Silk as a biomaterial

Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford)

Volumn 32, Issue 8-9, 2007, Pages 991-1007

  Vepari, Charu ^a   Kaplan, David L ^a  

^a Tufts University   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomaterial; Fibroin; Scaffold; Silk; Spidroin; Tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACIDS; BIOMATERIALS; CELL GROWTH; PROTEINS; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

CELLULAR GROWTH FACTORS; LIGAMENT TISSUES; SPIDROIN;

SILK;

AMINO ACIDS; FIBROIN; PROTEINS; SCAFFOLDS; SILK;

EID: 34547602612     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.013     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Kaplan D.L., Mello S.M., Arcidiacono S., Fossey S., and Senecal K.W.M. In: McGrath K.K.D. (Ed). Protein based materials (1998), Birkhauser, Boston 103-131
2. Wong Po Foo C., and Kaplan D.L. Genetic engineering of fibrous proteins: spider dragline silk and collagen. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54 8 (2002) 1131-1143
3. Bini E., Knight D.P., and Kaplan D.L. Mapping domain structures in silks from insects and spiders related to protein assembly. J Mol Biol 335 1 (2004) 27-40
4. Altman G.H., Diaz F., Jakuba C., Calabro T., Horan R.L., Chen J., et al. Silk-based biomaterials. Biomaterials 24 3 (2003) 401-416
5. Arai T., Freddi G., Innocenti R., and Tsukada M. Biodegradation of B. mori silk fibroin fibers and films. J Appl Polym Sci 91 (2004) 2383-2390
6. Fuchs S., Motta A., Migliaresi C., and Kirkpatrick C.J. Outgrowth endothelial cells isolated and expanded from human peripheral blood progenitor cells as a potential source of autologous cells for endothelialization of silk fibroin biomaterials. Biomaterials 27 31 (2006) 5399-5408
7. Horan R.L., Antle K., Collette A.L., Wang Y., Huang J., Moreau J.E., et al. In vitro degradation of silk fibroin. Biomaterials 26 17 (2005) 3385-3393
8. Hu K., Lv Q., Cui F., Feng Q., Kong X., Wang H., et al. Biocompatible fibroin blended films with recombinant human-like collagen for hepatic tissue engineering. J Bioactive Compatible Polym 21 1 (2006) 23-37
9. Karageorgiou V., Meinel L., Hofmann S., Malhotra A., Volloch V., and Kaplan D. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 decorated silk fibroin films induce osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 71 3 (2004) 528-537
10. Kim U.J., Park J., Kim H.J., Wada M., and Kaplan D.L. Three-dimensional aqueous-derived biomaterial scaffolds from silk fibroin. Biomaterials 26 15 (2005) 2775-2785
11. Li C., Vepari C., Jin H.J., Kim H.J., and Kaplan D.L. Electrospun silk-BMP-2 scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 27 16 (2006) 3115-3124
12. Minoura N., Aiba S., Gotoh Y., Tsukada M., and Imai Y. Attachment and growth of cultured fibroblast cells on silk protein matrices. J Biomed Mater Res 29 10 (1995) 1215-1221
13. Motta A., Migliaresi C., Faccioni F., Torricelli P., Fini M., and Giardino R. Fibroin hydrogels for biomedical applications: preparation, characterization and in vitro cell culture studies. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 15 7 (2004) 851-864
14. Vepari C.P., and Kaplan D.L. Covalently immobilized enzyme gradients within three-dimensional porous scaffolds. Biotechnol Bioeng 93 6 (2006) 1130-1137
15. Arai T., Freddi G., Colonna G.M., Scotti E., Boschi A., Murakami R., et al. Absorption of metal cations by modified B. mori silk and preparation of fabrics with antimicrobial activity. J Appl Polym Sci 80 (2001) 297-303
16. Moy R.L., Lee A., and Zalka A. Commonly used suture materials in skin surgery. Am Fam Physician 44 6 (1991) 2123-2128
