The anti-cancer effect of polyphenols against breast cancer and cancer stem cells: Molecular mechanisms

Nutrients

Volumn 8, Issue 9, 2016, Pages

  Dayem, Ahmed Abdal ^a   Choi, Hye Yeon ^a   Yang, Gwang Mo ^a   Kim, Kyeongseok ^a   Saha, Subbroto Kumar ^a   Cho, Ssang Goo ^a  

^a Konkuk University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Anti cancer activity; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Breast cancer; Cancer stem cells; Polyphenols

Indexed keywords

ANTHRACYCLINE; CURCUMIN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; FLAVONE; GENISTEIN; IMATINIB; LAPATINIB; PERTUZUMAB; PHYTOESTROGEN; POLYPHENOL; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR; QUERCETIN; RESVERATROL; ROTTLERIN; SILIBININ; STAT3 PROTEIN; TAMOXIFEN; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; TRASTUZUMAB; UROKINASE RECEPTOR; UVOMORULIN;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER STEM CELL; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL CYCLE ASSAY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFLAMMATION; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84989308865     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu8090581     Document Type: Review

References (340)

1. De Flora, S.; Ferguson, L.R. Overview of mechanisms of cancer chemopreventive agents. Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. 2005, 591, 8–15. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. De Flora, S.; Izzotti, A.; D’Agostini, F.; Balansky, R.M.; Noonan, D.; Albini, A. Multiple points of intervention in the prevention of cancer and other mutation-related diseases. Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. 2001, 480, 9–22. [CrossRef]
3. Mocanu, M.M.; Nagy, P.; Szöllősi, J. Chemoprevention of breast cancer by dietary polyphenols. Molecules 2015, 20, 22578–22620. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Ui, A.; Kuriyama, S.; Kakizaki, M.; Sone, T.; Nakaya, N.; Ohmori-Matsuda, K.; Hozawa, A.; Nishino, Y.; Tsuji, I. Green tea consumption and the risk of liver cancer in Japan: The Ohsaki Cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2009, 20, 1939–1945. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Wu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Na, R.; Xu, J.; Xiong, Z.; Zhang, N.; Dai, W.; Jiang, H.; Ding, Q. Plasma genistein and risk of prostate cancer in Chinese population. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2015, 47, 965–970. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. Crozier, A.; Jaganath, I.B.; Clifford, M.N. Dietary phenolics: Chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health. Natl. Prod. Rep. 2009, 26, 1001–1043. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. Sharma, R. Polyphenols in health and disease: Practice and mechanisms of benefits. Polyphen. Hum. Health Dis. Acad. San Diego 2014, 757–778.
8. Halbwirth, H. The creation and physiological relevance of divergent hydroxylation patterns in the flavonoid pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 595–621. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. Danesi, F.; Kroon, P.A.; Saha, S.; de Biase, D.; D’Antuono, L.F.; Bordoni, A. Mixed pro-and anti-oxidative effects of pomegranate polyphenols in cultured cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 19458–19471. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Hsieh, S.R.; Cheng, W.C.; Su, Y.M.; Chiu, C.H.; Liou, Y.M. Molecular targets for anti-oxidative protection of green tea polyphenols against myocardial ischemic injury. BioMedicine 2014, 4, 23. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Lewandowska, U.; Szewczyk, K.; Owczarek, K.; Hrabec, Z.; Podsędek, A.; Sosnowska, D.; Hrabec, E. Procyanidins from evening primrose (oenothera paradoxa) defatted seeds inhibit invasiveness of breast cancer cells and modulate the expression of selected genes involved in angiogenesis, metastasis, and apoptosis. Nutr. Cancer 2013, 65, 1219–1231. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Duluc, L.; Jacques, C.; Soleti, R.; Andriantsitohaina, R.; Simard, G. Delphinidin inhibits VEGF inducedmitochondrial biogenesis and Akt activation in endothelial cells. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2014, 53, 9–14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Symonds, E.L.; Konczak, I.; Fenech, M. The Australian fruit Illawarra plum (Podocarpus elatus Endl., Podocarpaceae) inhibits telomerase, increases histone deacetylase activity and decreases proliferation of colon cancer cells. Br. J. Nutr. 2013, 109, 2117–2125. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Steward, W.; Brown, K. Cancer chemoprevention: A rapidly evolving field. Br. J. Cancer 2013, 109, 1–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Surh, Y.J. Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2003, 3, 768–780. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Minamoto, T.; Mai, M.; Ronai, Z.E. Environmental factors as regulators and effectors of multistep carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 1999, 20, 519–527. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Galati, G.; Teng, S.; Moridani, M.Y.; Chan, T.S.; O’Brien, P.J. Cancer chemoprevention and apoptosis mechanisms induced by dietary polyphenolics. Drug Metab. Drug Interact. 2000, 17, 311–350. [CrossRef]
18. Guengerich, F.P. Metabolism of chemical carcinogens. Carcinogenesis 2000, 21, 345–351. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. Frassinetti, S.; Della Croce, C.M.; Caltavuturo, L.; Longo, V. Antimutagenic and antioxidant activity of Lisosan G in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Chem. 2012, 135, 2029–2034. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Słoczyńska, K.; Powróznik, B.; Pękala, E.; Waszkielewicz, A.M. Antimutagenic compounds and their possible mechanisms of action. J. Appl. Genet. 2014, 55, 273–285. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Rodeiro, I.; Donato, M.T.; Jimenez, N.; Garrido, G.; Molina-Torres, J.; Menendez, R.; Castell, J.V.; Gómez-Lechón, M.J. Inhibition of human p450 enzymes by natural extracts used in traditional medicine. Phytother. Res. 2009, 23, 279–282. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Basheer, L.; Kerem, Z. Interactions between cyp3a4 and dietary polyphenols. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2015, 2015, 854015. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Munday, R.; Munday, C.M. Induction of phase ii detoxification enzymes in rats by plant-derived isothiocyanates: Comparison of allyl isothiocyanate with sulforaphane and related compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 1867–1871. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Kou, X.; Kirberger, M.; Yang, Y.; Chen, N. Natural products for cancer prevention associated with nrf2-ARE pathway. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 2013, 2, 22–28. [CrossRef]
25. Lu, F.; Zahid, M.; Wang, C.; Saeed, M.; Cavalieri, E.L.; Rogan, E.G. Resveratrol prevents estrogen-DNA adduct formation and neoplastic transformation in MCF-10F cells. Cancer Prev. Res. 2008, 1, 135–145. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Niu, G.; Chen, X. Vascular endothelial growth factor as an anti-angiogenic target for cancer therapy. Curr. Drug Targets 2010, 11, 1000–1017. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. Wu, S.; Huang, Y.; Yeh, C.; Tsai, M.; Liao, C.; Cheng, W.; Chen, W.; Lin, K. Cathepsin H regulated by the thyroid hormone receptors associate with tumor invasion in human hepatoma cells. Oncogene 2011, 30, 2057–2069. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Van Der Stappen, J.W.; Williams, A.C.; Maciewicz, R.A.; Paraskeva, C. Activation of cathepsin B, secreted by a colorectal cancer cell line requires low pH and is mediated by cathepsin D. Int. J. Cancer 1996, 67, 547–554. [CrossRef]
29. Nouh, M.A.; Mohamed, M.M.; El-Shinawi, M.; Shaalan, M.A.; Cavallo-Medved, D.; Khaled, H.M.; Sloane, B.F. Cathepsin B: A potential prognostic marker for inflammatory breast cancer. J. Transl. Med. 2011, 9, 1. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Zhang, C.; Sun, J.B.; Liu, D.C.; Cui, Y.Q.; Liu, S.; Sun, H.C. Preliminary research on the pathological role of cathepsin-B in subcutaneous heteroplastic pancreatic carcinoma in nude mice. Chin. Med. J. 2009, 122, 2489. [PubMed]
31. Sevenich, L.; Werner, F.; Gajda, M.; Schurigt, U.; Sieber, C.; Müller, S.; Follo, M.; Peters, C.; Reinheckel, T. Transgenic expression of human cathepsin B promotes progression and metastasis of polyoma-middlet-induced breast cancer in mice. Oncogene 2011, 30, 54–64. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Ellis, V.; Behrendt, N.; Danø, K. Plasminogen activation by receptor-bound urokinase. A kinetic study with both cell-associated and isolated receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 12752–12758. [PubMed]
33. Curran, S.; Murray, G.I. Matrix metalloproteinases in tumour invasion and metastasis. J. Pathol. 1999, 189, 300–308. [CrossRef]
34. Van Pham, P. Breast Cancer Stem Cells & Therapy Resistance; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2015.
35. Stewart, B.; Wild, C. World Cancer Report 2014. In International Agency for Research on Cancer; World Health Organization: Geneva, Swizerland, 2014.
36. IARC; World Heath Organization. Globocan: Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Prevalence Worldwide in 2012; IARC: Lyon, France, 2014.
