Bacterial lipopolysaccharides and innate immunity

Journal of Endotoxin Research

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 167-202

  Alexander, C ^a   Rietschel, E Th ^a  

^a RESEARCH CENTER BORSTEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; BINDING PROTEIN; CARBOHYDRATE; CD14 ANTIGEN; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 18; LIPID A; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4;

BACTERIAL MEMBRANE; BONE MARROW CELL; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; INFECTION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MOLECULAR MODEL; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OUTER MEMBRANE; PHAGOCYTE; REVIEW; SEPTIC SHOCK; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

ANIMALS; CARBOHYDRATE CONFORMATION; CARBOHYDRATE SEQUENCE; ENDOTOXINS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, NATURAL; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; MAMMALS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PHAGOCYTES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0034820507     PISSN: 09680519     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/096805101101532675     Document Type: Review

References (478)

1. Untersuchungen über das Choleragift
2. Endotoxin: Historical perspectives
3. Treatment of inoperable malignant tumors with the toxins of Erysipelas and the Bacillus prodigiosus
4. The treatment of malignant tumors by bacterial toxins as developed by the late William B. Coley, MD, revised in the light of modern research
5. Coley's toxins in perspective
6. Coley's toxins, tumor necrosis factor and cancer research: A historical perspective
7. Bacterial endotoxin: Chemical constitution, biological recognition, host response, and immunological detoxification
8. Biochemistry and cell biology of bacterial endotoxins
9. Chemical structure of glycosphingolipids isolated from Sphingomonas paucimobilis
10. The cell envelope structure of the lipopolysaccharide-lacking Gram-negative bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis
11. Glycosphingolipids from Sphingomonas paucimobilis induce monokine production in human mononuclear cells
12. Structural analysis of two glycosphingolipids from the lipopolysaccharide-lacking bacterium Sphingomonas capsulata
13. Outer membrane
14. Lipoproteins in bacteria
15. Layered murein revisited: A fundamentally new concept of bacterial cell wall structure, biogenesis and function
16. Agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane
17. Lipopolysaccharide and the permeability of the bacterial outer membrane
18. The role of antimicrobial peptides in animal defenses
19. Enzymes of lipid A biosynthesis: Targets for the design of new antibiotics
20. Microbial pathways of lipid A biosynthesis
21. Lipopolysaccharides
22. Meningitis bacterium is viable without endotoxin
23. A lipopolysaccharide-deficient mutant of Neisseria meningitidis elicits attenuated cytokine release by human macrophages and signals via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 but not via TLR4/MD2
24. Self-defense: The fruit fly style
25. Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity
26. Innate immune recognition: Mechanisms and pathways
27. Innate immunity
28. The Toll-receptor family and control of innate immunity
29. Host resistance to infection: Genetic control of lipopolysaccharide responsiveness by TOLL-like receptor genes
30. Toll signaling pathways in the innate immune response
31. Tlr4: Central component of the sole mammalian LPS sensor
32. Positional cloning of LPS, and the general role of Toll-like receptors in the innate immune response
33. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response
34. Induction and regulation of antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila
35. Signaling mechanisms in the antimicrobial host defense of Drosophila
36. Toll signaling: The enigma variations
37. Toll-like receptors: Molecular mechanisms of the mammalian immune response
38. Septic shock: Pathogenesis
39. Molecular mechanisms of sepsis
40. The epidemiology of the systemic inflammatory response
41. The relevance of endotoxin detection in sepsis
42. Über die Extraktion von Bakterien mit Phenol/Wasser
43. The O8 antigen of Escherichia coli. Structure of the polysaccharide chain
44. The O9 antigen of Escherichia coli. Structure of the polysaccharide chain
45. Structural studies on the Klebsiella O group 3 lipopolysaccharide
46. Structural studies on Klebsiella O group 5 lipopolysaccharides
47. Polysaccharide antigens of Escherichia coli
48. The structure of the O-specific chain of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 lipopolysaccharide
49. The lipopolysaccharide of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (strain Philadelphia 1): Chemical structure and biological significance
50. Potent adjuvant action of lipopolysaccharides possessing the O-specific polysaccharide moieties consisting of mannans in antibody response against protein antigen
51. Comparative studies on adjuvanticity of Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide and its lipid A and polysaccharide fractions
52. Contribution of the mannan O side-chains to the adjuvant action of lipopolysaccharides
53. Mannose receptor mediated antigen uptake and presentation in human dendritic cells
54. Mannose receptor mediated uptake of antigens strongly enhances HLA-class II restricted antigen presentation by cultured dendritic cells
55. The mannose receptor is a pattern recognition receptor involved in host defense
56. Heterogeneity of molecular size and antigenic expression within lipooligosaccharides of individual strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis
57. Physical heterogeneity of neisserial lipooligosaccharides reflects oligosaccharides that differ in apparent molecular weight, chemical composition, and antigenic expression
58. Structure of the sialylated L3 lipopolysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis
59. Structural basis of the Neisseria meningitidis immunotypes including the L4 and L7 immunotypes