17. Vollrath F., and Knight D.P. Liquid crystalline spinning of spider silk. Nature 410 6828 (2001) 541-548
18. Zhou C.Z., Confalonieri F., Medina N., Zivanovic Y., Esnault C., Yang T., et al. Fine organization of B. mori fibroin heavy chain gene. Nucleic Acids Res 28 12 (2000) 2413-2419
19. Yamaguchi K., Kikuchi Y., Takagi T., Kikuchi A., Oyama F., Shimura K., et al. Primary structure of the silk fibroin light chain determined by cDNA sequencing and peptide analysis. J Mol Biol 210 1 (1989) 127-139
20. Inoue S., Tanaka K., Arisaka F., Kimura S., Ohtomo K., and Mizuno S. Silk fibroin of B. mori is secreted, assembling a high molecular mass elementary unit consisting of H-chain, L-chain, and P25, with a 6:6:1 molar ratio. J Biol Chem 275 51 (2000) 40517-40528
21. Tanaka K., Inoue S., and Mizuno S. Hydrophobic interaction of P25, containing Asn-linked oligosaccharide chains, with the H-L complex of silk fibroin produced by B. mori. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 29 3 (1999) 269-276
22. Zhou C.Z., Confalonieri F., Jacquet M., Perasso R., Li Z.G., and Janin J. Silk fibroin: structural implications of a remarkable amino acid sequence. Proteins 44 2 (2001) 119-122
23. Gage L.P., and Manning R.F. Internal structure of the silk fibroin gene of B. mori. I. The fibroin gene consists of a homogeneous alternating array of repetitious crystalline and amorphous coding sequences. J Biol Chem 255 19 (1980) 9444-9450
24. Mori K., Tanaka K., Kikuchi Y., Waga M., Waga S., and Mizuno S. Production of a chimeric fibroin light-chain polypeptide in a fibroin secretion-deficient naked pupa mutant of the silkworm B. mori. J Mol Biol 251 2 (1995) 217-228
25. Jin H.J., and Kaplan D.L. Mechanism of silk processing in insects and spiders. Nature 424 6952 (2003) 1057-1061
26. Motta A., Fambri L., and Migliaresi C. Regenerated silk fibroin films: thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis. Macromol Chem Phys 203 10-11 (2002) 1658-1665
27. Huemmerich D., Slotta U., and Scheibel T. Processing and modification of films made from recombinant spider silk proteins. Appl Phys A 82 (2006) 219-222
28. Zhang Y.Q. Applications of natural silk protein sericin in biomaterials. Biotechnol Adv 20 2 (2002) 91-100
29. Kardestuncer T., McCarthy M.B., Karageorgiou V., Kaplan D., and Gronowicz G. RGD-tethered silk substrate stimulates the differentiation of human tendon cells. Clin Orthop Relat Res 448 (2006) 234-239
30. Chen J., Altman G.H., Karageorgiou V., Horan R., Collette A., Volloch V., et al. Human bone marrow stromal cell and ligament fibroblast responses on RGD-modified silk fibers. J Biomed Mater Res A 67 2 (2003) 559-570
31. Altman G.H., Horan R.L., Lu H.H., Moreau J., Martin I., Richmond J.C., et al. Silk matrix for tissue engineered anterior cruciate ligaments. Biomaterials 23 20 (2002) 4131-4141
32. Dal Pra I., Freddi G., Minic J., Chiarini A., and Armato U. De novo engineering of reticular connective tissue in vivo by silk fibroin nonwoven materials. Biomaterials 26 14 (2005) 1987-1999
33. Unger R.E., Wolf M., Peters K., Motta A., Migliaresi C., and James Kirkpatrick C. Growth of human cells on a non-woven silk fibroin net: a potential for use in tissue engineering. Biomaterials 25 6 (2004) 1069-1075
34. Unger R.E., Peters K., Wolf M., Motta A., Migliaresi C., and Kirkpatrick C.J. Endothelialization of a non-woven silk fibroin net for use in tissue engineering: growth and gene regulation of human endothelial cells. Biomaterials 25 21 (2004) 5137-5146
35. Reneker D., and Chun I. Nanometer diameter fibers of polymer, produced by electrospinning. Nanotechnology 7 3 (1996) 216-223
