An overview of tissue engineering as an alternative for toxicity assessment

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 31-71

  Garrod, Mathew ^a   Chau, David Y S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGINIC ACID; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN; CHITOSAN; CHONDROITIN SULFATE; COLLAGEN TYPE 12; ELASTIN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; FIBROIN; GELATIN; HYALURONIC ACID; POLYSACCHARIDE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VASCULOTROPIN;

ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TESTING ALTERNATIVE; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; CELL CULTURE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MATURATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL VIABILITY; COMPUTER MODEL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CROSS LINKING; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HYDROGEL; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; TENSILE STRENGTH; TISSUE CULTURE; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE SCAFFOLD; TOXICITY TESTING; ANIMAL; HUMAN; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TOXICITY TESTS;

EID: 84957542047     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14821826     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.18433/J35P6P     Document Type: Review

References (518)

1. Langer, R. and J. Vacanti, Tissue engineering. Science, 1993. 260(5110): p. 920-926
2. Berthiaume, F., T.J. Maguire, and M.L. Yarmush, Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: history, progress, and challenges. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng, 2011. 2: p. 403-30
3. Laurencin, C.T., et al., Tissue engineering: orthopedic applications. Annu Rev Biomed Eng, 1999. 1: p. 19-46
4. Chau, D.Y.S., K. Agashi, and K.M. Shakesheff, Microparticles as tissue engineering scaffolds: manufacture, modification and manipulation. Materials Science and Technology, 2008. 24(9): p. 1031-1044
5. Modulevsky, D.J., et al., Apple derived cellulose scaffolds for 3D mammalian cell culture. PLoS One, 2014. 9(5): p. e97835
6. Kantlehner, M., et al., Surface coating with cyclic RGD peptides stimulates osteoblast adhesion and proliferation as well as bone formation. Chembiochem, 2000. 1(2): p. 107-14
7. Zhang, Z. and B.B. Michniak-Kohn, Tissue engineered human skin equivalents. Pharmaceutics, 2012. 4(1): p. 26-41
8. Karande, P. and S. Mitragotri, High throughput screening of transdermal formulations. Pharm Res, 2002. 19(5): p. 655-60
9. Sullivan, D.C., et al., Decellularization methods of porcine kidneys for whole organ engineering using a high-throughput system. Biomaterials, 2012. 33(31): p. 7756-64
10. Kim, P., et al., Fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol): gelatin methacrylate composite nanostructures with tunable stiffness and degradation for vascular tissue engineering. Biofabrication, 2014. 6(2): p. 024112
11. Gill, B.J. and J.L. West, Modeling the tumor extracellular matrix: Tissue engineering tools repurposed towards new frontiers in cancer biology. J Biomech, 2014. 47(9): p. 1969-78
12. Florczyk, S.J., et al., Porous chitosan-hyaluronic acid scaffolds as a mimic of glioblastoma microenvironment ECM. Biomaterials, 2013. 34(38): p. 10143-50
13. Chen, L., et al., The enhancement of cancer stem cell properties of MCF-7 cells in 3D collagen scaffolds for modeling of cancer and anti-cancer drugs. Biomaterials, 2012. 33(5): p. 1437-44
14. Van Vlierberghe, S., P. Dubruel, and E. Schacht, Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels As Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review. Biomacromolecules, 2011. 12(5): p. 1387-1408
15. Park, J.B. and J.D. Bronzino, Preface, in Biomaterials: Principles and Applications, J.B. Park and J.D. Bronzino, Editors. 2002, CRC Press: Florida, USA. p 250
16. Yamada, K.M. and E. Cukierman, Modeling tissue morphogenesis and cancer in 3D. Cell, 2007. 130(4): p. 601-10
17. Derda, R., et al., Paper-supported 3D cell culture for tissue-based bioassays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2009. 106(44): p. 18457-62
18. McBane, J.E., et al., Biodegradation and in vivo biocompatibility of a degradable, polar/hydrophobic/ionic polyurethane for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials, 2011. 32(26): p. 6034-44
19. Haycock, J.W., 3D cell culture: a review of current approaches and techniques. Methods Mol Biol, 2011. 695: p. 1-15
20. Puschmann, T.B., et al., Bioactive 3D cell culture system minimizes cellular stress and maintains the in vivo-like morphological complexity of astroglial cells. Glia, 2013. 61(3): p. 432-40
21. Fennema, E., et al., Spheroid culture as a tool for creating 3D complex tissues. Trends Biotechnol, 2013. 31(2): p. 108-15
22. Griffith, L.G. and M.A. Swartz, Capturing complex 3D tissue physiology in vitro. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2006. 7(3): p. 211-24
23. Baker, B.M. and C.S. Chen, Deconstructing the third dimension: how 3D culture microenvironments alter cellular cues. J Cell Sci, 2012. 125(Pt 13): p. 3015-24
24. Pontes Soares, C., et al., 2D and 3D-organized cardiac cells shows differences in cellular morphology, adhesion junctions, presence of myofibrils and protein expression. PLoS One, 2012. 7(5): p. e38147
25. Lin, C.Q. and M.J. Bissell, Multi-faceted regulation of cell differentiation by extracellular matrix. Faseb j, 1993. 7(9): p. 737-43
26. Nelson, C.M. and M.J. Bissell, Of extracellular matrix, scaffolds, and signaling: tissue architecture regulates development, homeostasis, and cancer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 2006. 22: p. 287-309
27. Nyga, A., U. Cheema, and M. Loizidou, 3D tumour models: novel in vitro approaches to cancer studies. J Cell Commun Signal, 2011. 5(3): p. 239-48
28. Linde, N., et al., Integrating macrophages into organotypic co-cultures: a 3D in vitro model to study tumor-associated macrophages. PLoS One, 2012. 7(7): p. e40058
29. Fischbach, C., et al., Engineering tumors with 3D scaffolds. Nat Methods, 2007. 4(10): p. 855-60
30. Qureshi, Z.P., et al., Market withdrawal of new molecular entities approved in the United States from 1980 to 2009. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2011. 20(7): p. 772-7
31. Hutmacher, D.W., Biomaterials offer cancer research the third dimension. Nat Mater, 2010. 9(2): p. 90-93
32. Desrochers, T.M., E. Palma, and D.L. Kaplan, Tissue-engineered kidney disease models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2014. 69-70: p. 67-80
33. Pampaloni, F., E.G. Reynaud, and E.H.K. Stelzer, The third dimension bridges the gap between cell culture and live tissue. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2007. 8(10): p. 839-845
34. Engler, A.J., et al., Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell, 2006. 126(4): p. 677-89
35. Edmondson, R., et al., Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Systems and Their Applications in Drug Discovery and Cell-Based Biosensors. Assay and Drug Development Technologies, 2014. 12(4): p. 207-218
36. Breslin, S. and L. O'Driscoll, Three-dimensional cell culture: the missing link in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today, 2013. 18(5-6): p. 240-9
37. Knight, E. and S. Przyborski, Advances in 3D cell culture technologies enabling tissue-like structures to be created in vitro. Journal of Anatomy, 2015. 227(6): p. 746-756
38. Fitzgerald, K.A., et al., Life in 3D is never flat: 3D models to optimise drug delivery. J Control Release, 2015. 215: p. 39-54
39. Ehsan, S.M., et al., A three-dimensional in vitro model of tumor cell intravasation. Integr Biol (Camb), 2014. 6(6): p. 603-10
40. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical Products in (2004). 2004, Food and Drug Administration: United States
41. Gelain, F., A. Horii, and S. Zhang, Designer self-assembling peptide scaffolds for 3-D tissue cell cultures and regenerative medicine. Macromolecular Bioscience, 2007. 7(5): p. 544-551
42. Lund, A.W., et al., The natural and engineered 3d microenvironment as a regulatory cue during stem cell fate determination. Tissue Engineering-Part B: Reviews, 2009. 15(3): p. 371-380
43. Freed, L.E., et al., Joint resurfacing using allograft chondrocytes and synthetic biodegradable polymer scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res, 1994. 28(8): p. 891-9
44. Tibbitt, M.W. and K.S. Anseth, Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2009. 103(4): p. 655-63
45. Lutolf, M.P. and J.A. Hubbell, Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol, 2005. 23(1): p. 47-55
46. Atala, A., et al., Formation of urothelial structures in vivo from dissociated cells attached to biodegradable polymer scaffolds in vitro. J Urol, 1992. 148(2 Pt 2): p. 658-62
47. Freed, L.E., et al., Neocartilage formation in vitro and in vivo using cells cultured on synthetic biodegradable polymers. J Biomed Mater Res, 1993. 27(1): p. 11-23
48. Owen, S.C. and M.S. Shoichet, Design of three-dimensional biomimetic scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2010. 94(4): p. 1321-31
49. Orlando, G., et al., Regenerative medicine and organ transplantation: past, present, and future. Transplantation, 2011. 91(12): p. 1310-7
50. Atala, A., et al., Tissue-engineered autologous bladders for patients needing cystoplasty. Lancet, 2006. 367(9518): p. 1241-6
51. Bourgine, P.E., et al., Tissue decellularization by activation of programmed cell death. Biomaterials, 2013. 34(26): p. 6099-108
52. Gillies, A.R., et al., Method for decellularizing skeletal muscle without detergents or proteolytic enzymes. Tissue Eng Part C Methods, 2011. 17(4): p. 383-9
53. Arenas-Herrera, J.E., et al., Decellularization for whole organ bioengineering. Biomed Mater, 2013. 8(1): p. 014106
54. Ott, H.C., et al., Perfusion-decellularized matrix: using nature's platform to engineer a bioartificial heart. Nat Med, 2008. 14(2): p. 213-21
55. Ross, E.A., et al., Embryonic stem cells proliferate and differentiate when seeded into kidney scaffolds. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2009. 20(11): p. 2338-47
56. Lu, T.Y., et al., Repopulation of decellularized mouse heart with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiovascular progenitor cells. Nat Commun, 2013. 4: p. 2307
57. Sigma-Aldrich, Aldrich Handbook-a Catalog of Fine Chemicals. 2012: Sigma-Aldrich
58. Lien, S.-M., W.-T. Li, and T.-J. Huang, Genipin-crosslinked gelatin scaffolds for articular cartilage tissue engineering with a novel crosslinking method. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2008. 28(1): p. 36-43
59. Blackwood, K.A., et al., Scaffolds for Growth Factor Delivery as Applied to Bone Tissue Engineering. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2012. 2012: p 25
60. Neufeld, G., et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors. Faseb j, 1999. 13(1): p. 9-22
61. Deckers, M.M., et al., Bone morphogenetic proteins stimulate angiogenesis through osteoblast-derived vascular endothelial growth factor A. Endocrinology, 2002. 143(4): p. 1545-53
62. Kim, H.S., Assignment1 of the human basic fibroblast growth factor gene FGF2 to chromosome 4 band q26 by radiation hybrid mapping. Cytogenet Cell Genet, 1998. 83(1-2): p 73
63. Lee, K., E.A. Silva, and D.J. Mooney, Growth factor delivery-based tissue engineering: general approaches and a review of recent developments. J R Soc Interface, 2011. 8(55): p. 153-70
64. Biomedical Structures. Overview of Biomedical Structures. 2010 [cited 2015 11th August]; Available from: http://www.bmsri.com/structures-overview/
65. Ju, Y.M., et al., Bilayered scaffold for engineering cellularized blood vessels. Biomaterials, 2010. 31(15): p. 4313-21
66. Nam, J., et al., Improved cellular infiltration in electrospun fiber via engineered porosity. Tissue Eng, 2007. 13(9): p. 2249-57
