman DT, Sato N, Thurman RG. Estrogen is involved in early alcohol-induced liver injury in a rat enteral feeding model. Hepatology 2000; 31: 117-123 [PMID: 10613736 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510310119]
13. Chiang DJ, McCullough AJ. The impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2014; 18: 157-163 [PMID: 24274871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2013.09.006]
14. Naveau S, Giraud V, Borotto E, Aubert A, Capron F, Chaput JC. Excess weight risk factor for alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 1997; 25: 108-111 [PMID: 8985274 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510250120]
15. Xu J, Lai KK, Verlinsky A, Lugea A, French SW, Cooper MP, Ji C, Tsukamoto H. Synergistic steatohepatitis by moderate obesity and alcohol in mice despite increased adiponectin and p-AMPK. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 673-682 [PMID: 21256905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.034]
16. Stepanova M, Rafiq N, Younossi ZM. Components of metabolic syndrome are independent predictors of mortality in patients with chronic liver disease: a population-based study. Gut 2010; 59: 1410-1415 [PMID: 20660697 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.213553]
17. Degos F. Hepatitis C and alcohol. J Hepatol 1999; 31 Suppl 1: 113-118 [PMID: 10622572]
18. Monto A, Patel K, Bostrom A, Pianko S, Pockros P, McHutchison JG, Wright TL. Risks of a range of alcohol intake on hepatitis C-related fibrosis. Hepatology 2004; 39: 826-834 [PMID: 14999703 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20127]
19. Befrits R, Hedman M, Blomquist L, Allander T, Grillner L, Kinnman N, Rubio C, Hultcrantz R. Chronic hepatitis C in alcoholic patients: prevalence, genotypes, and correlation to liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30: 1113-1118 [PMID: 8578173]
20. Harris DR, Gonin R, Alter HJ, Wright EC, Buskell ZJ, Hollinger FB, Seeff LB. The relationship of acute transfusion-associated hepatitis to the development of cirrhosis in the presence of alcohol abuse. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 120-124 [PMID: 11177315]
21. Altamirano J, Bataller R. Cigarette smoking and chronic liver diseases. Gut 2010; 59: 1159-1162 [PMID: 20650922 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2008.162453]
22. Corrao G, Lepore AR, Torchio P, Valenti M, Galatola G, D'Amicis A, Aricó S, di Orio F. The effect of drinking coffee and smoking cigarettes on the risk of cirrhosis associated with alcohol consumption. A case-control study. Provincial Group for the Study of Chronic Liver Disease. Eur J Epidemiol 1994; 10: 657-664 [PMID: 7672043]
23. Pessione F, Ramond MJ, Peters L, Pham BN, Batel P, Rueff B, Valla DC. Five-year survival predictive factors in patients with excessive alcohol intake and cirrhosis. Effect of alcoholic hepatitis, smoking and abstinence. Liver Int 2003; 23: 45-53 [PMID: 12640727]
24. Danielsson J, Kangastupa P, Laatikainen T, Aalto M, Niemelä O. Dose- and gender-dependent interactions between coffee consumption and serum GGT activity in alcohol consumers. Alcohol Alcohol 2013; 48: 303-307 [PMID: 23492307 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt017]
25. Stroffolini T, Cotticelli G, Medda E, Niosi M, Del Vecchio-Blanco C, Addolorato G, Petrelli E, Salerno MT, Picardi A, Bernardi M, Almasio P, Bellentani S, Surace LA, Loguercio C. Interaction of alcohol intake and cofactors on the risk of cirrhosis. Liver Int 2010; 30: 867-870 [PMID: 20492499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02261.x]
26. Monzoni A, Masutti F, Saccoccio G, Bellentani S, Tiribelli C, Giacca M. Genetic determinants of ethanol-induced liver damage. Mol Med 2001; 7: 255-262 [PMID: 11471570]
27. Zintzaras E, Stefanidis I, Santos M, Vidal F. Do alcohol-metabolizing enzyme gene polymorphisms increase the risk of alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease? Hepatology 2006; 43: 352-361 [PMID: 16440362 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21023]
28. Ladero JM, Martínez C, García-Martin E, Fernández-Arquero M, López-Alonso G, de la Concha EG, Díaz-Rubio M, Agúndez JA. Polymorphisms of the glutathione S-transferases mu-1 (GSTM1) and theta-1 (GSTT1) and the risk of advanced alcoholic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 348-353 [PMID: 15932176]
29. Grove J, Daly AK, Bassendine MF, Day CP. Association of a tumor necrosis factor promoter polymorphism with susceptibility to alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 1997; 26: 143-146 [PMID: 9214463 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510260119]
30. McClain CJ, Song Z, Barve SS, Hill DB, Deaciuc I. Recent advances in alcoholic liver disease. IV. Dysregulated cytokine metabolism in alcoholic liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 287: G497-G502 [PMID: 15331349 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00171.2004]
31. Bataller R, North KE, Brenner DA. Genetic polymorphisms and the progression of liver fibrosis: a critical appraisal. Hepatology 2003; 37: 493-503 [PMID: 12601343 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50127]
32. Burza MA, Molinaro A, Attilia ML, Rotondo C, Attilia F, Ceccanti M, Ferri F, Maldarelli F, Maffongelli A, De Santis A, Attili AF, Romeo S, Ginanni Corradini S. PNPLA3 I148M (rs738409) genetic variant and age at onset of at-risk alcohol consumption are independent risk factors for alcoholic cirrhosis. Liver Int 2014; 34: 514-520 [PMID: 24102786 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12310]
33. Stickel F, Buch S, Lau K, Meyer zu Schwabedissen H, Berg T, Ridinger M, Rietschel M, Schafmayer C, Braun F, Hinrichsen H, Günther R, Arlt A, Seeger M, Müller S, Seitz HK, Soyka M, Lerch M, Lammert F, Sarrazin C, Kubitz R, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Bröring D, Schreiber S, Kiefer F, Spanagel R, Mann K, Datz C, Krawczak M, Wodarz N, Völzke H, Hampe J. Genetic variation in the PNPLA3 gene is associated with alcoholic liver injury in caucasians. Hepatology 2011; 53: 86-95 [PMID: 21254164 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24017]
34. Tian C, Stokowski RP, Kershenobich D, Ballinger DG, Hinds DA. Variant in PNPLA3 is associated with alcoholic liver disease. Nat Genet 2010; 42: 21-23 [PMID: 19946271 DOI: 10.1038/ng.488]
35. Trépo E, Gustot T, Degré D, Lemmers A, Verset L, Demetter P, Ouziel R, Quertinmont E, Vercruysse V, Amininejad L, Deltenre P, Le Moine O, Devière J, Franchimont D, Moreno C. Common polymorphism in the PNPLA3/adiponutrin gene confers higher risk of cirrhosis and liver damage in alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 906-912 [PMID: 21334404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.01.028]
36. Singal AG, Manjunath H, Yopp AC, Beg MS, Marrero JA, Gopal P, Waljee AK. The effect of PNPLA3 on fibrosis progression and development of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 325-334 [PMID: 24445574 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2013.476]
37. Shukla SD, Lim RW. Epigenetic effects of ethanol on the liver and gastrointestinal system. Alcohol Res 2013; 35: 47-55 [PMID: 24313164]
38. Gao B, Bataller R. Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 1572-1585 [PMID: 21920463 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.09.002]
39. Miller AM, Horiguchi N, Jeong WI, Radaeva S, Gao B. Molecular mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease: innate immunity and cytokines. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35: 787-793 [PMID: 21284667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01399.x]
40. Orman ES, Odena G, Bataller R. Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis, management, and novel targets for therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 Suppl 1: 77-84 [PMID: 23855300 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12030]
41. Tsukamoto H, French SW, Reidelberger RD, Largman C. Cyclical pattern of blood alcohol levels during continuous intragastric ethanol infusion in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1985; 9: 31-37 [PMID: 3887966]
42. Tsukamoto H, French SW, Benson N, Delgado G, Rao GA, Larkin EC, Largman C. Severe and progressive steatosis and focal necrosis in rat liver induced by continuous intragastric infusion of ethanol and low fat diet. Hepatology 1985; 5: 224-232 [PMID: 3979954 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840050212]
