The role of lipid-activated nuclear receptors in shaping macrophage and dendritic cell function: From physiology to pathology

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Volumn 132, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 264-286

  Kiss, Mate ^a   Czimmerer, Zsolt ^a   Nagy, Laszlo ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN   (Hungary)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN   (Hungary)

Author keywords

dendritic cell; inflammatory bowel disease; lipid; liver X receptor; Macrophage; nuclear receptor; peroxisome proliferator associated receptor; retinoic acid receptor; retinoid X receptor; rheumatoid arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus asthma; vitamin D receptor

Indexed keywords

CELL NUCLEUS RECEPTOR; LIVER X RECEPTOR; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR; RETINOID X RECEPTOR; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

ARTICLE; ASTHMA; CELL FUNCTION; DENDRITIC CELL; ENTERITIS; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; MACROPHAGE; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS;

EID: 84881135383     PISSN: 00916749     EISSN: 10976825     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.044     Document Type: Review

References (365)

1. G.S. Hotamisligil Inflammation and metabolic disorders Nature 444 2006 860 867
2. K.M. Azzam, and M.B. Fessler Crosstalk between reverse cholesterol transport and innate immunity Trends Endocrinol Metab 23 2012 169 178
3. C.N. Serhan, N. Chiang, and T.E. Van Dyke Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators Nat Rev Immunol 8 2008 349 361
4. M.J. Stables, and D.W. Gilroy Old and new generation lipid mediators in acute inflammation and resolution Prog Lipid Res 50 2011 35 51
5. T. Aoki, and S. Narumiya Prostaglandins and chronic inflammation Trends Pharmacol Sci 33 2012 304 311
6. S.J. Bensinger, and P. Tontonoz Integration of metabolism and inflammation by lipid-activated nuclear receptors Nature 454 2008 470 477
7. J.A. Hall, J.R. Grainger, S.P. Spencer, and Y. Belkaid The role of retinoic acid in tolerance and immunity Immunity 35 2011 13 22
8. L. Nagy, A. Szanto, I. Szatmari, and L. Szeles Nuclear hormone receptors enable macrophages and dendritic cells to sense their lipid environment and shape their immune response Physiol Rev 92 2012 739 789
9. S.H. Kaufmann Immunology's foundation: the 100-year anniversary of the Nobel Prize to Paul Ehrlich and Elie Metchnikoff Nat Immunol 9 2008 705 712
10. P.J. Murray, and T.A. Wynn Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets Nat Rev Immunol 11 2011 723 737
11. D.M. Mosser, and J.P. Edwards Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation Nat Rev Immunol 8 2008 958 969
12. S. Gordon, and F.O. Martinez Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanism and functions Immunity 32 2010 593 604
13. A. Mantovani, A. Sica, S. Sozzani, P. Allavena, A. Vecchi, and M. Locati The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization Trends Immunol 25 2004 677 686
14. S. Gordon Alternative activation of macrophages Nat Rev Immunol 3 2003 23 35
15. B. Ruffell, N.I. Affara, and L.M. Coussens Differential macrophage programming in the tumor microenvironment Trends Immunol 33 2012 119 126
16. R.M. Steinman, and Z.A. Cohn Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution J Exp Med 137 1973 1142 1162
17. J. Banchereau, and R.M. Steinman Dendritic cells and the control of immunity Nature 392 1998 245 252
18. C.C. Norbury Drinking a lot is good for dendritic cells Immunology 117 2006 443 451
19. A. Savina, and S. Amigorena Phagocytosis and antigen presentation in dendritic cells Immunol Rev 219 2007 143 156
20. C. Reis e Sousa Dendritic cells in a mature age Nat Rev Immunol 6 2006 476 483
21. N.V. Serbina, T.P. Salazar-Mather, C.A. Biron, W.A. Kuziel, and E.G. Pamer TNF/iNOS-producing dendritic cells mediate innate immune defense against bacterial infection Immunity 19 2003 59 70
22. R.M. Steinman, and J. Banchereau Taking dendritic cells into medicine Nature 449 2007 419 426
23. N. Cools, P. Ponsaerts, V.F. Van Tendeloo, and Z.N. Berneman Balancing between immunity and tolerance: an interplay between dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, and effector T cells J Leukoc Biol 82 2007 1365 1374
24. R.M. Steinman, D. Hawiger, and M.C. Nussenzweig Tolerogenic dendritic cells Annu Rev Immunol 21 2003 685 711
25. D. Hashimoto, J. Miller, and M. Merad Dendritic cell and macrophage heterogeneity in vivo Immunity 35 2011 323 335
26. A. Aranda, and A. Pascual Nuclear hormone receptors and gene expression Physiol Rev 81 2001 1269 1304
27. A. Chawla, J.J. Repa, R.M. Evans, and D.J. Mangelsdorf Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-Files Science 294 2001 1866 1870
28. P. Germain, P. Chambon, G. Eichele, R.M. Evans, M.A. Lazar, and M. Leid International Union of Pharmacology. LXIII. Retinoid X receptors Pharmacol Rev 58 2006 760 772
29. N.J. McKenna, R.B. Lanz, and B.W. O'Malley Nuclear receptor coregulators: cellular and molecular biology Endocr Rev 20 1999 321 344
30. R. Sanchez-Martinez, A. Zambrano, A.I. Castillo, and A. Aranda Vitamin D-dependent recruitment of corepressors to vitamin d/retinoid x receptor heterodimers Mol Cell Biol 28 2008 3817 3829
31. I. Fernandes, and J.H. White Agonist-bound nuclear receptors: not just targets of coactivators J Mol Endocrinol 31 2003 1 7
32. C.K. Glass, and K. Saijo Nuclear receptor transrepression pathways that regulate inflammation in macrophages and T cells Nat Rev Immunol 10 2010 365 376
33. J.P. Overington, B. Al-Lazikani, and A.L. Hopkins How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov 5 2006 993 996
34. M. Rhinn, and P. Dolle Retinoic acid signalling during development Development 139 2012 843 858
35. S. Zhao, R. Li, Y. Li, W. Chen, Y. Zhang, and G. Chen Roles of vitamin A status and retinoids in glucose and fatty acid metabolism Biochem Cell Biol 90 2012 142 152
36. L.M. De Luca Retinoids and their receptors in differentiation, embryogenesis, and neoplasia FASEB J 5 1991 2924 2933
37. D.J. Mangelsdorf, and R.M. Evans The RXR heterodimers and orphan receptors Cell 83 1995 841 850
38. R.A. Heyman, D.J. Mangelsdorf, J.A. Dyck, R.B. Stein, G. Eichele, and R.M. Evans 9-cis retinoic acid is a high affinity ligand for the retinoid X receptor Cell 68 1992 397 406
39. A.A. Levin, L.J. Sturzenbecker, S. Kazmer, T. Bosakowski, C. Huselton, and G. Allenby 9-cis retinoic acid stereoisomer binds and activates the nuclear receptor RXR alpha Nature 355 1992 359 361
40. S. Kersten, D. Kelleher, P. Chambon, H. Gronemeyer, and N. Noy Retinoid X receptor alpha forms tetramers in solution Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 1995 8645 8649
41. Z.P. Chen, J. Iyer, W. Bourguet, P. Held, C. Mioskowski, and L. Lebeau Ligand- and DNA-induced dissociation of RXR tetramers J Mol Biol 275 1998 55 65
42. V. Vivat-Hannah, W. Bourguet, M. Gottardis, and H. Gronemeyer Separation of retinoid X receptor homo- and heterodimerization functions Mol Cell Biol 23 2003 7678 7688
43. L. Szeles, S. Poliska, G. Nagy, I. Szatmari, A. Szanto, and A. Pap Research resource: transcriptome profiling of genes regulated by RXR and its permissive and nonpermissive partners in differentiating monocyte-derived dendritic cells Mol Endocrinol 24 2010 2218 2231
44. A. Ijpenberg, N.S. Tan, L. Gelman, S. Kersten, J. Seydoux, and J. Xu In vivo activation of PPAR target genes by RXR homodimers EMBO J 23 2004 2083 2091
45. P.K. Lemotte, S. Keidel, and C.M. Apfel Phytanic acid is a retinoid X receptor ligand Eur J Biochem 236 1996 328 333
46. A.M. de Urquiza, S. Liu, M. Sjoberg, R.H. Zetterstrom, W. Griffiths, and J. Sjovall Docosahexaenoic acid, a ligand for the retinoid X receptor in mouse brain Science 290 2000 2140 2144
47. B.A. Underwood, and P. Arthur The contribution of vitamin A to public health FASEB J 10 1996 1040 1048
48. D.J. Park, A.M. Chumakov, P.T. Vuong, D.Y. Chih, A.F. Gombart, and W.H.J. Miller CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon is a potential retinoid target gene in acute promyelocytic leukemia treatment J Clin Invest 103 1999 1399 1408
49. S. Matikainen, T. Ronni, M. Hurme, R. Pine, and I. Julkunen Retinoic acid activates interferon regulatory factor-1 gene expression in myeloid cells Blood 88 1996 114 123
50. T.S. Bush, M. St Coeur, K.K. Resendes, and A.G. Rosmarin GA-binding protein (GABP) and Sp1 are required, along with retinoid receptors, to mediate retinoic acid responsiveness of CD18 (beta 2 leukocyte integrin): a novel mechanism of transcriptional regulation in myeloid cells Blood 101 2003 311 317
51. J. Drach, T. McQueen, H. Engel, M. Andreeff, K.A. Robertson, and S.J. Collins Retinoic acid-induced expression of CD38 antigen in myeloid cells is mediated through retinoic acid receptor-alpha Cancer Res 54 1994 1746 1752
52. S. Gery, D.J. Park, P.T. Vuong, R.K. Virk, C.I. Muller, and W.K. Hofmann RTP801 is a novel retinoic acid-responsive gene associated with myeloid differentiation Exp Hematol 35 2007 572 578
53. H. Nakajima, M. Kizaki, A. Sonoda, S. Mori, K. Harigaya, and Y. Ikeda Retinoids (all-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid) stimulate production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by human bone marrow stromal cells Blood 84 1994 4107 4115
54. K. Mehta, T. McQueen, S. Tucker, R. Pandita, and B.B. Aggarwal Inhibition by all-trans-retinoic acid of tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages J Leukoc Biol 55 1994 336 342
