메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 89-96

Systematic reviews of animal experiments demonstrate poor contributions toward human healthcare

Author keywords

Animal experiment; Animal model; Animal study; Clinical trial; Human healthcare; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

4 PHOSPHONOMETHYLPIPECOLIC ACID; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; ARGININE; BETA CAROTENE; CALCIUM; CLOMETHIAZOLE; CORTICOSTEROID; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; GAVESTINEL; LUBELUZOLE; MELATONIN; NEW DRUG; NIMODIPINE; NITRIC OXIDE DONOR; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; TACROLIMUS; TIRILAZAD;

EID: 46749087956     PISSN: 15748871     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157488708784223844     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (82)

References (88)
  • 1
    • 35349025783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic reviews of animal experiments demonstrate poor human clinical and toxicological utility
    • Knight A. Systematic reviews of animal experiments demonstrate poor human clinical and toxicological utility. ATLA: Altern Lab Anim 2007; 35(6): 641-59.
    • (2007) ATLA: Altern Lab Anim , vol.35 , Issue.6 , pp. 641-659
    • Knight, A.1
  • 2
    • 0036043919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science and society: Different bioethical approaches towards animal experimentation
    • Brom FW. Science and society: different bioethical approaches towards animal experimentation. ALTEX: Altern Anim Experiment 2002; 19(2): 78-82.
    • (2002) ALTEX: Altern Anim Experiment , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 78-82
    • Brom, F.W.1
  • 3
    • 3042616069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the use of animals in biomedical research still necessary in 2002? Unfortunately, "Yes
    • Festing MFW. Is the use of animals in biomedical research still necessary in 2002? Unfortunately, "Yes". ATLA: Altern Lab Anim 2004; 32(Suppl. 1B): 733-39.
    • (2004) ATLA: Altern Lab Anim , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. 1B , pp. 733-739
    • Festing, M.F.W.1
  • 4
    • 0032228224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The significance of animals in biomedical research. [Znaczenie zwierzat w badaniach biomedycznych.]
    • Pawlik WW. The significance of animals in biomedical research. [Znaczenie zwierzat w badaniach biomedycznych.]. Folia Medica Cracoviensia 1998; 39(3-4): 175-82.
    • (1998) Folia Medica Cracoviensia , vol.39 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 175-182
    • Pawlik, W.W.1
  • 5
    • 17544403970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal experiments are necessary. Coordinated control functions are difficult to study without the use of nature's most complex systems: Mammals and human beings
    • Kjellmer I. Animal experiments are necessary. Coordinated control functions are difficult to study without the use of nature's most complex systems: mammals and human beings. Lakartidningen 2002; 99(11): 1172-3.
    • (2002) Lakartidningen , vol.99 , Issue.11 , pp. 1172-1173
    • Kjellmer, I.1
  • 6
    • 0026847307 scopus 로고
    • Ethics of animal research and application to humans
    • Osswald W. Ethics of animal research and application to humans. Acta Med Port 1992; 5(4): 222-5.
    • (1992) Acta Med Port , vol.5 , Issue.4 , pp. 222-225
    • Osswald, W.1
  • 8
    • 13444263619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Nested case-control study
    • Graham DJ, Campen D, Hui R, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study. Lancet 2005; 365: 475-81.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , pp. 475-481
    • Graham, D.J.1    Campen, D.2    Hui, R.3
  • 9
    • 33744922424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TGN1412: Time to change the paradigm for the testing of new pharmaceuticals
    • Bhogal N, Combes R. TGN1412: time to change the paradigm for the testing of new pharmaceuticals. ATLA: Altern Lab Anim 2006; 34: 225-9.
    • (2006) ATLA: Altern Lab Anim , vol.34 , pp. 225-229
    • Bhogal, N.1    Combes, R.2
  • 11
    • 55849093062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Singer P. Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals. 2nd edn. New York, NY, US: New York Review/Random House. 1990.
    • Singer P. Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals. 2nd edn. New York, NY, US: New York Review/Random House. 1990.