43. Deng QG, She H, Cheng JH, French SW, Koop DR, Xiong S, Tsukamoto H. Steatohepatitis induced by intragastric overfeeding in mice. Hepatology 2005; 42: 905-914 [PMID: 16175602 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20877]
44. Singal AK, Kamath PS, Gores GJ, Shah VH. Alcoholic hepatitis: current challenges and future directions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12: 555-64; quiz e31-2 [PMID: 23811249 DOI: S1542-3565(13)00872-0]
45. Bertola A, Mathews S, Ki SH, Wang H, Gao B. Mouse model of chronic and binge ethanol feeding (the NIAAA model). Nat Protoc 2013; 8: 627-637 [PMID: 23449255 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.032]
46. Ki SH, Park O, Zheng M, Morales-Ibanez O, Kolls JK, Bataller R, Gao B. Interleukin-22 treatment ameliorates alcoholic liver injury in a murine model of chronic-binge ethanol feeding: role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Hepatology 2010; 52: 1291-1300 [PMID: 20842630 DOI: 10.1002/Hep.23837]
47. Bertola A, Park O, Gao B. Chronic plus binge ethanol feeding synergistically induces neutrophil infiltration and liver injury in mice: a critical role for E-selectin. Hepatology 2013; 58: 1814-1823 [PMID: 23532958 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26419]
48. Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004; 116: 281-297 [PMID: 14744438]
49. Dolganiuc A, Petrasek J, Kodys K, Catalano D, Mandrekar P, Velayudham A, Szabo G. MicroRNA expression profile in Lieber-DeCarli diet-induced alcoholic and methionine choline deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis models in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33: 1704-1710 [PMID: 19572984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01007.x]
50. Bala S, Marcos M, Kodys K, Csak T, Catalano D, Mandrekar P, Szabo G. Up-regulation of microRNA-155 in macrophages contributes to increased tumor necrosis factor {alpha} (TNF{alpha}) production via increased mRNA half-life in alcoholic liver disease. J Biol Chem 2011; 286: 1436-1444 [PMID: 21062749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M110.145870]
51. Bala S, Petrasek J, Mundkur S, Catalano D, Levin I, Ward J, Alao H, Kodys K, Szabo G. Circulating microRNAs in exosomes indicate hepatocyte injury and inflammation in alcoholic, drug-induced, and inflammatory liver diseases. Hepatology 2012; 56: 1946-1957 [PMID: 22684891 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25873]
52. Yin H, Hu M, Zhang R, Shen Z, Flatow L, You M. MicroRNA-217 promotes ethanol-induced fat accumulation in hepatocytes by down-regulating SIRT1. J Biol Chem 2012; 287: 9817-9826 [PMID: 22308024 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M111.333534]
53. Hou X, Xu S, Maitland-Toolan KA, Sato K, Jiang B, Ido Y, Lan F, Walsh K, Wierzbicki M, Verbeuren TJ, Cohen RA, Zang M. SIRT1 regulates hepatocyte lipid metabolism through activating AMP-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 20015-20026 [PMID: 18482975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M802187200]
54. You M, Matsumoto M, Pacold CM, Cho WK, Crabb DW. The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in the action of ethanol in the liver. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 1798-1808 [PMID: 15578517]
55. Meng F, Glaser SS, Francis H, Yang F, Han Y, Stokes A, Staloch D, McCarra J, Liu J, Venter J, Zhao H, Liu X, Francis T, Swendsen S, Liu CG, Tsukamoto H, Alpini G. Epigenetic regulation of miR-34a expression in alcoholic liver injury. Am J Pathol 2012; 181: 804-817 [PMID: 22841474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.06.010]
56. Dippold RP, Vadigepalli R, Gonye GE, Patra B, Hoek JB. Chronic ethanol feeding alters miRNA expression dynamics during liver regeneration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37 Suppl 1: E59-E69 [PMID: 22823254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01852.x]
57. Dong X, Liu H, Chen F, Li D, Zhao Y. MiR-214 promotes the alcohol-induced oxidative stress via down-regulation of glutathione reductase and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase in liver cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38: 68-77 [PMID: 23905773 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12209]
58. Kharbanda KK. Alcoholic liver disease and methionine metabolism. Semin Liver Dis 2009; 29: 155-165 [PMID: 19387915 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1214371]
59. Kharbanda KK. Methionine metabolic pathway in alcoholic liver injury. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2013; 16: 89-95 [PMID: 23232418 DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32835a892a]
60. Halsted CH. B-Vitamin dependent methionine metabolism and alcoholic liver disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 51: 457-465 [PMID: 23096111 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0308]
61. Halsted CH, Medici V. Vitamin-dependent methionine metabolism and alcoholic liver disease. Adv Nutr 2011; 2: 421-427 [PMID: 22332083 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000661]
62. Halsted CH, Medici V. Aberrant hepatic methionine metabolism and gene methylation in the pathogenesis and treatment of alcoholic steatohepatitis. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012: 959746 [PMID: 22007317 DOI: 10.1155/2012/959746]
63. Shukla SD, Velazquez J, French SW, Lu SC, Ticku MK, Zakhari S. Emerging role of epigenetics in the actions of alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32: 1525-1534 [PMID: 18616668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00729.x]
64. Sullivan LW, Herbert V. Suppression hematopoiesis by ethanol. J Clin Invest 1964; 43: 2048-2062 [PMID: 14223917 DOI: 10.1172/JCI105079]
65. Horne DW, Briggs WT, Wagner C. Ethanol stimulates 5-methyltetrahydrofolate accumulation in isolated rat liver cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27: 2069-2074 [PMID: 718731 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90071-0]
66. Lieber CS, Casini A, DeCarli LM, Kim CI, Lowe N, Sasaki R, Leo MA. S-adenosyl-L-methionine attenuates alcohol-induced liver injury in the baboon. Hepatology 1990; 11: 165-172 [PMID: 2307395 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840110203]
67. Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Junnila M, Tuma DJ. Dietary betaine promotes generation of hepatic S-adenosylmethionine and protects the liver from ethanol-induced fatty infiltration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17: 552-555 [PMID: 8333583]
68. Ji C, Kaplowitz N. Betaine decreases hyperhomocysteinemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and liver injury in alcohol-fed mice. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 1488-1499 [PMID: 12730887 DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00276-2]
69. Veal N, Hsieh CL, Xiong S, Mato JM, Lu S, Tsukamoto H. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNF-alpha promoter activity by S-adenosylmethionine and 5′-methylthioadenosine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 287: G352-G362 [PMID: 15064230 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00316.2003]
70. Kharbanda KK, Todero SL, King AL, Osna NA, McVicker BL, Tuma DJ, Wisecarver JL, Bailey SM. Betaine treatment attenuates chronic ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and alterations to the mitochondrial respiratory chain proteome. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012: 962183 [PMID: 22187660 DOI: 10.1155/2012/962183]
71. Jung YS, Kim SJ, Kwon do Y, Ahn CW, Kim YS, Choi DW, Kim YC. Alleviation of alcoholic liver injury by betaine involves an enhancement of antioxidant defense via regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62: 292-298 [PMID: 23994088 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.049]
72. Oliva J, Bardag-Gorce F, Li J, French BA, French SW. S-adenosylmethionine prevents the up regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling caused by chronic ethanol feeding in rats. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 90: 239-243 [PMID: 21276439 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.01.005]