60. Immunological basis of serum resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
61. The structure of lipooligosaccharide produced by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, strain 15253, isolated from a patient with disseminated infection. Evidence for a new glycosylation pathway of the gonococcal lipooligosaccharide
62. Composition and antigenic activity of the oligosaccharide moiety of Haemophilus influenzae type b lipooligosaccharide
63. Structural studies of the lipooligosaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae type b strain A2
64. Structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide oligosaccharide epitopes expressed by a capsule-deficient strain of Haemophilus influenzae Rd
65. Structural studies of the cell-envelope oligosaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae strain RM. 118-128
66. Two physically and serologically distinct lipopolysaccharide profiles in strains of Bordetella pertussis and their phenotype variants
67. Structure of the Bordetella pertussis 1414 endotoxin
68. The genus-specific antigen of Chlamydia: Resemblance to the lipopolysaccharide of enteric bacteria
69. Chemical characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis lipopolysaccharide
70. Structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L2
71. Lipooligosaccharides: The principal glycolipids of the neisserial outer membrane
72. The lipooligosaccharides of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria
73. Molecular mimicry of host structures by bacterial lipopolysaccharides and its contribution to disease
74. Sialylation of Neisseria meningitidis lipooligosaccharide inhibits serum bactericidal activity by masking lacto-N-neotetraose
75. The sialylation of gonococcal lipopolysaccharide by host factors: A major impact on pathogenicity
76. Meningococcal lipopolysaccharides: Virulence factor and potential vaccine component
77. Recognition and control of neisserial infection by antibody and complement
78. A gene coding for 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic-acid transferase in Escherichia coli. Identification, mapping, cloning, and sequencing
79. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and cell growth following inactivation of the kdtA gene in Escherichia coli
80. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents that target endotoxin
81. Structural investigations on the 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate region of lipopolysaccharides
82. Common lipopolysaccharide specificity: New type of antigen residing in the inner core region of S- and R-form lipopolysaccharides from different families of Gram-negative bacteria
83. Chemische Erforschung von Lipopolysacchariden Gram-negativer Bakterien
84. Structural relationships of Salmonella O and R antigens
85. Biologically active endotoxins from Salmonella mutants deficient in O- and R-polysaccharides and heptose
86. Endotoxic glycolipid from a heptoseless mutant of Salmonella minnesota
87. Physical state and biological activity of lipopolysaccharides. Toxicity and immunogenicity of the lipid A component
88. Chemical structure of E. coli lipid A: A linkage site of acyl groups in the disaccharide backbone
89. Complete structure of lipid A obtained from the lipopolysaccharides of the heptoseless mutant of Salmonella typhimurium
90. Total synthesis of lipid A, active principle of bacterial endotoxin
91. Synthetic and natural Escherichia coli free lipid A express identical endotoxic activities
92. Endotoxic properties of chemically synthesized lipid A part structures. Comparison of synthetic lipid A precursor and synthetic analogues with biosynthetic lipid A precursor and free lipid A
93. Biological activities of synthetic lipid A analogs: Pyrogenicity, lethal toxicity, anticomplement activity, and induction of gelation of Limulus amoebocyte lysate
94. Synthetic lipid A with endotoxic and related biological activities comparable to those of a natural lipid A from an Escherichia coli Re-mutant
95. Chemical structure of lipid A: Recent advances in structural analysis of biologically active molecule
96. Structure of lipid A component of Rhizobium leguminosarum by phaseoli lipopolysaccharide. Unique nonphosphorylated lipid A containing 2-amino-2-deoxygluconate, galacturonate, and glucosamine
97. Defensins and other endogenous peptide antibiotics of vertebrates
98. Bactericidal/permeability increasing protein and host defense against Gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin
99. Decreased binding of antibiotics to lipopolysaccharides from polymyxin-resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium
100. 31P-NMR study
101. Lipopolysaccharides of polymyxin B-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli are extensively substituted by 2-aminoethyl pyrophosphate and contain aminoarabinose in lipid A
102. Characterization of lipopolysaccharides of polymyxin-resistant and polymyxin-sensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae O3
103. Spontaneous pmrA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 define a new two-component regulatory system with a possible role in virulence
104. PhoP-PhoQ activates transcription of pmrAB, encoding a two-component regulatory system involved in Salmonella typhimurium antimicrobial peptide resistance
105. Regulation of lipid A modifications by Salmonella typhimurium virulence genes phoP-phoQ
106. Specific lipopolysaccharide found in cystic fibrosis airway Pseudomonas aeruginosa
107. +. Description of a novel deep-rough chemotype
108. Induction of human interleukin 1 by bacterial and synthetic lipid A
109. IL-1 induction-capacity of defined lipopolysaccharide partial structures
110. Induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha release by lipopolysaccharide and defined lipopolysaccharide partial structures
111. Suppressive effect of lipid A partial structures on lipopolysaccharide or lipid A-induced release of interleukin 1 by human monocytes