55. X. Wang, C. Allen, and M. Ballow Retinoic acid enhances the production of IL-10 while reducing the synthesis of IL-12 and TNF-alpha from LPS-stimulated monocytes/macrophages J Clin Immunol 27 2007 193 200
56. P. Montemurro, G. Barbuti, M. Conese, S. Gabriele, M. Petio, and M. Colucci Retinoic acid stimulates plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 production by blood mononuclear cells and inhibits urokinase-induced extracellular proteolysis Br J Haematol 107 1999 294 299
57. S.Y. Na, B.Y. Kang, S.W. Chung, S.J. Han, X. Ma, and G. Trinchieri Retinoids inhibit interleukin-12 production in macrophages through physical associations of retinoid X receptor and NFkappaB J Biol Chem 274 1999 7674 7680
58. V. Núñez, D. Alameda, D. Rico, R. Mota, P. Gonzalo, and M. Cedenilla Retinoid X receptor α controls innate inflammatory responses through the up-regulation of chemokine expression Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 2010 10626 10631
59. T. Pai, Q. Chen, Y. Zhang, R. Zolfaghari, and A.C. Ross Galactomutarotase and other galactose-related genes are rapidly induced by retinoic acid in human myeloid cells Biochemistry 46 2007 15198 15207
60. A. Szanto, S. Benko, I. Szatmari, B.L. Balint, I. Furtos, and R. Rühl Transcriptional regulation of human CYP27 integrates retinoid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, and liver X receptor signaling in macrophages Mol Cell Biol 24 2004 8154 8166
61. X. Fu, J.G. Menke, Y. Chen, G. Zhou, K.L. MacNaul, and S.D. Wright 27-Hydroxycholesterol is an endogenous ligand for liver X receptor in cholesterol-loaded cells J Biol Chem 276 2001 38378 38387
62. A. Venkateswaran, B.A. Laffitte, S.B. Joseph, P.A. Mak, D.C. Wilpitz, and P.A. Edwards Control of cellular cholesterol efflux by the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXR alpha Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 2000 12097 12102
63. A. Venkateswaran, J.J. Repa, J.M. Lobaccaro, A. Bronson, D.J. Mangelsdorf, and P.A. Edwards Human white/murine ABC8 mRNA levels are highly induced in lipid-loaded macrophages. A transcriptional role for specific oxysterols J Biol Chem 275 2000 14700 14707
64. P. Costet, F. Lalanne, M.C. Gerbod-Giannone, J.R. Molina, X. Fu, and E.G. Lund Retinoic acid receptor-mediated induction of ABCA1 in macrophages Mol Cell Biol 23 2003 7756 7766
65. N. Takeda, I. Manabe, T. Shindo, H. Iwata, S. Iimuro, and H. Kagechika Synthetic retinoid Am80 reduces scavenger receptor expression and atherosclerosis in mice by inhibiting IL-6 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 2006 1177 1183
66. F. Geissmann, P. Revy, N. Brousse, Y. Lepelletier, C. Folli, and A. Durandy Retinoids regulate survival and antigen presentation by immature dendritic cells J Exp Med 198 2003 623 634
67. I. Szatmari, A. Pap, R. Ruhl, J.X. Ma, P.A. Illarionov, and G.S. Besra PPAR controls CD1d expression by turning on retinoic acid synthesis in developing human dendritic cells J Exp Med 203 2006 2351 2362
68. K.J. Hammond, and M. Kronenberg Natural killer T cells: natural or unnatural regulators of autoimmunity? Curr Opin Immunol 15 2003 683 689
69. S. Manicassamy, R. Ravindran, J. Deng, H. Oluoch, T.L. Denning, and S.P. Kasturi Toll-like receptor 2-dependent induction of vitamin A-metabolizing enzymes in dendritic cells promotes T regulatory responses and inhibits autoimmunity Nat Med 15 2009 401 409
70. P.A. Bedford, and S.C. Knight The effect of retinoids on dendritic cell function Clin Exp Immunol 75 1989 481 486
71. F. Zapata-Gonzalez, F. Rueda, J. Petriz, P. Domingo, F. Villarroya, and A. de Madariaga 9-cis-Retinoic acid (9cRA), a retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligand, exerts immunosuppressive effects on dendritic cells by RXR-dependent activation: inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma blocks some of the 9cRA activities, and precludes them to mature phenotype development J Immunol 178 2007 6130 6139
72. Y. Wada, T. Hisamatsu, N. Kamada, S. Okamoto, and T. Hibi Retinoic acid contributes to the induction of IL-12-hypoproducing dendritic cells Inflamm Bowel Dis 15 2009 1548 1556
73. E.J. Villablanca, D. Zhou, B. Valentinis, A. Negro, L. Raccosta, and L. Mauri Selected natural and synthetic retinoids impair CCR7- and CXCR4-dependent cell migration in vitro and in vivo J Leukoc Biol 84 2008 871 879
74. S. Darmanin, J. Chen, S. Zhao, H. Cui, R. Shirkoohi, and N. Kubo All-trans retinoic acid enhances murine dendritic cell migration to draining lymph nodes via the balance of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors J Immunol 179 2007 4616 4625
75. L. Michalik, J. Auwerx, J.P. Berger, V.K. Chatterjee, C.K. Glass, and F.J. Gonzalez International Union of Pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors Pharmacol Rev 58 2006 726 741
76. B. Desvergne, L. Michalik, and W. Wahli Transcriptional regulation of metabolism Physiol Rev 86 2006 465 514
77. P. Tontonoz, and B.M. Spiegelman Fat and beyond: the diverse biology of PPARgamma Annu Rev Biochem 77 2008 289 312
78. B.M. Forman, P. Tontonoz, J. Chen, R.P. Brun, B.M. Spiegelman, and R.M. Evans 15-Deoxy-delta 12, 14-prostaglandin J2 is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPAR gamma Cell 83 1995 803 812
79. T.M. McIntyre, A.V. Pontsler, A.R. Silva, A.S. Hilaire, Y. Xu, and J.C. Hinshaw Identification of an intracellular receptor for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA): LPA is a transcellular PPARγ agonist Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 2003 131 136
80. T. Waku, T. Shiraki, T. Oyama, K. Maebara, R. Nakamori, and K. Morikawa The nuclear receptor PPARγ individually responds to serotonin- and fatty acid-metabolites EMBO J 29 2010 3395 3407
81. L. Nagy, P. Tontonoz, J.G. Alvarez, H. Chen, and R.M. Evans Oxidized LDL regulates macrophage gene expression through ligand activation of PPARgamma Cell 93 1998 229 240
82. K.J. Moore, E.D. Rosen, M.L. Fitzgerald, F. Randow, L.P. Andersson, and D. Altshuler The role of PPAR-gamma in macrophage differentiation and cholesterol uptake Nat Med 7 2001 41 47
83. D.G. Alleva, E.B. Johnson, F.M. Lio, S.A. Boehme, P.J. Conlon, and P.D. Crowe Regulation of murine macrophage proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines by ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma: counter-regulatory activity by IFN-gamma J Leukoc Biol 71 2002 677 685
84. S.W. Chung, B.Y. Kang, S.H. Kim, Y.K. Pak, D. Cho, and G. Trinchieri Oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibits interleukin-12 production in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse macrophages via direct interactions between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and nuclear factor-kappa B J Biol Chem 275 2000 32681 32687
85. C. Jiang, A.T. Ting, and B. Seed PPAR-gamma agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines Nature 391 1998 82 86
86. M. Ricote, J.T. Huang, J.S. Welch, and C.K. Glass The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPARgamma) as a regulator of monocyte/macrophage function J Leukoc Biol 66 1999 733 739
87. D.S. Straus, G. Pascual, M. Li, J.S. Welch, M. Ricote, and C.H. Hsiang 15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits multiple steps in the NF-kappa B signaling pathway Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 2000 4844 4849
88. J.S. Welch, M. Ricote, T.E. Akiyama, F.J. Gonzalez, and C.K. Glass PPARgamma and PPARdelta negatively regulate specific subsets of lipopolysaccharide and IFN-gamma target genes in macrophages Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 2003 6712 6717
89. M. Ricote, J. Huang, L. Fajas, A. Li, J. Welch, and J. Najib Expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in human atherosclerosis and regulation in macrophages by colony stimulating factors and oxidized low density lipoprotein Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 1998 7614 7619
90. J. Barlic, Y. Zhang, J.F. Foley, and P.M. Murphy Oxidized lipid-driven chemokine receptor switch, CCR2 to CX3CR1, mediates adhesion of human macrophages to coronary artery smooth muscle cells through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent pathway Circulation 114 2006 807 819
91. Y. Chen, S.R. Green, J. Ho, A. Li, F. Almazan, and O. Quehenberger The mouse CCR2 gene is regulated by two promoters that are responsive to plasma cholesterol and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands Biochem Biophys Res Commun 332 2005 188 193
92. K.H. Han, M.K. Chang, A. Boullier, S.R. Green, A. Li, and C.K. Glass Oxidized LDL reduces monocyte CCR2 expression through pathways involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma J Clin Invest 106 2000 793 802
93. Y.M. Shah, K. Morimura, and F.J. Gonzalez Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in macrophage suppresses experimentally induced colitis Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292 2006 G657 G666
94. G. Pascual, A.L. Fong, S. Ogawa, A. Gamliel, A.C. Li, and V. Perissi A SUMOylation-dependent pathway mediates transrepression of inflammatory response genes by PPAR-gamma Nature 437 2005 759 763
95. G.D. Barish, M. Downes, W.A. Alaynick, R.T. Yu, C.B. Ocampo, and A.L. Bookout A nuclear receptor atlas: macrophage activation Mol Endocrinol 19 2005 2466 2477
96. J.I. Odegaard, R.R. Ricardo-Gonzalez, M.H. Goforth, C.R. Morel, V. Subramanian, and L. Mukundan Macrophage-specific PPARgamma controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance Nature 447 2007 1116 1120