67. Wang, J., et al., Spiral-structured, nanofibrous, 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2010. 93(2): p. 753-62
68. Baker, B.M., et al., The potential to improve cell infiltration in composite fiber-aligned electrospun scaffolds by the selective removal of sacrificial fibers. Biomaterials, 2008. 29(15): p. 2348-2358
69. Sachlos, E. and J.T. Czernuszka, Making tissue engineering scaffolds work. Review: the application of solid freeform fabrication technology to the production of tissue engineering scaffolds. Eur Cell Mater, 2003. 5: p. 29-39; discussion 39-40
70. Rose, F.R., et al., In vitro assessment of cell penetration into porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds with a central aligned channel. Biomaterials, 2004. 25(24): p. 5507-14
71. Silva, M.M., et al., The effect of anisotropic architecture on cell and tissue infiltration into tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials, 2006. 27(35): p. 5909-17
72. Radisic, M., et al., Biomimetic approach to cardiac tissue engineering: oxygen carriers and channeled scaffolds. Tissue Eng, 2006. 12(8): p. 2077-91
73. Durham, E.R., E. Ingham, and S.J. Russell, Technique for internal channelling of hydroentangled nonwoven scaffolds to enhance cell penetration. Journal of Biomaterials Applications, 2013. 28(2): p. 241-249
74. Ahmed, E.M., Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review. Journal of Advanced Research, 2015. 6(2): p. 105-121
75. Drury, J.L. and D.J. Mooney, Hydrogels for tissue engineering: scaffold design variables and applications. Biomaterials, 2003. 24(24): p. 4337-4351
76. Wang, C., R.R. Varshney, and D.-A. Wang, Therapeutic cell delivery and fate control in hydrogels and hydrogel hybrids. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2010. 62(7-8): p. 699-710
77. Zhang, S., et al., Self-complementary oligopeptide matrices support mammalian cell attachment. Biomaterials, 1995. 16(18): p. 1385-1393
78. Klemm, D., et al., Nanocelluloses: A new family of nature-based materials. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2011. 50(24): p. 5438-5466
79. Matson, J.B. and S.I. Stupp, Self-assembling peptide scaffolds for regenerative medicine. Chemical Communications, 2012. 48(1): p. 26-33
80. Zhang, S., et al., A self-assembly pathway to aligned monodomain gels. Nature Materials, 2010. 9(7): p. 594-601
81. Bhattacharya, M., et al., Nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel promotes three-dimensional liver cell culture. J Control Release, 2012. 164(3): p. 291-8
82. Cheng, Y., et al., Biofabrication: programmable assembly of polysaccharide hydrogels in microfluidics as biocompatible scaffolds. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012. 22(16): p. 7659-7666
83. Nakano, T., M. Betti, and Z. Pietrasik, Extraction, isolation and analysis of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric, 2010. 2(1): p. 61-74
84. Daamen, W.F., et al., Preparation and evaluation of molecularly-defined collagen-elastin-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2003. 24(22): p. 4001-4009
85. Pieper, J.S., et al., Preparation and characterization of porous crosslinked collagenous matrices containing bioavailable chondroitin sulphate. Biomaterials, 1999. 20(9): p. 847-858
86. Kuijpers, A.J., et al., Combined Gelatin-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Cationic Antibacterial Proteins. Macromolecules, 2000. 33(10): p. 3705-3713
87. Chang, C.-H., et al., Tissue engineering-based cartilage repair with allogenous chondrocytes and gelatin-chondroitin-hyaluronan tri-copolymer scaffold: A porcine model assessed at 18, 24, and 36 weeks. Biomaterials, 2006. 27(9): p. 1876-1888
88. Chang, C.-H., et al., Gelatin-chondroitin-hyaluronan tri-copolymer scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2003. 24(26): p. 4853-4858
89. Wang, T.-W., et al., Biomimetic Bilayered Gelatin-Chondroitin 6 Sulfate-Hyaluronic Acid Biopolymer as a Scaffold for Skin Equivalent Tissue Engineering. Artificial Organs, 2006. 30(3): p. 141-149
90. Wang, T.-W., et al., The effect of gelatin-chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronic acid skin substitute on wound healing in SCID mice. Biomaterials, 2006. 27(33): p. 5689-5697
91. George, E., Intra-articular hyaluronan treatment for osteoarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 1998. 57(11): p. 637-640
92. Mao, J.S., et al., The properties of chitosan-gelatin membranes and scaffolds modified with hyaluronic acid by different methods. Biomaterials, 2003. 24(9): p. 1621-1629
93. Cai, S., et al., Injec glycosaminoglycan hydrogels for controlled release of human basic fibroblast growth factor. Biomaterials, 2005. 26(30): p. 6054-6067
94. Ghosh, P. and D. Guidolin, Potential mechanism of action of intra-articular hyaluronan therapy in osteoarthritis: Are the effects molecular weight dependent? Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 2002. 32(1): p. 10-37
95. Nam, H., et al., Controlled release behavior of bioactive molecules from photo-reactive hyaluronic acid-alginate scaffolds. Macromolecular Research, 2006. 14(5): p. 530-538
96. Pan, L., et al., Viability and differentiation of neural precursors on hyaluronic acid hydrogel scaffold. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 2009. 87(14): p. 3207-3220
97. Ren, Y.-J., et al., Hyaluronic Acid/Polylysine Hydrogel as a Transfer System for Transplantation of Neural Stem Cells. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 2009. 24(1): p. 56-62
98. Wei, Y.-T., et al., Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Modified with Nogo-66 Receptor Antibody and Poly(L-Lysine) Enhancement of Adherence and Survival of Primary Hippocampal Neurons. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 2009. 24(3): p. 205-219
99. Mjahed, H., et al., Micro-stratified architectures based on successive stacking of alginate gel layers and poly(l-lysine)-hyaluronic acid multilayer films aimed at tissue engineering. Soft Matter, 2008. 4(7): p. 1422-1429
100. Eric M. Horn, et al., Influence of cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogels on neurite outgrowth and recovery from spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, 2007. 6(2): p. 133-140
101. Chang, N.J., M.L. Yeh, and Y.R. Jhung. Fabricating PLGA sponge scaffold integrated with gelatin/hyaluronic acid for engineering cartilage. in Bioengineering Conference, 2009 IEEE 35th Annual Northeast. 2009
102. Liao, E., et al., Tissue-engineered cartilage constructs using composite hyaluronic acid/collagen I hydrogels and designed poly(propylene fumarate) scaffolds. Tissue Eng, 2007. 13(3): p. 537-50
103. Okabe, K., et al., Injectable soft-tissue augmentation by tissue engineering and regenerative medicine with human mesenchymal stromal cells, platelet-rich plasma and hyaluronic acid scaffolds. Cytotherapy, 2009. 11(3): p. 307-16
104. Rinaudo, M., Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 2006. 31(7): p. 603-632
105. Abdel-Fattah, W.I., et al., Synthesis, characterization of chitosans and fabrication of sintered chitosan microsphere matrices for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomaterialia, 2007. 3(4): p. 503-514
106. Bagnaninchi, P.O., et al., Chitosan microchannel scaffolds for tendon tissue engineering characterized using optical coherence tomography. Tissue Eng, 2007. 13(2): p. 323-31
107. Jiao, H., et al., Chitosan/polyglycolic acid nerve grafts for axon regeneration from prolonged axotomized neurons to chronically denervated segments. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(28): p. 5004-5018
108. Temtem, M., et al., Supercritical CO2 generating chitosan devices with controlled morphology. Potential application for drug delivery and mesenchymal stem cell culture. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2009. 48(3): p. 269-277
109. Duarte, A.R.C., J.F. Mano, and R.L. Reis, Preparation of chitosan scaffolds loaded with dexamethasone for tissue engineering applications using supercritical fluid technology. European Polymer Journal, 2009. 45(1): p. 141-148
110. Jiankang, H., et al., Fabrication and characterization of chitosan/gelatin porous scaffolds with predefined internal microstructures. Polymer, 2007. 48(15): p. 4578-4588
111. Jiankang, H., et al., Preparation of chitosan-gelatin hybrid scaffolds with well-organized microstructures for hepatic tissue engineering. Acta Biomaterialia, 2009. 5(1): p. 453-461
112. Heinemann, C., et al., In Vitro Evaluation of Textile Chitosan Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering using Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Biomacromolecules, 2009. 10(5): p. 1305-1310
113. Choi, S.-W., J. Xie, and Y. Xia, Chitosan-Based Inverse Opals: Three-Dimensional Scaffolds with Uniform Pore Structures for Cell Culture. Advanced Materials, 2009. 21(29): p. 2997-3001
114. Prabaharan, M., et al., Preparation and characterization of poly(L-lactic acid)-chitosan hybrid scaffolds with drug release capability. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2007. 81(2): p. 427-34
115. Costa-Pinto, A.R., et al., Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Seeded on Melt Based Chitosan Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomacromolecules, 2009. 10(8): p. 2067-2073
116. Thein-Han, W.W. and R.D.K. Misra, Biomimetic chitosan-nanohydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomaterialia, 2009. 5(4): p. 1182-1197
117. Moreau, J.L. and H.H.K. Xu, Mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation on an injectable calcium phosphate-chitosan composite scaffold. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(14): p. 2675-2682
118. Malafaya, P.B. and R.L. Reis, Bilayered chitosan-based scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering: Influence of hydroxyapatite on in vitro cytotoxicity and dynamic bioactivity studies in a specific double-chamber bioreactor. Acta Biomaterialia, 2009. 5(2): p. 644-660
119. Qin Lian, et al., Fabrication and In Vitro Evaluation of Calcium Phosphate Combined with Chitosan Fibers for Scaffold Structures. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 2009. 24(1 suppl): p. 113-124
120. Li, J., et al., Surface characterization and biocompatibility of micro-and nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan-gelatin network films. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2009. 29(4): p. 1207-1215
121. Kim, H., et al., Preparation of a porous chitosan/fibroin-hydroxyapatite composite matrix for tissue engineering. Macromolecular Research, 2007. 15(1): p. 65-73
122. Liuyun, J., L. Yubao, and X. Chengdong, Preparation and biological properties of a novel composite scaffold of nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Sci, 2009. 16: p. 65
123. Chesnutt, B.M., et al., Design and characterization of a novel chitosan/nanocrystalline calcium phosphate composite scaffold for bone regeneration. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2009. 88A(2): p. 491-502
124. Chesnutt, B.M., et al., Composite chitosan/nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds induce osteocalcin production by osteoblasts in vitro and support bone formation in vivo. Tissue Eng Part A, 2009. 15(9): p. 2571-9
125. Cai, X., et al., Preparation and characterization of homogeneous chitosan-polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering and evaluation of its mechanical properties. Acta Biomaterialia, 2009. 5(7): p. 2693-2703
126. Chen, F., et al., Biocompatibility, alignment degree and mechanical properties of an electrospun chitosan-P(LLA-CL) fibrous scaffold. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2009. 20(14): p. 2117-28
127. Chen, J.D., Y. Wang, and X. Chen, In situ fabrication of nano-hydroxyapatite in a macroporous chitosan scaffold for tissue engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2009. 20(11): p. 1555-65