  • 15
    • 34249944126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Website, Accessed 14 Apr. 2007
    • National Center for Biotechnology Information. Pubmed overview. 2006. Website http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query/static/overview.html. (Accessed 14 Apr. 2007).
    • (2006) Pubmed overview
  • 16
    • 27144547588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lindl T, Völkel M, Kolar R. Animal experiments in biomedical research. An evaluation of the clinical relevance of approved animal experimental projects. [German]. ALTEX: Altern Anim Experiment 2005; 22(3): 143-51.
    • Lindl T, Völkel M, Kolar R. Animal experiments in biomedical research. An evaluation of the clinical relevance of approved animal experimental projects. [German]. ALTEX: Altern Anim Experiment 2005; 22(3): 143-51.
  • 17
    • 55849088555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lindl T, Völkel M, Kolar R. Animal experiments in biomedical research. An evaluation of the clinical relevance of approved animal experimental projects: No evident implementation in human medicine within more than 10 years. [Lecture abstract]. ALTEX: Altern Anim Experiment 2006; 23(2), 111.
    • Lindl T, Völkel M, Kolar R. Animal experiments in biomedical research. An evaluation of the clinical relevance of approved animal experimental projects: No evident implementation in human medicine within more than 10 years. [Lecture abstract]. ALTEX: Altern Anim Experiment 2006; 23(2), 111.
  • 18
    • 33749615999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traslation of research evidence from animals to humans
    • Hackam DG, Redelmeier DA. Traslation of research evidence from animals to humans. JAMA 2006; 296(14): 1731-2.
    • (2006) JAMA , vol.296 , Issue.14 , pp. 1731-1732
    • Hackam, D.G.1    Redelmeier, D.A.2
  • 19
    • 0032522873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis of prospective studies
    • Lazarou J, Pomeranz B. incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 1998; 279: 1200-5.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 1200-1205
    • Lazarou, J.1    Pomeranz, B.2
  • 20
    • 38849141306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • research studies, Website, Accessed 4 Mar. 2008
    • National Institutes of Health. Information on clinical trials and human research studies. 2006. Website http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/info/ understand (Accessed 4 Mar. 2008).
    • (2006) Information on clinical trials and human
  • 21
    • 33846702343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Translating animal research into clinical benefit: Poor methodological standards in animal studies mean that positive results may not translate to the clinical domain
    • Hackam DG. Translating animal research into clinical benefit: poor methodological standards in animal studies mean that positive results may not translate to the clinical domain. BMJ 2007; 334: 163-4.
    • (2007) BMJ , vol.334 , pp. 163-164
    • Hackam, D.G.1
  • 22
    • 35348960885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The poor contribution of chimpanzee experiments to biomedical progress
    • Knight A. The poor contribution of chimpanzee experiments to biomedical progress. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 2007; 10(4): 281-308.
    • (2007) J Appl Anim Welf Sci , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 281-308
    • Knight, A.1
  • 23
    • 3042514127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A demographic analysis of primate research in the United States
    • Conlee KM, Hoffeld EH, Stephens ML. A demographic analysis of primate research in the United States. ATLA: Altern Lab Anim 2004; 32(Supp1A): 315-22.
    • (2004) ATLA: Altern Lab Anim , vol.32 , Issue.SUPP1A , pp. 315-322
    • Conlee, K.M.1    Hoffeld, E.H.2    Stephens, M.L.3
  • 24
    • 12344325585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of melatonin in experimental stroke
    • Macleod MR, O'Collins T, Horky LL, Howells DW, Donnan GA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of melatonin in experimental stroke. J Pineal Res 2005; 38: 35-41.