97. C. Marathe, M.N. Bradley, C. Hong, L. Chao, D. Wilpitz, and J. Salazar Preserved glucose tolerance in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice transplanted with PPARgamma-/-, PPARdelta-/-, PPARgammadelta-/-, or LXRalphabeta-/- bone marrow J Lipid Res 50 2009 214 224
98. A. Szanto, B.L. Balint, Z.S. Nagy, E. Barta, B. Dezso, and A. Pap STAT6 transcription factor is a facilitator of the nuclear receptor PPARγ-regulated gene expression in macrophages and dendritic cells Immunity 33 2010 699 712
99. J.T. Huang, J.S. Welch, M. Ricote, C.J. Binder, T.M. Willson, and C. Kelly Interleukin-4-dependent production of PPAR-gamma ligands in macrophages by 12/15-lipoxygenase Nature 400 1999 378 382
100. Z. Czimmerer, T. Varga, S. Poliska, I. Nemet, A. Szanto, and L. Nagy Identification of novel markers of alternative activation and potential endogenous PPARγ ligand production mechanisms in human IL-4 stimulated differentiating macrophages Immunobiology 217 2012 1301 1314
101. C.K. Glass, and J.L. Witztum Atherosclerosis: the road ahead Cell 104 2001 503 516
102. A. Chawla, W.A. Boisvert, C.H. Lee, B.A. Laffitte, Y. Barak, and S.B. Joseph A PPAR gamma-LXR-ABCA1 pathway in macrophages is involved in cholesterol efflux and atherogenesis Mol Cell 7 2001 161 171
103. S.P. Weisberg, D. McCann, M. Desai, M. Rosenbaum, R.L. Leibel, and A.W.J. Ferrante Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue J Clin Invest 112 2003 1796 1808
104. P.C. Calder, N. Ahluwalia, F. Brouns, T. Buetler, K. Clement, and K. Cunningham Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity Br J Nutr 106 suppl 3 2011 S5 S78
105. A.L. Hevener, J.M. Olefsky, D. Reichart, M.T. Nguyen, G. Bandyopadyhay, and H.Y. Leung Macrophage PPAR gamma is required for normal skeletal muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity and full antidiabetic effects of thiazolidinediones J Clin Invest 117 2007 1658 1669
106. C. Marathe, M.N. Bradley, C. Hong, L. Chao, D. Wilpitz, and J. Salazar Preserved glucose tolerance in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice transplanted with PPAR -/-, PPAR -/-, PPAR -/-, or LXR -/- bone marrow J Lipid Res 50 2008 214 224
107. P. Gosset, A.S. Charbonnier, P. Delerive, J. Fontaine, B. Staels, and J. Pestel Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators affect the maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells Eur J Immunol 31 2001 2857 2865
108. A. Nencioni, F. Grunebach, A. Zobywlaski, C. Denzlinger, W. Brugger, and P. Brossart Dendritic cell immunogenicity is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma J Immunol 169 2002 1228 1235
109. I. Szatmari, P. Gogolak, J.S. Im, B. Dezso, E. Rajnavolgyi, and L. Nagy Activation of PPARgamma specifies a dendritic cell subtype capable of enhanced induction of iNKT cell expansion Immunity 21 2004 95 106
110. D.S. Leslie, C.C. Dascher, K. Cembrola, M.A. Townes, D.L. Hava, and L.C. Hugendubler Serum lipids regulate dendritic cell CD1 expression and function Immunology 125 2008 289 301
111. I. Szatmari, E. Rajnavolgyi, and L. Nagy PPARgamma, a lipid-activated transcription factor as a regulator of dendritic cell function Ann N Y Acad Sci 1088 2006 207 218
112. L. Klotz, S. Hucke, D. Thimm, S. Classen, A. Gaarz, and J. Schultze Increased antigen cross-presentation but impaired cross-priming after activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is mediated by up-regulation of B7H1 J Immunol 183 2009 129 136
113. L. Klotz, I. Dani, F. Edenhofer, L. Nolden, B. Evert, and B. Paul Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma control of dendritic cell function contributes to development of CD4+ T cell anergy J Immunol 178 2007 2122 2131
114. F. Ouaaz, J. Arron, Y. Zheng, Y. Choi, and A.A. Beg Dendritic cell development and survival require distinct NF-kappaB subunits Immunity 16 2002 257 270
115. S. Appel, V. Mirakaj, A. Bringmann, M.M. Weck, F. Grunebach, and P. Brossart PPAR-gamma agonists inhibit toll-like receptor-mediated activation of dendritic cells via the MAP kinase and NF-kappaB pathways Blood 106 2005 3888 3894
116. T.M. Hanley, W. Blay Puryear, S. Gummuluru, and G.A. Viglianti PPARγ and LXR signaling inhibit dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 capture and trans-infection PLoS Pathog 6 2010 e1000981
117. H. Hammad, H.J. de Heer, T. Soullié, V. Angeli, F. Trottein, and H.C. Hoogsteden Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in dendritic cells inhibits the development of eosinophilic airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma Am J Pathol 164 2004 263 271
118. I. Szatmari Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-regulated ABCG2 expression confers cytoprotection to human dendritic cells J Biol Chem 281 2006 23812 23823
119. A. Schiefner, and I.A. Wilson Presentation of lipid antigens by CD1 glycoproteins Curr Pharm Des 15 2009 3311 3317
120. B. Nakken, T. Varga, I. Szatmari, L. Szeles, A. Gyongyosi, and P.A. Illarionov Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-regulated cathepsin D is required for lipid antigen presentation by dendritic cells J Immunol 187 2011 240 247
121. I. Szatmari, D. Torocsik, M. Agostini, T. Nagy, M. Gurnell, and E. Barta PPARgamma regulates the function of human dendritic cells primarily by altering lipid metabolism Blood 110 2007 3271 3280
122. T. Jakobsson, E. Treuter, J.Å. Gustafsson, and K.R. Steffensen Liver X receptor biology and pharmacology: new pathways, challenges and opportunities Trends Pharmacol Sci 33 2012 394 404
123. B.A. Janowski, P.J. Willy, T.R. Devi, J.R. Falck, and D.J. Mangelsdorf An oxysterol signalling pathway mediated by the nuclear receptor LXR alpha Nature 383 1996 728 731
124. J.M. Lehmann, S.A. Kliewer, L.B. Moore, T.A. Smith-Oliver, B.B. Oliver, and J.L. Su Activation of the nuclear receptor LXR by oxysterols defines a new hormone response pathway J Biol Chem 272 1997 3137 3140
125. B.A. Janowski, M.J. Grogan, S.A. Jones, G.B. Wisely, S.A. Kliewer, and E.J. Corey Structural requirements of ligands for the oxysterol liver X receptors LXRalpha and LXRbeta Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 1999 266 271
126. J.R. Schultz, H. Tu, A. Luk, J.J. Repa, J.C. Medina, and L. Li Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis Genes Dev 14 2000 2831 2838
127. J.L. Collins, A.M. Fivush, M.A. Watson, C.M. Galardi, M.C. Lewis, and L.B. Moore Identification of a nonsteroidal liver X receptor agonist through parallel array synthesis of tertiary amines J Med Chem 45 2002 1963 1966
128. B.A. Laffitte, J.J. Repa, S.B. Joseph, D.C. Wilpitz, H.R. Kast, and D.J. Mangelsdorf LXRs control lipid-inducible expression of the apolipoprotein E gene in macrophages and adipocytes Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 2001 507 512
129. N. A-González, and A. Castrillo Liver X receptors as regulators of macrophage inflammatory and metabolic pathways Biochim Biophys Acta 1812 2011 982 994
130. S.B. Joseph, A. Castrillo, B.A. Laffitte, D.J. Mangelsdorf, and P. Tontonoz Reciprocal regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism by liver X receptors Nat Med 9 2003 213 219
131. S. Ghisletti, W. Huang, S. Ogawa, G. Pascual, M.E. Lin, and T.M. Willson Parallel SUMOylation-dependent pathways mediate gene- and signal-specific transrepression by LXRs and PPARgamma Mol Cell 25 2007 57 70
132. C. Fontaine, E. Rigamonti, A. Nohara, P. Gervois, E. Teissier, and J.C. Fruchart Liver X receptor activation potentiates the lipopolysaccharide response in human macrophages Circ Res 101 2007 40 49
133. A. Castrillo, S.B. Joseph, S.A. Vaidya, M. Haberland, A.M. Fogelman, and G. Cheng Crosstalk between LXR and toll-like receptor signaling mediates bacterial and viral antagonism of cholesterol metabolism Mol Cell 12 2003 805 816
134. S.B. Joseph, M.N. Bradley, A. Castrillo, K.W. Bruhn, P.A. Mak, and L. Pei LXR-dependent gene expression is important for macrophage survival and the innate immune response Cell 119 2004 299 309
135. N. A-Gonzalez, S.J. Bensinger, C. Hong, S. Beceiro, M.N. Bradley, and N. Zelcer Apoptotic cells promote their own clearance and immune tolerance through activation of the nuclear receptor LXR Immunity 31 2009 245 258
136. C. Hong, Y. Kidani, N. A-Gonzalez, T. Phung, A. Ito, and X. Rong Coordinate regulation of neutrophil homeostasis by liver X receptors in mice J Clin Invest 122 2012 337 347
137. C. Rebe, M. Raveneau, A. Chevriaux, D. Lakomy, A.L. Sberna, and A. Costa Induction of transglutaminase 2 by a liver X receptor/retinoic acid receptor alpha pathway increases the clearance of apoptotic cells by human macrophages Circ Res 105 2009 393 401
138. A.F. Valledor, L.C. Hsu, S. Ogawa, D. Sawka-Verhelle, M. Karin, and C.K. Glass Activation of liver X receptors and retinoid X receptors prevents bacterial-induced macrophage apoptosis Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 2004 17813 17818
139. R. Geyeregger, M. Zeyda, W. Bauer, E. Kriehuber, M.D. Saemann, and G.J. Zlabinger Liver X receptors regulate dendritic cell phenotype and function through blocked induction of the actin-bundling protein fascin Blood 109 2007 4288 4295
140. D. Torocsik, M. Barath, S. Benko, L. Szeles, B. Dezso, and S. Poliska Activation of liver X receptor sensitizes human dendritic cells to inflammatory stimuli J Immunol 184 2010 5456 5465
141. 2 and liver X receptor activation Eur J Immunol 42 2012 2949 2958
142. E.J. Villablanca, L. Raccosta, D. Zhou, R. Fontana, D. Maggioni, and A. Negro Tumor-mediated liver X receptor-alpha activation inhibits CC chemokine receptor-7 expression on dendritic cells and dampens antitumor responses Nat Med 16 2009 98 105