37. Torre, L.A.; Bray, F.; Siegel, R.L.; Ferlay, J.; Lortet-Tieulent, J.; Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2015, 65, 87–108. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. Visvader, J.E.; Lindeman, G.J. Cancer stem cells in solid tumours: Accumulating evidence and unresolved questions. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2008, 8, 755–768. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. Eyler, C.E.; Rich, J.N. Survival of the fittest: Cancer stem cells in therapeutic resistance and angiogenesis. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 2839–2845. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Al-Hajj, M.; Wicha, M.S.; Benito-Hernandez, A.; Morrison, S.J.; Clarke, M.F. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 3983–3988. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
41. Bartsch, R.; Wenzel, C.; Steger, G.G. Trastuzumab in the management of early and advanced stage breast cancer. Biologics 2007, 1, 19–31. [PubMed]
42. Vici, P.; Colucci, G.; Gebbia, V.; Amodio, A.; Giotta, F.; Belli, F.; Conti, F.; Gebbia, N.; Pezzella, G.; Valerio, M.R. First-line treatment with epirubicin and vinorelbine in metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002, 20, 2689–2694. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Holliday, D.L.; Speirs, V. Choosing the right cell line for breast cancer research. Breast Cancer Res. 2011, 13, 215. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Eisen, M.B.; Brown, P.O. DNA arrays for analysis of gene expression. Methods Enzymol. 1999, 303, 179–205. [PubMed]
45. Brenton, J.D.; Carey, L.A.; Ahmed, A.A.; Caldas, C. Molecular classification and molecular forecasting of breast cancer: Ready for clinical application? J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23, 7350–7360. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. Parker, J.S.; Mullins, M.; Cheang, M.C.; Leung, S.; Voduc, D.; Vickery, T.; Davies, S.; Fauron, C.; He, X.; Hu, Z. Supervised risk predictor of breast cancer based on intrinsic subtypes. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 1160–1167. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. Tang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Kiani, M.F.; Wang, B. Classification, treatment strategy, and associated drug resistance in breast cancer. Clin. Breast Cancer 2016. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. Sotiriou, C.; Pusztai, L. Gene-expression signatures in breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360, 790–800. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49. Mitri, Z.; Constantine, T.; O’Regan, R. The HER2 receptor in breast cancer: Pathophysiology, clinical use, and new advances in therapy. Chemother. Res. Pract. 2012, 2012, 743193. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. Carey, L.A.; Dees, E.C.; Sawyer, L.; Gatti, L.; Moore, D.T.; Collichio, F.; Ollila, D.W.; Sartor, C.I.; Graham, M.L.; Perou, C.M. The triple negative paradox: Primary tumor chemosensitivity of breast cancer subtypes. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007, 13, 2329–2334. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. Sirohi, B.; Arnedos, M.; Popat, S.; Ashley, S.; Nerurkar, A.; Walsh, G.; Johnston, S.; Smith, I. Platinum-based chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Ann. Oncol. 2008, 19, 1847–1852. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. Anders, C.; Carey, L.A. Understanding and treating triple-negative breast cancer. Oncology 2008, 22, 1233. [PubMed]
53. Fedele, P.; Calvani, N.; Marino, A.; Orlando, L.; Schiavone, P.; Quaranta, A.; Cinieri, S. Targeted agents to reverse resistance to endocrine therapy in metastatic breast cancer: Where are we now and where are we going? Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2012, 84, 243–251. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
54. Vinson, J.A.; Su, X.; Zubik, L.; Bose, P. Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality in foods: Fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5315–5321. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
55. Scalbert, A.; Williamson, G. Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J. Nutr. 2000, 130, 2073S–2085S. [PubMed]
56. Parisi, O.; Puoci, F.; Restuccia, D.; Farina, G.; Iemma, F.; Picci, N. Polyphenols and their formulations: Different strategies to overcome the drawbacks associated with their poor stability and bioavailability. Polyphen. Hum. Health Dis. 2014, 4, 29–45.
57. Yang, C.S.; Lee, M.J.; Chen, L.; Yang, G.Y. Polyphenols as inhibitors of carcinogenesis. Environ. Health Perspect. 1997, 105, 971. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
58. Dehkharghanian, M.; Lacroix, M.; Vijayalakshmi, M.A. Antioxidant properties of green tea polyphenols encapsulated in caseinate beads. Dairy Sci. Technol. 2009, 89, 485–499. [CrossRef]
59. Baydar, N.G.; Sagdic, O.; Ozkan, G.; Cetin, S.; Determination of antibacterial effects and total phenolic contents of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed extracts. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2006, 41, 799–804. [CrossRef]
60. Jung, H.J.; Hwang, I.A.; Sung, W.S.; Kang, H.; Kang, B.S.; Seu, Y.B.; Lee, D.G. Fungicidal effect of resveratrol on human infectious fungi. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2005, 28, 557–560. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
61. Chávez, J.H.; Leal, P.C.; Yunes, R.A.; Nunes, R.J.; Barardi, C.R.; Pinto, A.R.; Simões, C.M.; Zanetti, C.R. Evaluation of antiviral activity of phenolic compounds and derivatives against rabies virus. Vet. Microbiol. 2006, 116, 53–59. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
62. Hudson, T.S.; Hartle, D.K.; Hursting, S.D.; Nunez, N.P.; Wang, T.T.; Young, H.A.; Arany, P.; Green, J.E. Inhibition of prostate cancer growth by muscadine grape skin extract and resveratrol through distinct mechanisms. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 8396–8405. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
63. Lazzè, M.C.; Pizzala, R.; Gutiérrez Pecharromán, F.J.; Gatòn Garnica, P.; Antolín Rodríguez, J.M.; Fabris, N.; Bianchi, L. Grape waste extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction contains bioactive antioxidant molecules and induces antiproliferative effects in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. J. Med. Food 2009, 12, 561–568. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
64. Aquilano, K.; Baldelli, S.; Rotilio, G.; Ciriolo, M.R. Role of nitric oxide synthases in parkinson’s disease: A review on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of polyphenols. Neurochem. Res. 2008, 33, 2416–2426. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
65. Nichols, J.A.; Katiyar, S.K. Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2010, 302, 71–83. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
66. Gamet-Payrastre, L.; Manenti, S.; Gratacap, M.P.; Tulliez, J.; Chap, H.; Payrastre, B. Flavonoids and the inhibition of PKC and PI 3-kinase. Gen. Pharmacol. Vasc. Syst. 1999, 32, 279–286. [CrossRef]
67. Richard, T.; Lefeuvre, D.; Descendit, A.; Quideau, S.; Monti, J. Recognition characters in peptide-polyphenol complex formation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 2006, 1760, 951–958. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
68. Duthie, G.G.; Duthie, S.J.; Kyle, J.A. Plant polyphenols in cancer and heart disease: Implications as nutritional antioxidants. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2000, 13, 79–106. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
69. Andrade, R.G.; Ginani, J.S.; Lopes, G.K.; Dutra, F.; Alonso, A.; Hermes-Lima, M. Tannic acid inhibits in vitro iron-dependent free radical formation. Biochimie 2006, 88, 1287–1296. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
70. Baechler, B.J.; Nita, F.; Jones, L.; Frestedt, J.L. A novel liquid multi-phytonutrient supplement demonstrates DNA-protective effects. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2009, 64, 81–85. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
71. Adlercreutz, H. Phyto-oestrogens and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2002, 3, 364–373. [CrossRef]
72. Quideau, S.; Deffieux, D.; Douat-Casassus, C.; Pouységu, L. Plant polyphenols: Chemical properties, biological activities, and synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 586–621. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
73. Scalbert, A.; Manach, C.; Morand, C.; Rémésy, C.; Jiménez, L. Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2005, 45, 287–306. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
74. García-Lafuente, A.; Guillamón, E.; Villares, A.; Rostagno, M.A.; Martínez, J.A. Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: Implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflamm. Res. 2009, 58, 537–552. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
75. Thomasset, S.C.; Berry, D.P.; Garcea, G.; Marczylo, T.; Steward, W.P.; Gescher, A.J. Dietary polyphenolic phytochemicals—Promising cancer chemopreventive agents in humans? A review of their clinical properties. Int. J. Cancer 2007, 120, 451–458. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
76. Barnes, S.; Prasain, J.; D’Alessandro, T.; Arabshahi, A.; Botting, N.; Lila, M.A.; Jackson, G.; Janle, E.M.; Weaver, C.M. The metabolism and analysis of isoflavones and other dietary polyphenols in foods and biological systems. Food Funct. 2011, 2, 235–244. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
77. Erdman, J.W.; Balentine, D.; Arab, L.; Beecher, G.; Dwyer, J.T.; Folts, J.; Harnly, J.; Hollman, P.; Keen, C.L.; Mazza, G. Flavonoids and heart health: Proceedings of the ILSI North America Flavonoids Workshop, May 31–June 1, 2005, Washington, DC. J. Nutr. 2007, 137, 718S–737S. [PubMed]
78. Maru, G.; Kumar, G.; Ghantasala, S.; Tajpara, P.; Polyphenol-Mediated in Vivo Cellular Responses during Carcinogenesis Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2014.