    • (2005) J Pineal Res , vol.38 , pp. 35-41
    • Macleod, M.R.1    O'Collins, T.2    Horky, L.L.3    Howells, D.W.4    Donnan, G.A.5
  • 25
    • 0028783948 scopus 로고
    • Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke
    • The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group
    • The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1581-8.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 1581-1588
  • 26
    • 0030985284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke
    • Chinese Acute Stroke Trial Collaborative Group
    • Chinese Acute Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997; 349: 1641-9.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 1641-1649
  • 27
    • 0030911057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The International Stroke Trial (IST): A randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, or both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke
    • International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group
    • International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, or both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997; 349: 1569-81.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 1569-1581
  • 29
    • 0034792905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nimodipine in animal model experiments of focal cerebral ischemia: A systematic review
    • Horn J, de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, Luiten PGM, Limburg M. Nimodipine in animal model experiments of focal cerebral ischemia: a systematic review. Stroke 2001; 32(10): 2433-8.
    • (2001) Stroke , vol.32 , Issue.10 , pp. 2433-2438
    • Horn, J.1    de Haan, R.J.2    Vermeulen, M.3    Luiten, P.G.M.4    Limburg, M.5
  • 31
    • 0034936407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The failure of neuronal protective agents versus the success of thrombolysis in the treatment of ischemic stroke: The predictive value of animal models
    • Jonas S, Aiyagari V, Vieira D, Figueroa M. The failure of neuronal protective agents versus the success of thrombolysis in the treatment of ischemic stroke: the predictive value of animal models. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2001; 939: 257-67.
    • (2001) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , vol.939 , pp. 257-267
    • Jonas, S.1    Aiyagari, V.2    Vieira, D.3    Figueroa, M.4
  • 32
    • 0037713477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why have so many drugs with stellar results in laboratory stroke models failed in clinical trials? A theory based on allometric relationships
    • Curry SH. Why have so many drugs with stellar results in laboratory stroke models failed in clinical trials? A theory based on allometric relationships. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 993: 69-74.
    • (2003) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.993 , pp. 69-74
    • Curry, S.H.1
  • 33
    • 25144439926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methodological quality of animal studies on neuroprotection in focal cerebral ischaemia
    • Van der Worp HB, de Haan P, Morrema E, Kalkman, C.I. Methodological quality of animal studies on neuroprotection in focal cerebral ischaemia. J Neurol 2005; 252: 1108-14.
    • (2005) J Neurol , vol.252 , pp. 1108-1114
    • Van der Worp, H.B.1    de Haan, P.2    Morrema, E.3    Kalkman, C.I.4
  • 34
    • 15944376243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of nitric oxide donors and L-arginine in experimental stroke; effects on infarct size and cerebral blood flow
    • Willmot M, Gray L, Gibson C, Murphy S, Bath PM. A systematic review of nitric oxide donors and L-arginine in experimental stroke; effects on infarct size and cerebral blood flow. Nitric Oxide 2005; 12: 141-9.
    • (2005) Nitric Oxide , vol.12 , pp. 141-149
    • Willmot, M.1    Gray, L.2    Gibson, C.3    Murphy, S.4    Bath, P.M.5
  • 35
    • 21444442708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in experimental ischemic stroke and their effects on infarct size and cerebral blood flow: A systematic review
    • Willmot M, Gibson C, Gray L, Murphy S, Bath P. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in experimental ischemic stroke and their effects on infarct size and cerebral blood flow: a systematic review. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39: 412-25.
    • (2005) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.39 , pp. 412-425
    • Willmot, M.1    Gibson, C.2    Gray, L.3    Murphy, S.4    Bath, P.5
  • 36
    • 33846677129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: Systematic review
    • Perel P, Roberts I, Sena E, et al. Comparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: systematic review. BMJ 2007; 334: 197-200.
    • (2007) BMJ , vol.334 , pp. 197-200
    • Perel, P.1    Roberts, I.2    Sena, E.3
  • 37
    • 0344065373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable. Recommendations for standards regarding preclinical neuroprotective and restorative drug development. Stroke 1999; 30: 2752-8.
    • Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable. Recommendations for standards regarding preclinical neuroprotective and restorative drug development. Stroke 1999; 30: 2752-8.