143. H.F. DeLuca Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D Am J Clin Nutr 80 suppl 2004 1689S 1696S
144. F. Baeke, T. Takiishi, H. Korf, C. Gysemans, and C. Mathieu Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system Curr Opin Pharmacoli 10 2010 482 496
145. J.S. Adams, F.R. Singer, M.A. Gacad, O.P. Sharma, M.J. Hayes, and P. Vouros Isolation and structural identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 produced by cultured alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60 1985 960 966
146. H. Reichel, H.P. Koeffler, J.E. Bishop, and A.W. Norman 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated normal human macrophages J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64 1987 1 9
147. H. Reichel, H.P. Koeffler, R. Barbers, and A.W. Norman Regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production by cultured alveolar macrophages from normal human donors and from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65 1987 1201 1209
148. M. Kreutz, R. Andreesen, S.W. Krause, A. Szabo, E. Ritz, and H. Reichel 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production and vitamin D3 receptor expression are developmentally regulated during differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages Blood 82 1993 1300 1307
149. J. Fritsche, K. Mondal, A. Ehrnsperger, R. Andreesen, and M. Kreutz Regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase and production of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by human dendritic cells Blood 102 2003 3314 3316
150. M. Hewison, L. Freeman, S.V. Hughes, K.N. Evans, R. Bland, and A.G. Eliopoulos Differential regulation of vitamin D receptor and its ligand in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells J Immunol 170 2003 5382 5390
151. E. Gottfried, M. Rehli, J. Hahn, E. Holler, R. Andreesen, and M. Kreutz Monocyte-derived cells express CYP27A1 and convert vitamin D3 into its active metabolite Biochem Biophys Res Commun 349 2006 209 213
152. H.P. Koeffler, T. Amatruda, N. Ikekawa, Y. Kobayashi, and H.F. DeLuca Induction of macrophage differentiation of human normal and leukemic myeloid stem cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its fluorinated analogues Cancer Res 44 1984 5624 5628
153. M. Ohta, T. Okabe, K. Ozawa, A. Urabe, and F. Takaku 1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) stimulates proliferation of human circulating monocytes in vitro FEBS Lett 185 1985 9 13
154. D.R. Clohisy, Z. Bar-Shavit, J.C. Chappel, and S.L. Teitelbaum 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates bone marrow macrophage precursor proliferation and differentiation. Up-regulation of the mannose receptor J Biol Chem 262 1987 15922 15929
155. J. O'Kelly, J. Hisatake, Y. Hisatake, J. Bishop, A. Norman, and H.P. Koeffler Normal myelopoiesis but abnormal T lymphocyte responses in vitamin D receptor knockout mice J Clin Invest 109 2002 1091 1099
156. H. Xu, A. Soruri, R.K. Gieseler, and J.H. Peters 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerts opposing effects to IL-4 on MHC class-II antigen expression, accessory activity, and phagocytosis of human monocytes Scand J Immunol 38 1993 535 540
157. A.K. Bhalla, E.P. Amento, and S.M. Krane Differential effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human lymphocytes and monocyte/macrophages: inhibition of interleukin-2 and augmentation of interleukin-1 production Cell Immunol 98 1986 311 322
158. R. Koren, A. Ravid, C. Rotem, E. Shohami, U.A. Liberman, and A. Novogrodsky 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances prostaglandin E2 production by monocytes. A mechanism which partially accounts for the antiproliferative effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on lymphocytes FEBS Lett 205 1986 113 116
159. M.S. Cohen, D.E. Mesler, R.G. Snipes, and T.K. Gray 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 activates secretion of hydrogen peroxide by human monocytes J Immunol 136 1986 1049 1053
160. T.T. Wang, F.P. Nestel, V. Bourdeau, Y. Nagai, Q. Wang, and J. Liao Cutting edge: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression J Immunol 173 2004 2909 2912
161. A.F. Gombart, N. Borregaard, and H.P. Koeffler Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 FASEB J 19 2005 1067 1077
162. P.T. Liu, S. Stenger, D.H. Tang, and R.L. Modlin Cutting edge: vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of cathelicidin J Immunol 179 2007 2060 2063
163. G.A. Rook, J. Steele, L. Fraher, S. Barker, R. Karmali, and J. O'Riordan Vitamin D3, gamma interferon, and control of proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human monocytes Immunology 57 1986 159 163
164. A.J. Crowle, E.J. Ross, and M.H. May Inhibition by 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 of the multiplication of virulent tubercle bacilli in cultured human macrophages Infect Immun 55 1987 2945 2950
165. A.P. Ralph, P.M. Kelly, and N.M. Anstey L-arginine and vitamin D: novel adjunctive immunotherapies in tuberculosis Trends Microbiol 16 2008 336 344
166. R.J. Wilkinson, M. Llewelyn, Z. Toossi, P. Patel, G. Pasvol, and A. Lalvani Influence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on tuberculosis among Gujarati Asians in west London: a case-control study Lancet 355 2000 618 621
167. W.F. Rigby, M. Waugh, and R.F. Graziano Regulation of human monocyte HLA-DR and CD4 antigen expression, and antigen presentation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Blood 76 1990 189 197
168. A. Spittler, M. Willheim, F. Leutmezer, R. Ohler, W. Krugluger, and C. Reissner Effects of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cytokines on the expression of MHC antigens, complement receptors and other antigens on human blood monocytes and U937 cells: role in cell differentiation, activation and phagocytosis Immunology 90 1997 286 293
169. D. D'Ambrosio, M. Cippitelli, M.G. Cocciolo, D. Mazzeo, P. Di Lucia, and R. Lang Inhibition of IL-12 production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Involvement of NF-kappaB downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene J Clin Invest 101 1998 252 262
170. A. Takeuchi, G.S. Reddy, T. Kobayashi, T. Okano, J. Park, and S. Sharma Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) as a molecular target for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated effects J Immunol 160 1998 209 218
171. L. Helming, J. Bose, J. Ehrchen, S. Schiebe, T. Frahm, and R. Geffers 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a potent suppressor of interferon gamma-mediated macrophage activation Blood 106 2005 4351 4358
172. L. Overbergh, B. Decallonne, D. Valckx, A. Verstuyf, J. Depovere, and J. Laureys Identification and immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-alpha-hydroxylase in murine macrophages Clin Exp Immunol 120 2000 139 146
173. P.T. Liu, S. Stenger, H. Li, L. Wenzel, B.H. Tan, and S.R. Krutzik Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response Science 311 2006 1770 1773
174. K. Sadeghi, B. Wessner, U. Laggner, M. Ploder, D. Tamandl, and J. Friedl Vitamin D3 down-regulates monocyte TLR expression and triggers hyporesponsiveness to pathogen-associated molecular patterns Eur J Immunol 36 2006 361 370
175. L. Adorini, G. Penna, N. Giarratana, A. Roncari, S. Amuchastegui, and K.C. Daniel Dendritic cells as key targets for immunomodulation by Vitamin D receptor ligands J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89-90 2004 437 441
176. A. Berer, J. Stockl, O. Majdic, T. Wagner, M. Kollars, and K. Lechner 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) inhibits dendritic cell differentiation and maturation in vitro Exp Hematol 28 2000 575 583
177. M.D. Griffin, W.H. Lutz, V.A. Phan, L.A. Bachman, D.J. McKean, and R. Kumar Potent inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation and maturation by vitamin D analogs Biochem Biophys Res Commun 270 2000 701 708
178. M.D. Griffin, W. Lutz, V.A. Phan, L.A. Bachman, D.J. McKean, and R. Kumar Dendritic cell modulation by 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs: a vitamin D receptor-dependent pathway that promotes a persistent state of immaturity in vitro and in vivo Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 2001 6800 6805
179. G. Penna, and L. Adorini 1 Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation J Immunol 164 2000 2405 2411
180. G. Penna, A. Roncari, S. Amuchastegui, K.C. Daniel, E. Berti, and M. Colonna Expression of the inhibitory receptor ILT3 on dendritic cells is dispensable for induction of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Blood 106 2005 3490 3497
181. G. Penna, S. Amuchastegui, N. Giarratana, K.C. Daniel, M. Vulcano, and S. Sozzani 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 selectively modulates tolerogenic properties in myeloid but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells J Immunol 178 2007 145 153
182. M.C. Gauzzi, C. Purificato, K. Donato, Y. Jin, L. Wang, and K.C. Daniel Suppressive effect of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on type I IFN-mediated monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells: impairment of functional activities and chemotaxis J Immunol 174 2005 270 276
183. L. Piemonti, P. Monti, M. Sironi, P. Fraticelli, B.E. Leone, and E. Dal Cin Vitamin D3 affects differentiation, maturation, and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells J Immunol 164 2000 4443 4451
184. I.B. McInnes, and G. Schett The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis N Engl J Med 365 2011 2205 2219