79. Lee, E.R.; Kang, Y.J.; Choi, H.Y.; Kang, G.H.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, B.W.; Han, Y.S.; Nah, S.Y.; Paik, H.D.; Park, Y.S. Induction of apoptotic cell death by synthetic naringenin derivatives in human lung epithelial carcinoma a549 cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 30, 2394–2398. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
80. Lee, E.R.; Kang, G.H.; Cho, S.G. Effect of flavonoids on human health: Old subjects but new challenges. Recent Pat. Biotechnol. 2007, 1, 139–150. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
81. Kim, B.W.; Lee, E.R.; Min, H.M.; Jeong, H.S.; Ahn, J.Y.; Kim, J.H.; Choi, H.Y.; Choi, H.; Kim, E.Y.; Park, S.P. Sustained ERK activation is involved in the kaempferol-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells and is more evident under 3-D culture condition. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2008, 7, 1080–1089. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
82. Kim, J.H.; Song, M.; Kang, G.H.; Lee, E.R.; Choi, H.Y.; Lee, C.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, Y.; Koo, B.N.; Cho, S.G. Combined treatment of 3-hydroxyflavone and imatinib mesylate increases apoptotic cell death of imatinib mesylate-resistant leukemia cells. Leuk. Res. 2012, 36, 1157–1164. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
83. Lee, E.R.; Kim, J.H.; Choi, H.Y.; Jeon, K.; Cho, S.G. Cytoprotective effect of eriodictyol in UV-irradiated keratinocytes via phosphatase-dependent modulation of both the p38 MAPK and Akt signaling pathways. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2011, 27, 513–524. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
84. Dayem, A.A.; Choi, H.Y.; Kim, Y.B.; Cho, S.G. Antiviral effect of methylated flavonol isorhamnetin against influenza. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0121610. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
85. Scalbert, A.; Johnson, I.T.; Saltmarsh, M. Polyphenols: Antioxidants and beyond. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 215S–217S. [PubMed]
86. Birt, D.F.; Hendrich, S.; Wang, W. Dietary agents in cancer prevention: Flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Pharmacol. Ther. 2001, 90, 157–177. [CrossRef]
87. Kris-Etherton, P.M.; Keen, C.L. Evidence that the antioxidant flavonoids in tea and cocoa are beneficial for cardiovascular health. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2002, 13, 41–49. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
88. Kalinowska, M.; Bielawska, A.; Lewandowska-Siwkiewicz, H.; Priebe, W.; Lewandowski, W. Apples: Content of phenolic compounds vs. Variety, part of apple and cultivation model, extraction of phenolic compounds, biological properties. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2014, 84, 169–188. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
89. Kondratyuk, T.P.; Pezzuto, J.M. Natural product polyphenols of relevance to human health. Pharm. Biol. 2004, 42, 46–63. [CrossRef]
90. Vitaglione, P.; Napolitano, A.; Fogliano, V. Cereal dietary fibre: A natural functional ingredient to deliver phenolic compounds into the gut. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2008, 19, 451–463. [CrossRef]
91. Fogliano, V.; Corollaro, M.L.; Vitaglione, P.; Napolitano, A.; Ferracane, R.; Travaglia, F.; Arlorio, M.; Costabile, A.; Klinder, A.; Gibson, G. In vitro bioaccessibility and gut biotransformation of polyphenols present in the water-insoluble cocoa fraction. Med. Nutr. Food Res. 2011, 55, S44–S55. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
92. Marín, L.; Miguélez, E.M.; Villar, C.J.; Lombó, F. Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: Antimicrobial properties. BioMed Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 905215. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
93. Bang, S.H.; Hyun, Y.J.; Shim, J.; Hong, S.W.; Kim, D.H. Metabolism of rutin and poncirin by human intestinal microbiota and cloning of their metabolizing α-l-rhamnosidase from bifidobacterium dentium. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2015, 25, 18–25. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
94. Day, A.J.; Cañada, F.J.; Díaz, J.C.; Kroon, P.A.; Mclauchlan, R.; Faulds, C.B.; Plumb, G.W.; Morgan, M.R.; Williamson, G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. FEBS Lett. 2000, 468, 166–170. [CrossRef]
95. Gee, J.M.; DuPont, M.S.; Day, A.J.; Plumb, G.W.; Williamson, G.; Johnson, I.T. Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway. J. Nutr. 2000, 130, 2765–2771. [PubMed]
96. Nakagawa, K.; Okuda, S.; Miyazawa, T. Dose-dependent incorporation of tea catechins, (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and (–)-epigallocatechin, into human plasma. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1997, 61, 1981–1985. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
97. Filomeni, G.; De Zio, D.; Cecconi, F. Oxidative stress and autophagy: The clash between damage and metabolic needs. Cell Death Differ. 2015, 22, 377–388. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
98. Liang, X.H.; Jackson, S.; Seaman, M.; Brown, K.; Kempkes, B.; Hibshoosh, H.; Levine, B. Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1. Nature 1999, 402, 672–676. [PubMed]
99. Aita, V.M.; Liang, X.H.; Murty, V.; Pincus, D.L.; Yu, W.; Cayanis, E.; Kalachikov, S.; Gilliam, T.C.; Levine, B. Cloning and genomic organization of beclin 1, a candidate tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 17q 21. Genomics 1999, 59, 59–65. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
100. Dilova, I.; Easlon, E.; Lin, S.J.; Calorie restriction and the nutrient sensing signaling pathways. Cell. Med. Life Sci. 2007, 64, 752–767. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
101. Trepanowski, J.F.; Canale, R.E.; Marshall, K.E.; Kabir, M.M.; Bloomer, R.J. Impact of caloric and dietary restriction regimens on markers of health and longevity in humans and animals: A summary of available findings. Nutr. J. 2011, 10, 1. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
102. Inoki, K.; Zhu, T.; Guan, K.L. TSC2 mediates cellular energy response to control cell growth and survival. Cell 2003, 115, 577–590. [CrossRef]
103. Gwinn, D.M.; Shackelford, D.B.; Egan, D.F.; Mihaylova, M.M.; Mery, A.; Vasquez, D.S.; Turk, B.E.; Shaw, R.J. AMPK phosphorylation of raptor mediates a metabolic checkpoint. Med. Cell 2008, 30, 214–226. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
104. Jung, C.H.; Jun, C.B.; Ro, S.H.; Kim, Y.M.; Otto, N.M.; Cao, J.; Kundu, M.; Kim, D.H. ULK-Atg13-FIP200 complexes mediate mtor signaling to the autophagy machinery. Med. Biol. Cell 2009, 20, 1992–2003. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
105. Baur, J.A.; Pearson, K.J.; Price, N.L.; Jamieson, H.A.; Lerin, C.; Kalra, A.; Prabhu, V.V.; Allard, J.S.; Lopez-Lluch, G.; Lewis, K. Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature 2006, 444, 337–342. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
106. Morselli, E.; Maiuri, M.C.; Markaki, M.; Megalou, E.; Pasparaki, A.; Palikaras, K.; Criollo, A.; Galluzzi, L.; Malik, S.A.; Vitale, I. The life span-prolonging effect of sirtuin-1 is mediated by autophagy. Autophagy 2010, 6, 186–188. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
107. Ng, F.; Tang, B.L. Sirtuins’ modulation of autophagy. J. Cell. Physiol. 2013, 228, 2262–2270. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
108. Chung, S.; Yao, H.; Caito, S.; Hwang, J.W.; Arunachalam, G.; Rahman, I. Regulation of sirt1 in cellular functions: Role of polyphenols. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2010, 501, 79–90. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
109. Opipari, A.W.; Tan, L.; Boitano, A.E.; Sorenson, D.R.; Aurora, A.; Liu, J.R. Resveratrol-induced autophagocytosis in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2004, 64, 696–703. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
110. Carbó, N.; Costelli, P.; Baccino, F.M.; López-Soriano, F.J.; Argilés, J.M. Resveratrol, a natural product present in wine, decreases tumour growth in a rat tumour model. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1999, 254, 739–743. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
111. Baur, J.A.; Sinclair, D.A. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: The in vivo evidence. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2006, 5, 493–506. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
112. Signorelli, P.; Ghidoni, R. Resveratrol as an anticancer nutrient: Molecular basis, open questions and promises. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2005, 16, 449–466. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
113. Trincheri, N.F.; Follo, C.; Nicotra, G.; Peracchio, C.; Castino, R.; Isidoro, C. Resveratrol-induced apoptosis depends on the lipid kinase activity of vps34 and on the formation of autophagolysosomes. Carcinogenesis 2008, 29, 381–389. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
114. Armour, S.M.; Baur, J.A.; Hsieh, S.N.; Land-Bracha, A.; Thomas, S.M.; Sinclair, D.A. Inhibition of mammalian s6 kinase by resveratrol suppresses autophagy. Aging 2009, 1, 515–528. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
115. Scarlatti, F.; Maffei, R.; Beau, I.; Codogno, P.; Ghidoni, R. Role of non-canonical beclin 1-independent autophagy in cell death induced by resveratrol in human breast cancer cells. Cell Death Differ. 2008, 15, 1318–1329. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
116. Kim, Y.; Choi, B.T.; Lee, Y.T.; Park, D.I.; Rhee, S.H.; Park, K.Y.; Choi, Y.H. Resveratrol inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. Oncol. Rep. 2004, 11, 441–446. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
117. Roy, S.K.; Chen, Q.; Fu, J.; Shankar, S.; Srivastava, R.K. Resveratrol inhibits growth of orthotopic pancreatic tumors through activation of foxo transcription factors. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e25166. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
118. Back, J.H.; Zhu, Y.; Calabro, A.; Queenan, C.; Kim, A.S.; Arbesman, J.; Kim, A.L.; Resveratrol-mediated downregulation of rictor attenuates autophagic process and suppresses UV-induced skin carcinogenesis. Photochem. Photobiol. 2012, 88, 1165–1172. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
119. Hwang, J.T.; Kwak, D.W.; Lin, S.K.; Kim, H.M.; Kim, Y.M.; Park, O.J. Resveratrol induces apoptosis in chemoresistant cancer cells via modulation of AMPK signaling pathway. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2007, 1095, 441–448. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
120. Miki, H.; Uehara, N.; Kimura, A.; Sasaki, T.; Yuri, T.; Yoshizawa, K.; Tsubura, A. Resveratrol induces apoptosis via ros-triggered autophagy in human colon cancer cells. Int. J. Oncol. 2012, 40, 1020–1028. [PubMed]
121. Puissant, A.; Auberger, P. AMPK-and p62/SQSTM1-dependent autophagy mediate resveratrol-induced cell death in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Autophagy 2010, 6, 655–657. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
122. Saller, R.; Brignoli, R.; Melzer, J.; Meier, R. An updated systematic review with meta-analysis for the clinical evidence of silymarin. Forsch. Komplement. Res. Complement. Med. 2008, 15, 9–20. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
123. Lu, P.; Mamiya, T.; Lu, L.; Mouri, A.; Zou, L.; Nagai, T.; Hiramatsu, M.; Ikejima, T.; Nabeshima, T. Silibinin prevents amyloid β peptide-induced memory impairment and oxidative stress in mice. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 157, 1270–1277. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
124. Marrazzo, G.; Bosco, P.; La Delia, F.; Scapagnini, G.; Di Giacomo, C.; Malaguarnera, M.; Galvano, F.; Nicolosi, A.; Volti, G.L. Neuroprotective effect of silibinin in diabetic mice. Neurosci. Lett. 2011, 504, 252–256. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
125. Singh, R.P.; Agarwal, R. Mechanisms and preclinical efficacy of silibinin in preventing skin cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 2005, 41, 1969–1979. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
126. Singh, R.P.; Agarwal, R. Prostate cancer chemoprevention by silibinin: Bench to bedside. Mol. Carcinogen. 2006, 45, 436–442. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
127. Tyagi, A.; Singh, R.P.; Ramasamy, K.; Raina, K.; Redente, E.F.; Dwyer-Nield, L.D.; Radcliffe, R.A.; Malkinson, A.M.; Agarwal, R. Growth inhibition and regression of lung tumors by silibinin: Modulation of angiogenesis by macrophage-associated cytokines and nuclear factor-κb and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3. Cancer Prev. Res. 2009, 2, 74–83. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
128. Kauntz, H.; Bousserouel, S.; Gossé, F.; Raul, F. Silibinin triggers apoptotic signaling pathways and autophagic survival response in human colon adenocarcinoma cells and their derived metastatic cells. Apoptosis 2011, 16, 1042–1053. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
129. Duan, W.; Jin, X.; Li, Q.; Tashiro, S.I.; Onodera, S.; Ikejima, T. Silibinin induced autophagic and apoptotic cell death in HT1080 cells through a reactive oxygen species pathway. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2010, 113, 48–56. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