  • 38
    • 0036064392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wound healing in cell studies and animal model experiments by Low Level Laser Therapy; were clinical studies justified? A systematic review
    • Lucas C, Criens-Poublon LJ, Cockrell CT, De Haan RJ. Wound healing in cell studies and animal model experiments by Low Level Laser Therapy; were clinical studies justified? A systematic review. Lasers Med Sci 2002; 17(2): 110-34.
    • (2002) Lasers Med Sci , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 110-134
    • Lucas, C.1    Criens-Poublon, L.J.2    Cockrell, C.T.3    De Haan, R.J.4
  • 39
    • 0037160695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does animal experimentation inform human healthcare? Observations from a systematic review of international animal experiments on fluid resuscitation
    • Roberts I, Kwan I, Evans P, Haig S. Does animal experimentation inform human healthcare? Observations from a systematic review of international animal experiments on fluid resuscitation. BMJ 2002; 324: 474-6.
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.324 , pp. 474-476
    • Roberts, I.1    Kwan, I.2    Evans, P.3    Haig, S.4
  • 40
    • 0141857467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluid resuscitation strategies: A systematic review of animal trials
    • Mapstone J, Roberts I, Evans P. Fluid resuscitation strategies: a systematic review of animal trials. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care 2003; 55: 571-89.
    • (2003) J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care , vol.55 , pp. 571-589
    • Mapstone, J.1    Roberts, I.2    Evans, P.3
  • 41
    • 0242268070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of the effects of endothelin receptor blockade on survival in experimental heart failure
    • Lee DS, Nguyen QT, Lapointe N, et al. Meta-analysis of the effects of endothelin receptor blockade on survival in experimental heart failure. J Cardiac Fail 2003; 9: 368-74.
    • (2003) J Cardiac Fail , vol.9 , pp. 368-374
    • Lee, D.S.1    Nguyen, Q.T.2    Lapointe, N.3
  • 42
    • 24644498050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The future of asthma therapy: Integrating clinical and experimental studies
    • Corry DB, Kheradmand F. The future of asthma therapy: integrating clinical and experimental studies. Immuno Res 2005; 33(1): 35-51.
    • (2005) Immuno Res , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-51
    • Corry, D.B.1    Kheradmand, F.2
  • 43
    • 33751194837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental osteomyelitis: What have we learned from animal studies about the systemic treatment of osteomyelitis?
    • Lazzarini L, Overgaard KA, Conti E, Shirtliff ME. Experimental osteomyelitis: What have we learned from animal studies about the systemic treatment of osteomyelitis? J Chemother 2006; 18(5): 451-60.
    • (2006) J Chemother , vol.18 , Issue.5 , pp. 451-460
    • Lazzarini, L.1    Overgaard, K.A.2    Conti, E.3    Shirtliff, M.E.4
  • 44
    • 0023199758 scopus 로고
    • Therapy of streptococcal endocarditis: Correlation of animal model and clinical Studies
    • Scheld WM. Therapy of streptococcal endocarditis: correlation of animal model and clinical Studies. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987; 20(Suppl. A): 71-85.
    • (1987) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.20 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 71-85
    • Scheld, W.M.1
  • 45
    • 27644468268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How good are rodent models of carcinogenesis in predicting efficacy in humans? A systematic review and meta-analysis of colon chemoprevention in rats, mice and men
    • Corpet DE, Pierre F. How good are rodent models of carcinogenesis in predicting efficacy in humans? A systematic review and meta-analysis of colon chemoprevention in rats, mice and men. Eur. J. Cancer 2005; 41(13): 1911-22.
    • (2005) Eur. J. Cancer , vol.41 , Issue.13 , pp. 1911-1922
    • Corpet, D.E.1    Pierre, F.2
  • 46
    • 0035798932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normalising the blood pressure in bleeding trauma patients may be harmful
    • Roberts I, Evans A, Bunn F, Kwan I, Crowhurst E. Normalising the blood pressure in bleeding trauma patients may be harmful. Lancet 2001; 357: 385-7.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 385-387
    • Roberts, I.1    Evans, A.2    Bunn, F.3    Kwan, I.4    Crowhurst, E.5
  • 47
    • 0006536579 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans: The experience of IARC
    • Iversen O, Ed, Washington, DC, US: Taylor and Francis
    • Tomatis L, Wilbourn J. Evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans: the experience of IARC. In Iversen O, Ed. New Frontiers in Cancer Causation. Washington, DC, US: Taylor and Francis. 1993. 371-87.