185. R.W. Kinne, R. Bräuer, B. Stuhlmüller, E. Palombo-Kinne, and G.R. Burmester Macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Res 2 2000 189 202
186. Z. Szekanecz, and A.E. Koch Macrophages and their products in rheumatoid arthritis Curr Opin Rheumatol 19 2007 289 295
187. M.E. Miranda-Carús, M. Benito-Miguel, A. Balsa, T. Cobo-Ibáñez, C. Pérez De Ayala, and D. Pascual-Salcedo Peripheral blood T lymphocytes from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis express RANKL and interleukin-15 on the cell surface and promote osteoclastogenesis in autologous monocytes Arthritis Rheum 54 2006 1151 1164
188. D. Mulherin, O. Fitzgerald, and B. Bresnihan Synovial tissue macrophage populations and articular damage in rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 39 1996 115 124
189. S. Khan, J.D. Greenberg, and N. Bhardwaj Dendritic cells as targets for therapy in rheumatoid arthritis Nat Rev Rheumatol 5 2009 566 571
190. B.P. Leung, M. Conacher, D. Hunter, I.B. McInnes, F.Y. Liew, and J.M. Brewer A novel dendritic cell-induced model of erosive inflammatory arthritis: distinct roles for dendritic cells in T cell activation and induction of local inflammation J Immunol 169 2002 7071 7077
191. A.W. Thomson, and P.D. Robbins Tolerogenic dendritic cells for autoimmune disease and transplantation Ann Rheum Dis 67 suppl 3 2008 iii90 iii96
192. D.L. Asquith, A.M. Miller, I.B. McInnes, and F.Y. Liew Animal models of rheumatoid arthritis Eur J Immunol 39 2009 2040 2044
193. Y. Nozaki, T. Yamagata, M. Sugiyama, S. Ikoma, K. Kinoshita, and M. Funauchi Anti-inflammatory effect of all-trans-retinoic acid in inflammatory arthritis Clin Immunol 119 2006 272 279
194. S.K. Kwok, M.K. Park, M.L. Cho, H.J. Oh, E.M. Park, and D.G. Lee Retinoic acid attenuates rheumatoid inflammation in mice J Immunol 189 2012 1062 1071
195. Y. Kawahito, M. Kondo, Y. Tsubouchi, A. Hashiramoto, D. Bishop-Bailey, and K. Inoue 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) induces synoviocyte apoptosis and suppresses adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats J Clin Invest 106 2000 189 197
196. S. Cuzzocrea, E. Mazzon, L. Dugo, N.S.A. Patel, I. Serraino, and R. Di Paola Reduction in the evolution of murine type II collagen-induced arthritis by treatment with rosiglitazone, a ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor? Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 3544 3556
197. T. Shiojiri, K. Wada, A. Nakajima, K. Katayama, A. Shibuya, and C. Kudo PPAR gamma ligands inhibit nitrotyrosine formation and inflammatory mediator expressions in adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis mice Eur J Pharmacol 448 2002 231 238
198. M. Koufany, D. Moulin, A. Bianchi, M. Muresan, S. Sebillaud, and P. Netter Anti-inflammatory effect of antidiabetic thiazolidinediones prevents bone resorption rather than cartilage changes in experimental polyarthritis Arthritis Res Ther 10 2008 R6
199. T. Tomita, Y. Kakiuchi, and P.S. Tsao THR0921, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, reduces the severity of collagen-induced arthritis Arthritis Res Ther 8 2006 R7
200. C.A. Palma, E.J. Tonna, D.F. Ma, and M.A. Lutherborrow MicroRNA control of myelopoiesis and the differentiation block in acute myeloid leukaemia J Cell Mol Med 16 2012 978 987
201. D. Shahin, E.E. Toraby, H. Abdel-Malek, V. Boshra, A.Z. Elsamanoudy, and D. Shaheen Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist (pioglitazone) and methotrexate on disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (experimental and clinical study) Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet Disord 4 2011 1 10
202. H. Hounoki, E. Sugiyama, S.G. Mohamed, K. Shinoda, H. Taki, and H.O. Abdel-Aziz Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ inhibits TNF-α-mediated osteoclast differentiation in human peripheral monocytes in part via suppression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression Bone 42 2008 765 774
203. G. Mbalaviele, Y. Abu-Amer, A. Meng, R. Jaiswal, S. Beck, and M.F. Pittenger Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ pathway inhibits osteoclast differentiation J Biol Chem 275 2000 14388 14393
204. Y. Wan, L.W. Chong, and R.M. Evans PPAR-γ regulates osteoclastogenesis in mice Nat Med 13 2007 1496 1503
205. Y.H. Lee, S.C. Bae, S.J. Choi, J.D. Ji, and G.G. Song Associations between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis Osteoporos Int 19 2007 3643 3651
206. D.L. Asquith, A.M. Miller, A.J. Hueber, H.J. McKinnon, N. Sattar, and G.J. Graham Liver X receptor agonism promotes articular inflammation in murine collagen-induced arthritis Arthritis Rheum 60 2009 2655 2665
207. D.L. Asquith, A.M. Miller, J. Reilly, S. Kerr, P. Welsh, and N. Sattar Simultaneous activation of the liver X receptors (LXR and LXR) drives murine collagen-induced arthritis disease pathology Ann Rheum Dis 70 2011 2225 2228
208. M.C. Park, Y.J. Kwon, S.J. Chung, Y.B. Park, and S.K. Lee Liver X receptor agonist prevents the evolution of collagen-induced arthritis in mice Rheumatology 49 2010 882 890
209. M. Tsuji, K. Fujii, T. Nakano, and Y. Nishii 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 inhibits Type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats FEBS Lett 337 1994 248 250
210. P. Larsson, L. Mattsson, L. Klareskog, and C. Johnsson A vitamin D analogue (MC 1288) has immunomodulatory properties and suppresses collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) without causing hypercalcaemia Clin Exp Immunol 114 1998 277 283
211. K. Zwerina, W. Baum, R. Axmann, G.R. Heiland, J.H. Distler, and J. Smolen Vitamin D receptor regulates TNF-mediated arthritis Ann Rheum Dis 70 2011 1122 1129
212. M. Moghaddami, G. Mayrhofer, P.H. Anderson, H.A. Morris, M. Van Der Hoek, and L.G. Cleland Efficacy and mechanisms of action of vitamin D in experimental polyarthritis Immunol Cell Biol 90 2012 168 177
213. L.C. Tetlow, S.J. Smith, E.B. Mawer, and D.E. Woolley Vitamin D receptors in the rheumatoid lesion: expression by chondrocytes, macrophages, and synoviocytes Ann Rheum Dis 58 1999 118 121
214. M.E. Hayes, J. Denton, A.J. Freemont, and E.B. Mawer Synthesis of the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1, 25 (OH) 2D3, by synovial fluid macrophages in arthritic diseases Ann Rheum Dis 48 1989 723 729
215. M.E. Hayes, A. Rai, R.G. Cooper, D. Bayley, A.J. Freemont, and E.B. Mawer Inhibition by prostaglandin E1 and E2 of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis by synovial fluid macrophages from arthritic joints Ann Rheum Dis 51 1992 632 637
216. S.J. Smith, M.E. Hayes, P.L. Selby, and E.B. Mawer Autocrine control of vitamin D metabolism in synovial cells from arthritic patients Ann Rheum Dis 58 1999 372 378
217. A.N. Ananthakrishnan, H. Khalili, L.M. Higuchi, Y. Bao, J.R. Korzenik, and E.L. Giovannucci Higher predicted vitamin D status is associated with reduced risk of Crohn's disease Gastroenterology 142 2012 482 489
218. L.A. Merlino, J. Curtis, T.R. Mikuls, J.R. Cerhan, L.A. Criswell, and K.G. Saag Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from the Iowa Women's Health Study Arthritis Rheum 50 2004 72 77
219. K.H. Costenbader, D. Feskanich, M. Holmes, E.W. Karlson, and E. Benito-Garcia Vitamin D intake and risks of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in women Ann Rheum Dis 67 2007 530 535
220. M. Racovan, B. Walitt, C.E. Collins, M. Pettinger, C.G. Parks, and J.M. Shikany Calcium and vitamin D supplementation and incident rheumatoid arthritis: the Women's Health Initiative Calcium plus Vitamin D trial Rheumatol Int 32 2011 3823 3830
221. P. Oelzner, A. Müller, F. Deschner, M. Hüller, K. Abendroth, and G. Hein Relationship between disease activity and serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and PTH in rheumatoid arthritis Calcif Tissue Int 62 1998 193 198
222. M. Cutolo, K. Otsa, K. Laas, M. Yprus, R. Lehtme, and M.E. Secchi Circannual vitamin d serum levels and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: Northern versus Southern Europe Clin Exp Rheumatol 24 2006 702 704
223. M. Rossini, S.M. Bongi, G. La Montagna, G. Minisola, N. Malavolta, and L. Bernini Vitamin D deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis: prevalence, determinants and associations with disease activity and disability Arthritis Res Ther 12 2010 R216
224. G.G. Song, S.C. Bae, and Y.H. Lee Association between vitamin D intake and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis Clin Rheumatol 31 2012 1733 1739
225. H.J. Haga, A. Schmedes, Y. Naderi, A.M. Moreno, and E. Peen Severe deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) is associated with high disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis Clin Rheumatol 32 2013 629 633
226. M. Salesi, and Z. Farajzadegan Efficacy of Vitamin D in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate therapy Rheumatol Int 32 2011 2129 2133
227. K. Gopinath, and D. Danda Supplementation of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 in patients with treatment naive early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised controlled trial Int J Rheum Dis 14 2011 332 339
228. R.K. Jacoby, M. Jayson, and J.A. Cosh Onset, early stages, and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical study of 100 patients with 11-year follow-up BMJ 2 1973 96
229. G. Mouterde, C. Lukas, I. Logeart, R.M. Flipo, N. Rincheval, and J.P. Daures Predictors of radiographic progression in the ESPOIR cohort: the season of first symptoms may influence the short-term outcome in early arthritis Ann Rheum Dis 70 2011 1251 1256