73. Li J, Li XM, Caudill M, Malysheva O, Bardag-Gorce F, Oliva J, French BA, Gorce E, Morgan K, Kathirvel E, Morgan T, French SW. Betaine feeding prevents the blood alcohol cycle in rats fed alcohol continuously for 1 month using the rat intragastric tube feeding model. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91: 540-547 [PMID: 21708146 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.05.009]
74. Shinohara M, Ji C, Kaplowitz N. Differences in betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase expression, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and liver injury between alcohol-fed mice and rats. Hepatology 2010; 51: 796-805 [PMID: 20069651 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23391]
75. Le MD, Enbom E, Traum PK, Medici V, Halsted CH, French SW. Alcoholic liver disease patients treated with S-adenosyl-L-methionine: an in-depth look at liver morphologic data comparing pre and post treatment liver biopsies. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95: 187-191 [PMID: 23886644 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.07.003]
76. Medici V, Virata MC, Peerson JM, Stabler SP, French SW, Gregory JF, Albanese A, Bowlus CL, Devaraj S, Panacek EA, Richards JR, Halsted CH. S-adenosyl-L-methionine treatment for alcoholic liver disease: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35: 1960-1965 [PMID: 22044287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01547.x]
77. Wang KX, Denhardt DT. Osteopontin: role in immune regulation and stress responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2008; 19: 333-345 [PMID: 18952487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2008.08.001]
78. Anborgh PH, Mutrie JC, Tuck AB, Chambers AF. Pre- and post-translational regulation of osteopontin in cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 5: 111-122 [PMID: 21516514 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0130-6]
79. Kazanecki CC, Uzwiak DJ, Denhardt DT. Control of osteopontin signaling and function by post-translational phosphorylation and protein folding. J Cell Biochem 2007; 102: 912-924 [PMID: 17910028 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21558]
80. Seth D, Gorrell MD, Cordoba S, McCaughan GW, Haber PS. Intrahepatic gene expression in human alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 2006; 45: 306-320 [PMID: 16797773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.04.013]
81. Kiefer FW, Zeyda M, Gollinger K, Pfau B, Neuhofer A, Weichhart T, Säemann MD, Geyeregger R, Schlederer M, Kenner L, Stulnig TM. Neutralization of osteopontin inhibits obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2010; 59: 935-946 [PMID: 20107108 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0404]
82. Apte UM, Banerjee A, McRee R, Wellberg E, Ramaiah SK. Role of osteopontin in hepatic neutrophil infiltration during alcoholic steatohepatitis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 207: 25-38 [PMID: 15885730 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.12.018]
83. Morales-Ibanez O, Domínguez M, Ki SH, Marcos M, Chaves JF, Nguyen-Khac E, Houchi H, Affò S, Sancho-Bru P, Altamirano J, Michelena J, García-Pagán JC, Abraldes JG, Arroyo V, Caballería J, Laso FJ, Gao B, Bataller R. Human and experimental evidence supporting a role for osteopontin in alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 2013; 58: 1742-1756 [PMID: 23729174 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26521]
84. Ge X, Leung TM, Arriazu E, Lu Y, Urtasun R, Christensen B, Fiel MI, Mochida S, Sørensen ES, Nieto N. Osteopontin binding to lipopolysaccharide lowers tumor necrosis factor-α and prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2014; 59: 1600-1616 [PMID: 24214181 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26931]
85. Ge X, Lu Y, Leung TM, Sørensen ES, Nieto N. Milk osteopontin, a nutritional approach to prevent alcohol-induced liver injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304: G929-G939 [PMID: 23518682 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00014.2013]
86. Banerjee A, Burghardt RC, Johnson GA, White FJ, Ramaiah SK. The temporal expression of osteopontin (SPP-1) in the rodent model of alcoholic steatohepatitis: a potential biomarker. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34: 373-384 [PMID: 16844665 DOI: 10.1080/01926230600806543]
87. Lee JH, Banerjee A, Ueno Y, Ramaiah SK. Potential relationship between hepatobiliary osteopontin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha expression following ethanol-associated hepatic injury in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Sci 2008; 106: 290-299 [PMID: 18703563 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn165]
88. Nan YM, Kong LB, Ren WG, Wang RQ, Du JH, Li WC, Zhao SX, Zhang YG, Wu WJ, Di HL, Li Y, Yu J. Activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha ameliorates ethanol mediated liver fibrosis in mice. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12: 11 [PMID: 23388073 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-12-11]
89. Banerjee A, Apte UM, Smith R, Ramaiah SK. Higher neutrophil infiltration mediated by osteopontin is a likely contributing factor to the increased susceptibility of females to alcoholic liver disease. J Pathol 2006; 208: 473-485 [PMID: 16440289 DOI: 10.1002/path.1917]
90. Patouraux S, Bonnafous S, Voican CS, Anty R, Saint-Paul MC, Rosenthal-Allieri MA, Agostini H, Njike M, Barri-Ova N, Naveau S, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Veillon P, Calès P, Perlemuter G, Tran A, Gual P. The osteopontin level in liver, adipose tissue and serum is correlated with fibrosis in patients with alcoholic liver disease. PLoS One 2012; 7: e35612 [PMID: 22530059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035612]
91. Diao H, Kon S, Iwabuchi K, Kimura C, Morimoto J, Ito D, Segawa T, Maeda M, Hamuro J, Nakayama T, Taniguchi M, Yagita H, Van Kaer L, Onóe K, Denhardt D, Rittling S, Uede T. Osteopontin as a mediator of NKT cell function in T cell-mediated liver diseases. Immunity 2004; 21: 539-550 [PMID: 15485631 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.012]
92. Sahai A, Pan X, Paul R, Malladi P, Kohli R, Whitington PF. Roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and osteopontin in steatosis and aminotransferase release by hepatocytes treated with methionine-choline-deficient medium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 291: G55-G62 [PMID: 16439472 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00360.2005]
93. Urtasun R, Lopategi A, George J, Leung TM, Lu Y, Wang X, Ge X, Fiel MI, Nieto N. Osteopontin, an oxidant stress sensitive cytokine, up-regulates collagen-I via integrin α(V)β(3) engagement and PI3K/pAkt/NFκB signaling. Hepatology 2012; 55: 594-608 [PMID: 21953216 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24701]
94. Christensen B, Nielsen MS, Haselmann KF, Petersen TE, Sørensen ES. Post-translationally modified residues of native human osteopontin are located in clusters: identification of 36 phosphorylation and five O-glycosylation sites and their biological implications. Biochem J 2005; 390: 285-292 [PMID: 15869464 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20050341]
95. Nagoshi S. Osteopontin: Versatile modulator of liver diseases. Hepatol Res 2014; 44: 22-30 [PMID: 23701387 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12166]
96. Drakesmith H, Prentice AM. Hepcidin and the iron-infection axis. Science 2012; 338: 768-772 [PMID: 23139325 DOI: 10.1126/science.1224577]
97. Park CH, Valore EV, Waring AJ, Ganz T. Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 7806-7810 [PMID: 11113131 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M008922200]
98. Pigeon C, Ilyin G, Courselaud B, Leroyer P, Turlin B, Brissot P, Loréal O. A new mouse liver-specific gene, encoding a protein homologous to human antimicrobial peptide hepcidin, is overexpressed during iron overload. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 7811-7819 [PMID: 11113132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M008923200]
99. Nemeth E, Tuttle MS, Powelson J, Vaughn MB, Donovan A, Ward DM, Ganz T, Kaplan J. Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization. Science 2004; 306: 2090-2093 [PMID: 15514116 DOI: 10.1126/science.1104742]