36. Jin H.J., Fridrikh S.V., Rutledge G.C., and Kaplan D.L. Electrospinning B. mori silk with poly(ethylene oxide). Biomacromolecules 3 6 (2002) 1233-1239
37. Jin H.J., Chen J., Karageorgiou V., Altman G.H., and Kaplan D.L. Human bone marrow stromal cell responses on electrospun silk fibroin mats. Biomaterials 25 6 (2004) 1039-1047
38. Wang M., Jin H.J., Kaplan D.L., and Rutledge G.C. Mechanical properties of electrospun silk fibers. Macromolecules 37 18 (2004) 6856-6864
39. Ayutsede J., Gandhi M., Sukigara S., Micklus M., Chen H.E., and Ko F. Regeneration of B. mori silk by electrospinning, Part 3: characterization of electrospun nonwoven mat. Polymer 46 5 (2005) 1625-1634
40. Min B.M., Lee G., Kim S.H., Nam Y.S., Lee T.S., and Park W.H. Electrospinning of silk fibroin nanofibers and its effect on the adhesion and spreading of normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. Biomaterials 25 7-8 (2004) 1289-1297
41. Kim K.H., Jeong L., Park H.N., Shin S.Y., Park W.H., Lee S.C., et al. Biological efficacy of silk fibroin nanofiber membranes for guided bone regeneration. J Biotechnol 120 3 (2005) 327-339
42. Li C., Jin H., Botsaris G., and Kaplan D. Silk apatite composites from electrospun fibers. J Mater Res 20 12 (2005) 3374-3384
43. Minoura N., Tsukada M., and Nagura M. Fine structure and oxygen permeability of silk fibroin membrane treated with methanol. Polymer 31 2 (1990) 265-269
44. Minoura N., Tsukada M., and Nagura M. Physico-chemical properties of silk fibroin membrane as a biomaterial. Biomaterials 11 6 (1990) 430-434
45. Wang X., Kim H.J., Xu P., Matsumoto A., and Kaplan D.L. Biomaterial coatings by stepwise deposition of silk fibroin. Langmuir 21 24 (2005) 11335-11341
46. Jin H.J., Park J., Valluzzi R., Cebe P., and Kaplan D.L. Biomaterial films of B. mori silk fibroin with poly(ethylene oxide). Biomacromolecules 5 3 (2004) 711-717
47. Minoura N., Aiba S., Higuchi M., Gotoh Y., Tsukada M., and Imai Y. Attachment and growth of fibroblast cells on silk fibroin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 208 2 (1995) 511-516
48. Inouye K., Kurokawa M., Nishikawa S., and Tsukada M. Use of B. mori silk fibroin as a substratum for cultivation of animal cells. J Biochem Biophys Methods 37 3 (1998) 159-164
49. Sugihara A., Sugiura K., Morita H., Ninagawa T., Tubouchi K., Tobe R., et al. Promotive effects of a silk film on epidermal recovery from full-thickness skin wounds. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 225 1 (2000) 58-64
50. Sofia S., McCarthy M.B., Gronowicz G., and Kaplan D.L. Functionalized silk-based biomaterials for bone formation. J Biomed Mater Res 54 1 (2001) 139-148
51. Freddi G., Romano M., Massafra M., and Tsukada M. Silk fibroin/cellulose blend films-preparation, structure, and physical-properties. J Appl Polym Science 56 12 (1995) 1537-1545
52. Petrini P., Parolari C., and Tanzi M.C. Silk fibroin-polyurethane scaffolds for tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med 12 10-12 (2001) 849-853
53. Chiarini A., Petrini P., Bozzini S., Pra I., and Armato U. Silk fibroin/poly(carbonate)-urethane as a substrate for cell growth: in vitro interactions with human cells. Biomaterials 24 5 (2003) 789-799
54. Lee K., Kong S., Park W., Ha W., and Kwon I. Effect of surface properties on the antithrombogenicity of silk fibroin/S-carboxymethyl kerateine blend films. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 9 9 (1998) 905-914
55. Kim U.J., Park J., Li C., Jin H.J., Valluzzi R., and Kaplan D.L. Structure and properties of silk hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 5 3 (2004) 786-792