230. Y. Alamanos, P.V. Voulgari, and A.A. Drosos Incidence and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis, based on the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria: a systematic review Semin Arthritis Rheum 36 2006 182 188
231. J.N. Stoop, R.A. Harry, A. Delwig von, J.D. Isaacs, J.H. Robinson, and C.M. Hilkens Therapeutic effect of tolerogenic dendritic cells in established collagen-induced arthritis is associated with a reduction in Th17 responses Arthritis Rheum 62 2010 3656 3665
232. C.M.U. Hilkens, and J.D. Isaacs Tolerogenic dendritic cell therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: where are we now? Clin Exp Immunol 172 2013 148 157
233. C. Abraham, and J.H. Cho Inflammatory bowel disease N Engl J Med 361 2009 2066 2078
234. C. Varol, E. Zigmond, and S. Jung Securing the immune tightrope: mononuclear phagocytes in the intestinal lamina propria Nat Rev Immunol 10 2010 415 426
235. M. Schenk, A. Bouchon, F. Seibold, and C. Mueller TREM-1-expressing intestinal macrophages crucially amplify chronic inflammation in experimental colitis and inflammatory bowel diseases J Clin Invest 117 2007 3097 3106
236. N. Kamada, T. Hisamatsu, S. Okamoto, H. Chinen, T. Kobayashi, and T. Sato Unique CD14 intestinal macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn disease via IL-23/IFN-γ axis J Clin Invest 118 2008 2269 2280
237. N. Kamada, T. Hisamatsu, H. Honda, T. Kobayashi, H. Chinen, and M.T. Kitazume Human CD14+ macrophages in intestinal lamina propria exhibit potent antigen-presenting ability J Immunol 183 2009 1724 1731
238. R. Cooney, J. Baker, O. Brain, B. Danis, T. Pichulik, and P. Allan NOD2 stimulation induces autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation Nat Med 16 2009 90 97
239. J.H. Cho The genetics and immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease Nat Rev Immunol 8 2008 458 466
240. I.D. Iliev, E. Mileti, G. Matteoli, M. Chieppa, and M. Rescigno Intestinal epithelial cells promote colitis-protective regulatory T-cell differentiation through dendritic cell conditioning Mucosal Immunol 2 2009 340 350
241. J.L. Coombes, K.R. Siddiqui, C.V. Arancibia-Carcamo, J. Hall, C.M. Sun, and Y. Belkaid A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF- and retinoic acid dependent mechanism J Exp Med 204 2007 1757 1764
242. C.M. Sun, J.A. Hall, R.B. Blank, N. Bouladoux, M. Oukka, and J.R. Mora Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid J Exp Med 204 2007 1775 1785
243. M.J. Benson, K. Pino-Lagos, M. Rosemblatt, and R.J. Noelle All-trans retinoic acid mediates enhanced T reg cell growth, differentiation, and gut homing in the face of high levels of co-stimulation J Exp Med 204 2007 1765 1774
244. L. Saurer, K.C. McCullough, and A. Summerfield In vitro induction of mucosa-type dendritic cells by all-trans retinoic acid J Immunol 179 2007 3504 3514
245. T.L. Denning, Y.C. Wang, S.R. Patel, I.R. Williams, and B. Pulendran Lamina propria macrophages and dendritic cells differentially induce regulatory and interleukin 17-producing T cell responses Nat Immunol 8 2007 1086 1094
246. D. Mucida, Y. Park, G. Kim, O. Turovskaya, I. Scott, and M. Kronenberg Reciprocal TH17 and regulatory T cell differentiation mediated by retinoic acid Science 317 2007 256 260
247. A. Bai, N. Lu, Y. Guo, Z. Liu, J. Chen, and Z. Peng All-trans retinoic acid down-regulates inflammatory responses by shifting the Treg/Th17 profile in human ulcerative and murine colitis J Leukoc Biol 86 2009 959 969
248. R. Reifen, T. Nur, K. Ghebermeskel, G. Zaiger, R. Urizky, and M. Pines Vitamin A deficiency exacerbates inflammation in a rat model of colitis through activation of nuclear factor-κB and collagen formation J Nutr 132 2002 2743 2747
249. J. Schoelmerich, M.S. Becher, P. Hoppe-Seyler, S. Matern, D. Haeussinger, and E. Loehle Zinc and vitamin A deficiency in patients with Crohn's disease is correlated with activity but not with localization or extent of the disease Hepatogastroenterology 32 1985 34 38
250. R.H. Alkhouri, H. Hashmi, R.D. Baker, D. Gelfond, and S.S. Baker Vitamin and mineral status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 56 2013 89 92
251. A. Bousvaros, D. Zurakowski, C. Duggan, T. Law, N. Rifai, and N.E. Goldberg Vitamins A and E serum levels in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease: effect of disease activity J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 26 1998 129 135
252. K. Vagianos, S. Bector, J. McConnell, and C.N. Bernstein Nutrition assessment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 31 2007 311 319
253. J.P. Wright, A.S. Mee, A. Parfitt, I.N. Marks, D.G. Burns, and M. Sherman Vitamin A therapy in patients with Crohn's disease Gastroenterology 88 1985 512 514
254. S. Norrby, R. Sjodahl, and C. Tagesson Ineffectiveness of vitamin A therapy in severe Crohn's disease Acta Chir Scand 151 1985 465 468
255. S. Cuzzocrea, R. Di Paola, E. Mazzon, T. Genovese, C. Muià, and T. Centorrino Role of endogenous and exogenous ligands for the peroxisome proliferators activated receptors alpha (PPAR-α) in the development of inflammatory bowel disease in mice Lab Invest 84 2004 1643 1654
256. J.W. Lee, P.J. Bajwa, M.J. Carson, D.R. Jeske, Y. Cong, and C.O. Elson Fenofibrate represses interleukin-17 and interferon-γ expression and improves colitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice Gastroenterology 133 2007 108 123
257. Y.T. Azuma, K. Nishiyama, Y. Matsuo, M. Kuwamura, A. Morioka, and H. Nakajima PPARα contributes to colonic protection in mice with DSS-induced colitis Int Immunopharmacol 10 2010 1261 1267
258. T. Tanaka, H. Kohno, S. Yoshitani, S. Takashima, A. Okumura, and A. Murakami Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma inhibit chemically induced colitis and formation of aberrant crypt foci in rats Cancer Res 61 2001 2424 2428
259. C.G. Su, X. Wen, S.T. Bailey, W. Jiang, S.M. Rangwala, and S.A. Keilbaugh A novel therapy for colitis utilizing PPAR-gamma ligands to inhibit the epithelial inflammatory response J Clin Invest 104 1999 383 389
260. J.D. Ramakers, M.I. Verstege, G. Thuijls, A.A. Velde Te, Mensink RP, and J. Plat The PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone impairs colonic inflammation in mice with experimental colitis J Clin Immunol 27 2007 275 283
261. M. Sánchez-Hidalgo, A.R. Martín, I. Villegas, and C. Alarcón De La Lastra Rosiglitazone, an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, reduces chronic colonic inflammation in rats Biochem Pharmacol 69 2005 1733 1744
262. K. Yamamoto, Y. Ninomiya, M. Iseki, Y. Nakachi, Y. Kanesaki-Yatsuka, and Y. Yamanoue 4-Hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid, a potent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist alleviates the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis Biochem Biophys Res Commun 367 2008 566 572
263. P. Desreumaux, L. Dubuquoy, S. Nutten, M. Peuchmaur, W. Englaro, and K. Schoonjans Attenuation of colon inflammation through activators of the retinoid X receptor (RXR)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) heterodimer. A basis for new therapeutic strategies J Exp Med 193 2001 827 838
264. C. Rousseaux Intestinal antiinflammatory effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid is dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor J Exp Med 201 2005 1205 1215
265. R. Hontecillas, W.T. Horne, M. Climent, A.J. Guri, C. Evans, and Y. Zhang Immunoregulatory mechanisms of macrophage PPARγ in mice with experimental inflammatory bowel disease Mucosal Immunol 4 2010 304 313
266. S. Poliska, A. Penyige, P.L. Lakatos, M. Papp, K. Palatka, and L. Lakatos Association of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma polymorphisms with inflammatory bowel disease in a Hungarian cohort Inflamm Bowel Dis 18 2012 472 479
267. J. Bassaganya-Riera, K. Reynolds, S. Martino-Catt, Y. Cui, L. Hennighausen, and F. Gonzalez Activation of PPAR γ and δ by conjugated linoleic acid mediates protection from experimental inflammatory bowel disease Gastroenterology 127 2004 777 791
268. N.P. Evans, S.A. Misyak, E.M. Schmelz, A.J. Guri, R. Hontecillas, and J. Bassaganya-Riera Conjugated Linoleic Acid Ameliorates Inflammation-Induced Colorectal Cancer in Mice through Activation of PPAR J Nutr 140 2010 515 521
269. J. Bassaganya-Riera, M. Viladomiu, M. Pedragosa, C. De Simone, A. Carbo, and R. Shaykhutdinov Probiotic bacteria produce conjugated linoleic acid locally in the gut that targets macrophage PPAR γ to suppress colitis PLoS One 7 2012 e31238
270. S.N. Lewis, L. Brannan, A.J. Guri, P. Lu, R. Hontecillas, and J. Bassaganya-Riera Dietary α-eleostearic acid ameliorates experimental inflammatory bowel disease in mice by activating peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-γ PLoS One 6 2011 e24031
271. J. Bassaganya-Riera, M. DiGuardo, M. Climent, C. Vives, A. Carbo, and Z.E. Jouni Activation of PPARγ and δ by dietary punicic acid ameliorates intestinal inflammation in mice Br J Nutr 106 2011 878 886
272. A.J. Guri, N.P. Evans, R. Hontecillas, and J. Bassaganya-Riera T cell PPARγ is required for the anti-inflammatory efficacy of abscisic acid against experimental IBD J Nutr Biochem 22 2011 812 819
273. J.D. Lewis, G.R. Lichtenstein, R.B. Stein, J.J. Deren, T.A. Judge, and F. Fogt An open-label trial of the PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone for active ulcerative colitis Am J Gastroenterol 96 2001 3323 3328