100. Nicolas G, Bennoun M, Porteu A, Mativet S, Beaumont C, Grandchamp B, Sirito M, Sawadogo M, Kahn A, Vaulont S. Severe iron deficiency anemia in transgenic mice expressing liver hepcidin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 4596-4601 [PMID: 11930010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.072632499]
101. Nicolas G, Bennoun M, Devaux I, Beaumont C, Grandchamp B, Kahn A, Vaulont S. Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 8780-8785 [PMID: 11447267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.151179498]
102. Ganz T, Nemeth E. Hepcidin and iron homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012; 1823: 1434-1443 [PMID: 22306005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.01.014]
103. Harrison-Findik DD. Role of alcohol in the regulation of iron metabolism. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 4925-4930 [PMID: 17854133]
104. Wu D, Cederbaum AI. Oxidative stress and alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2009; 29: 141-154 [PMID: 19387914 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1214370]
105. Ganne-Carrié N, Christidis C, Chastang C, Ziol M, Chapel F, Imbert-Bismut F, Trinchet JC, Guettier C, Beaugrand M. Liver iron is predictive of death in alcoholic cirrhosis: a multivariate study of 229 consecutive patients with alcoholic and/or hepatitis C virus cirrhosis: a prospective follow up study. Gut 2000; 46: 277-282 [PMID: 10644325]
106. Xiong S, She H, Sung CK, Tsukamoto H. Iron-dependent activation of NF-kappaB in Kupffer cells: a priming mechanism for alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol 2003; 30: 107-113 [PMID: 12957294]
107. Xiong S, She H, Takeuchi H, Han B, Engelhardt JF, Barton CH, Zandi E, Giulivi C, Tsukamoto H. Signaling role of intracellular iron in NF-kappaB activation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 17646-17654 [PMID: 12637578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M210905200]
108. Xiong S, She H, Tsukamoto H. Signaling role of iron in NF-kappa B activation in hepatic macrophages. Comp Hepatol 2004; 3 Suppl 1: S36 [PMID: 14960188 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-2-S1-S36]
109. Xiong S, She H, Zhang AS, Wang J, Mkrtchyan H, Dynnyk A, Gordeuk VR, French SW, Enns CA, Tsukamoto H. Hepatic macrophage iron aggravates experimental alcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295: G512-G521 [PMID: 18599584 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90327.2008]
110. Sadrzadeh SM, Nanji AA, Price PL. The oral iron chelator, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one reduces hepatic-free iron, lipid peroxidation and fat accumulation in chronically ethanol-fed rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 269: 632-636 [PMID: 8182529]
111. Tsukamoto H, Horne W, Kamimura S, Niemelä O, Parkkila S, Ylä-Herttuala S, Brittenham GM. Experimental liver cirrhosis induced by alcohol and iron. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 620-630 [PMID: 7615836 DOI: 10.1172/JCI118077]
112. Kohgo Y, Ohtake T, Ikuta K, Suzuki Y, Torimoto Y, Kato J. Dysregulation of systemic iron metabolism in alcoholic liver diseases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23 Suppl 1: S78-S81 [PMID: 18336670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05290.x]
113. Harrison-Findik DD, Schafer D, Klein E, Timchenko NA, Kulaksiz H, Clemens D, Fein E, Andriopoulos B, Pantopoulos K, Gollan J. Alcohol metabolism-mediated oxidative stress down-regulates hepcidin transcription and leads to increased duodenal iron transporter expression. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 22974-22982 [PMID: 16737972 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M602098200]
114. Iqbal T, Diab A, Ward DG, Brookes MJ, Tselepis C, Murray J, Elias E. Is iron overload in alcohol-related cirrhosis mediated by hepcidin? World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 5864-5866 [PMID: 19998511]
115. Harrison-Findik DD, Klein E, Evans J, Gollan J. Regulation of liver hepcidin expression by alcohol in vivo does not involve Kupffer cell activation or TNF-alpha signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296: G112-G118 [PMID: 19008338 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90550.2008]
116. Harrison-Findik DD, Klein E, Crist C, Evans J, Timchenko N, Gollan J. Iron-mediated regulation of liver hepcidin expression in rats and mice is abolished by alcohol. Hepatology 2007; 46: 1979-1985 [PMID: 17763462 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21895]
117. Heritage ML, Murphy TL, Bridle KR, Anderson GJ, Crawford DH, Fletcher LM. Hepcidin regulation in wild-type and Hfe knockout mice in response to alcohol consumption: evidence for an alcohol-induced hypoxic response. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33: 1391-1400 [PMID: 19426170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00969.x]
118. Costa-Matos L, Batista P, Monteiro N, Simões M, Egas C, Pereira J, Pinho H, Santos N, Ribeiro J, Cipriano MA, Henriques P, Girão F, Rodrigues A, Carvalho A. Liver hepcidin mRNA expression is inappropriately low in alcoholic patients compared with healthy controls. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 24: 1158-1165 [PMID: 22732356 DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328355cfd0]
119. Anderson ER, Taylor M, Xue X, Martin A, Moons DS, Omary MB, Shah YM. The hypoxia-inducible factor-C/EBPα axis controls ethanol-mediated hepcidin repression. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32: 4068-4077 [PMID: 22869521 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.00723-12]
120. Peyssonnaux C, Zinkernagel AS, Schuepbach RA, Rankin E, Vaulont S, Haase VH, Nizet V, Johnson RS. Regulation of iron homeostasis by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs). J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 1926-1932 [PMID: 17557118 DOI: 10.1172/JCI31370]
121. Ren Y, Deng F, Zhu H, Wan W, Ye J, Luo B. Effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on iron overload in mice with alcoholic liver disease. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38: 879-886 [PMID: 20490691 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0180-5]
122. Guo X, Li W, Xin Q, Ding H, Zhang C, Chang Y, Duan X. Vitamin C protective role for alcoholic liver disease in mice through regulating iron metabolism. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 27: 341-348 [PMID: 21078691 DOI: 10.1177/0748233710387007]
123. Ramos E, Ruchala P, Goodnough JB, Kautz L, Preza GC, Nemeth E, Ganz T. Minihepcidins prevent iron overload in a hepcidin-deficient mouse model of severe hemochromatosis. Blood 2012; 120: 3829-3836 [PMID: 22990014 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-440743]
124. Malhi H, Guicciardi ME, Gores GJ. Hepatocyte death: a clear and present danger. Physiol Rev 2010; 90: 1165-1194 [PMID: 20664081 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00061.2009]
125. Casey CA, Nanji A, Cederbaum AI, Adachi M, Takahashi T. Alcoholic liver disease and apoptosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 49S-53S [PMID: 11391049]
126. Feldstein AE, Gores GJ. Apoptosis in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Front Biosci 2005; 10: 3093-3099 [PMID: 15970563]
127. Colell A, García-Ruiz C, Miranda M, Ardite E, Marí M, Morales A, Corrales F, Kaplowitz N, Fernández-Checa JC. Selective glutathione depletion of mitochondria by ethanol sensitizes hepatocytes to tumor necrosis factor. Gastroenterology 1998; 115: 1541-1551 [PMID: 9834283 DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70034-4]
128. Miñana JB, Gómez-Cambronero L, Lloret A, Pallardó FV, Del Olmo J, Escudero A, Rodrigo JM, Pellíin A, Viña JR, Viña J, Sastre J. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and CD95 ligand: a dual mechanism for hepatocyte apoptosis in chronic alcoholism. Hepatology 2002; 35: 1205-1214 [PMID: 11981771 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.32969]
129. Petrasek J, Iracheta-Vellve A, Csak T, Satishchandran A, Kodys K, Kurt-Jones EA, Fitzgerald KA, Szabo G. STING-IRF3 pathway links endoplasmic reticulum stress with hepatocyte apoptosis in early alcoholic liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013; 110: 16544-16549 [PMID: 24052526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308331110]