128. Chen, K.-Y., et al., Asymmetric Chitosan Membrane Containing Collagen I Nanospheres for Skin Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules, 2009. 10(6): p. 1642-1649
129. Sun, L.P., et al., Biological evaluation of collagen-chitosan scaffolds for dermis tissue engineering. Biomed Mater, 2009. 4(5): p. 055008
130. Lin, Y.-C., et al., Synthesis and characterization of collagen/hyaluronan/chitosan composite sponges for potential biomedical applications. Acta Biomaterialia, 2009. 5(7): p. 2591-2600
131. Zhu, C., et al., Initial investigation of novel human-like collagen/chitosan scaffold for vascular tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2009. 89(3): p. 829-40
132. Kathuria, N., et al., Synthesis and characterization of elastic and macroporous chitosan-gelatin cryogels for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater, 2009. 5(1): p. 406-18
133. Thein-Han, W.W., et al., Chitosan-gelatin scaffolds for tissue engineering: physico-chemical properties and biological response of buffalo embryonic stem cells and transfectant of GFP-buffalo embryonic stem cells. Acta Biomater, 2009. 5(9): p. 3453-66
134. Nagahama, H., et al., Preparation and characterization of novel chitosan/gelatin membranes using chitosan hydrogel. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2009. 76(2): p. 255-260
135. Hong, H., C. Liu, and W. Wu, Preparation and characterization of chitosan/PEG/gelatin composites for tissue engineering. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2009. 114(2): p. 1220-1225
136. Kuo, Y.C. and Y.R. Hsu, Tissue-engineered polyethylene oxide/chitosan scaffolds as potential substitutes for articular cartilage. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2009. 91(1): p. 277-87
137. Park, K., et al., RGD-Conjugated chitosan-pluronic hydrogels as a cell supported scaffold for articular cartilage regeneration. Macromolecular Research, 2008. 16(6): p. 517-523
138. Park, K.M., et al., Thermosensitive chitosan-Pluronic hydrogel as an injectable cell delivery carrier for cartilage regeneration. Acta Biomater, 2009. 5(6): p. 1956-65
139. De Souza, R., et al., Biocompatibility of injectable chitosan-phospholipid implant systems. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(23-24): p. 3818-24
140. Jin, R., et al., Injectable chitosan-based hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(13): p. 2544-51
141. Crawford, R.L., Lignin Biodegradation and Transformation. 1981, New York, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc
142. Pääkkö, M., et al., Enzymatic Hydrolysis Combined with Mechanical Shearing and High-Pressure Homogenization for Nanoscale Cellulose Fibrils and Strong Gels. Biomacromolecules, 2007. 8(6): p. 1934-1941
143. Saito, T., et al., Cellulose Nanofibers Prepared by TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Native Cellulose. Biomacromolecules, 2007. 8(8): p. 2485-2491
144. Vartiainen, J., et al., Health and environmental safety aspects of friction grinding and spray drying of microfibrillated cellulose. Cellulose, 2011. 18(3): p. 775-786
145. Czaja, W.K., et al., The future prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications. Biomacromolecules, 2007. 8(1): p. 1-12
146. Hirayama, K., et al., Cellular building unit integrated with microstrand-shaped bacterial cellulose. Biomaterials, 2013. 34(10): p. 2421-7
147. Derda, R., et al., Multizone paper platform for 3D cell cultures. PLoS One, 2011. 6(5): p. e18940
148. Tate, M.C., et al., Biocompatibility of methylcellulose-based constructs designed for intracerebral gelation following experimental traumatic brain injury. Biomaterials, 2001. 22(10): p. 1113-23
149. Chen, Y.M., et al., In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Bacterial Cellulose Scaffolds Used for Tissue-engineered Bone. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 2009. 24(1 suppl): p. 137-145
150. Cromme, P., et al., Biomimetic mineralisation of apatites on Ca2+ activated cellulose templates. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2007. 27(1): p. 1-7
151. Fang, B., et al., Proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells on hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose nanocomposite scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A, 2009. 15(5): p. 1091-8
152. Müller, F.A., et al., Cellulose-based scaffold materials for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2006. 27(21): p. 3955-3963
153. Haroun, A.A., A. Gamal-Eldeen, and D.R. Harding, Preparation, characterization and in vitro biological study of biomimetic three-dimensional gelatin-montmorillonite/cellulose scaffold for tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2009. 20(12): p. 2527-40
154. Tran, C.D., et al., Chitosan-cellulose composite materials: preparation, characterization and application for removal of microcystin. J Hazard Mater, 2013. 252-253: p. 355-66
155. Long Zhao, H. Mitomo, and F. Yosh, Synthesis of pH-Sensitive and Biodegradable CM-Cellulose/Chitosan Polyampholytic Hydrogels with Electron Beam Irradiation. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 2008. 23(4): p. 319-333
156. Schumann, D., et al., Artificial vascular implants from bacterial cellulose: preliminary results of small arterial substitutes. Cellulose, 2009. 16(5): p. 877-885
157. Backdahl, H., et al., Mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose and interactions with smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials, 2006. 27(9): p. 2141-9
158. Wippermann, J., et al., Preliminary Results of Small Arterial Substitute Performed with a New Cylindrical Biomaterial Composed of Bacterial Cellulose. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 2009. 37(5): p. 592-596
159. Andersson, J., et al., Behavior of human chondrocytes in engineered porous bacterial cellulose scaffolds. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research-Part A, 2010. 94(4): p. 1124-1132
160. Andrade, F.K., et al., Studies on the hemocompatibility of bacterial cellulose. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2011. 98(4): p. 554-66
161. Watanabe, K., et al., A new bacterial cellulose substrate for mammalian cell culture. A new bacterial cellulose substrate. Cytotechnology, 1993. 13(2): p. 107-14
162. Pertile, R.A., et al., Bacterial Cellulose: Long-Term Biocompatibility Studies. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2011
163. Li, J., et al., Preparation and characterization of 2,3-dialdehyde bacterial cellulose for potential biodegradable tissue engineering scaffolds. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2009. 29(5): p. 1635-1642
164. Verma, V., et al., 2, 3-Dihydrazone cellulose: Prospective material for tissue engineering scaffolds. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2008. 28(8): p. 1441-1447
165. Augst, A.D., H.J. Kong, and D.J. Mooney, Alginate hydrogels as biomaterials. Macromol Biosci, 2006. 6(8): p. 623-33
166. Sundar, S., J. Kundu, and S. Kundu, C., Biopolymeric nanoparticles. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2010. 11(1): p. 014104
167. Bernhardt, A., et al., Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells on alginate-gelatine-hydroxyapatite scaffolds with anisotropic pore structure. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2009. 3(1): p. 54-62
168. Cai, K., et al., Physical and Biological Properties of a Novel Hydrogel Composite Based on Oxidized Alginate, Gelatin and Tricalcium Phosphate for Bone Tissue Engineering. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2007. 9(12): p. 1082-1088
169. Freeman, I. and S. Cohen, The influence of the sequential delivery of angiogenic factors from affinity-binding alginate scaffolds on vascularization. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(11): p. 2122-31
170. Baldwin, A.D. and K.L. Kiick, Polysaccharide-modified synthetic polymeric biomaterials. Biopolymers, 2010. 94(1): p. 128-40
171. Qi, X., J. Ye, and Y. Wang, Alginate/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium phosphate cement scaffold with oriented pore structure for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2009. 89(4): p. 980-7
172. Turco, G., et al., Alginate/Hydroxyapatite Biocomposite For Bone Ingrowth: A Trabecular Structure With High And Isotropic Connectivity. Biomacromolecules, 2009. 10(6): p. 1575-1583
173. Abbah, S.A., et al., Osteogenic behavior of alginate encapsulated bone marrow stromal cells: an in vitro study. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2008. 19(5): p. 2113-9
174. Di Lullo, G.A., et al., Mapping the ligand-binding sites and disease-associated mutations on the most abundant protein in the human, type I collagen. J Biol Chem, 2002. 277(6): p. 4223-31
175. Lee, J.E., et al., Characterization of UV-irradiated dense/porous collagen membranes: morphology, enzymatic degradation, and mechanical properties. Yonsei Med J, 2001. 42(2): p. 172-9
176. Henson, F.M.D., et al., Expression of types II, VI and X collagen in equine growth cartilage during development. Equine Veterinary Journal, 1996. 28(3): p. 189-198
177. Hurst, P.R., R.D. Palmay, and D.B. Myers, Localization and synthesis of collagen types III and V during remodelling and decidualization in rat uterus. Reprod Fertil Dev, 1997. 9(4): p. 403-9
178. Smith, L.T., Patterns of type VI collagen compared to types I, III and V collagen in human embryonic and fetal skin and in fetal skin-derived cell cultures. Matrix Biol, 1994. 14(2): p. 159-70
179. Berry, S.D.K., R.D. Howard, and R.M. Akers, Mammary Localization and Abundance of Laminin, Fibronectin, and Collagen IV Proteins in Prepubertal Heifers. Journal of Dairy Science. 86(9): p. 2864-2874
180. Wetzels, R.H., et al., Distribution patterns of type VII collagen in normal and malignant human tissues. Am J Pathol, 1991. 139(2): p. 451-9
181. Sawada, H. and H. Konomi, The alpha 1 chain of type VIII collagen is associated with many but not all microfibrils of elastic fiber system. Cell Struct Funct, 1991. 16(6): p. 455-66
182. Gregory, K.E., et al., Developmental distribution of collagen type XII in cartilage: association with articular cartilage and the growth plate. J Bone Miner Res, 2001. 16(11): p. 2005-16
183. Holmes, D.F. and K.E. Kadler, The 10+4 microfibril structure of thin cartilage fibrils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006. 103(46): p. 17249-17254
184. Kim, G., et al., A cryogenic direct-plotting system for fabrication of 3D collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2009. 19(46): p. 8817-8823
185. Boccafoschi, F., et al., Preparation and characterization of a scaffold for vascular tissue engineering by direct-assembling of collagen and cells in a cylindrical geometry. Macromol Biosci, 2007. 7(5): p. 719-26
186. Barnes, C.P., et al., Cross-linking electrospun type II collagen tissue engineering scaffolds with carbodiimide in ethanol. Tissue Eng, 2007. 13(7): p. 1593-605
187. Chen, R., et al., Electrospinning thermoplastic polyurethane-contained collagen nanofibers for tissue-engineering applications. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2009. 20(11): p. 1513-36
188. Heymer, A., et al., Multiphasic collagen fibre-PLA composites seeded with human mesenchymal stem cells for osteochondral defect repair: an in vitro study. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2009. 3(5): p. 389-97
189. Yeo, I.S., et al., Collagen-based biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds: preparation and characterization of collagen/silk fibroin bicomponent nanofibrous structures. Biomacromolecules, 2008. 9(4): p. 1106-16
190. Sell, S.A., et al., Electrospinning of collagen/biopolymers for regenerative medicine and cardiovascular tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2009. 61(12): p. 1007-19