274. J.D. Lewis, G.R. Lichtenstein, J.J. Deren, B.E. Sands, S.B. Hanauer, and J.A. Katz Rosiglitazone for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial Gastroenterology 134 2008 688 695
275. H.-L. Liang A clinical trial of combined use of rosiglitazone and 5-aminosalicylate for ulcerative colitis World J Gastroenterol 14 2008 114 119
276. G. Pedersen, and J. Brynskov Topical rosiglitazone treatment improves ulcerative colitis by restoring peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activity Am J Gastroenterol 105 2010 1595 1603
277. T.R. Marcy Second-generation thiazolidinediones and hepatotoxicity Ann Pharmacother 38 2004 1419 1423
278. R.W. Nesto Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association Circulation 108 2003 2941 2948
279. M.T. Cantorna, C. Munsick, C. Bemiss, and B.D. Mahon 1,25- Dihydroxycholecalciferol prevents and ameliorates symptoms of experimental murine inflammatory bowel disease J Nutr 130 2000 2648 2652
280. M. Froicu A crucial role for the vitamin D receptor in experimental inflammatory bowel disease Mol Endocrinol 17 2003 2386 2392
281. Y. Zhu, B.D. Mahon, M. Froicu, and M.T. Cantorna Calcium and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 target the TNF-alpha pathway to suppress experimental inflammatory bowel disease Eur J Immunol 35 2005 217 224
282. M. Froicu, and M.T. Cantorna Vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor are critical for control of the innate immune response to colonic injury BMC Immunol 8 2007 5
283. S. Yu, D. Bruce, M. Froicu, V. Weaver, and M.T. Cantorna Failure of T cell homing, reduced CD4/CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes, and inflammation in the gut of vitamin D receptor KO mice Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 2008 20834 20839
284. S. Shivananda, J. Lennard-Jones, R. Logan, N. Fear, A. Price, and L. Carpenter Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD) Gut 39 1996 690 697
285. H. Khalili, E.S. Huang, A.N. Ananthakrishnan, L. Higuchi, J.M. Richter, and C.S. Fuchs Geographical variation and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease among US women Gut 61 2012 1686 1692
286. A. Ulitsky, A.N. Ananthakrishnan, A. Naik, S. Skaros, Y. Zadvornova, and D.G. Binion Vitamin D deficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: association with disease activity and quality of life JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 35 2011 308 316
287. S. Blanck, and F. Aberra Vitamin D deficiency is associated with ulcerative colitis disease activity Dig Dis Sci 2013 [Epub ahead of print]
288. P. Miheller, G. Müzes, I. Hritz, G. Lakatos, I. Pregun, and P.L. Lakatos Comparison of the effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and 25 hydroxyvitamin D on bone pathology and disease activity in CrohnÊ's disease patients Inflamm Bowel Dis 15 2009 1656 1662
289. S.P. Jørgensen, J. Agnholt, H. Glerup, S. Lyhne, G.E. Villadsen, and C.L. Hvas Clinical trial: vitamin D3 treatment in Crohn's disease - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study Aliment Pharmacol Ther 32 2010 377 383
290. C. Daniel, N.A. Sartory, N. Zahn, H.H. Radeke, and J.M. Stein Immune modulatory treatment of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis with calcitriol is associated with a change of a T helper (Th) 1/Th17 to a Th2 and regulatory T cell profile J Pharmacol Exp Ther 324 2007 23 33
291. A.E. Pedersen, E.G. Schmidt, M. Gad, S.S. Poulsen, and M.H. Claesson Dexamethasone/1α-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated dendritic cells suppress colitis in the SCID T-cell transfer model Immunology 127 2009 354 364
292. Y. Li, P.Y. Lee, and W.H. Reeves Monocyte and macrophage abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus Arch Immunol Ther Exp 58 2010 355 364
293. P. Blanco Induction of dendritic cell differentiation by IFN-alpha in systemic lupus erythematosus Science 294 2001 1540 1543
294. P. Decker, I. Kotter, R. Klein, B. Berner, and H.G. Rammensee Monocyte-derived dendritic cells over-express CD86 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Rheumatology (Oxford) 45 2006 1087 1095
295. D. Ding, H. Mehta, W.J. McCune, and M.J. Kaplan Aberrant phenotype and function of myeloid dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus J Immunol 177 2006 5878 5889
296. V. Gerl, A. Lischka, D. Panne, P. Grossmann, R. Berthold, and B.F. Hoyer Blood dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus exhibit altered activation state and chemokine receptor function Ann Rheum Dis 69 2010 1370 1377
297. M. Tucci, C. Quatraro, L. Lombardi, C. Pellegrino, F. Dammacco, and F. Silvestris Glomerular accumulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in active lupus nephritis: role of interleukin-18 Arthritis Rheum 58 2008 251 262
298. L. Farkas, K. Beiske, F. Lund-Johansen, P. Brandtzaeg, and F.L. Jahnsen Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (natural interferon- alpha/beta-producing cells) accumulate in cutaneous lupus erythematosus lesions Am J Pathol 159 2001 237 243
299. V.S. Chan, Y.J. Nie, N. Shen, S. Yan, M.Y. Mok, and C.S. Lau Distinct roles of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus Autoimmun Rev 11 2012 890 897
300. L. Ma, K.W. Chan, N.J. Trendell-Smith, A. Wu, L. Tian, and A.C. Lam Systemic autoimmune disease induced by dendritic cells that have captured necrotic but not apoptotic cells in susceptible mouse strains Eur J Immunol 35 2005 3364 3375
301. B. Sauter, M.L. Albert, L. Francisco, M. Larsson, S. Somersan, and N. Bhardwaj Consequences of cell death: exposure to necrotic tumor cells, but not primary tissue cells or apoptotic cells, induces the maturation of immunostimulatory dendritic cells J Exp Med 191 2000 423 434
302. L.M. Pennell, C.L. Galligan, and E.N. Fish Sex affects immunity J Autoimmun 38 2012 J282 J291
303. K. Kinoshita, B.S. Yoo, Y. Nozaki, M. Sugiyama, S. Ikoma, and M. Ohno Retinoic acid reduces autoimmune renal injury and increases survival in NZB/W F1 mice J Immunol 170 2003 5793 5798
304. G. Pérez de Lema, F.J. Lucio-Cazaña, A. Molina, B. Luckow, H. Schmid, and C. de Wit Retinoic acid treatment protects MRL/lpr lupus mice from the development of glomerular disease Kidney Int 66 2004 1018 1028
305. Y. Nozaki, T. Yamagata, B.S. Yoo, M. Sugiyama, S. Ikoma, and K. Kinoshita The beneficial effects of treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid plus corticosteroid on autoimmune nephritis in NZB/WF1 mice Clin Exp Immunol 139 2005 74 83
306. T. Aprahamian, R.G. Bonegio, C. Richez, K. Yasuda, L.K. Chiang, and K. Sato The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist rosiglitazone ameliorates murine lupus by induction of adiponectin J Immunol 182 2009 340 346
307. M. Venegas-Pont, J.C. Sartori-Valinotti, C. Maric, L.C. Racusen, P.H. Glover, and G.R. McLemore Rosiglitazone decreases blood pressure and renal injury in a female mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296 2009 R1282 R1289
308. W. Zhao, S.G. Thacker, J.B. Hodgin, H. Zhang, J.H. Wang, and J.L. Park The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist pioglitazone improves cardiometabolic risk and renal inflammation in murine lupus J Immunol 183 2009 2729 2740
309. B.H. Rovin, H. Song, L.A. Hebert, T. Nadasdy, G. Nadasdy, and D.J. Birmingham Plasma, urine, and renal expression of adiponectin in human systemic lupus erythematosus Kidney Int 68 2005 1825 1833
310. K.E. Sada, Y. Yamasaki, M. Maruyama, H. Sugiyama, M. Yamamura, and Y. Maeshima Altered levels of adipocytokines in association with insulin resistance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus J Rheumatol 33 2006 1545 1552
311. T. Roszer, M.P. Menendez-Gutierrez, M.I. Lefterova, D. Alameda, V. Núñez, and M.A. Lazar Autoimmune kidney disease and impaired engulfment of apoptotic cells in mice with macrophage peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor or retinoid X receptor deficiency J Immunol 186 2010 621 631
312. C. Jennewein, A.M. Kuhn, M.V. Schmidt, V. Meilladec-Jullig, A. von Knethen, and F.J. Gonzalez Sumoylation of PPARγ by apoptotic cells prevents LPS-induced NCoR removal from κB binding sites mediating transrepression of pro-inflammatory cytokines J Immunol 181 2008 5646
313. D.S. Oxer, L.C. Godoy, E. Borba, T. Lima-Salgado, L.A. Passos, and I. Laurindo PPARgamma expression is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and represses CD40/CD40L signaling pathway Lupus 20 2011 575 587
314. J.G. Juarez-Rojas, A.X. Medina-Urrutia, E. Jorge-Galarza, N.A. Caracas-Portilla, R. Posadas-Sanchez, and G.C. Cardoso-Saldana Pioglitazone improves the cardiovascular profile in patients with uncomplicated systemic lupus erythematosus: a double-blind randomized clinical trial Lupus 21 2011 27 35
315. D.L. Kamen, and C. Aranow The link between vitamin D deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus Curr Rheumatol Rep 10 2008 273 280
316. C.C. Mok, D.J. Birmingham, L.Y. Ho, L.A. Hebert, H. Song, and B.H. Rovin Vitamin D deficiency as marker for disease activity and damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison with anti-dsDNA and anti-C1q Lupus 21 2012 36 42
317. H. Amital, Z. Szekanecz, G. Szucs, K. Danko, E. Nagy, and T. Csepany Serum concentrations of 25-OH vitamin D in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are inversely related to disease activity: is it time to routinely supplement patients with SLE with vitamin D? Ann Rheum Dis 69 2010 1155 1157
318. B. Terrier, N. Derian, Y. Schoindre, W. Chaara, G. Geri, and N. Zahr Restoration of regulatory and effector T cell balance and B cell homeostasis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients through vitamin D supplementation Arthritis Res Ther 14 2012 R221