56. Ayub Z., Arai M., and Hirabayashi K. Mechanism of the gelation of fibroin solution. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 57 11 (1993) 1910-1912
57. Kang G.-D., Nahm J.-H., Park J.-S., Moon J.-Y., Cho C.-S., and Yeo J.-H. Effects of Poloxamer on the gelation of silk fibroin. Macromol Rapid Commun 21 11 (2000) 788-791
58. Yoo M.K., Kweon H.Y., Lee K.G., Lee H.C., and Cho C.S. Preparation of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks composed of silk fibroin and poloxamer macromer. Int J Biol Macromol 34 4 (2004) 263-270
59. Gil E.S., Spontak R.J., and Hudson S.M. Effect of beta-sheet crystals on the thermal and rheological behavior of protein-based hydrogels derived from gelatin and silk fibroin. Macromol Biosci 5 8 (2005) 702-709
60. Gil E.S., Frankowski D.J., Spontak R.J., and Hudson S.M. Swelling behavior and morphological evolution of mixed gelatin/silk fibroin hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 6 6 (2005) 3079-3087
61. Hanawa T., Watanabe A., Tsuchiya T., Ikoma R., Hidaka M., and Sugihara M. New oral dosage form for elderly patients. II. Release behavior of benfotiamine from silk fibroin gel. Chem Pharm Bull 43 5 (1995) 872-876
62. Hanawa T., Maeda R., Muramatsu E., Suzuki M., Sugihara M., and Nakajima S. New oral dosage form for elderly patients. III. Stability of trichlormethiazide in silk fibroin gel and various sugar solutions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 26 10 (2000) 1091-1097
63. Fini M., Motta A., Torricelli P., Giavaresi G., Nicoli Aldini N., Tschon M., et al. The healing of confined critical size cancellous defects in the presence of silk fibroin hydrogel. Biomaterials 26 17 (2005) 3527-3536
64. Dinerman A.A., Cappello J., Ghandehari H., and Hoag S.W. Swelling behavior of a genetically engineered silk-elastinlike protein polymer hydrogel. Biomaterials 23 21 (2002) 4203-4210
65. Dinerman A.A., Cappello J., Ghandehari H., and Hoag S.W. Solute diffusion in genetically engineered silk-elastinlike protein polymer hydrogels. J Control Release 82 2-3 (2002) 277-287
66. Megeed Z., Haider M., Li D., O'Malley Jr. B.W., Cappello J., and Ghandehari H. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of recombinant silk-elastinlike hydrogels for cancer gene therapy. J Control Release 94 2-3 (2004) 433-445
67. Nazarov R., Jin H.J., and Kaplan D.L. Porous 3-D scaffolds from regenerated silk fibroin. Biomacromolecules 5 3 (2004) 718-726
68. Tamada Y. New process to form a silk fibroin porous 3-D structure. Biomacromolecules 6 6 (2005) 3100-3106
69. Kim H., Kim H., Matsumoto A., Chin I., Jin H., and Kaplan D. Processing windows for forming silk fibroin biomaterials into a 3D porous matrix. Aust J Chem 58 (2005) 716-720
70. Meinel L., Karageorgiou V., Fajardo R., Snyder B., Shinde-Patil V., Zichner L., et al. Bone tissue engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells: effects of scaffold material and medium flow. Ann Biomed Eng 32 1 (2004) 112-122
71. Meinel L., Fajardo R., Hofmann S., Langer R., Chen J., Snyder B., et al. Silk implants for the healing of critical size bone defects. Bone 37 5 (2005) 688-698
72. Kim H.J., Kim U.J., Vunjak-Novakovic G., Min B.H., and Kaplan D.L. Influence of macroporous protein scaffolds on bone tissue engineering from bone marrow stem cells. Biomaterials 26 21 (2005) 4442-4452
73. Meinel L., Hofmann S., Karageorgiou V., Zichner L., Langer R., Kaplan D., et al. Engineering cartilage-like tissue using human mesenchymal stem cells and silk protein scaffolds. Biotechnol Bioeng 88 3 (2004) 379-391