191. Powell, H.M. and S.T. Boyce, Engineered human skin fabricated using electrospun collagen-PCL blends: morphogenesis and mechanical properties. Tissue Eng Part A, 2009. 15(8): p. 2177-87
192. Meng, W., et al., Electrospun PHBV/collagen composite nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2007. 18(1): p. 81-94
193. Al-Munajjed, A.A. and F.J. O'Brien, Influence of a novel calcium-phosphate coating on the mechanical properties of highly porous collagen scaffolds for bone repair. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2009. 2(2): p. 138-46
194. Al-Munajjed, A.A., et al., Development of a biomimetic collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold for bone tissue engineering using a SBF immersion technique. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2009. 90(2): p. 584-91
195. Cunniffe, G., et al., Investigation of a collagen NanoHA scaffold with potential for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering, 2007. 13: p. 1719-1719
196. Jungreuthmayer, C., et al., A comparative study of shear stresses in collagen-glycosaminoglycan and calcium phosphate scaffolds in bone tissue-engineering bioreactors. Tissue Eng Part A, 2009. 15(5): p. 1141-9
197. Ohyabu, Y., et al., A collagen sponge incorporating a hydroxyapatite/chondroitinsulfate composite as a scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2009. 20(13): p. 1861-74
198. Sena, L.A., et al., Synthesis and characterization of biocomposites with different hydroxyapatite-collagen ratios. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2009. 20(12): p. 2395-400
199. Wahl, D.A., et al., Controlling the processing of collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2007. 18(2): p. 201-9
200. Ananta, M., et al., A poly(lactic acid-co-caprolactone)-collagen hybrid for tissue engineering applications. Tissue Eng Part A, 2009. 15(7): p. 1667-75
201. Chen, G., et al., Surface modification of porous scaffolds with nanothick collagen layer by centrifugation and freeze-drying. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2009. 90(2): p. 864-72
202. Gong, Y., et al., Layer-by-layer assembly of chondroitin sulfate and collagen on aminolyzed poly(L-lactic acid) porous scaffolds to enhance their chondrogenesis. Acta Biomater, 2007. 3(5): p. 677-85
203. Wen, F., et al., Development of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2007. 27(2): p. 285-292
204. Yang, Y., et al., Electrospun Composite Mats of Poly[(D,L-lactide)-co-glycolide] and Collagen with High Porosity as Potential Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2009. 294(9): p. 611-619
205. Kawazoe, N., et al., Three-dimensional Cultures of Rat Pancreatic RIN-5F Cells in Porous PLGA-collagen Hybrid Scaffolds. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 2009. 24(1): p. 25-42
206. Haugh, M.G., M.J. Jaasma, and F.J. O'Brien, The effect of dehydrothermal treatment on the mechanical and structural properties of collagen-GAG scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2009. 89(2): p. 363-9
207. Jungreuthmayer, C., et al., Deformation simulation of cells seeded on a collagen-GAG scaffold in a flow perfusion bioreactor using a sequential 3D CFD-elastostatics model. Med Eng Phys, 2009. 31(4): p. 420-7
208. Ko, C.S., et al., Type II collagen-chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronan scaffold cross-linked by genipin for cartilage tissue engineering. J Biosci Bioeng, 2009. 107(2): p. 177-82
209. Tierney, C.M., et al., The effects of collagen concentration and crosslink density on the biological, structural and mechanical properties of collagen-GAG scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2009. 2(2): p. 202-9
210. Tierney, C.M., M.J. Jaasma, and F.J. O'Brien, Osteoblast activity on collagen-GAG scaffolds is affected by collagen and GAG concentrations. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2009. 91(1): p. 92-101
211. Tang, S., et al., Fabrication and characterization of porous hyaluronic acid-collagen composite scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2007. 82(2): p. 323-35
212. Brigham, M.D., et al., Mechanically robust and bioadhesive collagen and photocrosslinkable hyaluronic acid semi-interpenetrating networks. Tissue Eng Part A, 2009. 15(7): p. 1645-53
213. Suri, S. and C.E. Schmidt, Photopatterned collagen-hyaluronic acid interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels. Acta Biomaterialia, 2009. 5(7): p. 2385-2397
214. Duan, X., et al., Biofunctionalization of collagen for improved biological response: scaffolds for corneal tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2007. 28(1): p. 78-88
215. Shi, S., et al., RhBMP-2 microspheres-loaded chitosan/collagen scaffold enhanced osseointegration: an experiment in dog. J Biomater Appl, 2009. 23(4): p. 331-46
216. Zhang, Y., et al., The synergetic bone-forming effects of combinations of growth factors expressed by adenovirus vectors on chitosan/collagen scaffolds. J Control Release, 2009. 136(3): p. 172-8
217. Niu, X., et al., Porous nano-HA/collagen/PLLA scaffold containing chitosan microspheres for controlled delivery of synthetic peptide derived from BMP-2. J Control Release, 2009. 134(2): p. 111-7
218. Lee, Y.B., et al., Bio-printing of collagen and VEGF-releasing fibrin gel scaffolds for neural stem cell culture. Exp Neurol, 2010. 223(2): p. 645-52
219. Hu, K., et al., Preparation of fibroin/recombinant human-like collagen scaffold to promote fibroblasts compatibility. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2008. 84(2): p. 483-90
220. Pulkkinen, H.J., et al., Recombinant human type II collagen as a material for cartilage tissue engineering. Int J Artif Organs, 2008. 31(11): p. 960-9
221. Gómez-Guillén, M.C., et al., Functional and bioactive properties of collagen and gelatin from alternative sources: A review. Food Hydrocolloids, 2011. 25(8): p. 1813-1827
222. Schrieber, R. and H. Gareis, Gelatine Handbook: Theory and Industrial Practice. 2007, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany. p
223. Schwenke, K.D., The Science and Technology of Gelatin. Herausgegeben von A. G. Ward u. A. Courts, XVI und 564 Seiten mit zahlreichen Abb. u. Tab., Academic Press London, New York, San Francisco 1977. Preis: 18,00 £; 39,50 $. Food/Nahrung, 1978. 22(4): p. 444-445
224. Kuijpers, A.J., et al., Cross-linking and characterisation of gelatin matrices for biomedical applications. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2000. 11(3): p. 225-43
225. Jayakrishnan, A. and S.R. Jameela, Glutaraldehyde as a fixative in bioprostheses and drug delivery matrices. Biomaterials, 1996. 17(5): p. 471-84
226. Ofner, C.M., 3rd and W.A. Bubnis, Chemical and swelling evaluations of amino group crosslinking in gelatin and modified gelatin matrices. Pharm Res, 1996. 13(12): p. 1821-7
227. Olde Damink, L.H.H., et al., Crosslinking of dermal sheep collagen using hexamethylene diisocyanate. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 1995. 6(7): p. 429-434
228. Bozzini, S., et al., Fabrication of chemically cross-linked porous gelatin matrices. J Appl Biomater Biomech, 2009. 7(3): p. 194-9
229. Sung, H.W., et al., Cross-linking characteristics of biological tissues fixed with monofunctional or multifunctional epoxy compounds. Biomaterials, 1996. 17(14): p. 1405-10
230. Lien, S.M., L.Y. Ko, and T.J. Huang, Effect of pore size on ECM secretion and cell growth in gelatin scaffold for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Acta Biomater, 2009. 5(2): p. 670-9
231. Nickerson, M.T., et al., Kinetic and mechanistic considerations in the gelation of genipin-crosslinked gelatin. Int J Biol Macromol, 2006. 39(4-5): p. 298-302
232. Butler, M.F., Y.-F. Ng, and P.D.A. Pudney, Mechanism and kinetics of the crosslinking reaction between biopolymers containing primary amine groups and genipin. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 2003. 41(24): p. 3941-3953
233. Petite, H., et al., Use of the acyl azide method for cross-linking collagen-rich tissues such as pericardium. J Biomed Mater Res, 1990. 24(2): p. 179-87
234. Van Vlierberghe, S., et al., Affinity study of novel gelatin cell carriers for fibronectin. Macromol Biosci, 2009. 9(11): p. 1105-15
235. Van Vlierberghe, S., et al., Porous gelatin hydrogels: 1. Cryogenic formation and structure analysis. Biomacromolecules, 2007. 8(2): p. 331-7
236. Van Vlierberghe, S., et al., Correlation between cryogenic parameters and physico-chemical properties of porous gelatin cryogels. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2009. 20(10): p. 1417-38
237. Dubruel, P., et al., Porous gelatin hydrogels: 2. In vitro cell interaction study. Biomacromolecules, 2007. 8(2): p. 338-44
238. Fan, H., et al., Enhanced differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells co-cultured with ligament fibroblasts on gelatin/silk fibroin hybrid scaffold. Biomaterials, 2008. 29(8): p. 1017-27
239. Fan, H., et al., Development of a silk cable-reinforced gelatin/silk fibroin hybrid scaffold for ligament tissue engineering. Cell Transplant, 2008. 17(12): p. 1389-401
240. Zhao, F., et al., Effects of hydroxyapatite in 3-D chitosan-gelatin polymer network on human mesenchymal stem cell construct development. Biomaterials, 2006. 27(9): p. 1859-1867
241. Liu, Y., et al., Segmental bone regeneration using an rhBMP-2-loaded gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite/fibrin scaffold in a rabbit model. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(31): p. 6276-85
242. Habraken, W.J., et al., Porcine gelatin microsphere/calcium phosphate cement composites: an in vitro degradation study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2009. 91(2): p. 555-61
243. Liu, X., et al., Biomimetic nanofibrous gelatin/apatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(12): p. 2252-8
244. Lien, S.-M., C.-H. Chien, and T.-J. Huang, A novel osteochondral scaffold of ceramic-gelatin assembly for articular cartilage repair. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2009. 29(1): p. 315-321
245. Tan, H., et al., Gelatin/chitosan/hyaluronan scaffold integrated with PLGA microspheres for cartilage tissue engineering. Acta Biomater, 2009. 5(1): p. 328-37
246. Zhang, T., et al., Three-dimensional Gelatin and Gelatin/Hyaluronan Hydrogel Structures for Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 2007. 22(1): p. 19-29
247. Vanderhooft, J.L., et al., Rheological properties of cross-linked hyaluronan-gelatin hydrogels for tissue engineering. Macromol Biosci, 2009. 9(1): p. 20-8
248. Krishna, O.D. and K.L. Kiick, Protein-and peptide-modified synthetic polymeric biomaterials. Biopolymers, 2010. 94(1): p. 32-48
249. Keck, M., et al., Cultivation of keratinocytes and preadipocytes on a collagen-elastin scaffold (Matriderm®): First results of an in vitro study. European Surgery, 2009. 41(4): p. 189-193
250. Kolokythas, P., et al., [Dermal subsitute with the collagen-elastin matrix Matriderm in burn injuries: a comprehensive review]. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir, 2008. 40(6): p. 367-71
251. Truong, A.-T.N., et al., Comparison of Dermal Substitutes in Wound Healing Utilizing a Nude Mouse Model. Journal of Burns and Wounds, 2005. 4: p. e4
252. Jia, X. and K.L. Kiick, Hybrid multicomponent hydrogels for tissue engineering. Macromol Biosci, 2009. 9(2): p. 140-56
253. Annabi, N., et al., Synthesis of highly porous crosslinked elastin hydrogels and their interaction with fibroblasts in vitro. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(27): p. 4550-7
254. McClure, M.J., S.A. Sell, and G.L. Bowlin, Electrospun Polydioxanone, Elastin, and Collagen Vascular Scaffolds: Uniaxial Cyclic Distension. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 2009
255. Li, M., et al., Co-electrospun poly(lactide-co-glycolide), gelatin, and elastin blends for tissue engineering scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2006. 79(4): p. 963-73