319. A. Abou-Raya, S. Abou-Raya, and M. Helmii The effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory and hemostatic markers and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized placebo-controlled trial J Rheumatol 40 2013 265 272
320. I. Ben-Zvi, C. Aranow, M. Mackay, A. Stanevsky, D.L. Kamen, and L.M. Marinescu The impact of vitamin D on dendritic cell function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus PLoS One 5 2010 e9193
321. M. Lerman, J. Burnham, and E. Behrens 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 limits monocyte maturation in lupus sera Lupus 20 2011 749 753
322. M. Yang, R.K. Kumar, P.M. Hansbro, and P.S. Foster Emerging roles of pulmonary macrophages in driving the development of severe asthma J Leukoc Biol 91 2012 557 569
323. B.N. Lambrecht, and H. Hammad Biology of lung dendritic cells at the origin of asthma Immunity 31 2009 412 424
324. M.A. Gill The role of dendritic cells in asthma J Allergy Clin Immunol 129 2012 889 901
325. S. Goswami, P. Angkasekwinai, M. Shan, K.J. Greenlee, W.T. Barranco, and S. Polikepahad Divergent functions for airway epithelial matrix metalloproteinase 7 and retinoic acid in experimental asthma Nat Immunol 10 2009 496 503
326. M. Maret, C. Ruffie, B. Periquet, A.M. Campo, M. Menevret, and A. Phelep Liposomal retinoic acids modulate asthma manifestations in mice J Nutr 137 2007 2730 2736
327. R. Grenningloh, A. Gho, P. di Lucia, M. Klaus, W. Bollag, and I.C. Ho Cutting Edge: Inhibition of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) blocks T helper 2 differentiation and prevents allergic lung inflammation J Immunol 176 2006 5161 5166
328. G.U. Schuster, N.J. Kenyon, and C.B. Stephensen Vitamin A deficiency decreases and high dietary vitamin A increases disease severity in the mouse model of asthma J Immunol 180 2008 1834 1842
329. I. Kull, A. Bergström, E. Melén, G. Lilja, M. van Hage, and G. Pershagen Early-life supplementation of vitamins A and D, in water-soluble form or in peanut oil, and allergic diseases during childhood J Allergy Clin Immunol 118 2006 1299 1304
330. P. Arora, V. Kumar, and S. Batra Vitamin A status in children with asthma Pediatr Allergy Immunol 13 2002 223 226
331. Y. Mizuno, T. Furusho, A. Yoshida, H. Nakamura, T. Matsuura, and Y. Eto Serum vitamin A concentrations in asthmatic children in Japan Pediatr Int 48 2006 261 264
332. W. Checkley, K.P. West, R.A. Wise, L. Wu, S.C. LeClerq, and S. Khatry Supplementation with vitamin A early in life and subsequent risk of asthma Eur Respir J 38 2011 1310 1319
333. C. Mueller, V. Weaver, J.P. Vanden Heuvel, A. August, and M.T. Cantorna Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands attenuate immunological symptoms of experimental allergic asthma Arch Biochem Biophys 418 2003 186 196
334. G. Woerly, K. Honda, M. Loyens, J.P. Papin, J. Auwerx, and B. Staels Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and down-regulate allergic inflammation and eosinophil activation J Exp Med 198 2003 411 421
335. A. Trifilieff, A. Bench, M. Hanley, D. Bayley, E. Campbell, and P. Whittaker PPAR-α and -γ but not -δ agonists inhibit airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma: in vitro evidence for an NF-κB-independent effect Br J Pharmacol 139 2003 163 171
336. K. Honda, P. Marquillies, M. Capron, and D. Dombrowicz Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ is expressed in airways and inhibits features of airway remodeling in a mouse asthma model J Allergy Clin Immunol 113 2004 882 888
337. K.S. Lee, S.J. Park, P.H. Hwang, H.K. Yi, C.H. Song, and O.H. Chai PPAR-gamma modulates allergic inflammation through up-regulation of PTEN FASEB J 19 2005 1033 1035
338. K.S. Lee, S.J. Park, S.R. Kim, K.H. Min, S.M. Jin, and H.K. Lee Modulation of airway remodeling and airway inflammation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in a murine model of toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma J Immunol 177 2006 5248 5257
339. K.S. Lee, S.R. Kim, S.J. Park, H.S. Park, K.H. Min, and S.M. Jin Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ modulates reactive oxygen species generation and activation of nuclear factor-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in allergic airway disease of mice J Allergy Clin Immunol 118 2006 120 127
340. S.J. Park, K.S. Lee, S.R. Kim, K.H. Min, Y.H. Choe, and H. Moon Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist down-regulates IL-17 expression in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation J Immunol 183 2009 3259 3267
341. J. Liu, R. Sakurai, E.M. O'Roark, N.J. Kenyon, J.S. Torday, and V.K. Rehan PPAR agonist rosiglitazone prevents perinatal nicotine exposure-induced asthma in rat offspring Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 300 2011 L710 L717
342. V.R. Narala, R. Ranga, M.R. Smith, A.A. Berlin, T.J. Standiford, and N.W. Lukacs Pioglitazone is as effective as dexamethasone in a cockroach allergen-induced murine model of asthma Respir Res 8 2007 90
343. D.B. Richards, P. Bareille, E.L. Lindo, D. Quinn, and S.N. Farrow Treatment with a peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist has a modest effect in the allergen challenge model in asthma: a randomised controlled trial Respir Med 104 2010 668 674
344. M. Spears, I. Donnelly, L. Jolly, M. Brannigan, K. Ito, and C. McSharry Bronchodilatory effect of the PPAR-gamma agonist rosiglitazone in smokers with asthma Clin Pharmacol Ther 86 2009 49 53
345. M. Kobayashi, M.J. Thomassen, T. Rambasek, T.L. Bonfield, B. Raychaudhuri, and A. Malur An inverse relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and allergic airway inflammation in an allergen challenge model Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 95 2005 468 473
346. A. Legutko, T. Marichal, L. Fievez, D. Bedoret, A. Mayer, and H. de Vries Sirtuin 1 promotes Th2 responses and airway allergy by repressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activity in dendritic cells J Immunol 187 2011 4517 4529
347. A. Wittke, V. Weaver, B.D. Mahon, A. August, and M.T. Cantorna Vitamin D receptor-deficient mice fail to develop experimental allergic asthma J Immunol 173 2004 3432 3436
348. S. Yu, J. Zhao, and M.T. Cantorna Invariant NKT cell defects in vitamin D receptor knockout mice prevents experimental lung inflammation J Immunol 187 2011 4907 4912
349. A.H. Poon, C. Laprise, M. Lemire, A. Montpetit, D. Sinnett, and E. Schurr Association of vitamin D receptor genetic variants with susceptibility to asthma and atopy Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 2004 967 973
350. B.A. Raby, R. Lazarus, E.K. Silverman, S. Lake, C. Lange, and M. Wjst Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with childhood and adult asthma Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 2004 1057 1065
351. S. Alyasin, T. Momen, S. Kashef, A. Alipour, and R. Amin The relationship between serum 25 hydroxy vitamin d levels and asthma in children Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 3 2011 251 255
352. A.A. Litonjua Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for childhood allergic disease and asthma Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 12 2012 179 185
353. S. Korn, M. Hubner, M. Jung, M. Blettner, and R. Buhl Severe and uncontrolled adult asthma is associated with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency Respir Res 14 2013 25
354. J.M. Brehm, B. Schuemann, A.L. Fuhlbrigge, B.W. Hollis, R.C. Strunk, and R.S. Zeiger Serum vitamin D levels and severe asthma exacerbations in the Childhood Asthma Management Program study J Allergy Clin Immunol 126 2010 52 58.e5
355. E.M. Hollams, P.H. Hart, B.J. Holt, M. Serralha, F. Parsons, and N.H. de Klerk Vitamin D and atopy and asthma phenotypes in children: a longitudinal cohort study Eur Respir J 38 2011 1320 1327
356. U. Nurmatov, G. Devereux, and A. Sheikh Nutrients and foods for the primary prevention of asthma and allergy: systematic review and meta-analysis J Allergy Clin Immunol 127 2011 724 733 e1-30
357. J.E. Manson, S.S. Bassuk, I.M. Lee, N.R. Cook, M.A. Albert, and D. Gordon The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease Contemp Clin Trials 33 2012 159 171
358. M.T. Heneka, G.E. Landreth, and M. Hüll Drug insight: effects mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in CNS disorders Nat Clin Pract Neurol 3 2007 496 504
359. S. Mandrekar-Colucci, and G.E. Landreth Nuclear receptors as therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease Expert Opin Ther Targets 15 2011 1085 1097
360. P.E. Cramer, J.R. Cirrito, D.W. Wesson, C.Y.D. Lee, J.C. Karlo, and A.E. Zinn ApoE-directed therapeutics rapidly clear amyloid and reverse deficits in AD mouse models Science 335 2012 1503 1506
361. T.M. Hanley, and G.A. Viglianti Nuclear receptor signaling inhibits HIV-1 replication in macrophages through multiple trans-repression mechanisms J Virol 85 2011 10834 10850
362. S.D. Conzen Minireview: nuclear receptors and breast cancer Mol Endocrinol 22 2008 2215 2228
363. H. Li, A.L. Sorenson, J. Poczobutt, J. Amin, T. Joyal, and T. Sullivan Activation of PPARγ in myeloid cells promotes lung cancer progression and metastasis PLoS One 6 2011 e28133
364. K.E. de Visser, A. Eichten, and L.M. Coussens Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development Nat Rev Cancer 6 2006 24 37
365. M. Rask-Andersen, M.S. Almén, and H.B. Schiöth Trends in the exploitation of novel drug targets Nat Rev Drug Discov 10 2011 579 590