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note
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In the NF-κB luciferase assay, cells were transfected with ELAM-Luciferase reporter plasmid (0.1 μg), pCMV-β-galactosidase (β-Gal) (0.2 μg), and the indicated expression vectors; the total amount of transfected DNA was kept constant by supplementation with empty vector. Relative NF-κB activity was calculated by normalizing relative luciferase activity with β-Gal activity as previously described (77). Data shown are from one out of three to six independent experiments with similar qualitative results. Data from experiments performed in duplicate or triplicate are expressed as mean ± SE.
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note
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Transfection and coimmunoprecipitation were done as follows. Human embryonic 293 or 293T cells were transiently transfected by the calcium phosphate method with the indicated plasmids. The total amount of DNA was kept constant. Twenty-four to 36 hours after transfection, cells were lysed in 0.5 ml of buffer (1% NP-40, 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM tris, 1 mM EDTA, and protease inhibitors cocktail). Cell lysates were adjusted to 0.7 M NaCl, and the indicated antibodies were added for 1 to 4 hours. Immune complexes were precipitated by the addition of protein G-Sepharose (Sigma). After extensive washing, the Sepharose beads were boiled in sample buffer and the eluted proteins were fractionated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Subsequent immunoblotting was performed as described (25).
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note
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M.M. is supported by a Human Frontier Science Program Organization fellowship. We thank Z. Cao for helpful discussions and reagents; I. Jones for help with figures; and D. Chaudhary, A. Chinnaiyan, H. Duan, S. Hu, E. Humke, J. McCarthy, K. O'Rourke, G. Pan, and C. Vincenz for encouragement and discussions.
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