256. Smith, M.J., et al., Suture-reinforced electrospun polydioxanone-elastin small-diameter tubes for use in vascular tissue engineering: a feasibility study. Acta Biomater, 2008. 4(1): p. 58-66
257. Miyamoto, K., et al., Creation of cross-linked electrospun isotypic-elastin fibers controlled cell-differentiation with new cross-linker. Int J Biol Macromol, 2009. 45(1): p. 33-41
258. Buttafoco, L., et al., Electrospinning of collagen and elastin for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials, 2006. 27(5): p. 724-34
259. Bessa, P.C., et al., Thermoresponsive self-assembled elastin-based nanoparticles for delivery of BMPs. J Control Release, 2010. 142(3): p. 312-8
260. Cao, Y. and B. Wang, Biodegradation of Silk Biomaterials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2009. 10(4): p. 1514
261. Altman, G.H., et al., Silk-based biomaterials. Biomaterials, 2003. 24(3): p. 401-416
262. Kaplan, D.L., et al., Protein-Based Materials. 1 ed. Bioengineering of Materials. 1997, Boston, US: Birkhäuser
263. Sofia, S., et al., Functionalized silk-based biomaterials for bone formation. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 2001. 54(1): p. 139-148
264. Shao, Z. and F. Vollrath, Materials: Surprising strength of silkworm silk. Nature, 2002. 418(6899): p. 741-741
265. Lawrence, B.D., et al., Effect of hydration on silk film material properties. Macromol Biosci, 2010. 10(4): p. 393-403
266. Lu, Q., et al., Stabilization and release of enzymes from silk films. Macromol Biosci, 2010. 10(4): p. 359-68
267. Nogueira, G.M., et al., Bovine pericardium coated with biopolymeric films as an alternative to prevent calcification: In vitro calcification and cytotoxicity results. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2010. 30(4): p. 575-582
268. Gong, Z., et al., Formation kinetics and fractal characteristics of regenerated silk fibroin alcogel developed from nanofibrillar network. Soft Matter, 2010. 6(6): p. 1217-1223
269. Yucel, T., et al., Non-equilibrium silk fibroin adhesives. J Struct Biol, 2010. 170(2): p. 406-12
270. Wang, S., et al., Electrospun polylactide/silk fibroin-gelatin composite tubular scaffolds for small-diameter tissue engineering blood vessels. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2009. 113(4): p. 2675-2682
271. Wang, S., et al., Fabrication and Properties of the Electrospun Polylactide/Silk Fibroin-Gelatin Composite Tubular Scaffold. Biomacromolecules, 2009. 10(8): p. 2240-2244
272. Jin, H.J., et al., Human bone marrow stromal cell responses on electrospun silk fibroin mats. Biomaterials, 2004. 25(6): p. 1039-47
273. Ki, C.S., et al., Electrospun three-dimensional silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffold. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2007. 106(6): p. 3922-3928
274. Meinel, A.J., et al., Optimization strategies for electrospun silk fibroin tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(17): p. 3058-67
275. Zhending, S., L. Weiqiang, and F. Qingling, Self-assembly model, hepatocytes attachment and inflammatory response for silk fibroin/chitosan scaffolds. Biomedical Materials, 2009. 4(4): p. 045014
276. Ghassemifar, R., et al., Advancing towards a tissue-engineered tympanic membrane: silk fibroin as a substratum for growing human eardrum keratinocytes. J Biomater Appl, 2010. 24(7): p. 591-606
277. Vepari, C. and D.L. Kaplan, Silk as a biomaterial. Progress in Polymer Science, 2007. 32(8-9): p. 991-1007
278. Rammensee, S., et al., Rheological characterization of hydrogels formed by recombinantly produced spider silk. Applied Physics A, 2006. 82(2): p. 261-264
279. Kundu, J., et al., Silk fibroin nanoparticles for cellular uptake and control release. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2010. 388(1-2): p. 242-250
280. Feng, X.-X., et al., Preparation and characterization of novel nanocomposite films formed from silk fibroin and nano-TiO2. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2007. 40(2): p. 105-111
281. Jang, E.-S., et al., Restoration of peri-implant defects in immediate implant installations by Choukroun platelet-rich fibrin and silk fibroin powder combination graft. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 2010. 109(6): p. 831-836
282. Tao, Y., Y. Yan, and W. Xu, Physical characteristics and properties of waterborne polyurethane materials reinforced with silk fibroin powder. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 2010. 48(9): p. 940-950
283. Liu, L., et al., Preparation and characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin porous scaffolds. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2008. 19(3): p. 325-38
284. Zhao, J., et al., Apatite-coated silk fibroin scaffolds to healing mandibular border defects in canines. Bone, 2009. 45(3): p. 517-27
285. Lu, Q., et al., Growth of fibroblast and vascular smooth muscle cells in fibroin/collagen scaffold. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2009. 29(7): p. 2239-2245
286. Hu, K., et al., Biocompatible Fibroin Blended Films with Recombinant Human-like Collagen for Hepatic Tissue Engineering. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 2006. 21(1): p. 23-37
287. Ren, Y.J., et al., Preparation and characterization of fibroin/hyaluronic acid composite scaffold. Int J Biol Macromol, 2009. 44(4): p. 372-8
288. Garcia-Fuentes, M., et al., Silk fibroin/hyaluronan scaffolds for human mesenchymal stem cell culture in tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(28): p. 5068-76
289. Lu, L., et al., Synthetic Bioresorbable Polymer Scaffold. Biomaterials Science, Second Edition: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine., ed. B. Ratner, et al. 2004, San Diego: Academic Press
290. Durham, E. Nonwoven Scaffolds for Tissue Culture. In EDANA Nonwovens Research Academy. 2010. Leeds, United Kingdom
291. Yang, S., et al., The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part I. Traditional factors. Tissue Eng, 2001. 7(6): p. 679-89
292. Hajar, R., Animal Testing and Medicine. Heart Views: The Official Journal of the Gulf Heart Association, 2011. 12(1): p. 42-42
293. Spring, D.R., Chemical genetics to chemical genomics: small molecules offer big insights. Chem Soc Rev, 2005. 34(6): p. 472-82
294. Hendriksen, C.F., Three Rs achievements in vaccinology. AATEX, 2007. 14: p. 575-579
295. Hendriksen, C.F., Replacement, reduction and refinement alternatives to animal use in vaccine potency measurement. Expert Review of Vaccines, 2009. 8(3): p. 313-322
296. Saraf, S.K. and V. Kumaraswamy, Basic research: Issues with animal experimentations. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics, 2013. 47(1): p. 6-9
297. Wax, P.M., Elixirs, diluents, and the passage of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Ann Intern Med, 1995. 122(6): p. 456-61
298. Hansen, J.M., et al., Thalidomide modulates nuclear redox status and preferentially depletes glutathione in rabbit limb versus rat limb. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2002. 300(3): p. 768-76
299. Taylor, K., et al., Estimates for worldwide laboratory animal use in 2005. Altern Lab Anim, 2008. 36(3): p. 327-42
300. Home Office, Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain, D. Blunt, Editor. 2013, Stationary Office: London, England. p. 59
301. Home Office, Advisory notes on recording and reporting the actual severity of regulated procedures. 2014, Stationary Office: London, England. p. 19
302. Understanding Animal Research. What is a 'Procedure'? Understanding Animal Procedures 2014 11th September 2014 [cited 2015 14th August]; Available from: http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/how/understanding-animal-procedures/what-is-a-procedure/
303. European Union, Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union, 2010. L(276): p. 33-79
304. Understanding Animal Research. Unclassified. Understanding Animal Procedures 2014 11th September 2014 [cited 2015 14th August]; Available from: http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/how/understanding-animal-procedures/unclassified/
305. Understanding Animal Research. Mild. Understanding Animal Procedures 2014 1st October 2014 [cited 2015 14th August]; Available from: http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/how/understanding-animal-procedures/mild/
306. Understanding Animal Research. Moderate. Understanding Animal Procedures 2014 1st October 2014 [cited 2015 14th August]; Available from: http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/how/understanding-animal-procedures/moderate/
307. Understanding Animal Research. Severe. Understanding Animal Procedures 2014 11th September 2014 [cited 2015 14th August]; Available from: http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/how/understanding-animal-procedures/severe/
308. Draize, J.H., G. Woodard, and H.O. Calvery, Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1944. 82(3): p. 377-390
309. Fitzhugh, O.G., G. Woodard, and et al., The toxicities of compounds related to 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) with a note on their relative therapeutic efficiency. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1946. 87(4 Suppl): p. 23-7
310. Kay, J.H. and J.C. Calandra, Interpretation of eye irritation tests. Journal of Cosmetic Science 1962. 13: p. 281-289
311. Freeberg, F.E., et al., Human and rabbit eye responses to chemical insult. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1986. 7(4): p. 626-34
312. Wilhelmus, K.R., The Draize Eye Test. Survey of Ophthalmology, 2001. 45(6): p. 493-515
313. Knight, A., Systematic reviews of animal experiments demonstrate poor human clinical and toxicological utility. Altern Lab Anim, 2007. 35(6): p. 641-59
314. Brom, F.W., Science and society: different bioethical approaches towards animal experimentation. Altex, 2002. 19(2): p. 78-82
315. Festing, M.F., Is the use of animals in biomedical research still necessary in 2002? Unfortunately, "yes". Altern Lab Anim, 2004. 32 Suppl 1B: p. 733-9
316. Pawlik, W.W., [The significance of animals in biomedical research]. Folia Med Cracov, 1998. 39(3-4): p. 175-82
317. Kjellmer, I., [Animal experiments are necessary. Coordinated control functions are difficult to study without the use of nature's most complex systems: mammals and human beings]. Lakartidningen, 2002. 99(11): p. 1172-3
318. Greek, C.R. and J.S. Greek, Is Animal Research Necessary in 2002?, in 4th World Congress Point/Counterpoint. 2002, Americans for Medical Advancement: Los Angeles, US
319. Singer, P., Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals. 2nd ed. 1990, New York, US: New York Review/Random House
320. LaFollette, H. and N. Shanks, Animal experimentation: The legacy of Claude Bernard. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 1994. 8(3): p. 195-210
321. Perel, P., et al., Comparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: systematic review. Vol 334 2007
322. Pound, P., et al., Where is the evidence that animal research benefits humans? Vol 328 2004. 514-517
323. van der Worp, H.B., et al., Can animal models of disease reliably inform human studies? PLoS Med, 2010. 7(3): p. e1000245
324. Graham, D.J., et al., Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study. Lancet, 2005. 365(9458): p. 475-81
325. Bhogal, N. and R. Combes, TGN1412: time to change the paradigm for the testing of new pharmaceuticals. Altern Lab Anim, 2006. 34(2): p. 225-39
326. Coghlan, A. Mystery over drug trial debacle deepens. 2006 [cited 2015 4th August]
327. Knight, A., Systematic reviews of animal experiments demonstrate poor contributions toward human healthcare. Rev Recent Clin Trials, 2008. 3(2): p. 89-96
328. Pound, P. and M.B. Bracken, Is animal research sufficiently evidence based to be a cornerstone of biomedical research? Vol 348 2014