    • (1993) New Frontiers in Cancer Causation , pp. 371-387
    • Tomatis, L.1    Wilbourn, J.2
  • 48
    • 0034036134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using the NTP database to assess the value of rodent carcinogenicity studies for determining human cancer risk
    • Haseman K. Using the NTP database to assess the value of rodent carcinogenicity studies for determining human cancer risk. Drug Metabolism Reviews 2000; 32: 169-86.
    • (2000) Drug Metabolism Reviews , vol.32 , pp. 169-186
    • Haseman, K.1
  • 49
    • 0036962522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemicals studied and evaluated in long-term carcinogenesis bioassays by both the Ramazzini Foundation and the National Toxicology Program
    • Huff J. Chemicals studied and evaluated in long-term carcinogenesis bioassays by both the Ramazzini Foundation and the National Toxicology Program. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 982: 208-30.
    • (2002) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.982 , pp. 208-230
    • Huff, J.1
  • 50
    • 0038159914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of the lack of accuracy of the lifetime rodent bioassay for predicting human carcinogenicity
    • Ennever FK, Lave LB. Implications of the lack of accuracy of the lifetime rodent bioassay for predicting human carcinogenicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 38: 52-7.
    • (2003) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , vol.38 , pp. 52-57
    • Ennever, F.K.1    Lave, L.B.2
  • 51
    • 33644850151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal carcinogenicity studies: 1. poor human predictivity
    • Knight A, Bailey J, Balcombe J. Animal carcinogenicity studies: 1. poor human predictivity. ATLA: Altern Lab Anim 2006; 34(1): 19-27.
    • (2006) ATLA: Altern Lab Anim , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-27
    • Knight, A.1    Bailey, J.2    Balcombe, J.3
  • 52
    • 21344468371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The future of teratology research is in vitro
    • Bailey J, Knight A, Balcombe J. The future of teratology research is in vitro. Biog Amines 2005; 19(2): 97-145.
    • (2005) Biog Amines , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 97-145
    • Bailey, J.1    Knight, A.2    Balcombe, J.3
  • 53
    • 17344394466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The predictivity of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans from animal data - an interim assessment
    • Olson H, Betton G, Stritar J, Robinson D. The predictivity of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans from animal data - an interim assessment. Toxicol Lett 1998; 102-3: 535-8.
    • (1998) Toxicol Lett
    • Olson, H.1    Betton, G.2    Stritar, J.3    Robinson, D.4
  • 54
    • 29444441457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-human primates in medical research and drug development: A critical review
    • Bailey J. Non-human primates in medical research and drug development: a critical review. Biog Amines 2005; 19(4-6): 235-55.
    • (2005) Biog Amines , vol.19 , Issue.4-6 , pp. 235-255
    • Bailey, J.1
  • 55
    • 14744286036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eighty percent of proteins are different between humans and chimpanzees
    • Glazko G, Veeramachaneni V, Nei M, Makalowski W. Eighty percent of proteins are different between humans and chimpanzees. Gene 2005; 346: 215-9.
    • (2005) Gene , vol.346 , pp. 215-219
    • Glazko, G.1    Veeramachaneni, V.2    Nei, M.3    Makalowski, W.4
  • 57
    • 33644850151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal carcinogenicity studies: 2. obstacles to extrapolation of data to humans. ATLA: Attern
    • Knight A, Bailey J, Balcombe J. Animal carcinogenicity studies: 2. obstacles to extrapolation of data to humans. ATLA: Attern Lab Anim 2006; 34(1): 29-38.