130. Fan, S.; Li, L.; Chen, S.; Yu, Y.; Qi, M.; Tashiro, S.I.; Onodera, S.; Ikejima, T. Silibinin induced-autophagic and apoptotic death is associated with an increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in hela cells. Free Radic. Res. 2011, 45, 1307–1324. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
131. Mira, L.; Silva, M.; Manso, C. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by silibinin dihemisuccinate. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1994, 48, 753–759. [CrossRef]
132. Jiang, K.; Wang, W.; Jin, X.; Wang, Z.; Ji, Z.; Meng, G. Silibinin, a natural flavonoid, induces autophagy via ROS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of ATP involving BNIP3 in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Oncol. Rep. 2015, 33, 2711–2718. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
133. Zheng, N.; Zhang, P.; Huang, H.; Liu, W.; Hayashi, T.; Zang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, L.; Xia, M.; Tashiro, S.I. Erα down-regulation plays a key role in silibinin-induced autophagy and apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2015, 128, 97–107. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
134. Boots, A.W.; Haenen, G.R.; Bast, A. Health effects of quercetin: From antioxidant to nutraceutical. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 585, 325–337. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
135. Ferry, D.R.; Smith, A.; Malkhandi, J.; Fyfe, D.W.; Anderson, D.; Baker, J.; Kerr, D. Phase I clinical trial of the flavonoid quercetin: Pharmacokinetics and evidence for in vivo tyrosine kinase inhibition. Clin. Cancer Res. 1996, 2, 659–668. [PubMed]
136. Aalinkeel, R.; Bindukumar, B.; Reynolds, J.L.; Sykes, D.E.; Mahajan, S.D.; Chadha, K.C.; Schwartz, S.A. The dietary bioflavonoid, quercetin, selectively induces apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by down-regulating the expression of heat shock protein 90. Prostate 2008, 68, 1773–1789. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
137. Borska, S.; Drag-Zalesinska, M.; Wysocka, T.; Sopel, M.; Dumanska, M.; Zabel, M.; Dziegiel, P. Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of quercetin on human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines EPP85–181P and EPP85–181RDB. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 2010, 48, 222–229. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
138. Choi, E.J.; Bae, S.M.; Ahn, W.S. Antiproliferative effects of quercetin through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer MDA-MB-453 cells. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2008, 31, 1281–1285. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
139. Conklin, C.M.; Bechberger, J.F.; MacFabe, D.; Guthrie, N.; Kurowska, E.M.; Naus, C.C. Genistein and quercetin increase connexin43 and suppress growth of breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2006, 28, 93–100. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
140. Klappan, A.K.; Hones, S.; Mylonas, I.; Brüning, A. Proteasome inhibition by quercetin triggers macroautophagy and blocks mtor activity. Histochem. Cell Biol. 2012, 137, 25–36. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
141. Wang, K.; Liu, R.; Li, J.; Mao, J.; Lei, Y.; Wu, J.; Zeng, J.; Zhang, T.; Wu, H.; Chen, L. Quercetin induces protective autophagy in gastric cancer cells: Involvement of Akt-mTOR-and hypoxia-induced factor 1α-mediated signaling. Autophagy 2011, 7, 966–978. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
142. Polkowski, K.; Popiołkiewicz, J.; Krzeczyński, P.; Ramza, J.; Pucko, W.; Zegrocka-Stendel, O.; Boryski, J.; Skierski, J.S.; Mazurek, A.P.; Grynkiewicz, G. Cytostatic and cytotoxic activity of synthetic genistein glycosides against human cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett. 2004, 203, 59–69. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
143. Yu, Z.; Li, W.; Liu, F. Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis by genistein in colon cancer HT-29 cells. Cancer Lett. 2004, 215, 159–166. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
144. Ouchi, H.; Ishiguro, H.; Ikeda, N.; Hori, M.; Kubota, Y.; Uemura, H. Genistein induces cell growth inhibition in prostate cancer through the suppression of telomerase activity. Int. J. Urol. 2005, 12, 73–80. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
145. Li, Y.; Upadhyay, S.; Bhuiyan, M.; Sarkar, F.H. Induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 by genistein. Oncogene 1999, 18, 3166–3172. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
146. Gossner, G.; Choi, M.; Tan, L.; Fogoros, S.; Griffith, K.A.; Kuenker, M.; Liu, J.R.; Genistein-induced apoptosis and autophagocytosis in ovarian cancer cells. Gynecol. Oncol. 2007, 105, 23–30. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
147. Houslay, M.D.; Christian, F. P62 (SQSTM1) forms part of a novel, reversible aggregate containing a specific conformer of the camp degrading phosphodiesterase, PDE4A4. Autophagy 2010, 6, 1198–1200. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
148. Christian, F.; Anthony, D.F.; Vadrevu, S.; Riddell, T.; Day, J.P.; McLeod, R.; Adams, D.R.; Baillie, G.S.; Houslay, M.D. P62 (SQSTM1) and cyclic amp phosphodiesterase-4A4 (PDE4A4) locate to a novel, reversible protein aggregate with links to autophagy and proteasome degradation pathways. Cell Signal. 2010, 22, 1576–1596. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
149. Dhillon, N.; Aggarwal, B.B.; Newman, R.A.; Wolff, R.A.; Kunnumakkara, A.B.; Abbruzzese, J.L.; Ng, C.S.; Badmaev, V.; Kurzrock, R. Phase ii trial of curcumin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008, 14, 4491–4499. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
150. Sharma, R.A.; Euden, S.A.; Platton, S.L.; Cooke, D.N.; Shafayat, A.; Hewitt, H.R.; Marczylo, T.H.; Morgan, B.; Hemingway, D.; Plummer, S.M. Phase i clinical trial of oral curcumin biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance. Clin. Cancer Res. 2004, 10, 6847–6854. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
151. Zhuang, W.; Long, L.; Zheng, B.; Ji, W.; Yang, N.; Zhang, Q.; Liang, Z. Curcumin promotes differentiation of glioma-initiating cells by inducing autophagy. Cancer Sci. 2012, 103, 684–690. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
152. Chadalapaka, G.; Jutooru, I.; Burghardt, R.; Safe, S. Drugs that target specificity proteins downregulate epidermal growth factor receptor in bladder cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Res. 2010, 8, 739–750. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
153. Han, J.; Pan, X.Y.; Xu, Y.; Xiao, Y.; An, Y.; Tie, L.; Pan, Y.; Li, X.J. Curcumin induces autophagy to protect vascular endothelial cell survival from oxidative stress damage. Autophagy 2012, 8, 812–825. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
154. Lee, Y.J.; Kim, N.Y.; Suh, Y.A.; Lee, C. Involvement of ROS in curcumin-induced autophagic cell death. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2011, 15, 1–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
155. Aoki, H.; Takada, Y.; Kondo, S.; Sawaya, R.; Aggarwal, B.B.; Kondo, Y. Evidence that curcumin suppresses the growth of malignant gliomas in vitro and in vivo through induction of autophagy: Role of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. Med. Pharmacol. 2007, 72, 29–39. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
156. Pan, W.; Yang, H.; Cao, C.; Song, X.; Wallin, B.; Kivlin, R.; Lu, S.; Hu, G.; Di, W.; Wan, Y. AMPK mediates curcumin-induced cell death in CaOV3 ovarian cancer cells. Oncol. Rep. 2008, 20, 1553–1559. [PubMed]
157. Kim, J.Y.; Cho, T.J.; Woo, B.H.; Choi, K.U.; Lee, C.H.; Ryu, M.H.; Park, H.R. Curcumin-induced autophagy contributes to the decreased survival of oral cancer cells. Arch. Oral Biol. 2012, 57, 1018–1025. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
158. Shinojima, N.; Yokoyama, T.; Kondo, Y.; Kondo, S. Roles of the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in curcumin-induced autophagy. Autophagy 2007, 3, 635–637. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
159. Jia, Y.L.; Li, J.; Qin, Z.H.; Liang, Z.Q. Autophagic and apoptotic mechanisms of curcumin-induced death in K562 cells. J. Asian Natl. Prod. Res. 2009, 11, 918–928. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
160. Gschwendt, M.; Muller, H.; Kielbassa, K.; Zang, R.; Kittstein, W.; Rincke, G.; Marks, F. Rottlerin, a novel protein kinase inhibitor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1994, 199, 93–98. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
161. Soltoff, S.P. Rottlerin: An inappropriate and ineffective inhibitor of PKCδ. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2007, 28, 453–458. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
162. Springael, C.; Thomas, S.; Rahmouni, S.; Vandamme, A.; Goldman, M.; Willems, F.; Vosters, O. Rottlerin inhibits human T cell responses. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2007, 73, 515–525. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
163. Zeng, H.; Lozinskaya, I.M.; Lin, Z.; Willette, R.N.; Brooks, D.P.; Xu, X. Mallotoxin is a novel human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channel activator. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2006, 319, 957–962. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
164. Zhang, D.; Anantharam, V.; Kanthasamy, A.; Kanthasamy, A.G. Neuroprotective effect of protein kinase cδ inhibitor rottlerin in cell culture and animal models of parkinson’s disease. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2007, 322, 913–922. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
165. Guimarães, E.L.; Empsen, C.; Geerts, A.; van Grunsven, L.A. Advanced glycation end products induce production of reactive oxygen species via the activation of NADPH oxidase in murine hepatic stellate cells. J. Hepatol. 2010, 52, 389–397. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
166. Mizuguchi, H.; Terao, T.; Kitai, M.; Ikeda, M.; Yoshimura, Y.; Das, A.K.; Kitamura, Y.; Takeda, N.; Fukui, H. Involvement of protein kinase Cdelta/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) signaling pathway in histamine-induced up-regulation of histamine H1 receptor gene expression in Hela cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286, 30542–30551. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
167. Sharma, V. A polyphenolic compound rottlerin demonstrates significant in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines: Isolation and characterization from the fruits of Mallotus philippinensis. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. 2011, 20, 190–195. [CrossRef]
168. Mann, A.P.; Verma, A.; Sethi, G.; Manavathi, B.; Wang, H.; Fok, J.Y.; Kunnumakkara, A.B.; Kumar, R.; Aggarwal, B.B.; Mehta, K. Overexpression of tissue transglutaminase leads to constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in cancer cells: Delineation of a novel pathway. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 8788–8795. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
169. Fabre, C.; Carvalho, G.; Tasdemir, E.; Braun, T.; Ades, L.; Grosjean, J.; Boehrer, S.; Metivier, D.; Souquere, S.; Pierron, G. NF-kappaB inhibition sensitizes to starvation-induced cell death in high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2007, 26, 4071–4083. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
170. Akar, U.; Ozpolat, B.; Mehta, K.; Fok, J.; Kondo, Y.; Lopez-Berestein, G. Tissue transglutaminase inhibits autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Res. 2007, 5, 241–249. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
171. Singh, B.N.; Kumar, D.; Shankar, S.; Srivastava, R.K. Rottlerin induces autophagy which leads to apoptotic cell death through inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in human pancreatic cancer stem cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2012, 84, 1154–1163. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
172. Balgi, A.D.; Fonseca, B.D.; Donohue, E.; Tsang, T.C.; Lajoie, P.; Proud, C.G.; Nabi, I.R.; Roberge, M. Screen for chemical modulators of autophagy reveals novel therapeutic inhibitors of mTORC1 signaling. PLoS ONE 2009, 4, e7124. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
173. Li, M.J.; Yin, Y.C.; Wang, J.; Jiang, Y.F. Green tea compounds in breast cancer prevention and treatment. World J. Clin. Oncol. 2014, 5, 520–528. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
174. Harper, C.E.; Patel, B.B.; Wang, J.; Arabshahi, A.; Eltoum, I.A.; Lamartiniere, C.A. Resveratrol suppresses prostate cancer progression in transgenic mice. Carcinogenesis 2007, 28, 1946–1953. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
175. Trincheri, N.F.; Nicotra, G.; Follo, C.; Castino, R.; Isidoro, C. Resveratrol induces cell death in colorectal cancer cells by a novel pathway involving lysosomal cathepsin D. Carcinogenesis 2007, 28, 922–931. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
176. Rodrigo, R.; Gil-Becerra, D. Implications of polyphenols on endogenous antioxidant defense systems in human diseases. In Polyphenols in Human Health Disease; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014; pp. 201–207.