329. Greek, C.R. and J.S. Greek, Sacred Cows and Golden Geese: The Human Cost of Experiments on Animals. 1st ed. Human Cost of Experiments on Animals. 2000, London, England: Bloomsbury Academic
330. Sena, E., et al., How can we improve the pre-clinical development of drugs for stroke? Trends Neurosci, 2007. 30(9): p. 433-9
331. Macleod, M., Why animal research needs to improve. Nature, 2011. 477(7366): p 511
332. van der Worp, H.B. and M.R. Macleod, Preclinical studies of human disease: time to take methodological quality seriously. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2011. 51(4): p. 449-50
333. Musther, H., et al., Animal versus human oral drug bioavailability: Do they correlate? European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014. 57: p. 280-291
334. Chu, X., K. Bleasby, and R. Evers, Species differences in drug transporters and implications for translating preclinical findings to humans. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 2013. 9(3): p. 237-252
335. Olson, H., et al., Concordance of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans and in animals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 2000. 32(1): p. 56-67
336. Shih, H., et al., Species differences in hepatocyte induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 by omeprazole. Hum Exp Toxicol, 1999. 18(2): p. 95-105
337. Gerets, H.H., et al., Characterization of primary human hepatocytes, HepG2 cells, and HepaRG cells at the mRNA level and CYP activity in response to inducers and their predictivity for the detection of human hepatotoxins. Cell Biol Toxicol, 2012. 28(2): p. 69-87
338. Lauer, B., et al., Species-specific toxicity of diclofenac and troglitazone in primary human and rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact, 2009. 179(1): p. 17-24
339. Balls, M., Replacement of animal procedures: alternatives in research, education and testing. Laboratory Animals, 1994. 28(3): p. 193-211
340. Hartung, T., Toxicology for the twenty-first century. Nature, 2009. 460(7252): p. 208-212
341. Davila, J.C., et al., Predictive Value of In Vitro Model Systems in Toxicology. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1998. 38(1): p. 63-96
342. Wilson, S.L., M. Ahearne, and A. Hopkinson, An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing. Toxicology, 2015. 327: p. 32-46
343. European Union, Council Directive 86/609/EEC on the approximation of laws. Regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union, 1986. L(358): p. 1-29
344. European Union, Directive 2003/15/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 February 2003 amending Council Directive 76/768/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products. Official Journal of the European Union, 2003. L(66): p. 26-35
345. European Union, Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No. 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. Official Journal of the European Union, 2007. L(396): p. 1-856
346. European Union, Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and the European Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Regulation 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 93/793 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/677/EEC, 93/105/EEC and 2000/21/EC. Official Journal of the European Union, 2006. L(369): p. 1-849
347. Lilienblum, W., et al., Alternative methods to safety studies in experimental animals: role in the risk assessment of chemicals under the new European Chemicals Legislation (REACH). Arch Toxicol, 2008. 82(4): p. 211-36
348. Huhtala, A., et al., Corneal Models for the Toxicity Testing of Drugs and Drug Releasing Materials, in Topics in Multifunctional Biomaterials and Devices, N. Ashammakhi, Editor. 2008. p. 1-24
349. York, M. and W. Steiling, A critical review of the assessment of eye irritation potential using the draize rabbit eye test. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 1998. 18(4): p. 233-240
350. Griffith, J.F., et al., Dose-response studies with chemical irritants in the albino rabbit eye as a basis for selecting optimum testing conditions for predicting hazard to the human eye. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1980. 55(3): p. 501-13
351. Curren, R.D. and J.W. Harbell, Ocular safety: A silent (in vitro) success story. ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 2002. 30(Suppl 2): p. 69-74
352. Prinsen, M.K., The Draize Eye Test and in vitro alternatives; a left-handed marriage? Toxicology in Vitro, 2006. 20(1): p. 78-81
353. Jester, J.V., et al., Extent of initial corneal injury as a basis for alternative eye irritation tests. Toxicology in Vitro, 2001. 15(2): p. 115-130
354. Bosshard, E., Review on skin and mucous-membrane irritation tests and their application. Food Chem Toxicol, 1985. 23(2): p. 149-54
355. Calvin, G., New approaches to the assessment of eye and skin irritation. Toxicol Lett, 1992. 64-65 Spec No: p. 157-64
356. Calabrese, E.J., Principles of Animal Extrapolation. 1991, Florida, United States: CRC Press
357. Bagley, D.M., et al., Proposed new classification scheme for chemical injury to the human eye. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2006. 45(2): p. 206-213
358. Holder, T. Why Testing on Prisoners is a Bad Idea. 2015 5th August 2015 [cited 2015 14th August]; Available from: http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/news/communications-media/why-testing-on-prisoners-is-a-bad-idea/
359. Ranganatha, N. and I.J. Kuppast, A review on alternatives to animal testing methods in drug development. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012. 4(Suppl 5): p. 28-32
360. Zurlo, J., D. Rudacille, and A.M. Goldberg, The three Rs: the way forward. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1996. 104(8): p. 878-880
361. Doke, S.K. and S.C. Dhawale, Alternatives to animal testing: A review. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 2015. 23(3): p. 223-229
362. Vedani, A., [Computer-Aided Drug Design: An Alternative to Animal Testing in the Pharmacological Screening]. ALTEX, 1991. 8(1): p. 39-60
363. Knight, A., J. Bailey, and J. Balcombe, Animal carcinogenicity studies: 3. Alternatives to the bioassay. ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 2006. 34(1): p. 39-48
364. Matthews, E.J. and J.F. Contrera, A New Highly Specific Method for Predicting the Carcinogenic Potential of Pharmaceuticals in Rodents Using EnhancedMCASEQSAR-ES Software. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1998. 28(3): p. 242-264
365. Wang, W.W., et al., Assessment of a micropatterned hepatocyte coculture system to generate major human excretory and circulating drug metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos, 2010. 38(10): p. 1900-5
366. Riley, R.J. and J.G. Kenna, Cellular models for ADMET predictions and evaluation of drug-drug interactions. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel, 2004. 7(1): p. 86-99
367. Obach, R.S., Prediction of human clearance of twenty-nine drugs from hepatic microsomal intrinsic clearance data: An examination of in vitro half-life approach and nonspecific binding to microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos, 1999. 27(11): p. 1350-9
368. Chan, T.S., et al., Meeting the challenge of predicting hepatic clearance of compounds slowly metabolized by cytochrome P450 using a novel hepatocyte model, HepatoPac. Drug Metab Dispos, 2013. 41(12): p. 2024-32
369. Shay, J.W. and W.E. Wright, The use of telomerized cells for tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol, 2000. 18(1): p. 22-3
370. Steinhoff, G., et al., Tissue engineering of pulmonary heart valves on allogenic acellular matrix conduits in vivo restoration of valve tissue. Circulation, 2000. 102(III): p. 50-55
371. Takahashi, Y., et al., Development of the short time exposure (STE) test: An in vitro eye irritation test using SIRC cells. Toxicology in Vitro, 2008. 22(3): p. 760-770
372. Lehtinen, J., et al., Pre-Targeting and Direct Immunotargeting of Liposomal Drug Carriers to Ovarian Carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 2012. 7(7): p. e41410
373. Xu, K.-P., X.-F. Li, and F.-S.X. Yu, Corneal Organ Culture Model for Assessing Epithelial Responses to Surfactants. Toxicological Sciences, 2000. 58(2): p. 306-314
374. Hayashi, T., et al., Quantitative evaluation for the prediction of eye irritation using haemoglobin. Alternatives to Animal Testing and Experimentation, 1993. 2: p. 25-31
375. Hatao, M., et al., Interlaboratory Validation of the in vitro Eye Irritation Tests for Cosmetic Ingredients. (4) Haemoglobin Denaturation Test. Toxicol In Vitro, 1999. 13(1): p. 125-37
376. Luepke, N.P., Hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane test for irritation potential. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 1985. 23(2): p. 287-291
377. Vinardell, M.P., V. Rimbau, and M. Mitjans, Potential eye irritation of some "biodegradable" liquid scintillation cocktails determined in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol, 2004. 42(8): p. 1287-90
378. Debbasch, C., et al., Eye irritation of low-irritant cosmetic formulations: correlation of in vitro results with clinical data and product composition. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2005. 43(1): p. 155-165
379. Zhang, H., H.D. Borman, and B.C. Myhr, Enhancement of the morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells by reducing incubation time of the target cells. Mutat Res, 2004. 548(1-2): p. 1-7
380. Pienta, R.J., J.A. Poiley, and W.B. Lebherz, 3rd, Morphological transformation of early passage golden Syrian hamster embryo cells derived from cryopreserved primary cultures as a reliable in vitro bioassay for identifying diverse carcinogens. Int J Cancer, 1977. 19(5): p. 642-55
381. Kerckaert, G.A., R.A. LeBoeuf, and R.J. Isfort, Assessing the Predictiveness of the Syrian Hamster Embryo Cell Transformation Assay for Determining the Rodent Carcinogenic Potential of Single Ring Aromatic/Nitroaromatic Amine Compounds. Toxicological Sciences, 1998. 41(2): p. 189-197
382. Hill, A.J., et al., Zebrafish as a Model Vertebrate for Investigating Chemical Toxicity. Toxicological Sciences, 2005. 86(1): p. 6-19
383. MacRae, C.A. and R.T. Peterson, Zebrafish-Based Small Molecule Discovery. Chemistry & Biology, 2003. 10(10): p. 901-908
384. Peterson, R.T., et al., Small molecule developmental screens reveal the logic and timing of vertebrate development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2000. 97(24): p. 12965-12969
385. Milan, D.J., et al., Drugs that induce repolarization abnormalities cause bradycardia in zebrafish. Circulation, 2003. 107(10): p. 1355-8
386. Labrot, F., et al., Acute toxicity, toxicokinetics, and tissue target of lead and uranium in the clam Corbicula fluminea and the worm Eisenia fetida: comparison with the fish Brachydanio rerio. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1999. 36(2): p. 167-78
387. Kumar, K. and B.A. Ansari, Malathion toxicity: effect on the liver of the fish Brachydanio rerio (Cyprinidae). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 1986. 12(3): p. 199-205
388. Lanzky, P.F. and B. Halling-Sorensen, The toxic effect of the antibiotic metronidazole on aquatic organisms. Chemosphere, 1997. 35(11): p. 2553-61
389. Zok, S., et al., QSAR in Environmental Toxicology Bioconcentration, metabolism and toxicity of substituted anilines in the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Science of The Total Environment, 1991. 109: p. 411-421
390. Roche, H., G. Boge, and G. Peres, Acute and chronic toxicities of colchicine in Brachydanio rerio. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 1994. 52(1): p. 69-73