112. Inhibition of endotoxin-induced interleukin-6 production by synthetic lipid A partial structures in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
113. Inhibition of endotoxin or lipid A-induced tumor necrosis factor production by synthetic lipid A partial structures in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
114. Detoxification of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) by a human neutrophil enzyme
115. A comparison of the effects of intact and deacylated lipopolysaccharide on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
116. A novel Escherichia coli lipid A mutant that produces an anti-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide
117. Structural studies on the lipid A component of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides by laser desorption mass spectrometry. Location of acyl groups at the lipid A backbone
118. Monophosphoryl lipid A obtained from lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella minnesota R595. Purification of the dimethyl derivative by high performance liquid chromatography and complete structural determination
119. Biological activity of synthetic heptaacyl lipid A representing a component of Salmonella minnesota R595 lipid A
120. The inflammatory cytokine response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection is endotoxin mediated
121. Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages fails to correspond to endotoxicity: Evidence suggesting a requirement for a gamma interferon-like signal
122. Lipopolysaccharide structure influences the macrophage response via CD14-independent and CD14-dependent pathways
123. Structural characterization of the lipid A component of pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis
124. Evolution and phylogeny of defense molecules associated with innate immunity in horseshoe crab
125. Influence of the supramolecular structure of free lipid A on its biological activity
126. Phase behavior, supramolecular structure, and molecular conformation of lipopolysaccharide
127. Conformation of lipid A, the endotoxic center of bacterial lipopolysaccharides
128. Intrinsic conformation of lipid A is responsible for agonistic and antagonistic activity
129. Siderophore-mediated iron transport: Crystal structure of FhuA with bound lipopolysaccharide
130. A conserved structural motif for lipopolysaccharide recognition by procaryotic and eucaryotic proteins
131. Structure of the monophosphoryl lipid A moiety obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of Chlamydia trachomatis
132. Structural studies on the non-toxic lipid A from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023
133. Non-toxic lipopolysaccharide from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023
134. Structural analysis of the nontoxic lipid A of Rhodobacter capsulatus 37b4
135. Cytokine induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) corresponds to lethal toxicity and is inhibited by non-toxic Rhodobacter capsulatus LPS
136. Characterization of a novel lipid A containing D-galacturonic acid that replaces phosphate residues. The structure of the lipid A of the lipopolysaccharide from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex pyrophilus
137. The lipopolysaccharide of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (strain Philadelphia 1): Chemical structure and biological significance
138. Low endotoxic potential of Legionella pneumophila lipopolysaccharide due to failure of interaction with the monocyte lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14
139. Lipid A-like molecules that antagonize the effects of endotoxins on human monocytes
140. Lipopolysaccharide antagonists
141. Non-toxic RsDPLA as a potent antagonist of toxic lipopolysaccharide
142. Synthetic endotoxin antagonists
143. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) partial structures inhibit responses to LPS in a human macrophage cell line without inhibiting LPS uptake by a CD14-mediated pathway
144. Agonists and antagonists for lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokines
145. A lethal role for lipid A in Salmonella infections
146. Chemical reduction of 3-oxo and unsaturated groups in fatty acids of diphosphoryl lipid A from the lipopolysaccharide of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Comparison of biological properties before and after reduction
147. E5531, a pure endotoxin antagonist of high potency
148. Suppression of murine endotoxin response by E5531, a novel synthetic lipid A antagonist
149. Biological activities of analogues of lipid A based chemically on the revised structural model. Comparison of mediator-inducing, immunomodulating and endotoxic activities
150. CD14 enhances cellular responses to endotoxin without imparting ligand-specific recognition
151. Chemically detoxified lipid A precursor derivatives antagonize the TNF-alpha-inducing action of LPS in both murine macrophages and a human macrophage cell line
152. Diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023 blocks induction of cachectin in macrophages by lipopolysaccharide
153. Diphosphoryl lipid A obtained from the non-toxic lipopolysaccharide of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides is an endotoxin antagonist in mice
154. Diphosphoryl lipid A derived from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides inhibits activation of 70Z/3 cells by LPS
155. Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides lipid A derivatives block in vitro induction of tumor necrosis factor and endotoxin tolerance by smooth lipopolysaccharide and monophosphoryl lipid A
156. Physical contact between lipopolysaccharide and Toll-like receptor 4 revealed by genetic complementation
157. Toll-like receptor 4 imparts ligand-specific recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide
158. The monocyte differentiation antigen, CD14, is anchored to the cell membrane by a phosphatidylinositol linkage
159. Role of CD14 in cellular recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharides
160. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates nuclear factor-kappaB through interleukin-1 signaling mediators in cultured human dermal endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes
161. Differential expression and regulation of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in human leukocytes: Selective expression of TLR3 in dendritic cells
162. Toll-like receptors: A growing family of immune receptors that are differentially expressed and regulated by different leukocytes
163. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulates the production of cytokines and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules by human peripheral blood dendritic cells: Evidence for a soluble CD14-dependent pathway
164. Inflammatory stimuli induce accumulation of MHC class II complexes on dendritic cells
165. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity
166. The role of dendritic cells in the induction and regulation of immunity to microbial infection
167. Interaction of lipopolysaccharides and lipid A with complement
168. Interaction of lipopolysaccharides and lipid A with complement in rats and its relation to endotoxicity
169. Binding and activation of the first component of human complement by the lipid A region of lipopolysaccharides
170. Antibody-independent activation of the classical pathway of human serum complement by lipid A is restricted to Rechemotype lipopolysaccharide and purified lipid A
171. The horseshoe crab: A model for Gram-negative sepsis in marine organisms and humans
172. Molecular mechanism of hemolymph clotting system in Limulus
173. Clotting and immune defense in Limulidae
174. The role of endotoxin in the extracellular coagulation of Limulus blood
175. Endotoxemia: Methods of detection and clinical correlates
176. Signal transduction by a protease cascade
177. A horseshoe crab receptor structurally related to Drosophila Toll
178. Monomeric Re lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli is more active than the aggregated form in the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay and in inducing Egr-1 mRNA in murine peritoneal macrophages
179. High-affinity LPS binding domain(s) in recombinant factor C of a horseshoe crab neutralizes LPS-induced lethality
180. Influence of fine structure of lipid A on Limulus amebocyte lysate clotting and toxic activities
181. Lipopolysaccharide antagonists block taxol-induced signaling in murine macrophages
182. Monoclonal antibody against a genus-specific antigen of Chlamydia species: Location of the epitope on chlamydial lipopolysaccharide
183. 'Endotoxicity' of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium
184. The immune system evolved to discriminate infectious nonself from noninfectious self
185. Effect of interferon on the induction of human monocyte secretion of interleukin-1 activity
186. Gamma interferon priming of mouse and human macrophages for induction of tumor necrosis factor production by bacterial lipopolysaccharide
187. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced in vitro desensitization by interferon-gamma
188. Regulation of interferon production by human monocytes: Requirements for priming for lipopolysaccharide-induced production
189. Priming of human monocytes for enhanced lipopolysaccharide responses: Expression of alpha interferon, interferon regulatory factors, and tumor necrosis factor
190. Interferon-gamma enhances the LPS-induced G-CSF gene expression in human adherent monocytes, which is regulated at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels
191. IFN-gamma priming of monocytes enhances LPS-induced TNF production by augmenting both transcription and mRNA stability
192. Regulation of Toll-like receptors in human monocytes and dendritic cells
193. Analysis of TLR4-mediated LPS signal transduction in macrophages by mutational modification of the receptor
194. Regulation of complement activation by C-reactive protein
195. A synthetic lipopolysaccharide-binding peptide based on amino acids 27-39 of serum amyloid P component inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced responses in human blood
196. Serum amyloid P component bound to Gram-negative bacteria prevents lipopolysaccharide-mediated classical pathway complement activation
197. Soluble CD14 participates in the response of cells to lipopolysaccharide
198. Lipopolysaccharide activation of human endothelial and epithelial cells is mediated by lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14
199. A critical role for monocytes and CD14 in endotoxin-induced endothelial cell activation
200. Soluble CD14 promotes LPS activation of CD14-deficient PNH monocytes and endothelial cells
201. Detection and biochemical characteristics of the receptor for complexes of soluble CD14 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide
202. Toll4 (TLR4) expression in cardiac myocytes in normal and failing myocardium
203. Endotoxin activates human vascular smooth muscle cells despite lack of expression of CD14 mRNA or endogenous membrane CD14
204. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) enhances expression and secretion of beta 2 interferon by human fibroblasts
205. Soluble CD14 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression in cultured human gingival fibroblasts
206. Toll-like receptors confer responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis in human gingival fibroblasts
207. Lipopolysaccharide activates distinct signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cell lines expressing Toll-like receptors
208. Immediate cytokine response to endotoxin: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the interleukin-1 family
209. New insights into the biology of the acute phase response
210. Role of cytokines and extracellular matrix in the regulation of haemopoietic stem cells
211. Cellular interactions in tissue factor expression by blood monocytes
212. Tissue factor expression in endothelial cells in health and disease
213. Regulation of interferon-gamma production by IL-12 and IL-18
