메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 147-162

Reliability challenges for CMOS technology qualifications with hafnium oxide/titanium nitride gate stacks

Author keywords

Bias temperature instability; Dielectric breakdown; HfO2; High k; Metal gate; MOSFETs; Reliability; Stress induced leakage current (SILC); TiN

Indexed keywords

BIAS TEMPERATURE INSTABILITY; DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN; HFO2; HIGH-K; METAL GATE; MOSFETS; STRESS INDUCED LEAKAGE CURRENT (SILC);

EID: 67650418339     PISSN: 15304388     EISSN: 15304388     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TDMR.2009.2016954     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (177)

References (63)
  • 1
    • 36448952970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Chudzik, B. Doris, R. Mo, J. Sleight, E. Cartier, C. Dewan, D. Park, H. Bu, W. Natzle, W. Yan, C. Ouyang, K. Henson, D. Boyd, S. Callegari, R. Carter, D. Casarotto, M. Gribelyuk, M. Hargrove, W. He, Y. Kim, B. Linder, N. Moumen, V. K. Paruchuri, J. Stathis, M. Steen, A. Vayshenker, X. Wang, S. Zafar, T. Ando, R. Iijima, M. Takayanagi, V. Narayanan, R. Wise, Y. Zhang, R. Divakaruni, M. Khare, and T. C. Chen, High-performance high-k/metal gates for 45 nm CMOS and beyond with gate-first processing, in Symp. VLSI Technol., 2007, pp. 194-195.
    • M. Chudzik, B. Doris, R. Mo, J. Sleight, E. Cartier, C. Dewan, D. Park, H. Bu, W. Natzle, W. Yan, C. Ouyang, K. Henson, D. Boyd, S. Callegari, R. Carter, D. Casarotto, M. Gribelyuk, M. Hargrove, W. He, Y. Kim, B. Linder, N. Moumen, V. K. Paruchuri, J. Stathis, M. Steen, A. Vayshenker, X. Wang, S. Zafar, T. Ando, R. Iijima, M. Takayanagi, V. Narayanan, R. Wise, Y. Zhang, R. Divakaruni, M. Khare, and T. C. Chen, "High-performance high-k/metal gates for 45 nm CMOS and beyond with gate-first processing," in Symp. VLSI Technol., 2007, pp. 194-195.
  • 2
    • 51949107160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X. Chen, S. Samavedam, V. Narayanan, K. Stein, C. Hobbs, C. Baiocco, W. Li, D. Jaeger, M. Zaleski, H. S. Yang, N. Kim, Y. Lee, D. Zhang, L. Kang, J. Chen, H. Zhuang, A. Sheikh, J. Wallner, M. Aquilino, J. Han, Z. Jin, J. Li, G. Massey, S. Kalpat, R. Jha, N. Moumen, R. Mo, S. Kirshnan, X. Wang, M. Chudzik, M. Chowdhury, D. Nair, C. Reddy, Y. W. Teh, C. Kothandaraman, D. Coolbaugh, S. Pandey, D. Tekleab, A. Thean, M. Sherony, C. Lage, J. Sudijono, R. Lindsay, J. H. Ku, M. Khare, and A. Steegen, A cost effective 32 nm high-k/metal gate CMOS technology for low power applications with single-metal/gate-first process, in Symp. VLSI Technol., 2008, pp. 88-89.
    • X. Chen, S. Samavedam, V. Narayanan, K. Stein, C. Hobbs, C. Baiocco, W. Li, D. Jaeger, M. Zaleski, H. S. Yang, N. Kim, Y. Lee, D. Zhang, L. Kang, J. Chen, H. Zhuang, A. Sheikh, J. Wallner, M. Aquilino, J. Han, Z. Jin, J. Li, G. Massey, S. Kalpat, R. Jha, N. Moumen, R. Mo, S. Kirshnan, X. Wang, M. Chudzik, M. Chowdhury, D. Nair, C. Reddy, Y. W. Teh, C. Kothandaraman, D. Coolbaugh, S. Pandey, D. Tekleab, A. Thean, M. Sherony, C. Lage, J. Sudijono, R. Lindsay, J. H. Ku, M. Khare, and A. Steegen, "A cost effective 32 nm high-k/metal gate CMOS technology for low power applications with single-metal/gate-first process," in Symp. VLSI Technol., 2008, pp. 88-89.