391. Lagadic, L. and T. Caquet, Invertebrates in testing of environmental chemicals: are they alternatives? Environmental Health Perspectives, 1998. 106(Suppl 2): p. 593-611
392. Reiter, L.T., et al., A Systematic Analysis of Human Disease-Associated Gene Sequences In Drosophila melanogaster. Genome Research, 2001. 11(6): p. 1114-1125
393. Wilson-Sanders, S.E., Invertebrate Models for Biomedical Research, Testing, and Education. ILAR Journal, 2011. 52(2): p. 126-152
394. Rothenfluh, A. and U. Heberlein, Drugs, flies, and videotape: the effects of ethanol and cocaine on Drosophila locomotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2002. 12(6): p. 639-645
395. Pandey, U.B. and C.D. Nichols, Human Disease Models in Drosophila melanogaster and the Role of the Fly in Therapeutic Drug Discovery. Pharmacological Reviews, 2011. 63(2): p. 411-436
396. Wolf, M.J. and H.A. Rockman, Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for the genetics of postnatal cardiac function. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, 2008. 5(3): p. 117-123
397. Du Pasquier, L., I. Zucchetti, and R. De Santis, Immunoglobulin superfamily receptors in protochordates: before RAG time. Immunol Rev, 2004. 198: p. 233-48
398. Bonini, N.M. and M.E. Fortini, Human neurodegenerative disease modeling using Drosophila. Annu Rev Neurosci, 2003. 26: p. 627-56
399. Iijima, K. and K. Iijima-Ando, Drosophila models of Alzheimer's amyloidosis: the challenge of dissecting the complex mechanisms of toxicity of amyloid-beta 42. J Alzheimers Dis, 2008. 15(4): p. 523-40
400. Iijima, K., et al., Dissecting the pathological effects of human Abeta40 and Abeta42 in Drosophila: a potential model for Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. 101(17): p. 6623-8
401. Bharucha, K.N., The epicurean fly: using Drosophila melanogaster to study metabolism. Pediatr Res, 2009. 65(2): p. 132-7
402. Teleman, A.A., Molecular mechanisms of metabolic regulation by insulin in Drosophila. Biochem J, 2010. 425(1): p. 13-26
403. Avanesian, A., S. Semnani, and M. Jafari, Can Drosophila melanogaster represent a model system for the detection of reproductive adverse drug reactions? Drug Discov Today, 2009. 14(15-16): p. 761-6
404. Dzitoyeva, S., N. Dimitrijevic, and H. Manev, Identification of a novel Drosophila gene, beltless, using injectable embryonic and adult RNA interference (RNAi). BMC Genomics, 2003. 4(1): p. 33
405. Ackermann, M., et al., Self-destructive cooperation mediated by phenotypic noise. Nature, 2008. 454(7207): p. 987-990
406. Gupta, S.C., et al., Adverse effect of organophosphate compounds, dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos in the reproductive tissues of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster: 70kDa heat shock protein as a marker of cellular damage. Toxicology, 2007. 238(1): p. 1-14
407. Patnaik, K.K. and N.K. Tripathy, Farm-grade chlorpyrifos (Durmet) is genotoxic in somatic and germ-line cells of Drosophila. Mutat Res, 1992. 279(1): p. 15-20
408. Artal-Sanz, M., L. de Jong, and N. Tavernarakis, Caenorhabditis elegans: a versatile platform for drug discovery. Biotechnol J, 2006. 1(12): p. 1405-18
409. Faber, P.W., et al., Polyglutamine-mediated dysfunction and apoptotic death of a Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neuron. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1999. 96(1): p. 179-84
410. Link, C.D., et al., Visualization of fibrillar amyloid deposits in living, transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans animals using the sensitive amyloid dye, X-34. Neurobiol Aging, 2001. 22(2): p. 217-26
411. Nass, R., K.M. Merchant, and T. Ryan, Caenohabditis elegans in Parkinson's disease drug discovery: addressing an unmet medical need. Mol Interv, 2008. 8(6): p. 284-93
412. Pujol, N., et al., Distinct innate immune responses to infection and wounding in the C. elegans epidermis. Curr Biol, 2008. 18(7): p. 481-9
413. Dhawan, R., D.B. Dusenbery, and P.L. Williams, Comparison of lethality, reproduction, and behavior as toxicological endpoints in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 1999. 58(7): p. 451-62
414. Williams, P.L., et al., Caenorhabditis elegans as an alternative animal species. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 2000. 61(8): p. 641-7
415. Casida, J.E., et al., Mechanisms of selective action of pyrethroid insecticides. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 1983. 23: p. 413-38
416. Sattelle, D.B. and D. Yamamoto, Molecular Targets of Pyrethroid Insecticides, in Advances in Insect Physiology, P.D. Evans and V.B. Wigglesworth, Editors. 1988, Academic Press. p. 147-213
417. Bradbury, S.P. and J.R. Coats, Comparative toxicology of the pyrethroid insecticides. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 1989. 108: p. 133-77
418. Soderlund, D.M. and J.R. Bloomquist, Neurotoxic actions of pyrethroid insecticides. Annu Rev Entomol, 1989. 34: p. 77-96
419. Mell, J.C. and S.M. Burgess, Yeast as a Model Genetic Organism, in eLS. 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
420. Madeo, F., et al., Apoptosis in yeast: a new model system with applications in cell biology and medicine. Current Genetics, 2002. 41(4): p. 208-216
421. Pereira, C., et al., Contribution of Yeast Models to Neurodegeneration Research. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2012. 2012: p. 12
422. Siggers, K.A. and C.F. Lesser, The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Versatile Model System for the Identification and Characterization of Bacterial Virulence Proteins. Cell Host & Microbe, 2008. 4(1): p. 8-15
423. Ames, B.N., J. McCann, and E. Yamasaki, Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test. Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects, 1975. 31(6): p. 347-363
424. Dearfield, K.L., et al., Considerations in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's testing approach for mutagenicity. Mutat Res, 1991. 258(3): p. 259-83
425. Tennant, R.W., et al., Prediction of the outcome of rodent carcinogenicity bioassays currently being conducted on 44 chemicals by the National Toxicology Program. Mutagenesis, 1990. 5(1): p. 3-14
426. Vinardell, M.P. and M. Mitjans, Alternative methods for eye and skin irritation tests: an overview. J Pharm Sci, 2008. 97(1): p. 46-59
427. Pape, W.J., U. Pfannenbecker, and U. Hoppe, Validation of the red blood cell test system as in vitro assay for the rapid screening of irritation potential of surfactants. Mol Toxicol, 1987. 1(4): p. 525-36
428. Pape, W.J. and U. Hoppe, Standardization of an in vitro red blood cell test for evaluating the acute cytotoxic potential of tensides. Arzneimittelforschung, 1990. 40(4): p. 498-502
429. Pape, W.J. and U. Hoppe, In vitro methods for the assessment of primary local effects of topically applied preparations. Skin Pharmacol, 1991. 4(3): p. 205-12
430. Pape, W.J., et al., COLIPA validation project on in vitro eye irritation tests for cosmetic ingredients and finished products (phase I): the red blood cell test for the estimation of acute eye irritation potentials. Present status. Toxicol In Vitro, 1999. 13(2): p. 343-54
431. Okamoto, Y., et al., Interlaboratory validation of the in vitro eye irritation tests for cosmetic ingredients. (3) Evaluation of the haemolysis test. Toxicol In Vitro, 1999. 13(1): p. 115-24
432. Mitjans, M., et al., Low potential ocular irritation of arginine-based gemini surfactants and their mixtures with nonionic and zwitterionic surfactants. Pharm Res, 2003. 20(10): p. 1697-701
433. Miyazawa, K., M. Ogawa, and T. Mitsui, The physico-chemical properties and protein denaturation potential of surfactant mixtures. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 1984. 6(1): p. 33-46
434. Vinardell, M.P., S. Gonzalez, and M.R. Infante, Adaptation of Hemoglobin Denaturation for Assessment of Ocular Irritation of Surfactants and Manufactured Products. Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 1999. 18(4): p. 375-384
435. Hayashi, T., et al., Multivariate factorial analysis of data obtained in seven in vitro test systems for predicting eye irritancy. Toxicol In Vitro, 1994. 8(2): p. 215-20
436. Luepke, N.P. and F.H. Kemper, The HET-CAM test: An alternative to the draize eye test. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 1986. 24(6-7): p. 495-496
437. Gilleron, L., et al., Evaluation of a modified HET-CAM assay as a screening test for eye irritancy. Toxicology in Vitro, 1996. 10(4): p. 431-446
438. Macián, M., et al., Preliminary studies of the toxic effects of non-ionic surfactants derived from lysine. Toxicology, 1996. 106(1-3): p. 1-9
439. Budai, P., et al., Irritative effects of some pesticides and a technical component on tissue structure of the chorioallantoic membrane. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci, 2004. 69(4): p. 807-9
440. Vinardell, M.P. and M. Mitjans, The chorioallantoic membrane test as a model to predict the potential human eye irritation induced by commonly used laboratory solvents. Toxicol In Vitro, 2006. 20(6): p. 1066-70
441. Al, R.H., et al., Irritation and cytotoxic potential of denture adhesives. Gerodontology, 2005. 22(3): p. 177-183
442. Gettings, S.D., et al., The CTFA Evaluation of Alternatives Program: an evaluation of in vitro alternatives to the Draize primary eye irritation test. (Phase III) surfactant-based formulations. Food Chem Toxicol, 1996. 34(1): p. 79-117
443. Djabari, Z., et al., The HET-CAM test combined with histological studies for better evaluation of active ingredient innocuity. Int J Tissue React, 2002. 24(4): p. 117-21
444. Hagino, S., et al., Quantitative evaluation to predict the eye irritancy of chemicals: Modification of chorioallantoic membrane test by using trypan blue. Toxicol In Vitro, 1991. 5(4): p. 301-4
445. Hagino, S., et al., Further evaluation of the quantitative chorioallantoic membrane test using trypan blue stain to predict the eye irritancy of chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro, 1993. 7(1): p. 35-9
446. Ohno, Y., et al., Interlaboratory validation of alternative methods to the eye irritation test for the safety evaluation of cosmetic ingredients: an overview of the plan and the results. Animal Alternatives, Welfare, and Ethics, ed. L.F.M. van Zutphen and M. Balls. Vol 27 1997, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publ B V. 1155-1158
447. Vinardell, M.P. and L. Garcia, The quantitive chlorioallantoic membrane test using trypan blue stain to predict the eye irritancy of liquid scintillation cocktails. Toxicol In Vitro, 2000. 14(6): p. 551-5
448. Gautheron, P., et al., Interlaboratory assessment of the bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay. Toxicol In Vitro, 1994. 8(3): p. 381-92
449. Gautheron, P., et al., Bovine corneal opacity and permeability test: an in vitro assay of ocular irritancy. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1992. 18(3): p. 442-9
450. Prinsen, M.K. and H.B. Koeter, Justification of the enucleated eye test with eyes of slaughterhouse animals as an alternative to the Draize eye irritation test with rabbits. Food Chem Toxicol, 1993. 31(1): p. 69-76
451. Chamberlain, M., et al., IRAG working group 1. Organotypic models for the assessment/prediction of ocular irritation. Interagency Regulatory Alternatives Group. Food Chem Toxicol, 1997. 35(1): p. 23-37
452. Yang, W. and D. Acosta, Cytotoxicity potential of surfactant mixtures evaluated by primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett, 1994. 70(3): p. 309-18
453. Mertens, S., J. Bednarz, and K. Engelmann, Evidence of toxic side effects of perfluorohexyloctane after vitreoretinal surgery as well as in previously established in vitro models with ocular cell types. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2002. 240(12): p. 989-95
454. Parnigotto, P.P., et al., Bovine corneal stroma and epithelium reconstructed in vitro: characterisation and response to surfactants. Eye (Lond), 1998. 12 (Pt 2): p. 304-10