177. Wang, H.; Cao, G.; Prior, R.L. Total antioxidant capacity of fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1996, 44, 701–705. [CrossRef]
178. Bhattacharyya, A.; Chattopadhyay, R.; Mitra, S.; Crowe, S.E. Oxidative stress: An essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Physiol. Rev. 2014, 94, 329–354. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
179. Pham-Huy, L.A.; He, H.; Pham-Huy, C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int. J. Biomed. Sci. 2008, 4, 89–96. [PubMed]
180. Perron, N.R.; Brumaghim, J.L. A review of the antioxidant mechanisms of polyphenol compounds related to iron binding. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 2009, 53, 75–100. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
181. Guo, J.J.; Hsieh, H.Y.; Hu, C.H. Chain-breaking activity of carotenes in lipid peroxidation: A theoretical study. J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113, 15699–15708. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
182. Pietta, P.G. Flavonoids as antioxidants. J. Natl. Prod. 2000, 63, 1035–1042. [CrossRef]
183. Tsao, R.; Li, H. Antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo: Realistic assessments of efficacy of plant extracts. CAB Rev. 2012, 7, 9.
184. Rice-Evans, C.A.; Miller, N.J.; Paganga, G. Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1996, 20, 933–956. [CrossRef]
185. Chuang, C.C.; McIntosh, M.K.; Potential mechanisms by which polyphenol-rich grapes prevent obesity-mediated inflammation and metabolic diseases. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2011, 31, 155–176. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
186. Zhou, B.; Wu, L.M.; Yang, L.; Liu, Z.L. Evidence for α-tocopherol regeneration reaction of green tea polyphenols in SDS micelles. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2005, 38, 78–84. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
187. Tsao, R. Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols. Nutrients 2010, 2, 1231–1246. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
188. Van Acker, S.A.; van den Berg, D.J.; Tromp, M.N.; Griffioen, D.H.; van Bennekom, W.P.; van der Vijgh, W.J.; Bast, A. Structural aspects of antioxidant activity of flavonoids. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1996, 20, 331–342. [CrossRef]
189. Göçer, H.; Gülçin, ˙I. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE): Correlation of structure and antioxidant properties. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2011, 62, 821–825. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
190. Mishra, P.; Kale, R.; Kar, A. Chemoprevention of mammary tumorigenesis and chemomodulation of the antioxidative enzymes and peroxidative damage in prepubertal Sprague Dawley rats by Biochanin A. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2008, 312, 1–9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
191. Singh, B.; Shoulson, R.; Chatterjee, A.; Ronghe, A.; Bhat, N.K.; Dim, D.C.; Bhat, H.K. Resveratrol inhibits estrogen-induced breast carcinogenesis through induction of NRF2-mediated protective pathways. Carcinogenesis 2014, 35, 1872–1880. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
192. Yang, C.S.; Li, G.; Yang, Z.; Guan, F.; Chen, A.; Ju, J. Cancer prevention by tocopherols and tea polyphenols. Cancer Lett. 2013, 334, 79–85. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
193. Hsieh, T.C.; Wu, J.M.; Suppression of cell proliferation and gene expression by combinatorial synergy of EGCG, resveratrol and-tocotrienol in estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Int. J. Oncol. 2008, 33, 851–859. [PubMed]
194. Nadal-Serrano, M.; Pons, D.G.; Sastre-Serra, J.; del Mar Blanquer-Rosselló, M.; Roca, P.; Oliver, J. Genistein modulates oxidative stress in breast cancer cell lines according to ERA/ERB ratio: Effects on mitochondrial functionality, sirtuins, uncoupling protein 2 and antioxidant enzymes. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2013, 45, 2045–2051. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
195. Chen, B.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Rao, J.; Jiang, X.; Xu, Z. Curcumin inhibits proliferation of breast cancer cells through Nrf2-mediated down-regulation of Fen1 expression. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2014, 143, 11–18. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
196. Siddiqui, M.A.; Ahamed, M.; Ahmad, J.; Khan, M.M.; Musarrat, J.; Al-Khedhairy, A.A.; Alrokayan, S.A. Nickel oxide nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis in cultured human cells that is abrogated by the dietary antioxidant curcumin. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 50, 641–647. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
197. Azam, S.; Hadi, N.; Khan, N.U.; Hadi, S.M. Prooxidant property of green tea polyphenols epicatechin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate: Implications for anticancer properties. Toxicol. in Vitro 2004, 18, 555–561. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
198. Bouayed, J.; Bohn, T. Exogenous antioxidants—Double-edged swords in cellular redox state: Health beneficial effects at physiologic doses versus deleterious effects at high doses. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2010, 3, 228–237. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
199. Wätjen, W.; Michels, G.; Steffan, B.; Niering, P.; Chovolou, Y.; Kampkötter, A.; Tran-Thi, Q.H.; Proksch, P.; Kahl, R. Low concentrations of flavonoids are protective in rat H4IIE cells whereas high concentrations cause DNA damage and apoptosis. J. Nutr. 2005, 135, 525–531. [PubMed]
200. Sandoval-Acuña, C.; Ferreira, J.; Speisky, H. Polyphenols and mitochondria: An update on their increasingly emerging ROS-scavenging independent actions. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2014, 559, 75–90. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
201. Perron, N.R.; García, C.R.; Pinzón, J.R.; Chaur, M.N.; Brumaghim, J.L. Antioxidant and prooxidant effects of polyphenol compounds on copper-mediated DNA damage. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2011, 105, 745–753. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
202. Ullah, M.F.; Ahmad, A.; Zubair, H.; Khan, H.Y.; Wang, Z.; Sarkar, F.H.; Hadi, S.M.; Soy isoflavone genistein induces cell death in breast cancer cells through mobilization of endogenous copper ions and generation of reactive oxygen species. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2011, 55, 553–559. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
203. Singh, D.V.; Agarwal, S.; Singh, P.; Godbole, M.M.; Misra, K. Curcumin conjugates induce apoptosis via a mitochondrion dependent pathway in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2013, 14, 5797–5804. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
204. Braicu, C.; Pilecki, V.; Balacescu, O.; Irimie, A.; Berindan Neagoe, I. The relationships between biological activities and structure of flavan-3-ols. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 9342–9353. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
205. Balkwill, F.; Mantovani, A. Inflammation and cancer: Back to virchow? Lancet 2001, 357, 539–545. [CrossRef]
206. Flossmann, E.; Rothwell, P.M. Effect of aspirin on long-term risk of colorectal cancer: Consistent evidence from randomised and observational studies. Lancet 2007, 369, 1603–1613. [CrossRef]
207. Chan, A.T.; Ogino, S.; Fuchs, C.S. Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in relation to the expression of COX-2. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 356, 2131–2142. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
208. Anderson, W.F.; Schairer, C.; Chen, B.E.; Hance, K.W.; Levine, P.H. Epidemiology of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). Breast Dis. 2005, 22, 9–23. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
209. Hance, K.W.; Anderson, W.F.; Devesa, S.S.; Young, H.A.; Levine, P.H. Trends in inflammatory breast carcinoma incidence and survival: The surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program at the national cancer institute. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2005, 97, 966–975. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
210. Kanaya, N.; Adams, L.; Takasaki, A.; Chen, S. Whole blueberry powder inhibits metastasis of triple negative breast cancer in a xenograft mouse model through modulation of inflammatory cytokines. Nutr. Cancer 2014, 66, 242–248. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
211. Vuong, T.; Mallet, J.F.; Ouzounova, M.; Rahbar, S.; Hernandez-Vargas, H.; Herceg, Z.; Matar, C. Role of a polyphenol-enriched preparation on chemoprevention of mammary carcinoma through cancer stem cells and inflammatory pathways modulation. J. Transl. Med. 2016, 14, 13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
212. Biswas, S.K.; McClure, D.; Jimenez, L.A.; Megson, I.L.; Rahman, I. Curcumin induces glutathione biosynthesis and inhibits NF-κB activation and interleukin-8 release in alveolar epithelial cells: Mechanism of free radical scavenging activity. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2005, 7, 32–41. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
213. Gerhäuser, C.; Klimo, K.; Heiss, E.; Neumann, I.; Gamal-Eldeen, A.; Knauft, J.; Liu, G.Y.; Sitthimonchai, S.; Frank, N. Mechanism-based in vitro screening of potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Mutat. Res. 2003, 523–524, 163–172. [CrossRef]
214. Wadsworth, T.L.; Koop, D.R.; Effects of the wine polyphenolics quercetin and resveratrol on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in raw 264.7 macrophages. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1999, 57, 941–949. [CrossRef]
215. Lawrence, T. The nuclear factor NF-κB pathway in inflammation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2009, 1, a001651. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
216. Dannenberg, A.J.; Subbaramaiah, K. Targeting cyclooxygenase-2 in human neoplasia: Rationale and promise. Cancer Cell 2003, 4, 431–436. [CrossRef]
217. Mackenzie, G.G.; Oteiza, P.I. Modulation of transcription factor NF-κB in Hodgkin’s lymphoma cell lines: Effect of (-)-epicatechin. Free Radic. Res. 2006, 40, 1086–1094. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
218. Mackenzie, G.G.; Carrasquedo, F.; Delfino, J.M.; Keen, C.L.; Fraga, C.G.; Oteiza, P.I. Epicatechin, catechin, and dimeric procyanidins inhibit PMA-induced NF-κB activation at multiple steps in Jurkat T cells. FASEB J. 2004, 18, 167–169. [PubMed]
219. Divya, C.S.; Pillai, M.R. Antitumor action of curcumin in human papillomavirus associated cells involves downregulation of viral oncogenes, prevention of NFkB and AP-1 translocation, and modulation of apoptosis. Mol. Carcinogen. 2006, 45, 320–332. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