  • 4
    • 50249185641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. Mistry, C. Allen, C. Auth, B. Beattie, D. Bergstrom, M. Bost, M. Brazier, M. Buehler, A. Cappellani, R. Chau, C.-H. Choi, G. Ding, K. Fischer, T. Ghani, R. Grover, W. Han, D. Hanken, M. Hattendorf, J. He, J. Hicks, R. Huessner, D. Ingerly, P. Jain, R. James, L. Jong, S. Joshi, C. Kenyon, K. Kuhn, K. Lee, H. Liu, J. Maiz, B. Mclntyre, P. Moon, J. Neirynck, S. Pae, C. Parker, D. Parsons, C. Prasad, L. Pipes, M. Prince, P. Ranade, T. Reynolds, J. Sandford, L. Shifren, J. Sebastian, J. Seiple, D. Simon, S. Sivakumar, P. Smith, C. Thomas, T. Troeger, P. Vandervoorn, S.Williams, and K. Zawadzki, A 45 nm logic technology with high-k+metal gate transistors, strained silicon, 9 Cu interconnect layers, 193 nm dry patterning, and 100% Pb-free packaging, in IEDM Tech. Dig, 2007, pp. 247-250
    • K. Mistry, C. Allen, C. Auth, B. Beattie, D. Bergstrom, M. Bost, M. Brazier, M. Buehler, A. Cappellani, R. Chau, C.-H. Choi, G. Ding, K. Fischer, T. Ghani, R. Grover, W. Han, D. Hanken, M. Hattendorf, J. He, J. Hicks, R. Huessner, D. Ingerly, P. Jain, R. James, L. Jong, S. Joshi, C. Kenyon, K. Kuhn, K. Lee, H. Liu, J. Maiz, B. Mclntyre, P. Moon, J. Neirynck, S. Pae, C. Parker, D. Parsons, C. Prasad, L. Pipes, M. Prince, P. Ranade, T. Reynolds, J. Sandford, L. Shifren, J. Sebastian, J. Seiple, D. Simon, S. Sivakumar, P. Smith, C. Thomas, T. Troeger, P. Vandervoorn, S.Williams, and K. Zawadzki, "A 45 nm logic technology with high-k+metal gate transistors, strained silicon, 9 Cu interconnect layers, 193 nm dry patterning, and 100% Pb-free packaging," in IEDM Tech. Dig., 2007, pp. 247-250.
  • 6
    • 30844464359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The negative bias temperature instability in MOS devices: A review
    • Feb.-Apr
    • J. H. Stathis and S. Zafar, "The negative bias temperature instability in MOS devices: A review," Microelectron. Reliab., vol. 46, no. 2-4, pp. 270-286, Feb.-Apr. 2006.
    • (2006) Microelectron. Reliab , vol.46 , Issue.2-4 , pp. 270-286
    • Stathis, J.H.1    Zafar, S.2
  • 8
    • 20644440412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threshold voltage instabilities in high-κ gate dielectric stacks
    • Mar
    • S. Zafar, A. Kumar, E. Gusev, and E. Cartier, "Threshold voltage instabilities in high-κ gate dielectric stacks," IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Rel., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 45-64, Mar. 2005.
    • (2005) IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Rel , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-64
    • Zafar, S.1    Kumar, A.2    Gusev, E.3    Cartier, E.4
  • 9
    • 34248656754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability issues for nano-scale CMOS dielectrics
    • Sep./Oct
    • G. Ribes, M. Rafik, and D. Roy, "Reliability issues for nano-scale CMOS dielectrics," Microelectron. Eng., vol. 84, no. 9/10, pp. 1910-1916, Sep./Oct. 2007.
    • (2007) Microelectron. Eng , vol.84 , Issue.9-10 , pp. 1910-1916
    • Ribes, G.1    Rafik, M.2    Roy, D.3
  • 15
    • 67650419440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of bias-temperature instability in work-function-tuned high-k/metal gate stacks
    • B. Kaczer, A. Veloso, P. J. Roussel, T. Grasser, and G. Groeseneken, "Investigation of bias-temperature instability in work-function-tuned high-k/metal gate stacks," in WoDIM, 2008, pp. 107-108.