    • (2006) Lab Anim , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-38
    • Knight, A.1    Bailey, J.2    Balcombe, J.3
  • 58
    • 0031830786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What do animal cancer tests tell us about human cancer risk? Overview of analyses of the carcinogenic potency database
    • Gold LS, Slone TH, Ames BN. What do animal cancer tests tell us about human cancer risk? Overview of analyses of the carcinogenic potency database. Drug Metab Rev 1998; 30: 359-404.
    • (1998) Drug Metab Rev , vol.30 , pp. 359-404
    • Gold, L.S.1    Slone, T.H.2    Ames, B.N.3
  • 59
    • 0026458082 scopus 로고
    • Lack of neuroprotective effect of some sigma ligands in a model of focal cerebral ischemia in the mouse
    • Poignet H, Nowicki JP, Scatton B. Lack of neuroprotective effect of some sigma ligands in a model of focal cerebral ischemia in the mouse. Brain Res 1992; 596: 320-4.
    • (1992) Brain Res , vol.596 , pp. 320-324
    • Poignet, H.1    Nowicki, J.P.2    Scatton, B.3
  • 60
    • 0030175245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of experimental focal ischemia in rats with lubeluzole
    • Aronowski J, Strong R, Grotta JC. Treatment of experimental focal ischemia in rats with lubeluzole. Neuropharmacology 1996; 35: 689-93.
    • (1996) Neuropharmacology , vol.35 , pp. 689-693
    • Aronowski, J.1    Strong, R.2    Grotta, J.C.3
  • 62
    • 0038616401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency medicine animal research: Does use of randomisation and blinding affect the results?
    • Bebarta V, Luyten D, Heard K. Emergency medicine animal research: does use of randomisation and blinding affect the results? Acad Emerg Med 2003, 10(6): 684-7.
    • (2003) Acad Emerg Med , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 684-687
    • Bebarta, V.1    Luyten, D.2    Heard, K.3
  • 64
    • 8744310906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the use of experimental animals where no replacement is yet available
    • Balls M, Festing MFW, Vaughan S, Eds
    • Balls M, Festing MFW, Vaughan S, Eds. Reducing the use of experimental animals where no replacement is yet available. ATLA: Altern Lab Anim 2004; 32(Suppl. 2): 1-104.
    • (2004) ATLA: Altern Lab Anim , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 1-104
  • 65
    • 3042565867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Good experimental design and statistics can save animals, but how can it be promoted?
    • Festing MFW. Good experimental design and statistics can save animals, but how can it be promoted? ATLA: Altern Lab Anim 2004; 32(suppl. 1A): 133-5.
    • (2004) ATLA: Altern Lab Anim , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. 1A , pp. 133-135
    • Festing, M.F.W.1
  • 66
    • 24944555229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction strategies in animal research: A review of scientific approaches at the intra-experimental, supra-experimental and extra-experimental levels
    • De Boo J, Hendriksen C. Reduction strategies in animal research: a review of scientific approaches at the intra-experimental, supra-experimental and extra-experimental levels. ATLA: Altern Lab Anim 2005; 33: 369-77.
    • (2005) ATLA: Altern Lab Anim , vol.33 , pp. 369-377
    • De Boo, J.1    Hendriksen, C.2
  • 67
    • 0030893437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental design and husbandry
    • Festing MFW. Experimental design and husbandry. Exp Gerontol 1997; 32: 39-47.
    • (1997) Exp Gerontol , vol.32 , pp. 39-47
    • Festing, M.F.W.1
  • 68
    • 0038041982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample power and ExpDesign: Tools for improving design of animal experiments
    • Van Wilgenburg H, van Schaick Zillesen PG, Krulichova I. Sample power and ExpDesign: tools for improving design of animal experiments. Lab Anim 2003; 32(3): 39-43.