220. Wahyudi, S.; Sargowo, D. Green tea polyphenols inhibit oxidized LDL-induced NF-kB activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Acta Med. Indones. 2007, 39, 66–70. [PubMed]
221. Granado-Serrano, A.B.; Martín, M.Á.; Bravo, L.; Goya, L.; Ramos, S. Quercetin attenuates TNF-induced inflammation in hepatic cells by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Nutr. Cancer 2012, 64, 588–598. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
222. Estrov, Z.; Shishodia, S.; Faderl, S.; Harris, D.; Van, Q.; Kantarjian, H.M.; Talpaz, M.; Aggarwal, B.B. Resveratrol blocks interleukin-1β–induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF-κB, inhibits proliferation, causes S-phase arrest, and induces apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Blood 2003, 102, 987–995. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
223. Bachmeier, B.E.; Nerlich, A.G.; Iancu, C.M.; Cilli, M.; Schleicher, E.; Vené, R.; Dell’Eva, R.; Jochum, M.; Albini, A.; Pfeffer, U. The chemopreventive polyphenol curcumin prevents hematogenous breast cancer metastases in immunodeficient mice. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2007, 19, 137–152. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
224. Bachmeier, B.E.; Mohrenz, I.V.; Mirisola, V.; Schleicher, E.; Romeo, F.; Höhneke, C.; Jochum, M.; Nerlich, A.G.; Pfeffer, U. Curcumin downregulates the inflammatory cytokines CXCL1 and-2 in breast cancer cells via NFκB. Carcinogenesis 2008, 29, 779–789. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
225. Singh, B.N.; Shankar, S.; Srivastava, R.K. Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): Mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2011, 82, 1807–1821. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
226. Chung, S.S.; Vadgama, J.V. Curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate inhibit the cancer stem cell phenotype via down-regulation of STAT3–NFκB signaling. Anticancer Res. 2015, 35, 39–46. [PubMed]
227. Lamy, S.; Akla, N.; Ouanouki, A.; Lord-Dufour, S.; Béliveau, R. Diet-derived polyphenols inhibit angiogenesis by modulating the interleukin-6/STAT3 pathway. Exp. Cell Res. 2012, 318, 1586–1596. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
228. Zhao, X.; Sun, X.; Li, X.L. Expression and clinical significance of STAT3, P-STAT3, and VEGF-C in small cell lung cancer. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012, 13, 2873–2877. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
229. Bosch-Barrera, J.; Menendez, J.A. Silibinin and STAT3: A natural way of targeting transcription factors for cancer therapy. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2015, 41, 540–546. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
230. Monteiro, R.; Calhau, C.; Pinheiro-Silva, S.; Guerreiro, S.; Gärtner, F.; Azevedo, I.; Soares, R. Xanthohumol inhibits inflammatory factor production and angiogenesis in breast cancer xenografts. J. Cell. Biochem. 2008, 104, 1699–1707. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
231. Schneider, H.; Mueck, A.; Kuhl, H. IARC monographs program on carcinogenicity of combined hormonal contraceptives and menopausal therapy. Climacteric 2005, 8, 311–316. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
232. Miller, W.; Dixon, J. Local endocrine effects of aromatase inhibitors within the breast. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2001, 79, 93–102. [CrossRef]
233. Czajka-Oraniec, I.; Simpson, E.R. Aromatase research and its clinical significance. Endokrynol. Pol. 2010, 61, 126–134. [PubMed]
234. Jiao, J.; Xiang, H.; Liao, Q. Recent advancement in nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors for treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Curr. Med. Chem. 2010, 17, 3476–3487. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
235. Wang, T.; You, Q.; Huang, F.S.-G.; Xiang, H. Recent advances in selective estrogen receptor modulators for breast cancer. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2009, 9, 1191–1201. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
236. Jefferson, W.N.; Padilla-Banks, E.; Newbold, R.R. Adverse effects on female development and reproduction in CD-1 mice following neonatal exposure to the phytoestrogen genistein at environmentally relevant doses. Biol. Reprod. 2005, 73, 798–806. [CrossRef]
237. Pearce, S.T.; Jordan, V.C. The biological role of estrogen receptors α and β in cancer. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2004, 50, 3–22. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
238. Nemenoff, R.A.; Winn, R.A. Role of nuclear receptors in lung tumourigenesis. Eur. J. Cancer 2005, 41, 2561–2568. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
239. Hsieh, R.W.; Rajan, S.S.; Sharma, S.K.; Guo, Y.; DeSombre, E.R.; Mrksich, M.; Greene, G.L. Identification of ligands with bicyclic scaffolds provides insights into mechanisms of estrogen receptor subtype selectivity. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281, 17909–17919. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
240. Barnes, S. Effect of genistein on in vitro and in vivo models of cancer. J. Nutr. 1995, 125, 7778–7838.
241. Kuiper, G.G.; Lemmen, J.G.; Carlsson, B.; Corton, J.C.; Safe, S.H.; van Der Saag, P.T.; van Der Burg, B.; Gustafsson, J.A. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor β. Endocrinology 1998, 139, 4252–4263. [PubMed]
242. Yoshimaru, T.; Komatsu, M.; Tashiro, E.; Imoto, M.; Osada, H.; Miyoshi, Y.; Honda, J.; Sasa, M.; Katagiri, T. Xanthohumol suppresses oestrogen-signalling in breast cancer through the inhibition of BIG3-PHB2 interactions. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 7355. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
243. Papoutsi, Z.; Kassi, E.; Tsiapara, A.; Fokialakis, N.; Chrousos, G.P.; Moutsatsou, P. Evaluation of estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity of ellagic acid via the estrogen receptor subtypes ERα and ERβ. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 7715–7720. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
244. Aiyer, H.S.; Gupta, R.C. Berries and ellagic acid prevent estrogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis by modulating enzymes of estrogen metabolism. Cancer Prev. Res. 2010, 3, 727–737. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
245. Nandhakumar, R.; Salini, K.; Devaraj, S.N. Morin augments anticarcinogenic and antiproliferative efficacy against 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a)-anthracene induced experimental mammary carcinogenesis. Med. Cell. Biochem. 2012, 364, 79–92. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
246. Fang, H.; Tong, W.; Shi, L.M.; Blair, R.; Perkins, R.; Branham, W.; Hass, B.S.; Xie, Q.; Dial, S.L.; Moland, C.L. Structure-activity relationships for a large diverse set of natural, synthetic, and environmental estrogens. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2001, 14, 280–294. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
247. Wang, L.M.; Xie, K.P.; Huo, H.N.; Shang, F.; Zou, W.; Xie, M.J.; Luteolin inhibits proliferation induced by IGF-1 pathway dependent ERα in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012, 13, 1431–1437. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
248. Chen, F.P.; Chien, M.H. Phytoestrogens induce apoptosis through a mitochondria/caspase pathway in human breast cancer cells. Climacteric 2014, 17, 385–392. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
249. Huang, C.; Lee, S.Y.; Lin, C.L.; Tu, T.H.; Chen, L.H.; Chen, Y.J.; Huang, H.C. Co-treatment with quercetin and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and AU565 cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 6430–6445. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
250. Le Corre, L.; Chalabi, N.; Delort, L.; Bignon, Y.J.; Bernard-Gallon, D.J. Differential expression of genes induced by resveratrol in human breast cancer cell lines. Nutr. Cancer 2006, 56, 193–203. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
251. Zeng, L.; Holly, J.M.; Perks, C.M. Effects of physiological levels of the green tea extract epigallocatechin-3-gallate on breast cancer cells. Front. Endocrinol. 2014, 5, 61. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
252. Messina, M.; Nagata, C.; Wu, A.H. Estimated asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes. Nutr. Cancer 2006, 55, 1–12. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
253. Wang, T.T.; Sathyamoorthy, N.; Phang, J.M. Molecular effects of genistein on estrogen receptor mediated pathways. Carcinogenesis 1996, 17, 271–275. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
254. Oseni, T.; Patel, R.; Pyle, J.; Jordan, V.C. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and phytoestrogens. Planta Med. 2008, 74, 1656–1665. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
255. Patisaul, H.B.; Jefferson, W. The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2010, 31, 400–419. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
256. Simpson, E.R. Aromatase: Biologic Relevance of Tissue-Specific Expression. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2004, 22, 11–23. [PubMed]
257. Ghosh, D.; Griswold, J.; Erman, M.; Pangborn, W. Structural basis for androgen specificity and oestrogen synthesis in human aromatase. Nature 2009, 457, 219–223. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
258. Kudachadkar, R.; O’Regan, R.M. Aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal patients with early stage breast cancer. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2005, 55, 145–163. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
259. Kim, M.J.; Woo, S.J.; Yoon, C.H.; Lee, J.S.; An, S.; Choi, Y.H.; Hwang, S.G.; Yoon, G.; Lee, S.J. Involvement of autophagy in oncogenic K-Ras-induced malignant cell transformation. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286, 12924–12932. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
260. Balunas, M.J.; Su, B.; Brueggemeier, R.W.; Kinghorn, A.D. Natural products as aromatase inhibitors. Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem. 2008, 8, 646–682. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
261. Brueggemeier, R.W.; Hackett, J.C.; Diaz-Cruz, E.S. Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer. Endocr. Rev. 2005, 26, 331–345. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
262. Kao, Y.C.; Zhou, C.; Sherman, M.; Laughton, C.A.; Chen, S. Molecular basis of the inhibition of human aromatase (estrogen synthetase) by flavone and isoflavone phytoestrogens: A site-directed mutagenesis study. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106, 85–92. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