130. Malhi H, Gores GJ, Lemasters JJ. Apoptosis and necrosis in the liver: a tale of two deaths? Hepatology 2006; 43: S31-S44 [PMID: 16447272 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21062]
131. Degterev A, Huang Z, Boyce M, Li Y, Jagtap P, Mizushima N, Cuny GD, Mitchison TJ, Moskowitz MA, Yuan J. Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury. Nat Chem Biol 2005; 1: 112-119 [PMID: 16408008 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio711]
132. Zhang DW, Shao J, Lin J, Zhang N, Lu BJ, Lin SC, Dong MQ, Han J. RIP3, an energy metabolism regulator that switches TNF-induced cell death from apoptosis to necrosis. Science 2009; 325: 332-336 [PMID: 19498109 DOI: 10.1126/science.1172308]
133. Cho YS, Challa S, Moquin D, Genga R, Ray TD, Guildford M, Chan FK. Phosphorylation-driven assembly of the RIP1-RIP3 complex regulates programmed necrosis and virus-induced inflammation. Cell 2009; 137: 1112-1123 [PMID: 19524513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.037]
134. He S, Wang L, Miao L, Wang T, Du F, Zhao L, Wang X. Receptor interacting protein kinase-3 determines cellular necrotic response to TNF-alpha. Cell 2009; 137: 1100-1111 [PMID: 19524512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.021]
135. Vucic D, Dixit VM, Wertz IE. Ubiquitylation in apoptosis: a post-translational modification at the edge of life and death. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12: 439-452 [PMID: 21697901 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3143]
136. Zhou Z, Han V, Han J. New components of the necroptotic pathway. Protein Cell 2012; 3: 811-817 [PMID: 23073834 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2083-9]
137. Ding WX, Yin XM. Dissection of the multiple mechanisms of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in liver injury. J Cell Mol Med 2004; 8: 445-454 [PMID: 15601573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00469.x]
138. Yin XM, Ding WX. Death receptor activation-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury. Curr Mol Med 2003; 3: 491-508 [PMID: 14527081]
139. Vandenabeele P, Declercq W, Van Herreweghe F, Vanden Berghe T. The role of the kinases RIP1 and RIP3 in TNF-induced necrosis. Sci Signal 2010; 3: re4 [PMID: 20354226 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.3115re4]
140. Sun L, Wang H, Wang Z, He S, Chen S, Liao D, Wang L, Yan J, Liu W, Lei X, Wang X. Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein mediates necrosis signaling downstream of RIP3 kinase. Cell 2012; 148: 213-227 [PMID: 22265413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.031]
141. Wang Z, Jiang H, Chen S, Du F, Wang X. The mitochondrial phosphatase PGAM5 functions at the convergence point of multiple necrotic death pathways. Cell 2012; 148: 228-243 [PMID: 22265414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.030]
142. Northington FJ, Chavez-Valdez R, Graham EM, Razdan S, Gauda EB, Martin LJ. Necrostatin decreases oxidative damage, inflammation, and injury after neonatal HI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31: 178-189 [PMID: 20571523 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.72]
143. Smith CC, Davidson SM, Lim SY, Simpkin JC, Hothersall JS, Yellon DM. Necrostatin: a potentially novel cardioprotective agent? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2007; 21: 227-233 [PMID: 17665295 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-007-6035-1]
144. Linkermann A, Bräsen JH, Darding M, Jin MK, Sanz AB, Heller JO, De Zen F, Weinlich R, Ortiz A, Walczak H, Weinberg JM, Green DR, Kunzendorf U, Krautwald S. Two independent pathways of regulated necrosis mediate ischemia-reperfusion injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013; 110: 12024-12029 [PMID: 23818611 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305538110]
145. Bonnet MC, Preukschat D, Welz PS, van Loo G, Ermolaeva MA, Bloch W, Haase I, Pasparakis M. The adaptor protein FADD protects epidermal keratinocytes from necroptosis in vivo and prevents skin inflammation. Immunity 2011; 35: 572-582 [PMID: 22000287 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.08.014]
146. Upton JW, Kaiser WJ, Mocarski ES. Virus inhibition of RIP3-dependent necrosis. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 7: 302-313 [PMID: 20413098 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.03.006]
147. Ramachandran A, McGill MR, Xie Y, Ni HM, Ding WX, Jaeschke H. Receptor interacting protein kinase 3 is a critical early mediator of acetaminophen-induced hepatocyte necrosis in mice. Hepatology 2013; 58: 2099-2108 [PMID: 23744808 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26547]
148. Sharma M, Gadang V, Jaeschke A. Critical role for mixed-lineage kinase 3 in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82: 1001-1007 [PMID: 22918968 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.079863]
149. Roychowdhury S, McMullen MR, Pisano SG, Liu X, Nagy LE. Absence of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 prevents ethanol-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2013; 57: 1773-1783 [PMID: 23319235 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26200]
150. Maret W. Zinc biochemistry: from a single zinc enzyme to a key element of life. Adv Nutr 2013; 4: 82-91 [PMID: 23319127 DOI: 10.3945/an.112.003038]
151. Roohani N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R, Schulin R. Zinc and its importance for human health: An integrative review. J Res Med Sci 2013; 18: 144-157 [PMID: 23914218]
152. Vallee BL, Wacker WE, Bartholomay AF, Hoch FL. Zinc metabolism in hepatic dysfunction. II. Correlation of metabolic patterns with biochemical findings. N Engl J Med 1957; 257: 1055-1065 [PMID: 13483888 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM195711282572201]
153. Sullivan JF, Heaney RP. Zinc metabolism in alcoholic liver disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1970; 23: 170-177 [PMID: 5415563]
154. McClain CJ, Su LC. Zinc deficiency in the alcoholic: a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1983; 7: 5-10 [PMID: 6342450]
155. Rodríguez-Moreno F, González-Reimers E, Santolaria-Fernández F, Galindo-Martín L, Hernandez-Torres O, Batista-López N, Molina-Perez M. Zinc, copper, manganese, and iron in chronic alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol 1997; 14: 39-44 [PMID: 9014022 10.1016/S0741-8329(96)00103-6]
156. Kang X, Zhong W, Liu J, Song Z, McClain CJ, Kang YJ, Zhou Z. Zinc supplementation reverses alcohol-induced steatosis in mice through reactivating hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptoralpha. Hepatology 2009; 50: 1241-1250 [PMID: 19637192 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23090]
157. Kang X, Song Z, McClain CJ, Kang YJ, Zhou Z. Zinc supplementation enhances hepatic regeneration by preserving hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha in mice subjected to long-term ethanol administration. Am J Pathol 2008; 172: 916-925 [PMID: 18349129 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070631]
158. Mohammad MK, Zhou Z, Cave M, Barve A, McClain CJ. Zinc and liver disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2012; 27: 8-20 [PMID: 22307488 DOI: 10.1177/0884533611433534]
159. Zhou Z, Sun X, Lambert JC, Saari JT, Kang YJ. Metallothionein-independent zinc protection from alcoholic liver injury. Am J Pathol 2002; 160: 2267-2274 [PMID: 12057929 DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61174-1]
160. Zhou Z, Sun X, James Kang Y. Metallothionein protection against alcoholic liver injury through inhibition of oxidative stress. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227: 214-222 [PMID: 11856821]
161. Lambert JC, Zhou Z, Wang L, Song Z, McClain CJ, Kang YJ. Prevention of alterations in intestinal permeability is involved in zinc inhibition of acute ethanol-induced liver damage in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305: 880-886 [PMID: 12626662 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.047852]
162. Zhong W, Zhao Y, Sun X, Song Z, McClain CJ, Zhou Z. Dietary zinc deficiency exaggerates ethanol-induced liver injury in mice: involvement of intrahepatic and extrahepatic factors. PLoS One 2013; 8: e76522 [PMID: 24155903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076522]