    • (2008) WoDIM , pp. 107-108
    • Kaczer, B.1    Veloso, A.2    Roussel, P.J.3    Grasser, T.4    Groeseneken, G.5
  • 16
    • 0034187380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Band offsets of wide-band-gap oxides and implications for future electronic devices
    • May
    • J. Robertson, "Band offsets of wide-band-gap oxides and implications for future electronic devices," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, Microelectron. Process. Phenom., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1785-1791, May 2000.
    • (2000) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, Microelectron. Process. Phenom , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 1785-1791
    • Robertson, J.1
  • 19
    • 37148999689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of metal gates on remote phonon scattering in titanium nitride/hafnium dioxide n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors-low temperature electron mobility study
    • Dec
    • K. Maitra, M. M. Frank, V. Narayanan, V. Misra, and E. Cartier, "Impact of metal gates on remote phonon scattering in titanium nitride/hafnium dioxide n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors-low temperature electron mobility study," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 102, no. 11, p. 114 507, Dec. 2007.
    • (2007) J. Appl. Phys , vol.102 , Issue.11 , pp. 114-507
    • Maitra, K.1    Frank, M.M.2    Narayanan, V.3    Misra, V.4    Cartier, E.5
  • 20
    • 0035504954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective electron mobility in Si inversion layers in MOS systems with a high-κ insulator: The role ofremote phonon scattering
    • Nov
    • M. V. Fischetti, D. Neumayer, and E. Cartier, "Effective electron mobility in Si inversion layers in MOS systems with a high-κ insulator: The role ofremote phonon scattering," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 90, no. 9, pp. 4587-4608, Nov. 2001.
    • (2001) J. Appl. Phys , vol.90 , Issue.9 , pp. 4587-4608
    • Fischetti, M.V.1    Neumayer, D.2    Cartier, E.3
  • 26
    • 31044455312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High dielectric constant gate oxides for metal oxide Si transistors
    • Feb
    • J. Robertson, "High dielectric constant gate oxides for metal oxide Si transistors," Rep. Prog. Phys., vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 327-396, Feb. 2006.
    • (2006) Rep. Prog. Phys , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 327-396
    • Robertson, J.1
  • 30
    • 67650332617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2/TiN gate stacks during positive bias temperature stress
    • 2/TiN gate stacks during positive bias temperature stress," in Proc. Int. Reliab. Phys. Symp., 2009, pp. 486-492.
    • (2009) Proc. Int. Reliab. Phys. Symp , pp. 486-492
    • Cartier, E.1    Kerber, A.2
  • 31
    • 34547277537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen vacancies in high dielectric constant oxide-semiconductor films
    • May
    • S. Guha and V. Narayanan, "Oxygen vacancies in high dielectric constant oxide-semiconductor films," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 98, no. 19, p. 196 101, May 2007.
    • (2007) Phys. Rev. Lett , vol.98 , Issue.19 , pp. 196-101
    • Guha, S.1    Narayanan, V.2
  • 32
    • 0032606490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance degradation in barium strontium titanate thin films
    • Oct
    • S. Zafar, B. Hradsky, D. Gentile, P. Chu, R.E. Jones, and S. Gillespie, "Resistance degradation in barium strontium titanate thin films," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 86, no. 7, pp. 3890-3894, Oct. 1999.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Phys , vol.86 , Issue.7 , pp. 3890-3894
    • Zafar, S.1    Hradsky, B.2    Gentile, D.3    Chu, P.4    Jones, R.E.5    Gillespie, S.6
  • 34
  • 35
    • 20944450469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical mechanics based model for negative bias temperature instability induced degradation
    • May
    • S. Zafar, "Statistical mechanics based model for negative bias temperature instability induced degradation," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 97, no. 10, p. 103 709, May 2005.
    • (2005) J. Appl. Phys , vol.97 , Issue.10 , pp. 103-709
    • Zafar, S.1
  • 37
    • 67650464391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of interface thickness of high-k/metal gate stacks on NFET dielectric reliability
    • B. P. Linder, A. Kerber, E. Cartier, S. Krishnan, and J. H. Stathis, "The effect of interface thickness of high-k/metal gate stacks on NFET dielectric reliability," in Int. Reliab. Phys. Symp., 2009, pp. 510-513.