    • (2003) Lab Anim , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 39-43
    • Van Wilgenburg, H.1    van Schaick Zillesen, P.G.2    Krulichova, I.3
  • 69
    • 3042651961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental design: Computer simulation for improving the precision of an experiment
    • Van Wilgenburg H, Van Schaick Zillesen PG, Krulichova I. Experimental design: Computer simulation for improving the precision of an experiment. ATLA: Altern Lab Anim 2004; 32(suppl. 1B): 607-11.
    • (2004) ATLA: Altern Lab Anim , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. 1B , pp. 607-611
    • Van Wilgenburg, H.1    Van Schaick Zillesen, P.G.2    Krulichova, I.3
  • 70
    • 0003484314 scopus 로고
    • New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press
    • Mead R. The Design of Experiments. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press. 1988.
    • (1988) The Design of Experiments
    • Mead, R.1
  • 71
    • 0000471305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental enrichment may alter the number of rats needed to achieve statistical significance
    • Eskola S, Lauhikari M, Voipio H, Laitinen M, Nevalainen T. Environmental enrichment may alter the number of rats needed to achieve statistical significance. Scand J Lab Anim Sci 1999; 26(3): 134-44.
    • (1999) Scand J Lab Anim Sci , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 134-144
    • Eskola, S.1    Lauhikari, M.2    Voipio, H.3    Laitinen, M.4    Nevalainen, T.5
  • 72
    • 0033375156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical power to detect main and interactive effects on the attributes of small-mammal populations
    • Schauber EM, Edge WD. Statistical power to detect main and interactive effects on the attributes of small-mammal populations. Can J Zool 1999; 77(1): 68-73.
    • (1999) Can J Zool , vol.77 , Issue.1 , pp. 68-73
    • Schauber, E.M.1    Edge, W.D.2
  • 73
    • 0036374477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the design and statistical analysis of experiments using laboratory animals
    • Festing MFW, Altman DG. Guidelines for the design and statistical analysis of experiments using laboratory animals. ILAR Journal 2002; 43(4): 244-57.
    • (2002) ILAR Journal , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 244-257
    • Festing, M.F.W.1    Altman, D.G.2
  • 74
    • 27844591208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis - A systematic and quantitative review of animal experiments to maximise the information derived
    • Phillips CJC. Meta-analysis - A systematic and quantitative review of animal experiments to maximise the information derived. Anim Welf 2005; 14(4): 333-8.
    • (2005) Anim Welf , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 333-338
    • Phillips, C.J.C.1
  • 75
    • 0000402067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the use of laboratory animals in biomedical research: Problems and possible solutions
    • Festing MFW, Baumans V, Combes RD, et al. Reducing the use of laboratory animals in biomedical research: problems and possible solutions. ATLA: Altern Lab Anim 1998; 26: 283-301.
    • (1998) ATLA: Altern Lab Anim , vol.26 , pp. 283-301
    • Festing, M.F.W.1    Baumans, V.2    Combes, R.D.3
  • 76
    • 17344388957 scopus 로고
    • The three Rs: The way forward: the report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 11
    • Balls M, Goldberg AM, Fentem JH, et al. The three Rs: the way forward: the report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 11. ATLA: Altern Lab Anim 1995; 23: 838-66.
    • (1995) ATLA: Altern Lab Anim , vol.23 , pp. 838-866
    • Balls, M.1    Goldberg, A.M.2    Fentem, J.H.3
  • 77
    • 0026775637 scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine
    • Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group
    • Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. JAMA 1992; 286: 2420-5.
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.286 , pp. 2420-2425
  • 78
    • 0032927840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of basic methods in clinical studies and in vitro tissue and cell culture studies in three anaesthesia journals
    • Watters MPR, Goodman NW. Comparison of basic methods in clinical studies and in vitro tissue and cell culture studies in three anaesthesia journals. Br J Anaes 1999, 82: 295-8.
    • (1999) Br J Anaes , vol.82 , pp. 295-298
    • Watters, M.P.R.1    Goodman, N.W.2
  • 79
    • 0035857966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CONSORT statement: Revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials
    • Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Lancet 2001; 357: 1191-4.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 1191-1194
    • Moher, D.1    Schulz, K.F.2    Altman, D.G.3
  • 80
    • 18544380808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence based veterinary medicine [German]
    • Arlt S, Heuwieser W. Evidence based veterinary medicine [German]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2005; 112(4): 146-8.