214. Overview of interleukin-18: More than an interferon-gamma inducing factor
215. Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration
216. Interleukins, signal transduction, and the immune system-mediated stress response
217. Dose-dependence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) effects on peak response and time course of the immune-endocrine host response in humans
218. Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition
219. Implications of immune-to-brain communication for sickness and pain
220. Neurobiological concepts of fever generation and suppression
221. Blockade of interleukin-1 induced hyperthermia by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy: Evidence for vagal mediation of immune-brain communication
222. Cytokines and fever
223. Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin
224. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy suppresses endotoxin-induced activation of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons and ACTH secretion
225. Sympathetic activation triggers systemic interleukin-10 release in immunodepression induced by brain injury
226. Role of transcriptional activation of 1 kappa B alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids
227. Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: Inhibition of NF-kappa B activity through induction of 1 kappa B synthesis
228. Glucocorticoid modulation of human monocyte/macrophage function: Control of TNF-alpha secretion
229. The macrophage is an important and previously unrecognized source of macrophage migration inhibitory factor
230. MIF as a glucocorticoid-induced modulator of cytokine production
231. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF): A glucocorticoid counter-regulator within the immune system
232. Glucocorticoid regulation of inflammation: The plot thickens
233. Targeted disruption of migration inhibitory factor gene reveals its critical role in sepsis
234. Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor
235. Control of cachectin (tumor necrosis factor) synthesis: Mechanisms of endotoxin resistance
236. Tumor necrosis factor release from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes: Lipopolysaccharide tolerance in vitro
237. Suppression of interleukin-12 production by human monocytes after preincubation with lipopolysaccharide
238. Endotoxin tolerance: Regulation of cytokine production and cellular changes in response to endotoxin application in cancer patients
239. Cytokine down-regulation in endotoxin tolerance
240. Molecular mechanism in tolerance to lipopolysaccharide
241. Endotoxin tolerance
242. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes: An autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes
243. Macrophage deactivation by interleukin 10
244. IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages
245. Interleukin-10 is upregulated in LPS tolerance
246. Mechanism of endotoxin desensitization: Involvement of interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta
247. TGF-beta inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in mouse macrophages
248. 2 of TNF alpha and IL-1 production by human monocytes
249. Lipopolysaccharide tolerance in murine peritoneal macrophages induces down-regulation of the lipopolysaccharide signal transduction pathway through mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB lipopolysaccharide-incorporation steps
250. Interferon gamma inhibits interleukin 10 production by monocytes
251. Interferon-gamma overcomes the glucocorticoid-mediated and the interleukin-4-mediated inhibition of interleukin-1 beta synthesis in human monocytes
252. Inhibition of IL-10 expression by IFN-gamma up-regulates transcription of TNF-alpha in human monocytes
253. In vitro prevention and reversal of lipopolysaccharide desensitization by 1FN-gamma, IL-12, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
254. Monocyte deactivation in septic patients: Restoration by 1FN-gamma treatment
255. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transduction in endotoxin-tolerized mouse macrophages: Dysregulation of cytokine, chemokine, and Toll-like receptor 2 and 4
256. Characterization of IRAK in normal and endotoxin tolerant cells
257. Cutting edge: Cell surface expression and lipopolysaccharide signaling via the Toll-like receptor 4-MD-2 complex on mouse peritoneal macrophages
258. Cutting edge: Endotoxin tolerance in mouse peritoneal macrophages correlates with down-regulation of surface Toll-like receptor 4 expression
259. Cutting edge: Naturally occurring soluble form of mouse toll-like receptor 4 inhibits lipopolysaccharide signaling
260. 2
261. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) inhibits secretion of IL-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6 by human monocytes
262. Interleukin-10 controls interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor production during experimental endotoxemia
263. Recombinant human IL-11 attenuates the inflammatory response through down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine release and nitric oxide production
264. Interleukin-13 is a new human lymphokine regulating inflammatory and immune responses
265. Effects of IL-13 on phenotype, cytokine production, and cytotoxic function of human monocytes. Comparison with IL-4 and modulation by IFN-gamma or IL-10
266. Glucocorticoid-dependent and - Independent mechanisms involved in lipopolysaccharide tolerance
267. Mechanisms of endotoxin shock and endotoxin hypersensitivity
268. Bacteria-induced hypersensitivity to endotoxin
269. The value of animal models in endotoxin research
270. Endotoxemia in primate models
271. Pathophysiological responses to endotoxin in humans
272. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: Mutations in Tlr4 gene
273. Endotoxin-tolerant mice have mutations in Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4)
274. Phylogenetic variation and polymorphism at the Toll-like receptor 4 locus (TLR4)
275. TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans
276. Signal transduction pathways activated by the IL-1 receptor family: Ancient signaling machinery in mammals, insects, and plants
277. The interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor superfamily: Signal generators for pro-inflammatory interleukins and microbial products
278. CD11c/CD18, a transmembrane signaling receptor for lipopolysaccharide
279. CD11/CD18 leukocyte integrins: New signaling receptors for bacterial endotoxin
280. Outside-in signaling by lipopolysaccharide through a tailless integrin
281. CD11/CD18 and CD14 share a common lipid A signaling pathway
282. CD11b/CD18 acts in concert with CD14 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 to elicit full lipopolysaccharide and Taxol-inducible gene expression
283. Identification of the 80-kDa LPS-binding protein (LMP80) as decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55)
284. Decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55) is a functional active element of the LPS receptor complex
285. Moesin functions as a lipopolysaccharide receptor on human monocytes
286. Moesin: A potential LPS receptor on human monocytes
287. Isolation of a lipopolysaccharide-binding acute phase reactant from rabbit serum
288. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein opsonizes LPS-bearing particles for recognition by a novel receptor on macrophages
289. CD14-dependent internalization of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is strongly influenced by LPS aggregation but not by cellular responses to LPS
290. Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the monocyte differentiation antigen, CD14
291. CD14 is a member of the family of leucine-rich proteins and is encoded by a gene syntenic with multiple receptor genes
292. Structure and function of lipopolysaccharide binding protein
293. CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein
294. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein accelerates the binding of LPS to CD14
295. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein-mediated complexation of lipopolysaccharide with soluble CD14
296. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein as a major plasma protein responsible for endotoxemic shock
297. Stimulation of macrophages and neutrophils by complexes of lipopolysaccharide and soluble CD14
298. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is required to combat a murine Gram-negative bacterial infection
299. Targeted deletion of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein gene leads to profound suppression of LPS responses ex vivo, whereas in vivo responses remain intact
300. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein
301. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
302. Soluble CD14-mediated cellular responses to lipopolysaccharide
303. Crystal structure of human BPI and two bound phospholipids at 2.4 Angstrom resolution
304. The BPI/LBP family of proteins: A structural analysis of conserved regions
305. Purification and characterization of a potent bactericidal and membrane active protein from the granules of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
306. The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) in antibacterial host defense
307. High-affinity binding of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and a recombinant amino-terminal fragment to the lipid A region of lipopolysaccharide
308. Recombinant human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBP123) is a universal lipopolysaccharide-binding ligand
309. An amino-terminal fragment of human lipopolysaccharide-binding protein retains lipid A binding but not CD14-stimulatory activity
310. Biochemical characterization of recombinant fusions of lipopolysaccharide binding protein and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein. Implications in biological activity
311. Internalization of monomeric lipopolysaccharide occurs after transfer out of cell surface CD14
312. Transfection of CD14 into 70Z/3 cells dramatically enhances the sensitivity to complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein
313. Surface expression of human CD14 in Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts imparts macrophage-like responsiveness to bacterial endotoxin
314. Membrane molecules which trigger the production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes
315. Control of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding and LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor secretion in human peripheral blood monocytes
316. Short time exposure to lipopolysaccharide is sufficient to activate human monocytes
317. Resistance to endotoxin shock and reduced dissemination of Gram-negative bacteria in CD14-deficient mice
318. Catalytic properties of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein. Transfer of LPS to soluble CD14
319. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signal transduction and clearance. Dual roles for LPS binding protein and membrane CD14
320. Phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria by a unique CD14-dependent mechanism
321. Both membrane-bound and soluble forms of CD14 bind to Gram-negative bacteria
322. Implications for a general role of LPS-binding proteins (CD14, LBP) in combating bacterial infections
323. Internalization of lipopolysaccharide by phagozytes
324. Quantitation of surface CD14 on human monocytes and neutrophils
325. Lipopolysaccharide induces up-regulation of CD14 molecule on monocytes in human whole blood
326. Human monocyte CD14 is upregulated by lipopolysaccharide
327. Upregulation of mouse CD14 expression in Kupffer cells by lipopolysaccharide
328. Interactions of lipopolysaccharide with neutrophils in blood via CD14
329. Effect of recombinant interleukin-1beta on murine CD14 gene expression in vivo
330. Human CD14 mediates recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells
331. Non-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory CD14 responses: CD14 in apoptosis