455. Cottin, M. and A. Zanvit, Fluorescein leakage test: a useful tool in ocular safety assessment. Toxicol In Vitro, 1997. 11(4): p. 399-405
456. Shaw, A.J., R.H. Clothier, and M. Balls, Loss of trans-epithelial impermeability of a confluent monolayer of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells as a determinant of ocular irritancy potential. Atla-Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 1990. 18: p. 145-151
457. Clothier, R., et al., Assessment of Initial Damage and Recovery Following Exposure of MDCK Cells to an Irritant. Toxicol In Vitro, 1999. 13(4-5): p. 713-7
458. Bruner, L.H. and R.D. Parker, Evaluation of six in vitro alternatives for ocular irritancy testing. Toxicologist, 1990. 10: p 258
459. Harbell, J.W., et al., Assessment of the Cytosensor Microphysiometer Assay in the COLIPA In Vitro Eye Irritation Validation Study. Toxicol In Vitro, 1999. 13(2): p. 313-23
460. Gerner, I., M. Liebsch, and H. Spielmann, Assessment of the eye irritating properties of chemicals by applying alternatives to the Draize rabbit eye test: the use of QSARs and in vitro tests for the classification of eye irritation. Altern Lab Anim, 2005. 33(3): p. 215-37
461. Kruszewski, F.H., et al., Application of the EYTEX™ system to the evaluation of cosmetic products and their ingredients. Atla-Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 1992. 20(1): p. 146-163
462. Regnier, J.F., C. Imbert, and J.C. Boutonnet, Evaluation of the EYTEX® system as a screening method for the ocular irritancy of chemical products. Atla-Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 1994. 22(1): p. 32-50
463. Sass, N., Humane Endpoints and Acute Toxicity Testing. ILAR Journal, 2000. 41(2): p. 114-123
464. Blazka, M., et al., Evaluating the ocular irritation potential of 54 test articles using the EpiOcular human tissue construct model (OCL-200). Toxicologist, 2003. 48: p 336
465. Jones, P.A., et al., Comparative evaluation of five in vitro tests for assessing the eye irritation potential of hair-care products. Altern Lab Anim, 2001. 29(6): p. 669-92
466. Kaluzhny, Y., et al., Development of the EpiOcular(TM) eye irritation test for hazard identification and labelling of eye irritating chemicals in response to the requirements of the EU cosmetics directive and REACH legislation. Altern Lab Anim, 2011. 39(4): p. 339-64
467. Robinson, M.K., R. Osborne, and M.A. Perkins, In Vitro and Human Testing Strategies for Skin Irritation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2000. 919(1): p. 192-204
468. Osborne, R. and M.A. Perkins, In vitro skin irritation testing with human skin cell cultures. Toxicol In Vitro, 1991. 5(5-6): p. 563-7
469. Sanchez, L., et al., Potential irritation of lysine derivative surfactants by hemolysis and HaCaT cell viability. Toxicol Lett, 2006. 161(1): p. 53-60
470. Gueniche, A. and M. Ponec, Use of human skin cell cultures for the estimation of potential skin irritants. Toxicol In Vitro, 1993. 7(1): p. 15-24
471. Corsini, E., et al., Endogenous interleukin-1 alpha associated with skin irritation induced by tributyltin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1996. 138(2): p. 268-74
472. Martinez, V., et al., Evaluation of eye and skin irritation of arginine-derivative surfactants using different in vitro endpoints as alternatives to the in vivo assays. Toxicol Lett, 2006. 164(3): p. 259-67
473. Roguet, R., Use of skin cell cultures for in vitro assessment of corrosion and cutaneous irritancy. Cell Biol Toxicol, 1999. 15(1): p. 63-75
474. Hockley, K. and D. Baxter, Use of the 3T3 cell-neutral red uptake assay for irritants as an alternative to the rabbit (Draize) test. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 1986. 24(6-7): p. 473-475
475. Jirova, D., et al., The benefits of the 3T3 NRU test in the safety assessment of cosmetics: long-term experience from pre-marketing testing in the Czech Republic. Toxicol In Vitro, 2003. 17(5-6): p. 791-6
476. Benavides, T., et al., Assessment of the potential irritation and photoirritation of novel amino acid-based surfactants by in vitro methods as alternative to the animal tests. Toxicology, 2004. 201(1-3): p. 87-93
477. Nagasawa, M., H. Hayashi, and T. Nakayoshi, In vitro evaluation of skin sensitivity of povidone-iodine and other antiseptics using a three-dimensional human skin model. Dermatology, 2002. 204 Suppl 1: p. 109-13
478. Coecke, S., et al., Guidance on good cell culture practice. a report of the second ECVAM task force on good cell culture practice. Altern Lab Anim, 2005. 33(3): p. 261-87
479. Bason, M.M., et al., Comparison of in vitro and human in vivo dermal irritancy data for four primary irritants. Toxicol In Vitro, 1992. 6(5): p. 383-7
480. Gonzalez-Mira, E., et al., Potential use of nanostructured lipid carriers for topical delivery of flurbiprofen. J Pharm Sci, 2011. 100(1): p. 242-51
481. Fentem, J.H., et al., A prevalidation study on in vitro tests for acute skin irritation: results and evaluation by the Management Team. Toxicology in Vitro, 2001. 15(1): p. 57-93
482. Stobbe, J.L., K.D. Drake, and K.J. Maier, Comparison of in vivo (Draize method) and in vitro (Corrositex assay) dermal corrosion values for selected industrial chemicals. Int J Toxicol, 2003. 22(2): p. 99-107
483. Cazedey, E.C.L., et al., Corrositex®, BCOP and HET-CAM as alternative methods to animal experimentation. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2009. 45: p. 759-766
484. Liebsch, M., et al., The ECVAM prevalidation study on the use of EpiDerm for skin corrosivity testing. Atla-Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 2000. 28(3): p. 371-401
485. Faller, C. and M. Bracher, Reconstructed skin kits: reproducibility of cutaneous irritancy testing. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol, 2002. 15 Suppl 1: p. 74-91
486. Kandarova, H., et al., Optimisation of the EpiDerm test protocol for the upcoming ECVAM validation study on in vitro skin irritation tests. Altex, 2004. 21(3): p. 107-14
487. Kandarova, H., et al., The EpiDerm test protocol for the upcoming ECVAM validation study on in vitro skin irritation tests--an assessment of the performance of the optimised test. Altern Lab Anim, 2005. 33(4): p. 351-67
488. Kandarova, H., et al., Assessment of the human epidermis model SkinEthic RHE for in vitro skin corrosion testing of chemicals according to new OECD TG 431. Toxicol In Vitro, 2006. 20(5): p. 547-59
489. Portes, P., et al., Refinement of the Episkin protocol for the assessment of acute skin irritation of chemicals: follow-up to the ECVAM prevalidation study. Toxicol In Vitro, 2002. 16(6): p. 765-70
490. Cotovio, J., et al., The in vitro skin irritation of chemicals: optimisation of the EPISKIN prediction model within the framework of the ECVAM validation process. Altern Lab Anim, 2005. 33(4): p. 329-49
491. Hoffmann, S. and T. Hartung, Designing validation studies more efficiently according to the modular approach: retrospective analysis of the EPISKIN test for skin corrosion. Altern Lab Anim, 2006. 34(2): p. 177-91
492. Demetrulias, J., et al., Skin2®-an in vitro human skin model: the correlation between in vivo and in Vitro testing of surfactants. Experimental Dermatology, 1998. 7(1): p. 18-26
493. Oliver, G.J., M.A. Pemberton, and C. Rhodes, An in vitro skin corrosivity test--modifications and validation. Food Chem Toxicol, 1986. 24(6-7): p. 507-12
494. Lewis, R.W. and D.A. Basketter, Transcutaneous electrical resistance: application in predicting skin corrosives. Curr Probl Dermatol, 1995. 23: p. 243-55
495. Botham, P.A., et al., The skin corrosivity test in vitro. Results of an inter-laboratory trial. Toxicology in Vitro, 1992. 6(3): p. 191-194
496. Fentem, J.H., et al., The ECVAM International Validation Study on In Vitro Tests for Skin Corrosivity Results and Evaluation by the Management Team. Toxicology in Vitro, 1998. 12(4): p. 483-524
497. Spielmann, H., et al., [First results of an EC/COLIPA validation project of in vitro phototoxicity testing methods]. Altex, 1994. 11(1): p. 22-31
498. Peters, B. and H.G. Holzhutter, In vitro phototoxicity testing: development and validation of a new concentration response analysis software and biostatistical analyses related to the use of various prediction models. Altern Lab Anim, 2002. 30(4): p. 415-32
499. Benavides, T., et al., Assessment of primary eye and skin irritants by in vitro cytotoxicity and phototoxicity models: an in vitro approach of new arginine-based surfactant-induced irritation. Toxicology, 2004. 197(3): p. 229-37
500. Spielmann, H., et al., The International EU/COLIPA In Vitro Phototoxicity Validation Study: Results of Phase II (Blind Trial). Part 1: The 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test. Toxicol In Vitro, 1998. 12(3): p. 305-27
501. Duffy, P.A., et al., Prediction of phototoxic potential using human A431 cells and mouse 3T3 cells. Mol Toxicol, 1987. 1(4): p. 579-87
502. Duffy, P.A., Cell culture phototoxicity test. Methods Mol Biol, 1995. 43: p. 219-26
503. Clothier, R., et al., The use of human keratinocytes in the EU/COLIPA international in vitro phototoxicity test validation study and the ECVAM/COLIPA study on UV filter chemicals. Atla-Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 1999. 27(2): p. 247-259
504. Augustin, C., C. Collombel, and O. Damour, Use of dermal equivalent and skin equivalent models for identifying phototoxic compounds in vitro. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 1997. 13(1-2): p. 27-36
505. Amberg, A., E. Rosner, and W. Dekant, Toxicokinetics of methyl tert-butyl ether and its metabolites in humans after oral exposure. Toxicol Sci, 2001. 61(1): p. 62-7
506. Bernauer, U., et al., Biotransformation of trichloroethene: dose-dependent excretion of 2,2,2-trichloro-metabolites and mercapturic acids in rats and humans after inhalation. Arch Toxicol, 1996. 70(6): p. 338-46
507. Ernstgard, L., E. Shibata, and G. Johanson, Uptake and disposition of inhaled methanol vapor in humans. Toxicol Sci, 2005. 88(1): p. 30-8
508. Fennell, T.R., et al., Metabolism and hemoglobin adduct formation of acrylamide in humans. Toxicol Sci, 2005. 85(1): p. 447-59
509. Filser, J.G., et al., Pharmacokinetics of ethylene in man; body burden with ethylene oxide and hydroxyethylation of hemoglobin due to endogenous and environmental ethylene. Arch Toxicol, 1992. 66(3): p. 157-63
510. Gunnare, S., et al., Toxicokinetics of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) in male volunteers after experimental exposure. Toxicol Lett, 2006. 167(1): p. 54-65
511. Pahler, A., J. Parker, and W. Dekant, Dose-dependent protein adduct formation in kidney, liver, and blood of rats and in human blood after perchloroethene inhalation. Toxicol Sci, 1999. 48(1): p. 5-13
512. Schauer, U.M., et al., Kinetics of 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor in rats and humans after dermal application. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2006. 216(2): p. 339-46
513. Volkel, W., et al., Metabolism and kinetics of bisphenol a in humans at low doses following oral administration. Chem Res Toxicol, 2002. 15(10): p. 1281-7
514. Rawlins, M.D., Cutting the cost of drug development? Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2004. 3(4): p. 360-4
515. Kaitin, K.I., Deconstructing the Drug Development Process: The New Face of Innovation. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2010. 87(3): p. 356-361
516. Kola, I. and J. Landis, Can the pharmaceutical industry reduce attrition rates? Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2004. 3(8): p. 711-5
517. Kaplowitz, N., Idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2005. 4(6): p. 489-99
518. Abboud, G. and N. Kaplowitz, Drug-induced liver injury. Drug Saf, 2007. 30(4): p. 277-94