163. Zhou Z, Wang L, Song Z, Saari JT, McClain CJ, Kang YJ. Zinc supplementation prevents alcoholic liver injury in mice through attenuation of oxidative stress. Am J Pathol 2005; 166: 1681-1690 [PMID: 15920153 DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62478-9]
164. Zhou Z, Liu J, Song Z, McClain CJ, Kang YJ. Zinc supplementation inhibits hepatic apoptosis in mice subjected to a long-term ethanol exposure. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233: 540-548 [PMID: 18375824 DOI: 10.3181/0710-RM-265]
165. Lazarevich NL, Cheremnova OA, Varga EV, Ovchinnikov DA, Kudrjavtseva EI, Morozova OV, Fleishman DI, Engelhardt NV, Duncan SA. Progression of HCC in mice is associated with a downregulation in the expression of hepatocyte nuclear factors. Hepatology 2004; 39: 1038-1047 [PMID: 15057908 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20155]
166. Liuzzi JP, Yoo C. Role of zinc in the regulation of autophagy during ethanol exposure in human hepatoma cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 156: 350-356 [PMID: 24061963 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9816-3]
167. Gao B, Seki E, Brenner DA, Friedman S, Cohen JI, Nagy L, Szabo G, Zakhari S. Innate immunity in alcoholic liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300: G516-G525 [PMID: 21252049 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00537.2010]
168. An L, Wang X, Cederbaum AI. Cytokines in alcoholic liver disease. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86: 1337-1348 [PMID: 22367091 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0814-6]
169. Dhanda AD, Lee RW, Collins PL, McCune CA. Molecular targets in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 5504-5513 [PMID: 23112542 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i39.5504]
170. Gao B. Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory cytokines in alcoholic liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27 Suppl 2: 89-93 [PMID: 22320924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.07003.x]
171. Dumoutier L, Van Roost E, Ameye G, Michaux L, Renauld JC. IL-TIF/IL-22: genomic organization and mapping of the human and mouse genes. Genes Immun 2000; 1: 488-494 [PMID: 11197690 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363716]
172. Wolk K, Kunz S, Witte E, Friedrich M, Asadullah K, Sabat R. IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues. Immunity 2004; 21: 241-254 [PMID: 15308104 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.07.007]
173. Witte E, Witte K, Warszawska K, Sabat R, Wolk K. Interleukin-22: a cytokine produced by T, NK and NKT cell subsets, with importance in the innate immune defense and tissue protection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2010; 21: 365-379 [PMID: 20870448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.08.002]
174. Kotenko SV, Izotova LS, Mirochnitchenko OV, Esterova E, Dickensheets H, Donnelly RP, Pestka S. Identification of the functional interleukin-22 (IL-22) receptor complex: the IL-10R2 chain (IL-10Rbeta ) is a common chain of both the IL-10 and IL-22 (IL-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor, ILTIF) receptor complexes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 2725-2732 [PMID: 11035029 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M007837200]
175. Wei CC, Ho TW, Liang WG, Chen GY, Chang MS. Cloning and characterization of mouse IL-22 binding protein. Genes Immun 2003; 4: 204-211 [PMID: 12700595 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363947]
176. Logsdon NJ, Jones BC, Josephson K, Cook J, Walter MR. Comparison of interleukin-22 and interleukin-10 soluble receptor complexes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22: 1099-1112 [PMID: 12513909 DOI: 10.1089/10799900260442520]
177. Li J, Tomkinson KN, Tan XY, Wu P, Yan G, Spaulding V, Deng B, Annis-Freeman B, Heveron K, Zollner R, De Zutter G, Wright JF, Crawford TK, Liu W, Jacobs KA, Wolfman NM, Ling V, Pittman DD, Veldman GM, Fouser LA. Temporal associations between interleukin 22 and the extracellular domains of IL-22R and IL-10R2. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4: 693-708 [PMID: 15120653 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.01.010]
178. Wolk K, Witte E, Witte K, Warszawska K, Sabat R. Biology of interleukin-22. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32: 17-31 [PMID: 20127093 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0188-x]
179. Colin EM, Asmawidjaja PS, van Hamburg JP, Mus AM, van Driel M, Hazes JM, van Leeuwen JP, Lubberts E. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates Th17 polarization and interleukin-22 expression by memory T cells from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 132-142 [PMID: 20039421 DOI: 10.1002/art.25043]
180. Ikeuchi H, Kuroiwa T, Hiramatsu N, Kaneko Y, Hiromura K, Ueki K, Nojima Y. Expression of interleukin-22 in rheumatoid arthritis: potential role as a proinflammatory cytokine. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1037-1046 [PMID: 15818686 DOI: 10.1002/art.20965]
181. Wolk K, Witte E, Wallace E, Döcke WD, Kunz S, Asadullah K, Volk HD, Sterry W, Sabat R. IL-22 regulates the expression of genes responsible for antimicrobial defense, cellular differentiation, and mobility in keratinocytes: a potential role in psoriasis. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36: 1309-1323 [PMID: 16619290 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535503]
182. Radaeva S, Sun R, Pan HN, Hong F, Gao B. Interleukin 22 (IL-22) plays a protective role in T cell-mediated murine hepatitis: IL-22 is a survival factor for hepatocytes via STAT3 activation. Hepatology 2004; 39: 1332-1342 [PMID: 15122762 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20184]
183. Chestovich PJ, Uchida Y, Chang W, Ajalat M, Lassman C, Sabat R, Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Interleukin-22: implications for liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transplantation 2012; 93: 485-492 [PMID: 22262131 DOI: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3182449136]
184. Xing WW, Zou MJ, Liu S, Xu T, Wang JX, Xu DG. Interleukin-22 protects against acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75: 1290-1294 [PMID: 21737938]
185. Kong X, Feng D, Wang H, Hong F, Bertola A, Wang FS, Gao B. Interleukin-22 induces hepatic stellate cell senescence and restricts liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatology 2012; 56: 1150-1159 [PMID: 22473749 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25744]
186. Meng F, Wang K, Aoyama T, Grivennikov SI, Paik Y, Scholten D, Cong M, Iwaisako K, Liu X, Zhang M, Osterreicher CH, Stickel F, Ley K, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Interleukin-17 signaling in inflammatory, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells exacerbates liver fibrosis in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 143: 765-76.e1-3 [PMID: 22687286 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.049]
187. Csaki LS, Reue K. Lipins: multifunctional lipid metabolism proteins. Annu Rev Nutr 2010; 30: 257-272 [PMID: 20645851 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104729]
188. Donkor J, Sariahmetoglu M, Dewald J, Brindley DN, Reue K. Three mammalian lipins act as phosphatidate phosphatases with distinct tissue expression patterns. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 3450-3457 [PMID: 17158099 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M610745200]
189. Péterfy M, Phan J, Xu P, Reue K. Lipodystrophy in the fld mouse results from mutation of a new gene encoding a nuclear protein, lipin. Nat Genet 2001; 27: 121-124 [PMID: 11138012 DOI: 10.1038/83685]
190. Michot C, Hubert L, Brivet M, De Meirleir L, Valayannopoulos V, Müller-Felber W, Venkateswaran R, Ogier H, Desguerre I, Altuzarra C, Thompson E, Smitka M, Huebner A, Husson M, Horvath R, Chinnery P, Vaz FM, Munnich A, Elpeleg O, Delahodde A, de Keyzer Y, de Lonlay P. LPIN1 gene mutations: a major cause of severe rhabdomyolysis in early childhood. Hum Mutat 2010; 31: E1564-E1573 [PMID: 20583302 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21282]