263. Wang, Y.; Gho, W.M.; Chan, F.L.; Chen, S.; Leung, L.K. The red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavone biochanin a inhibits aromatase activity and expression. Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 99, 303–310. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
264. Ye, L.; Gho, W.M.; Chan, F.L.; Chen, S.; Leung, L.K. Dietary administration of the licorice flavonoid isoliquiritigenin deters the growth of MCF-7 cells overexpressing aromatase. Int. J. Cancer 2009, 124, 1028–1036. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
265. Li, F.; Ye, L.; Lin, S.M.; Leung, L.K. Dietary flavones and flavonones display differential effects on aromatase (CYP19) transcription in the breast cancer cells MCF-7. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2011, 344, 51–58. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
266. Li, F.; Wong, T.Y.; Lin, S.M.; Chow, S.; Cheung, W.H.; Chan, F.L.; Chen, S.; Leung, L.K. Coadministrating luteolin minimizes the side effects of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2014, 351, 270–277. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
267. Ji, J.Z.; Lao, K.J.; Hu, J.; Pang, T.; Jiang, Z.Z.; Yuan, H.L.; Miao, J.S.; Chen, X.; Ning, S.S.; Xiang, H. Discovery of novel aromatase inhibitors using a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2014, 35, 1082–1092. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
268. González-Sarrías, A.; Ma, H.; Edmonds, M.E.; Seeram, N.P. Maple polyphenols, ginnalins A–C, induce S-and G2/M-cell cycle arrest in colon and breast cancer cells mediated by decreasing cyclins A and D1 levels. Food Chem. 2013, 136, 636–642. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
269. Liang, Y.C.; Lin-Shiau, S.Y.; Chen, C.F.; Lin, J.K. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 4 activities as well as induction of cdk inhibitors p21 and p27 during growth arrest of human breast carcinoma cells by (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. J. Cell. Biochem. 1999, 75, 1–12. [CrossRef]
270. Mawson, A.; Lai, A.; Carroll, J.S.; Sergio, C.M.; Mitchell, C.J.; Sarcevic, B. Estrogen and insulin/IGF-1 cooperatively stimulate cell cycle progression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells through differential regulation of c-Myc and cyclin D1. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2005, 229, 161–173. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
271. Li, J.; Zhu, F.; Lubet, R.A.; De Luca, A.; Grubbs, C.; Ericson, M.E.; D’Alessio, A.; Normanno, N.; Dong, Z.; Bode, A.M. Quercetin-3-methyl ether inhibits lapatinib-sensitive and-resistant breast cancer cell growth by inducing G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Mol. Carcinogen. 2013, 52, 134–143. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
272. Choi, J.A.; Kim, J.Y.; Lee, J.Y.; Kang, C.M.; Kwon, H.J.; Yoo, Y.D.; Kim, T.W.; Lee, Y.S.; Lee, S.J. Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by quercetin. Int. J. Oncol. 2001, 19, 837–844. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
273. Chou, C.C.; Yang, J.S.; Lu, H.F.; Ip, S.W.; Lo, C.; Wu, C.C.; Lin, J.P.; Tang, N.Y.; Chung, J.G.; Chou, M.J.; Quercetin-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis involving activation of a caspase cascade through the mitochondrial pathway in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2010, 33, 1181–1191. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
274. Hsieh, T.C.; Wong, C.; John Bennett, D.; Wu, J.M. Regulation of p53 and cell proliferation by resveratrol and its derivatives in breast cancer cells: An in silico and biochemical approach targeting integrin αvβ3. Int. J. Cancer 2011, 129, 2732–2743. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
275. Simon, A.; Allais, D.; Duroux, J.; Basly, J.; Durand-Fontanier, S.; Delage, C. Inhibitory effect of curcuminoids on MCF-7 cell proliferation and structure–activity relationships. Cancer Lett. 1998, 129, 111–116. [CrossRef]
276. Choudhuri, T.; Pal, S.; Agwarwal, M.L.; Das, T.; Sa, G. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells through p53-dependent bax induction. FEBS Lett. 2002, 512, 334–340. [CrossRef]
277. Banerjee, M.; Singh, P.; Panda, D. Curcumin suppresses the dynamic instability of microtubules, activates the mitotic checkpoint and induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. FEBS J. 2010, 277, 3437–3448. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
278. Choi, E.J.; Kim, G.H. Apigenin causes G(2)/m arrest associated with the modulation of p21(Cip1) and Cdc2 and activates p53-dependent apoptosis pathway in human breast cancer SK-BR-3 cells. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2009, 20, 285–290. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
279. Umeda, D.; Tachibana, H.; Yamada, K. Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate disrupts stress fibers and the contractile ring by reducing myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation mediated through the target molecule 67kDa laminin receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 333, 628–635. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
280. Elmore, S. Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death. Toxicol. Pathol. 2007, 35, 495–516. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
281. Chien, S.Y.; Wu, Y.C.; Chung, J.G.; Yang, J.S.; Lu, H.F.; Tsou, M.F.; Wood, W.; Kuo, S.J.; Chen, D.R. Quercetin-induced apoptosis acts through mitochondrial-and caspase-3-dependent pathways in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2009, 28, 493–503. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
282. Seo, H.S.; Ku, J.M.; Choi, H.S.; Woo, J.K.; Jang, B.H.; Go, H.; Shin, Y.C.; Ko, S.G. Apigenin induces caspase-dependent apoptosis by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in HER2-overexpressing SKBR3 breast cancer cells. Mol. Med. Rep. 2015, 12, 2977–2984. [PubMed]
283. Thangapazham, R.L.; Passi, N.; Maheshwari, R.K. Green tea polyphenol and epigallocatechin gallate induce apoptosis and inhibit invasion in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2007, 6, 1938–1943. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
284. Clément, M.V.; Hirpara, J.L.; Chawdhury, S.H.; Pervaiz, S. Chemopreventive agent resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes, triggers CD95 signaling-dependent apoptosis in human tumor cells. Blood 1998, 92, 996–1002. [PubMed]
285. Alkhalaf, M. Resveratrol-induced apoptosis is associated with activation of p53 and inhibition of protein translation in T47D human breast cancer cells. Pharmacology 2007, 80, 134–143. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
286. Alkhalaf, M.; El-Mowafy, A.; Renno, W.; Rachid, O.; Ali, A.; Al-Attyiah, R. Resveratrol-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is mediated primarily through the caspase-3-dependent pathway. Arch. Med. Res. 2008, 39, 162–168. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
287. Kotha, A.; Sekharam, M.; Cilenti, L.; Siddiquee, K.; Khaled, A.; Zervos, A.S.; Carter, B.; Turkson, J.; Jove, R. Resveratrol inhibits Src and Stat3 signaling and induces the apoptosis of malignant cells containing activated Stat3 protein. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2006, 5, 621–629. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
288. Sakamoto, T.; Horiguchi, H.; Oguma, E.; Kayama, F.; Effects of diverse dietary phytoestrogens on cell growth, cell cycle and apoptosis in estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer cells. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2010, 21, 856–864. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
289. Chen, J.; Duan, Y.; Zhang, X.; Ye, Y.; Ge, B.; Chen, J. Genistein induces apoptosis by the inactivation of the IGF-1R/p-Akt signaling pathway in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Food Funct. 2015, 6, 995–1000. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
290. Yang, P.M.; Tseng, H.H.; Peng, C.W.; Chen, W.S.; Chiu, S.J. Dietary flavonoid fisetin targets caspase-3-deficient human breast cancer MCF-7 cells by induction of caspase-7-associated apoptosis and inhibition of autophagy. Int. J. Oncol. 2012, 40, 469. [PubMed]
291. Gottesman, M.M. Mechanisms of cancer drug resistance. Annu. Rev. Med. 2002, 53, 615–627. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
292. Dean, M.; Fojo, T.; Bates, S. Tumour stem cells and drug resistance. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2005, 5, 275–284. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
293. Gottesman, M.M.; Fojo, T.; Bates, S.E. Multidrug resistance in cancer: Role of ATP–dependent transporters. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2002, 2, 48–58. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
294. Jodoin, J.; Demeule, M.; Béliveau, R. Inhibition of the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein activity by green tea polyphenols. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2002, 1542, 149–159. [CrossRef]
295. Wu, C.P.; Calcagno, A.M.; Hladky, S.B.; Ambudkar, S.V.; Barrand, M.A. Modulatory effects of plant phenols on human multidrug-resistance proteins 1, 4 and 5 (ABCC1, 4 and 5). FEBS J. 2005, 272, 4725–4740. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
296. Choi, B.H.; Kim, C.G.; Lim, Y.; Shin, S.Y.; Lee, Y.H. Curcumin down-regulates the multidrug-resistance mdr1b gene by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/NFκB pathway. Cancer Lett. 2008, 259, 111–118. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
297. Harbottle, A.; Daly, A.K.; Atherton, K.; Campbell, F.C.; Role of glutathione S-transferase p1, P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 in acquired doxorubicin resistance. Int. J. Cancer 2001, 92, 777–783. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
298. O’Connor, M.L.; Xiang, D.; Shigdar, S.; Macdonald, J.; Li, Y.; Wang, T.; Pu, C.; Wang, Z.; Qiao, L.; Duan, W. Cancer stem cells: A contentious hypothesis now moving forward. Cancer Lett. 2014, 344, 180–187. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
299. Camerlingo, R.; Ferraro, G.A.; De Francesco, F.; Romano, M.; Nicoletti, G.; Di Bonito, M.; Rinaldo, M.; D’Andrea, F.; Pirozzi, G. The role of CD44+/CD24-/low biomarker for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of breast cancer. Oncol. Rep. 2014, 31, 1127–1132. [PubMed]
300. Valkenburg, K.C.; Graveel, C.R.; Zylstra-Diegel, C.R.; Zhong, Z.; Williams, B.O. Wnt/_-catenin signaling in normal and cancer stem cells. Cancers 2011, 3, 2050–2079. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
301. Ingham, P.W.; McMahon, A.P. Hedgehog signaling in animal development: Paradigms and principles. Genes Dev. 2001, 15, 3059–3087. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