    • (2005) Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr , vol.112 , Issue.4 , pp. 146-148
    • Arlt, S.1    Heuwieser, W.2
  • 81
    • 33644675393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing allocation concealment and blinding in randomised controlled trials: Why bother?
    • Schulz KF. Assessing allocation concealment and blinding in randomised controlled trials: why bother? Equine Veterinary Journal 2005; 37(5): 394-5.
    • (2005) Equine Veterinary Journal , vol.37 , Issue.5 , pp. 394-395
    • Schulz, K.F.1
  • 82
    • 1442311168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where is the evidence that animal research benefits humans?
    • Pound P, Ebrahim S, Sandercock P, Bracken M, Roberts I. Where is the evidence that animal research benefits humans? BMJ 2004; 328: 514-7.
    • (2004) BMJ , vol.328 , pp. 514-517
    • Pound, P.1    Ebrahim, S.2    Sandercock, P.3    Bracken, M.4    Roberts, I.5
  • 83
    • 0029114376 scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective properties of lifarizine compared with those of other agents in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischaemia
    • Brown CM, Calder C, Linton C, et al. Neuroprotective properties of lifarizine compared with those of other agents in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 115: 1425-32.
    • (1995) Br J Pharmacol , vol.115 , pp. 1425-1432
    • Brown, C.M.1    Calder, C.2    Linton, C.3
  • 84
    • 0033993753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic effect of tirilazad mnesylate (U-74006F), mannitol, and their combination on experimental ischemia
    • Oktem IS, Menku A, Akdemir H, Kontas O, Kurtsoy A, Koc RK. Therapeutic effect of tirilazad mnesylate (U-74006F), mannitol, and their combination on experimental ischemia. Res Exp Med (Berl) 2000; 199: 231-42.
    • (2000) Res Exp Med (Berl) , vol.199 , pp. 231-242
    • Oktem, I.S.1    Menku, A.2    Akdemir, H.3    Kontas, O.4    Kurtsoy, A.5    Koc, R.K.6
  • 85
    • 38849200765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transgenic animal models in biomedical research
    • Houdebine LM. Transgenic animal models in biomedical research. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 360: 163-202.
    • (2007) Methods Mol Biol , vol.360 , pp. 163-202
    • Houdebine, L.M.1
  • 86
    • 33747837506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of transgenic animals in biomedical research in Germany. Part 2: Ethical evaluation of the use of transgenic animals in biomedical research and perspectives for the changeover in research to research animal-free methods [German]
    • Sauer UG, Kolar R, Rusche B. The use of transgenic animals in biomedical research in Germany. Part 2: Ethical evaluation of the use of transgenic animals in biomedical research and perspectives for the changeover in research to research animal-free methods [German]. ALTEX: Altern Anim Experiment 2006; 23(1): 3-16.
    • (2006) ALTEX: Altern Anim Experiment , vol.23 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-16
    • Sauer, U.G.1    Kolar, R.2    Rusche, B.3
  • 87
    • 0012950586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barriers to regulatory acceptance
    • van Zutphen LFM, Balls M, Eds. Animal Alternatives, Welfare and Ethics. Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • O'Connor AM. Barriers to regulatory acceptance. In van Zutphen LFM, Balls M., Eds. Animal Alternatives, Welfare and Ethics. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsev Sci B.V. 1997. 1173-6.
    • Elsev Sci B , vol.1997 , pp. 1173-1176
    • O'Connor, A.M.1
  • 88
    • 3042615997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are animal tests inherently valid?
    • Balls M. Are animal tests inherently valid? ATLA: Altern Lab Anim 2004; 32(Suppl. 1B): 755-8.
    • (2004) ATLA: Altern Lab Anim , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. 1B , pp. 755-758
    • Balls, M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.