191. Zeharia A, Shaag A, Houtkooper RH, Hindi T, de Lonlay P, Erez G, Hubert L, Saada A, de Keyzer Y, Eshel G, Vaz FM, Pines O, Elpeleg O. Mutations in LPIN1 cause recurrent acute myoglobinuria in childhood. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 83: 489-494 [PMID: 18817903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.09.002]
192. Finck BN, Gropler MC, Chen Z, Leone TC, Croce MA, Harris TE, Lawrence JC, Kelly DP. Lipin 1 is an inducible amplifier of the hepatic PGC-1alpha/PPARalpha regulatory pathway. Cell Metab 2006; 4: 199-210 [PMID: 16950137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.08.005]
193. Csaki LS, Dwyer JR, Fong LG, Tontonoz P, Young SG, Reue K. Lipins, lipinopathies, and the modulation of cellular lipid storage and signaling. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52: 305-316 [PMID: 23603613 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.04.001]
194. Wang H, Zhang J, Qiu W, Han GS, Carman GM, Adeli K. Lipin-1γ isoform is a novel lipid droplet-associated protein highly expressed in the brain. FEBS Lett 2011; 585: 1979-1984 [PMID: 21616074 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.05.035]
195. Peterson TR, Sengupta SS, Harris TE, Carmack AE, Kang SA, Balderas E, Guertin DA, Madden KL, Carpenter AE, Finck BN, Sabatini DM. mTOR complex 1 regulates lipin 1 localization to control the SREBP pathway. Cell 2011; 146: 408-420 [PMID: 21816276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.06.034]
196. Harris TE, Huffman TA, Chi A, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Kumar A, Lawrence JC. Insulin controls subcellular localization and multisite phosphorylation of the phosphatidic acid phosphatase, lipin 1. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 277-286 [PMID: 17105729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M609537200]
197. Liu GH, Gerace L. Sumoylation regulates nuclear localization of lipin-1alpha in neuronal cells. PLoS One 2009; 4: e7031 [PMID: 19753306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007031]
198. Yin H, Hu M, Liang X, Ajmo JM, Li X, Bataller R, Odena G, Stevens SM, You M. Deletion of SIRT1 from hepatocytes in mice disrupts lipin-1 signaling and aggravates alcoholic fatty liver. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 801-811 [PMID: 24262277 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.008]
199. Hu M, Wang F, Li X, Rogers CQ, Liang X, Finck BN, Mitra MS, Zhang R, Mitchell DA, You M. Regulation of hepatic lipin-1 by ethanol: role of AMP-activated protein kinase/sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 signaling in mice. Hepatology 2012; 55: 437-446 [PMID: 21953514 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24708]
200. Hu M, Yin H, Mitra MS, Liang X, Ajmo JM, Nadra K, Chrast R, Finck BN, You M. Hepatic-specific lipin-1 deficiency exacerbates experimental alcohol-induced steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2013; 58: 1953-1963 [PMID: 23787969 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26589]
201. Klionsky DJ, Abdalla FC, Abeliovich H, Abraham RT, Acevedo-Arozena A, Adeli K, Agholme L, Agnello M, Agostinis P, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Ahn HJ, Ait-Mohamed O, Ait-Si-Ali S, Akematsu T, Akira S, Al-Younes HM, Al-Zeer MA, Albert ML, Albin RL, Alegre-Abarrategui J, Aleo MF, Alirezaei M, Almasan A, Almonte-Becerril M, Amano A, Amaravadi R, Amarnath S, Amer AO, Andrieu-Abadie N, Anantharam V, Ann DK, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Aoki H, Apostolova N, Arancia G, Aris JP, Asanuma K, Asare NY, Ashida H, Askanas V, Askew DS, Auberger P, Baba M, Backues SK, Baehrecke EH, Bahr BA, Bai XY, Bailly Y, Baiocchi R, Baldini G, Balduini W, Ballabio A, Bamber BA, Bampton ET, Banhegyi G, Bartholomew CR, Bassham DC, Bast RC, Jr., Batoko H, Bay BH, Beau I, Bechet DM, Begley TJ, Behl C, Behrends C, Bekri S, Bellaire B, Bendall LJ, Benetti L, Berliocchi L, Bernardi H, Bernassola F, Besteiro S, Bhatia-Kissova I, Bi X, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Blum JS, Boise LH, Bonaldo P, Boone DL, Bornhauser BC, Bortoluci KR, Bossis I, Bost F, Bourquin JP, Boya P, Boyer-Guittaut M, Bozhkov PV, Brady NR, Brancolini C, Brech A, Brenman JE, Brennand A, Bresnick EH, Brest P, Bridges D, Bristol ML, Brookes PS, Brown EJ, et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy 2012; 8: 445-544 [PMID: 22966490]
202. Ohsumi Y. Molecular dissection of autophagy: two ubiquitin-like systems. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001; 2: 211-216 [PMID: 11265251 DOI: 10.1038/35056522]
203. Yang Z, Klionsky DJ. Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22: 124-131 [PMID: 20034776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014]
204. Reggiori F, Komatsu M, Finley K, Simonsen A. Selective types of autophagy. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012: 156272 [PMID: 22956958 DOI: 10.1155/2012/156272]
205. Manley S, Williams JA, Ding WX. Role of p62/SQSTM1 in liver physiology and pathogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238: 525-538 [PMID: 23856904 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213489446]
206. Czaja MJ, Ding WX, Donohue TM, Friedman SL, Kim JS, Komatsu M, Lemasters JJ, Lemoine A, Lin JD, Ou JH, Perlmutter DH, Randall G, Ray RB, Tsung A, Yin XM. Functions of autophagy in normal and diseased liver. Autophagy 2013; 9: 1131-1158 [PMID: 23774882 DOI: 10.4161/auto.25063]
207. Yin XM, Ding WX, Gao W. Autophagy in the liver. Hepatology 2008; 47: 1773-1785 [PMID: 18393362 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22146]
208. Ding WX. Role of autophagy in liver physiology and pathophysiology. World J Biol Chem 2010; 1: 3-12 [PMID: 21540988 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v1.i1.3]
209. Ding WX, Manley S, Ni HM. The emerging role of autophagy in alcoholic liver disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236: 546-556 [PMID: 21478210 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010360]
210. Dolganiuc A, Thomes PG, Ding WX, Lemasters JJ, Donohue TM. Autophagy in alcohol-induced liver diseases. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36: 1301-1308 [PMID: 22551004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01742.x]
211. Ding WX, Li M, Chen X, Ni HM, Lin CW, Gao W, Lu B, Stolz DB, Clemens DL, Yin XM. Autophagy reduces acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and steatosis in mice. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 1740-1752 [PMID: 20659474 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.07.041]
212. Lin CW, Zhang H, Li M, Xiong X, Chen X, Chen X, Dong XC, Yin XM. Pharmacological promotion of autophagy alleviates steatosis and injury in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver conditions in mice. J Hepatol 2013; 58: 993-999 [PMID: 23339953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.01.011]
213. Ding WX, Li M, Yin XM. Selective taste of ethanol-induced autophagy for mitochondria and lipid droplets. Autophagy 2011; 7: 248-249 [PMID: 21150309]
214. Donohue TM. Autophagy and ethanol-induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 1178-1185 [PMID: 19291817]
215. Thomes PG, Ehlers RA, Trambly CS, Clemens DL, Fox HS, Tuma DJ, Donohue TM. Multilevel regulation of autophagosome content by ethanol oxidation in HepG2 cells. Autophagy 2013; 9: 63-73 [PMID: 23090141 DOI: 10.4161/auto.22490]
216. Ni HM, Bockus A, Wozniak AL, Jones K, Weinman S, Yin XM, Ding WX. Dissecting the dynamic turnover of GFPLC3 in the autolysosome. Autophagy 2011; 7: 188-204 [PMID: 21107021 DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.2.14181]
217. Ma D, Panda S, Lin JD. Temporal orchestration of circadian autophagy rhythm by C/EBPβ. EMBO J 2011; 30: 4642-4651 [PMID: 21897364 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.322]
218. Chen G, Ke Z, Xu M, Liao M, Wang X, Qi Y, Zhang T, Frank JA, Bower KA, Shi X, Luo J. Autophagy is a protective response to ethanol neurotoxicity. Autophagy 2012; 8: 1577-1589 [PMID: 22874567 DOI: 10.4161/auto.21376]
219. Kandadi MR, Hu N, Ren J. ULK1 plays a critical role in AMPK-mediated myocardial autophagy and contractile dysfunction following acute alcohol challenge. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19: 4874-4887 [PMID: 23448468 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319270010]