302. McMahon, A.P.; Ingham, P.W.; Tabin, C.J. 1 Developmental roles and clinical significance of hedgehog signaling. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 2003, 53, 1–114. [PubMed]
303. Murone, M.; Rosenthal, A.; de Sauvage, F.J. Sonic hedgehog signaling by the patched-smoothened receptor complex. Curr. Biol. 1999, 9, 76–84. [CrossRef]
304. Liu, S.; Dontu, G.; Mantle, I.D.; Patel, S.; Ahn, N.S.; Jackson, K.W.; Suri, P.; Wicha, M.S. Hedgehog signaling and Bmi-1 regulate self-renewal of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 6063–6071. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
305. Ehtesham, M.; Sarangi, A.; Valadez, J.; Chanthaphaychith, S.; Becher, M.; Abel, T.; Thompson, R.; Cooper, M. Ligand-dependent activation of the hedgehog pathway in glioma progenitor cells. Oncogene 2007, 26, 5752–5761. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
306. Peacock, C.D.; Wang, Q.; Gesell, G.S.; Corcoran-Schwartz, I.M.; Jones, E.; Kim, J.; Devereux, W.L.; Rhodes, J.T.; Huff, C.A.; Beachy, P.A. Hedgehog signaling maintains a tumor stem cell compartment in multiple myeloma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104, 4048–4053. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
307. Zhang, C.; Li, C.; He, F.; Cai, Y.; Yang, H. Identification of CD44+ CD24+ gastric cancer stem cells. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 137, 1679–1686. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
308. Ng, J.M.; Curran, T. The hedgehog’s tale: Developing strategies for targeting cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2011, 11, 493–501. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
309. Feldmann, G.; Dhara, S.; Fendrich, V.; Bedja, D.; Beaty, R.; Mullendore, M.; Karikari, C.; Alvarez, H.; Iacobuzio-Donahue, C.; Jimeno, A. Blockade of hedgehog signaling inhibits pancreatic cancer invasion and metastases: A new paradigm for combination therapy in solid cancers. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 2187–2196. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
310. Fan, P.; Fan, S.; Wang, H.; Mao, J.; Shi, Y.; Ibrahim, M.M.; Ma, W.; Yu, X.; Hou, Z.; Wang, B. et al.; Genistein decreases the breast cancer stem-like cell population through hedgehog pathway. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2013, 4, 146. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
311. Bray, S.J. Notch signalling: A simple pathway becomes complex. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2006, 7, 678–689. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
312. Ishii, H.; Iwatsuki, M.; Ieta, K.; Ohta, D.; Haraguchi, N.; Mimori, K.; Mori, M. Cancer stem cells and chemoradiation resistance. Cancer Sci. 2008, 99, 1871–1877. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
313. Cecchinato, V.; Chiaramonte, R.; Nizzardo, M.; Cristofaro, B.; Basile, A.; Sherbet, G.V.; Comi, P. Resveratrolinduced apoptosis in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia MOLT-4 cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2007, 74, 1568–1574. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
314. Liu, S.; Dontu, G.; Wicha, M.S. Mammary stem cells, self-renewal pathways, and carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res. 2005, 7, 86–95. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
315. Clevers, H. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and disease. Cell 2006, 127, 469–480. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
316. Kim, J.; Zhang, X.; Rieger-Christ, K.M.; Summerhayes, I.C.; Wazer, D.E.; Paulson, K.E.; Yee, A.S. Suppression of Wnt signaling by the green tea compound (–)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) in invasive breast cancer cells. Requirement of the transcriptional repressor HBP 1. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281, 10865–10875. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
317. Ju, J.; Hong, J.; Zhou, J.N.; Pan, Z.; Bose, M.; Liao, J.; Yang, G.Y.; Liu, Y.Y.; Hou, Z.; Lin, Y. Inhibition of intestinal tumorigenesis in Apcmin/+ mice by (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the major catechin in green tea. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 10623–10631. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
318. Jaiswal, A.S.; Marlow, B.P.; Gupta, N.; Narayan, S. Beta-catenin-mediated transactivation and cell–cell adhesion pathways are important in curcumin (diferuylmethane)-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Oncogene 2002, 21, 8414–8427. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
319. Clarke, J.D.; Dashwood, R.H.; Ho, E. Multi-targeted prevention of cancer by sulforaphane. Cancer Lett. 2008, 269, 291–304. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
320. Kallifatidis, G.; Rausch, V.; Baumann, B.; Apel, A.; Beckermann, B.M.; Groth, A.; Mattern, J.; Li, Z.; Kolb, A.; Moldenhauer, G. Sulforaphane targets pancreatic tumour-initiating cells by NF-κB-induced antiapoptotic signalling. Gut 2009, 58, 949–963. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
321. Li, Y.; Zhang, T.; Korkaya, H.; Liu, S.; Lee, H.F.; Newman, B.; Yu, Y.; Clouthier, S.G.; Schwartz, S.J.; Wicha, M.S. Sulforaphane, a dietary component of broccoli/broccoli sprouts, inhibits breast cancer stem cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 2010, 16, 2580–2590. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
322. Park, S.Y.; Kim, G.Y.; Bae, S.J.; Yoo, Y.H.; Choi, Y.H. Induction of apoptosis by isothiocyanate sulforaphane in human cervical carcinoma HeLa and hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells through activation of caspase-3. Oncol. Rep. 2007, 18, 181–187. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
323. Pradeep, C.; Kuttan, G. Effect of piperine on the inhibition of lung metastasis induced B16F-10 melanoma cells in mice. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 2002, 19, 703–708. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
324. Kakarala, M.; Brenner, D.E.; Korkaya, H.; Cheng, C.; Tazi, K.; Ginestier, C.; Liu, S.; Dontu, G.; Wicha, M.S. Targeting breast stem cells with the cancer preventive compounds curcumin and piperine. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2010, 122, 777–785. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
325. Zhang, Y.; Piao, B.; Zhang, Y.; Hua, B.; Hou, W.; Xu, W.; Qi, X.; Zhu, X.; Pei, Y.; Lin, H. Oxymatrine diminishes the side population and inhibits the expression of β-catenin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Med. Oncol. 2011, 28 (Suppl. 1), S99–S107. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
326. Mortensen, M.; Soilleux, E.J.; Djordjevic, G.; Tripp, R.; Lutteropp, M.; Sadighi-Akha, E.; Stranks, A.J.; Glanville, J.; Knight, S.; Jacobsens, S.-E.W. The autophagy protein Atg7 is essential for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. J. Exp. Med. 2011, 208, 455–467. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
327. Gong, C.; Song, E.; Codogno, P.; Mehrpour, M. The roles of BECN1 and autophagy in cancer are context dependent. Autophagy 2012, 8, 1853–1855. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
328. Galavotti, S.; Bartesaghi, S.; Faccenda, D.; Shaked-Rabi, M.; Sanzone, S.; McEvoy, A.; Dinsdale, D.; Condorelli, F.; Brandner, S.; Campanella, M. The autophagy-associated factors DRAM1 and p62 regulate cell migration and invasion in glioblastoma stem cells. Oncogene 2013, 32, 699–712. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
329. Kumar, D.; Shankar, S.; Srivastava, R.K. Rottlerin-induced autophagy leads to the apoptosis in breast cancer stem cells: Molecular mechanisms. Mol. Cancer 2013, 12, 171. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
330. Fu, Y.; Chang, H.; Peng, X.; Bai, Q.; Yi, L.; Zhou, Y.; Zhu, J.; Mi, M. Resveratrol inhibits breast cancer stem-like cells and induces autophagy via suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e102535. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
331. Singh, A.; Settleman, J. EMT, cancer stem cells and drug resistance: An emerging axis of evil in the war on cancer. Oncogene 2010, 29, 4741–4751. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
332. Polyak, K.; Weinberg, R.A. Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states: Acquisition of malignant and stem cell traits. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2009, 9, 265–273. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
333. Hugo, H.; Ackland, M.L.; Blick, T.; Lawrence, M.G.; Clements, J.A.; Williams, E.D.; Thompson, E.W. Epithelial-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-epithelial transitions in carcinoma progression. J. Cell. Physiol. 2007, 213, 374–383. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
334. Thiery, J.P.; Sleeman, J.P. Complex networks orchestrate epithelial–mesenchymal transitions. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2006, 7, 131–142. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
335. Min, C.; Eddy, S.F.; Sherr, D.H.; Sonenshein, G.E. NF-κB and epithelial to mesenchymal transition of cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 2008, 104, 733–744. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
336. Shi, X.P.; Miao, S.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, X.F.; Ma, H.Z.; Xin, H.L.; Feng, J.; Wen, A.D.; Li, Y. Resveratrol sensitizes tamoxifen in antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer cells with epithelial-mesenchymal transition features. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 15655–15668. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
337. Vergara, D.; Valente, C.M.; Tinelli, A.; Siciliano, C.; Lorusso, V.; Acierno, R.; Giovinazzo, G.; Santino, A.; Storelli, C.; Maffia, M. Resveratrol inhibits the epidermal growth factor-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in MCF-7 cells. Cancer Lett. 2011, 310, 1–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
338. Chung, H.; Choi, H.S.; Seo, E.K.; Kang, D.H.; Oh, E.S. Baicalin and baicalein inhibit transforming growth factor-β1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human breast epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2015, 458, 707–713. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
339. Yang, B.; Huang, J.; Xiang, T.; Yin, X.; Luo, X.; Huang, J.; Luo, F.; Li, H.; Li, H.; Ren, G. Chrysin inhibits metastatic potential of human triple-negative breast cancer cells by modulating matrix metalloproteinase-10, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2014, 34, 105–112. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
340. Nagaraj, G.; Ellis, M.J.; Ma, C.X. The natural history of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: Attempting to decipher an intriguing concept. Oncology 2012, 26, 696–697, 700. [PubMed]