74. Wang Y., Blasioli D.J., Kim H.J., Kim H.S., and Kaplan D.L. Cartilage tissue engineering with silk scaffolds and human articular chondrocytes. Biomaterials 27 25 (2006) 4434-4442
75. Aoki H., Tomita N., Morita Y., Hattori K., Harada Y., Sonobe M., et al. Culture of chondrocytes in fibroin-hydrogel sponge. Biomed Mater Eng 13 4 (2003) 309-316
76. Morita Y., Tomita N., Aoki H., Wakitani S., Tamada Y., Suguro T., et al. Visco-elastic properties of cartilage tissue regenerated with fibroin sponge. Biomed Mater Eng 12 3 (2002) 291-298
77. Morita Y., Tomita N., Aoki H., Sonobe M., Wakitani S., Tamada Y., et al. Frictional properties of regenerated cartilage in vitro. J Biomech 39 1 (2006) 103-109
78. Yeo J.H., Lee K.G., Kim H.C., Oh H.Y.L., Kim A.J., and Kim S.Y. The effects of Pva/chitosan/fibroin (PCF)-blended spongy sheets on wound healing in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 23 10 (2000) 1220-1223
79. Pierschbacher M.D., and Ruoslahti E. Cell attachment activity of fibronectin can be duplicated by small synthetic fragments of the molecule. Nature 309 5963 (1984) 30-33
80. Gotoh Y., Tsukada M., Minoura N., and Imai Y. Synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol)-silk fibroin conjugates and surface interaction between L-929 cells and the conjugates. Biomaterials 18 3 (1997) 267-271
81. Vepari C, Matheson D, Dummy L, Naik R, Kaplan DL. Regulation of cell behavior on silk fibroin surfaces modified with polyethylene glycol. In preparation.
82. Bowes J.H., Elliott R.G., and Moss J.A. The composition of collagen and acid-soluble collagen of bovine skin. Biochem J 61 1 (1955) 143-150
83. Demura M., and Asakura T. Porous membrane of B. mori silk fibroin-structure characterization, physical-properties and application to glucose-oxidase immobilization. J Membr Sci 59 1 (1991) 39-52
84. Gotoh Y., Tsukada M., and Minoura N. Effect of the chemical modification of the arginyl residue in B. mori silk fibroin on the attachment and growth of fibroblast cells. J Biomed Mater Res 39 3 (1998) 351-357
85. Teixeira J., and Urist M. Bone morphogenetic protein induced repair of compartmentalized segmental diaphyseal defects. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 117 1-2 (1998) 27-34
86. Furuzono T., Kishida A., and Tanaka J. Nano-scaled hydroxyapatite/polymer composite I. Coating of sintered hydroxyapatite particles on poly(gamma-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane)grafted silk fibroin fibers through chemical bonding. J Mater Sci Mater Med 15 1 (2004) 19-23
87. Lanza R., Langer R., and Vacanti J. Principles of tissue engineering (2000), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
88. Oh J.E., Nam Y.S., Lee K.H., and Park T.G. Conjugation of drug to poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) for controlled release from biodegradable microspheres. J Control Release 57 3 (1999) 269-280
89. Solheim E., Sudmann B., Bang G., and Sudmann E. Biocompatibility and effect on osteogenesis of poly(ortho ester) compared to poly(d,l-lactic acid). J Biomed Mater Res 49 2 (2000) 257-263
90. Basu S., Cunningham L.P., Pins G.D., Bush K.A., Taboada R., Howell A.R., et al. Multiphoton excited fabrication of collagen matrixes cross-linked by a modified benzophenone dimer: bioactivity and enzymatic degradation. Biomacromolecules 6 3 (2005) 1465-1474
91. Kurioka A., Yamazaki M., and Hirano H. Primary structure and possible functions of a trypsin inhibitor of B. mori. Eur J Biochem 259 1-2 (1999) 120-126
92. Cai K., Yao K., Lin S., Yang Z., Li X., Xie H., et al. Poly(d,l-lactic acid) surfaces modified by silk fibroin: effects on the culture of osteoblast in vitro. Biomaterials 23 4 (2002) 1153-1160