332. The primary structure of human ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor (RAI) discloses a novel highly diversified protein superfamily with a common repetitive module
333. The leucine-rich repeat: A versatile binding motif
334. A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity
335. A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll
336. Cloning and characterization of two Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-like genes TIL3 and TIL4: Evidence for a multi-gene receptor family in humans
337. TLR6: A novel member of an expanding Toll-like receptor family
338. Human Toll-like receptor proteins, related reagents and methods
339. Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: Gene structure, expression, and evolution
340. Cloning and characterization of a sub-family of human toll-like receptors: hTLR7, hTLR8 and hTLR9
341. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: Evidence for TLR4 as the lps gene product
342. PU.1 and interferon consensus sequence-binding protein regulate the myeloid expression of the human Toll-like receptor 4 gene
343. The repertoire for pattern recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is defined by cooperation between Toll-like receptors
344. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
345. Genetic control of leucocyte responses to endotoxin
346. Genetic control of responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharides in mice. I. Evidence for a single gene that influences mitogenic and immunogenic response to lipopolysaccharide
347. Cutting edge: Functional characterization of the effect of the C3H/HeJ defect in mice that lack an lpsn gene: In vivo evidence for a dominant negative mutation
348. Genetic basis for unresponsiveness to lipopolysaccharide in C57BL/10Cr mice
349. Limits of a deletion spanning TLR4 in C57BL/10ScCr mice
350. Murine Toll-like receptor 4 confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness as determined by activation of NF-kappaB and expression of the inducible cylcooxygenase
351. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components
352. Cellular responses to bacterial cell wall components are mediated through MyD88-dependent signaling cascades
353. Cutting edge: Repurification of lipopolysaccharide eliminates signaling
354. MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4
355. Regulatory roles for CD14 and phosphatidylinositol in the signaling via Toll-like receptor 4-MD-2
356. Cellular events mediated by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Toll-like receptor 4. MD-2 is required for activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Elk-1
357. LPS binds to a multiprotein receptor: Transfer from LBP-CD14 to TLR4-MD-2
358. Crystal structure of porcine ribonuclease inhibitor, a protein with leucine-rich repeats
359. A structural basis of the interactions between leucine-rich repeats and protein ligands
360. Molecular recognition of human angiogenin by placental ribonuclease inhibitor - An X-ray crystallographic study at 2.0 Å resolution
361. Shared actions of endotoxin and taxol on TNF receptors and TNF release
362. Mouse Toll-like receptor 4*MD-2 complex mediates lipopolysaccharide-mimetic signal transduction by Taxol
363. CD14 is not involved in Rhodobacter sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide induction by taxol in murine macrophages
364. CD14-dependent and CD14-independent signaling pathways in murine macrophages from normal and CD14 knockout mice stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or Taxol
365. MyD88 is an adaptor protein in the hToll/IL-1 receptor family signaling pathways
366. The human Toll signaling pathway: Divergence of nuclear factor kappaB and JNK/SAPK activation upstream of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)
367. Unresponsiveness of MyD88-deficient mice to endotoxin
368. Targeted disruption of the MyD88 gene results in loss of IL-1- and IL-18-mediated function
369. IL-1 receptor-associated kinase modulates host responsiveness to endotoxin
370. IRAK-M is a novel member of the Pelle/interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family
371. Signaling in plant-microbe interactions
372. Endotoxin signal transduction in macrophages
373. Interactions of CD14 with components of Gram-positive bacteria
374. Macrophage differentiation marker MyD88 is a member of the Toll/IL-1 receptor family
375. Molecular characterization and modular analysis of human MyD88
376. The cloning and characterization of human MyD88: A member of an IL-1 receptor related family
377. MyD88: An adapter that recruits IRAK to the IL-1 receptor complex
378. IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL-1 signaling
379. Binding of interleukin-18 to the interleukin-1 receptor homologous receptor IL-1 Rrp1 leads to activation of signaling pathways similar to those used by interleukin-1
380. Recognition of CpG DNA is mediated by signaling pathways dependent on the adaptor protein MyD88
381. IRAK: A kinase associated with the interleukin-1 receptor
382. Pelle encodes a protein kinase required to establish dorsoventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo
383. The disease-resistance gene Pto and the fenthion-sensitivity gene fen encode closely related functional protein kinases
384. Interleukin (IL)-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) requirement for optimal induction of multiple IL-1 signaling pathways and IL-6 production
385. TRAF6 is a signal transducer for interleukin-1
386. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) - A family of adapter proteins that regulates life and death
387. TRAF6 deficiency results in osteopetrosis and defective interleukin-1, CD40, and LPS signaling
388. Activation of the IkappaB alpha kinase complex by MEKK1, a kinase of the JNK pathway
389. The kinase TAK1 can activate the NIK-I kappaB as well as the MAP kinase cascade in the IL-1 signalling pathway
390. TAK1 mediates an activation signal from Toll-like receptor(s) to nuclear factor-kappaB in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages
391. ASK1 inhibits IL-1-induced NF-kappaB activity through disruption of TRAF6-TAK1 interaction
392. MAP3K-related kinase involved in NF-kappaB induction by TNF, CD95 and IL-1
393. The atypical PKC-interacting protein p62 channels NF-kappaB activation by the IL-1-TRAF6 pathway
394. ECSIT is an evolutionarily conserved intermediate in the Toll/IL-1 signal transduction pathway
395. Multiple signals converging on NF-kappaB
396. The IKK complex: An integrator of all signals that activate NF-kappaB?
397. NF-kappaB and the innate immune response
398. IkappaB kinase complex is an intracellular target for endotoxic lipopolysaccharide in human monocytic cells
399. Organization and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways
400. MEKK1 activates both IkappaB kinase alpha and IkappaB kinase beta
401. Coordinate regulation of IkappaB kinases by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. kinase 1 and NF-kappaB-inducing kinase
402. Mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase kinases 2 and 3 activate nuclear factor-kappaB through IkappaB kinase-alpha and IkappaB kinase-beta
403. TAK1 mediates the ceramide signaling to stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase
404. A novel kinase cascade mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 and MKK3
405. Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through Toll-like receptor-2
406. The apoptotic signaling pathway activated by Toll-like receptor-2
407. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces the association and coordinate activation of p53/56lyn and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in human monocytes
408. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent activation of protein kinase C-zeta in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-treated human monocytes
409. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in interleukin 1 signaling. Physical interaction with the interleukin 1 receptor and requirement in NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation
410. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is recruited to a specific site in the activated IL-1 receptor I
411. Salmonella typhimurium and lipopolysaccharide stimulate extracellularly regulated kinase activation in macrophages by a mechanism involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phospholipase D as novel intermediates
412. Pertussis toxin inhibition of B cell and macrophage responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide
413. Pertussis toxin-sensitive factor differentially regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide production in mouse peritoneal macrophages
414. Rho family GTPases regulate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase through the downstream mediator Pak1
415. Stimulation of NF-kappaB activity by multiple signaling pathways requires PAK1
416. Lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production in human monocytes: Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in transmembrane signal transduction
417. A biophysical approach towards an understanding of endotoxin-induced signal transduction
418. +-channel in transmembrane signaling
419. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette Spaetzle/Toll/Cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults
420. Proteolytic processing of the Drosophila Spaetzle protein by Easter generates a dimeric NGF-like molecule with ventralising activity
421. Constitutive activation of Toll-mediated antifungal defense in serpin-deficient Drosophila
422. The Toll-like receptor 2 is recruited to macrophage phagosomes and discriminates between pathogens
423. Human Nod1 confers responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharides
424. Nod2, a Nod1/Apaf-1 family member that is restricted to monocytes and activates NF-kappaB
425. Nod1, an Apaf-1-like activator of caspase-9 and nuclear factor-kappaB
426. Human CARD4 protein is a novel CED-4/Apaf-1 cell death family member that activates NF-kappaB
427. Structure, function and evolution of plant disease resistance genes
428. Anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and mortality in febrile patients
429. Clinical aspects: From systemic inflammation to 'immunoparalysis'
430. Bacteremia and severe sepsis in adults: A multicenter prospective survey in ICUs and wards of 24 hospitals
431. Inflammatory cell activation in sepsis
432. Endotoxemia in human septic shock
433. Plasma cytokine and endotoxin levels correlate with survival in patients with the sepsis syndrome
434. Relationship between plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock
435. Endotoxin and bacteria in portal blood
436. Uptake by liver cells of endotoxin following its intravenous injection
437. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides: Structure, metabolism and mechanisms of action
438. Endotoxin detection in body fluids: Chemical versus bioassay methodology
439. Plasma endotoxin as a predictor of multiple organ failure and death in systemic meningococcal disease
440. Passive immunization against cachectin/tumor necrosis factor protects mice from lethal effect of endotoxin
441. A specific receptor antagonist for interleukin 1 prevents Escherichia coli-induced shock in rabbits
442. Inhibition of interleukin 1 (IL-1) binding and bioactivity in vitro and modulation of acute inflammation in vivo by IL-1 receptor antagonist and anti-IL-1 receptor monoclonal antibody
443. Selected treatment strategies for septic shock based on proposed mechanisms of pathogenesis
444. Anti-inflammatory therapies to treat sepsis and septic shock: A reassessment
445. Why immunomodulatory therapies have not worked in sepsis
446. Animal models of sepsis and shock: A review and lessons learned
447. Treatment of sepsis: Past and future avenues
448. Antiendotoxin strategies for the prevention and treatment of septic shock. New approaches and future directions
449. Preliminary evaluation of recombinant amino-terminal fragment of human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in children with severe meningococcal sepsis
450. Recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBP121) as adjunctive treatment for children with severe meningococcal sepsis: A randomised trial
451. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBP121) in patients with hemorrhage due to trauma: Results of a multicenter phase II clinical trial
452. A lipid A analog, E5531, blocks the endotoxin response in human volunteers with experimental endotoxemia
453. Use of protein-C concentrate, heparin, and haemodiafiltration in meningococcus-induced purpura fulminans
454. An open-label study of the role of adjuvant hemostatic support with protein C replacement therapy in purpura fulminans-associated meningococcemia
455. Protein C may be sepsis solution
456. Serial studies of protein C and its plasma inhibitor in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation
457. Protein C levels as a prognostic indicator of outcome in sepsis and related diseases
458. Pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation in sepsis
459. Epidemic meningococcemia and purpura fulminans with induced protein C deficiency
460. Coagulation activation and tissue necrosis in meningococcal septic shock: Severely reduced protein C levels predict a high mortality
461. Prognostic value of protein C concentrations in neutropenic patients at high risk of severe septic complications
462. Regulation of blood coagulation
463. Inflammation, sepsis, and coagulation
464. Antitumor and antimicrobial activities of lipid A-subunit analogue GLA-27
465. Interferons and bacterial lipopolysaccharide protect macrophages from productive infection by human immunodeficiency virus in vitro
466. Enhanced production of LPS-induced cytokines during differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages. Role of LPS receptors
467. Endotoxin and cancer
468. Monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant. Past experiences and new directions
469. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) formulations for the next generation of vaccines
470. The adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A increases the function of antigen-presenting cells
471. Relation between house-dust endotoxin exposure, type 1 T-cell development, and allergen sensitisation in infants at high risk of asthma
472. Immunologic approaches to the treatment of prostate cancer
473. Lipid A and immunotherapy
474. Taxol provides a second signal for murine macrophage tumoricidal activity
475. In vitro growth inhibition of a broad spectrum of tumor cell lines by activated human dendritic cells
476. Phase I trial of intravenously administered endotoxin (Salmonella abortus equi) in cancer patients
477. Intradermal administration of lipopolysaccharide in treatment of human cancer