220. Eid N, Ito Y, Maemura K, Otsuki Y. Elevated autophagic sequestration of mitochondria and lipid droplets in steatotic hepatocytes of chronic ethanol-treated rats: an immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. J Mol Histol 2013; 44: 311-326 [PMID: 23371376 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9483-x]
221. Wu D, Wang X, Zhou R, Yang L, Cederbaum AI. Alcohol steatosis and cytotoxicity: the role of cytochrome P4502E1 and autophagy. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53: 1346-1357 [PMID: 22819980 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.005]
222. Fortunato F, Bürgers H, Bergmann F, Rieger P, Büchler MW, Kroemer G, Werner J. Impaired autolysosome formation correlates with Lamp-2 depletion: role of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis in pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 350-60, 360.e1-5 [PMID: 19362087 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.003]
223. Baraona E, Leo MA, Borowsky SA, Lieber CS. Alcoholic hepatomegaly: accumulation of protein in the liver. Science 1975; 190: 794-795 [PMID: 1198096]
224. Thomes PG, Trambly CS, Thiele GM, Duryee MJ, Fox HS, Haorah J, Donohue TM. Proteasome activity and autophagosome content in liver are reciprocally regulated by ethanol treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417: 262-267 [PMID: 22142844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.097]
225. Donohue TM, Zetterman RK, Zhang-Gouillon ZQ, French SW. Peptidase activities of the multicatalytic protease in rat liver after voluntary and intragastric ethanol administration. Hepatology 1998; 28: 486-491 [PMID: 9696015 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510280228]
226. Ding WX, Ni HM, Gao W, Yoshimori T, Stolz DB, Ron D, Yin XM. Linking of autophagy to ubiquitin-proteasome system is important for the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell viability. Am J Pathol 2007; 171: 513-524 [PMID: 17620365 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070188]
227. Ding WX, Yin XM. Sorting, recognition and activation of the misfolded protein degradation pathways through macroautophagy and the proteasome. Autophagy 2008; 4: 141-150 [PMID: 17986870 DOI: 10.4161/auto.5190]
228. Wu WK, Cho CH, Lee CW, Wu YC, Yu L, Li ZJ, Wong CC, Li HT, Zhang L, Ren SX, Che CT, Wu K, Fan D, Yu J, Sung JJ. Macroautophagy and ERK phosphorylation counteract the antiproliferative effect of proteasome inhibitor in gastric cancer cells. Autophagy 2010; 6: 228-238 [PMID: 20087064 DOI: 10.4161/auto.6.2.11042]
229. Yang L, Wu D, Wang X, Cederbaum AI. Cytochrome P4502E1, oxidative stress, JNK, and autophagy in acute alcohol-induced fatty liver. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53: 1170-1180 [PMID: 22749809 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.20 12.06.029]
230. Hernández-Gea V, Ghiassi-Nejad Z, Rozenfeld R, Gordon R, Fiel MI, Yue Z, Czaja MJ, Friedman SL. Autophagy releases lipid that promotes fibrogenesis by activated hepatic stellate cells in mice and in human tissues. Gastroenterology 2012; 142: 938-946 [PMID: 22240484 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.044]
231. Thoen LF, Guimarães EL, Dollé L, Mannaerts I, Najimi M, Sokal E, van Grunsven LA. A role for autophagy during hepatic stellate cell activation. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 1353-1360 [PMID: 21803012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.07.010]
232. Hernández-Gea V, Hilscher M, Rozenfeld R, Lim MP, Nieto N, Werner S, Devi LA, Friedman SL. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces fibrogenic activity in hepatic stellate cells through autophagy. J Hepatol 2013; 59: 98-104 [PMID: 23485523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.02.016]
233. Ding WX. Induction of autophagy, a promising approach for treating liver injury. Hepatology 2014; 59: 340-343 [PMID: 23775596 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26572]
234. Bridle KR, Popa C, Morgan ML, Sobbe AL, Clouston AD, Fletcher LM, Crawford DH. Rapamycin inhibits hepatic fibrosis in rats by attenuating multiple profibrogenic pathways. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 1315-1324 [PMID: 19790156 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21804]
235. Zhu J, Wu J, Frizell E, Liu SL, Bashey R, Rubin R, Norton P, Zern MA. Rapamycin inhibits hepatic stellate cell proliferation in vitro and limits fibrogenesis in an in vivo model of liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 1198-1204 [PMID: 10535884 DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70406-3]
236. Huang H, Tindall DJ. Dynamic FoxO transcription factors. J Cell Sci 2007; 120: 2479-2487 [PMID: 17646672 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.001222]
237. Arden KC. FOXO animal models reveal a variety of diverse roles for FOXO transcription factors. Oncogene 2008; 27: 2345-2350 [PMID: 18391976 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.27]
238. Tikhanovich I, Cox J, Weinman SA. Forkhead box class O transcription factors in liver function and disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 Suppl 1: 125-131 [PMID: 23855308 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12021]
239. Mammucari C, Milan G, Romanello V, Masiero E, Rudolf R, Del Piccolo P, Burden SJ, Di Lisi R, Sandri C, Zhao J, Goldberg AL, Schiaffino S, Sandri M. FoxO3 controls autophagy in skeletal muscle in vivo. Cell Metab 2007; 6: 458-471 [PMID: 18054315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.11.001]
240. Zhao J, Brault JJ, Schild A, Cao P, Sandri M, Schiaffino S, Lecker SH, Goldberg AL. FoxO3 coordinately activates protein degradation by the autophagic/lysosomal and proteasomal pathways in atrophying muscle cells. Cell Metab 2007; 6: 472-483 [PMID: 18054316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.11.004]
241. van der Vos KE, Eliasson P, Proikas-Cezanne T, Vervoort SJ, van Boxtel R, Putker M, van Zutphen IJ, Mauthe M, Zellmer S, Pals C, Verhagen LP, Groot Koerkamp MJ, Braat AK, Dansen TB, Holstege FC, Gebhardt R, Burgering BM, Coffer PJ. Modulation of glutamine metabolism by the PI(3)K-PKB-FOXO network regulates autophagy. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14: 829-837 [PMID: 22820375 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2536]
242. Zhao Y, Yang J, Liao W, Liu X, Zhang H, Wang S, Wang D, Feng J, Yu L, Zhu WG. Cytosolic FoxO1 is essential for the induction of autophagy and tumour suppressor activity. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12: 665-675 [PMID: 20543840 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2069]
243. Sengupta A, Molkentin JD, Paik JH, DePinho RA, Yutzey KE. FoxO transcription factors promote cardiomyocyte survival upon induction of oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2011; 286: 7468-7478 [PMID: 21159781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M110.179242]
244. Xiong X, Tao R, DePinho RA, Dong XC. The autophagy-related gene 14 (Atg14) is regulated by forkhead box O transcription factors and circadian rhythms and plays a critical role in hepatic autophagy and lipid metabolism. J Biol Chem 2012; 287: 39107-39114 [PMID: 22992773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M112.412569]
245. Ni HM, Du K, You M, Ding WX. Critical role of FoxO3a in alcohol-induced autophagy and hepatotoxicity. Am J Pathol 2013; 183: 1815-1825 [PMID: 24095927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.011]
246. Tikhanovich I, Kuravi S, Campbell RV, Kharbanda KK, Artigues A, Villar MT, Weinman SA. Regulation of FOXO3 by phosphorylation and methylation in hepatitis C virus infection and alcohol exposure. Hepatology 2014; 59: 58-70 [PMID: 23857333 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26618]
247. Tumurbaatar B, Tikhanovich I, Li Z, Ren J, Ralston R, Kuravi S, Campbell R, Chaturvedi G, Huang TT, Zhao J, Hao J, O'Neil M, Weinman SA. Hepatitis C and alcohol exacerbate liver injury by suppression of FOXO3. Am J Pathol 2013; 183: 1803-1814 [PMID: 24225087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.013]
248. Nepal S, Park PH. Activation of autophagy by globular adiponectin attenuates ethanol-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells: involvement of AMPK/FoxO3A axis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1833: 2111-2125 [PMID: 23688633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.05.013]