93. Santin M., Motta A., Freddi G., and Cannas M. In vitro evaluation of the inflammatory potential of the silk fibroin. J Biomed Mater Res 46 3 (1999) 382-389
94. Meinel L., Hofmann S., Karageorgiou V., Kirker-Head C., McCool J., Gronowicz G., et al. The inflammatory responses to silk films in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 26 2 (2005) 147-155
95. Tsubouchi K., Igarashi Y., Takasu Y., and Yamada H. Sericin enhances attachment of cultured human skin fibroblasts. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69 2 (2005) 403-405
96. Terada S., Sasaki M., Yanagihara K., and Yamada H. Preparation of silk protein sericin as mitogenic factor for better mammalian cell culture. J Biosci Bioeng 6 (2005) 667-671
97. Takeuchi A., Ohtsuki C., Kamitakahara M., Ogata S., Tanihara M., Miyazaki T., et al. Biodegradation of porous alpha-tricalcium phosphate coated with silk sericin. Key Eng Mater 284-286 (2005) 329-332
98. McClain P.E., and Wiley E.R. Differential scanning calorimeter studies of the thermal transitions of collagen. Implications on structure and stability. J Biol Chem 247 3 (1972) 692-697
99. Jackson C., and O'Brien J. Molecular weight distribution of N. clavipes dragline silk. Macromolecules 28 (1995) 5975-5977
100. Swanson B.O., Blackledge T.A., Beltran J., and Hayashi C.Y. Variation in the material properties of spider dragline silk across species. Appl Phys A 82 (2006) 213-218
101. Scheibel T. Spider silks: recombinant synthesis, assembly, spinning, and engineering of synthetic proteins. Microb Cell Factories 3 1 (2004) 14
102. Arcidiacono S., Mello C., Kaplan D., Cheley S., and Bayley H. Purification and characterization of recombinant spider silk expressed in E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 49 1 (1998) 31-38
103. Menassa R., Zhu H., Karatzas C., Lazaris A., Richman A., and Brandle J. Spider dragline silk proteins in transgenic tobacco leaves: accumulation and field production. Plant Biotechnol J 2 5 (2004) 431-438
104. Fahnestock S.R., and Bedzyk L.A. Production of synthetic spider dragline silk protein in P. pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 47 1 (1997) 33-39
105. Lazaris A., Arcidiacono S., Huang Y., Zhou J.F., Duguay F., Chretien N., et al. Spider silk fibers spun from soluble recombinant silk produced in mammalian cells. Science 295 5554 (2002) 472-476
106. Karatzas C.N., Chretien N., Duguay F., Bellemare A., Zhou J.F., Rodenhiser A., et al. High-toughness spider silk fibers spun from soluble recombinant silk produced in mammalian cells. Biopolymers 8 (2003) 97-117
107. Wong Po Foo C., Bini E., hensman J., Knight D.P., Lewis R.V., and Kaplan D.L. Role of pH and charge on silk protein assembly in insects and spiders. Appl Phys A 82 (2006) 223-233
108. Rammensee S., Huemmerich D., Hermanson K.D., Scheibel T., and Bausch A.R. Rheological characterization of hydrogels formed by recombinantly produced spider silk. Appl Phys A (2006) 82261-82264
109. Wang X., Kim H.J., Wong C., Vepari C., Matsumoto A., and Kaplan D.L. Fibrous proteins and tissue engineering. Maters Today 9 12 (2006) 44-53
110. Perez-Rigueiro J., Viney C., Llorca J., and Elices M. Mechanical properties of single-brin silkworm silk. J Appl Polym Sci 75 (2000) 1270-1277
111. Cunniff P., Fossey S., Auerbach M., Song J., Kaplan D., Adams W.W., et al. Mechanical and thermal properties of dragline silk from the spider N. clavipes. Polym Adv Technologies 5 8 (1994) 401-410
112. Pins G., Christiansen D., Patel R., and Silver F. Self-assembly of collagen fibers: influence of fibrillar alignment and decorin on mechanical properties. Biophys J 73 (1997) 2164-2172