    • (2009) Int. Reliab. Phys. Symp , pp. 510-513
    • Linder, B.P.1    Kerber, A.2    Cartier, E.3    Krishnan, S.4    Stathis, J.H.5
  • 39
    • 67650428709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 interfacial layer as the origin of the breakdown of high-k dielectrics stacks
    • 2 interfacial layer as the origin of the breakdown of high-k dielectrics stacks," in WoDIM , 2008, pp. 27-28.
    • (2008) WoDIM , pp. 27-28
    • Rafik, M.1    Ribes, G.2    Roy, D.3    Ghibaudo, G.4
  • 43
    • 0036089047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A thorough investigation of progressive breakdown in ultra-thin oxides. Physical understanding and application for industrial reliability assessment
    • F. Monsieur, E. Vincent, D. Roy, S. Bruyere, J. C. Vildeuil, G. Pananakakis, and G. Ghibaudo, "A thorough investigation of progressive breakdown in ultra-thin oxides. Physical understanding and application for industrial reliability assessment," in IRPS, 2002, pp. 45-54.
    • (2002) IRPS , pp. 45-54
    • Monsieur, F.1    Vincent, E.2    Roy, D.3    Bruyere, S.4    Vildeuil, J.C.5    Pananakakis, G.6    Ghibaudo, G.7
  • 44
    • 34548776465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifetime prediction for CMOS devices with ultra thin gate oxides based on progressive breakdown
    • A. Kerber, M. Röhner, T. Pompl, R. Duschl, and M. Kerber, "Lifetime prediction for CMOS devices with ultra thin gate oxides based on progressive breakdown," in IRPS, 2007, pp. 217-220.
    • (2007) IRPS , pp. 217-220
    • Kerber, A.1    Röhner, M.2    Pompl, T.3    Duschl, R.4    Kerber, M.5
  • 45
    • 48649106856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the progressive breakdown statistical distribution and its voltage acceleration
    • E. Wu, S. Tous, and J. Sune, "On the progressive breakdown statistical distribution and its voltage acceleration," in IEDM Tech. Dig., 2007, pp. 493-496.
    • (2007) IEDM Tech. Dig , pp. 493-496
    • Wu, E.1    Tous, S.2    Sune, J.3
  • 46
    • 48649086507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TDDB reliability prediction based on the statistical analysis of hard breakdown including multiple soft breakdown and wear-out
    • S. Sahhaf, R. Degraeve, P. J. Roussel, T. Kauerauf, B. Kaczer, and G. Groeseneken, "TDDB reliability prediction based on the statistical analysis of hard breakdown including multiple soft breakdown and wear-out," in IEDM Tech. Dig., 2007, pp. 501-504.
    • (2007) IEDM Tech. Dig , pp. 501-504
    • Sahhaf, S.1    Degraeve, R.2    Roussel, P.J.3    Kauerauf, T.4    Kaczer, B.5    Groeseneken, G.6
  • 47
    • 33745645666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of failure criteria on the reliability prediction of CMOS devices with ultrathin gate oxides based on voltage ramp stress
    • Jul
    • A. Kerber, T. Pompl, M. Röhner, K. Mosig, and M. Kerber, "Impact of failure criteria on the reliability prediction of CMOS devices with ultrathin gate oxides based on voltage ramp stress," IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 609-611, Jul. 2006.
    • (2006) IEEE Electron Device Lett , vol.27 , Issue.7 , pp. 609-611
    • Kerber, A.1    Pompl, T.2    Röhner, M.3    Mosig, K.4    Kerber, M.5
  • 48
    • 0008536196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New insights in the relation between electron trap generation and the statistical properties of oxide breakdown
    • Apr
    • R. Degraeve, G. Groeseneken, R. Bellens, J. L. Ogier, M. Depas, P. J. Roussel, and H. E. Maes, "New insights in the relation between electron trap generation and the statistical properties of oxide breakdown," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 904-911, Apr. 1998.
    • (1998) IEEE Trans. Electron Devices , vol.45 , Issue.4 , pp. 904-911
    • Degraeve, R.1    Groeseneken, G.2    Bellens, R.3    Ogier, J.L.4    Depas, M.5    Roussel, P.J.6    Maes, H.E.7
  • 49
    • 0000041835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Percolation models for gate oxide breakdown
    • Nov
    • J. H. Stathis, "Percolation models for gate oxide breakdown," J. Appl. Phys. , vol. 86, no. 10, pp. 5757-5766, Nov. 1999.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Phys , vol.86 , Issue.10 , pp. 5757-5766
    • Stathis, J.H.1
  • 50
    • 0035362378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New physics-based analytic approach to the thin-oxide breakdown statistics
    • Jun
    • J. Sune, "New physics-based analytic approach to the thin-oxide breakdown statistics," IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 296-298, Jun. 2001.
    • (2001) IEEE Electron Device Lett , vol.22 , Issue.6 , pp. 296-298
    • Sune, J.1
  • 54
    • 3042652844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degradation of ultra-thin oxides with tungsten gates under high voltage: Wear-out and breakdown transient
    • F. Palumbo, S. Lombardo, J. H. Stathis, V. Narayanan, F. R. McFeely, and J. J. Yurkas, "Degradation of ultra-thin oxides with tungsten gates under high voltage: Wear-out and breakdown transient," in IRPS, 2004, pp. 122-125.
    • (2004) IRPS , pp. 122-125
    • Palumbo, F.1    Lombardo, S.2    Stathis, J.H.3    Narayanan, V.4    McFeely, F.R.5    Yurkas, J.J.6
  • 56
    • 25844479330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. Lombardo, J. H. Stathis, B. P. Linder, K. L. Pey, F. Palumbo, and C. H. Thung, Dielectric breakdown mechanisms in gate oxides, Appl. Phys. Rev., 98, no. 12, pp. 121 301-121 336, Dec. 2005.
    • S. Lombardo, J. H. Stathis, B. P. Linder, K. L. Pey, F. Palumbo, and C. H. Thung, "Dielectric breakdown mechanisms in gate oxides," Appl. Phys. Rev., vol. 98, no. 12, pp. 121 301-121 336, Dec. 2005.
  • 57
    • 34548778719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive breakdown characteristics of high-k/metal gate stacks
    • G. Bersuker, N. Chowdhury, C. Young, D. Heh, D. Misra, and R. Choi, "Progressive breakdown characteristics of high-k/metal gate stacks," in IRPS, 2007, pp. 49-54.
    • (2007) IRPS , pp. 49-54
    • Bersuker, G.1    Chowdhury, N.2    Young, C.3    Heh, D.4    Misra, D.5    Choi, R.6
  • 60
    • 70449119900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accurate model for time-dependent dielectric breakdown of high-k metal gate stacks
    • T. Nigam, A. Kerber, and P. Peumans, "Accurate model for time-dependent dielectric breakdown of high-k metal gate stacks," in Int. Reliab. Phys. Symp., 2009, pp. 523-530.
    • (2009) Int. Reliab. Phys. Symp , pp. 523-530
    • Nigam, T.1    Kerber, A.2    Peumans, P.3
  • 62
    • 33645736118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From wafer-level gate-oxide reliability towards ESD failures in advanced CMOS technologies
    • Apr
    • A. Kerber, M. Röhner, C. Wallace, L. O'Riain, and M. Kerber, "From wafer-level gate-oxide reliability towards ESD failures in advanced CMOS technologies," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 917-920, Apr. 2006.
    • (2006) IEEE Trans. Electron Devices , vol.53 , Issue.4 , pp. 917-920
    • Kerber, A.1    Röhner, M.2    Wallace, C.3    O'Riain, L.4    Kerber, M.5
  • 63
    • 34247149825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability screening of high-k dielectrics based on voltage ramp stress
    • Apr./May
    • A. Kerber, L. Pantisano, A. Veloso, G. Groeseneken, and M. Kerber, "Reliability screening of high-k dielectrics based on voltage ramp stress," Microelectron. Reliab., vol. 47, no. 4/5, pp. 513-517, Apr./May 2007.
    • (2007) Microelectron. Reliab , vol.47 , Issue.4-5 , pp. 513-517
    • Kerber, A.1    Pantisano, L.2    Veloso, A.3    Groeseneken, G.4    Kerber, M.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.