113. Engelberg I., and Kohn J. Physicomechanical properties of degradable polymers used in medical applications: a comparative study. Biomaterials 12 (1991) 292-304
114. Meinel L., Betz O., Fajardo R., Hofmann S., Nazarian A., Cory E., et al. Silk based biomaterials to heal critical sized femur defects. Bone (2006)
115. Meinel L., Hofmann S., Betz O., Fajardo R., Merkle H.P., Langer R., et al. Osteogenesis by human mesenchymal stem cells cultured on silk biomaterials: comparison of adenovirus mediated gene transfer and protein delivery of BMP-2. Biomaterials 27 28 (2006) 4993-5002
116. Karageorgiou V., Tomkins M., Fajardo R., Meinel L., Snyder B., Wade K., et al. Porous silk fibroin 3-D scaffolds for delivery of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in vitro and in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res A 78 2 (2006) 324-334
117. Marolt D., Augst A., Freed L.E., Vepari C., Fajardo R., Patel N., et al. Bone and cartilage tissue constructs grown using human bone marrow stromal cells, silk scaffolds and rotating bioreactors. Biomaterials (2006)
118. Kino R., Ikoma T., Monkawa A., Yunoki S., Munekata M., Tanaka J., et al. Deposition of bone-like apatite on modified silk fibroin films from simulated body fluid. J Appl Polym Sci 99 5 (2006) 2822-2830
119. Moreau J.E., Chen J., Horan R.L., Kaplan D.L., and Altman G.H. Sequential growth factor application in bone marrow stromal cell ligament engineering. Tissue Eng 11 11-12 (2005) 1887-1897
120. Kim S., Cho Y., Kang E., Kwon I., Lee E., Kim J., et al. Three-dimensional porous collagen/chitosan complex sponge for tissue engineering. Fibers Polym 2 2 (2001) 64-70
121. Lv Q., Feng Q., Hu K., and Cui F. Three-dimensional fibroin/collagen scaffolds derived from aqueous solution and the use for HepG2 culture. Polymer 46 26 (2005) 12662-12669
122. Nettles D.L., Vail T.P., Morgan M.T., Grinstaff M.W., and Setton L.A. Photocrosslinkable hyaluronan as a scaffold for articular cartilage repair. Ann Biomed Eng 32 3 (2004) 391-397
123. Hou Q., Grijpma D.W., and Feijen J. Preparation of interconnected highly porous polymeric structures by a replication and freeze-drying process. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 67 2 (2003) 732-740
124. Nam Y.S., Yoon J.J., and Park T.G. A novel fabrication method of macroporous biodegradable polymer scaffolds using gas foaming salt as a porogen additive. J Biomed Mater Res 53 1 (2000) 1-7
125. Moran J.M., Pazzano D., and Bonassar L.J. Characterization of polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid composites for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng 9 1 (2003) 63-70
126. Heijkants R., Van Tienen T., De Groot J., Pennings A., Buma P., Veth R., et al. Preparation of a polyurethane scaffold for tissue engineering made by a combination of salt leaching and freeze-drying of dioxane. J Mater Sci 41 8 (2006) 2423-2428
127. Meretoja V.V., Helminen A.O., Korventausta J.J., Haapa-aho V., Seppala J.V., and Narhi T.O. Crosslinked poly(epsilon-caprolactone/d,l-lactide)/bioactive glass composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 77 2 (2006) 261-268
128. Kang Y., Yang J., Khan S., Anissian L., and Ameer G.A. A new biodegradable polyester elastomer for cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 77 2 (2006) 331-339
129. Fisher J.P., Holland T.A., Dean D., and Mikos A.G. Photoinitiated cross-linking of the biodegradable polyester poly(propylene fumarate). Part II. In vitro degradation. Biomacromolecules 4 5 (2003) 1335-1342