Inflammasomes in inflammation-induced cancer

Frontiers in Immunology

Volumn 8, Issue MAR, 2017, Pages

  Lin, Chu ^a   Zhang, Jun ^a  

^a PEKING UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (China)

Author keywords

Cancer; Caspase; Inflammasome; Inflammation; NOD like receptor

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE; CRYOPYRIN; CYTOKINE; FLAGELLIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INFLAMMASOME; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA CONVERTING ENZYME; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

CARCINOGENESIS; CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY; COLON CANCER; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; DNA DAMAGE; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASM; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MELANOMA; NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS; PYROPTOSIS; REVIEW; SKIN CANCER; SUNBURN; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY;

EID: 85017240270     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16643224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00271     Document Type: Review

References (240)

1. Lamkanfi M, Dixit VM. Inflammasomes and their roles in health and disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol (2012) 28:137-61. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155745
2. Janeway CA Jr. Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol (1989) 54(Pt 1):1-13. doi:10.1101/SQB.1989.054.01.003
3. Medzhitov R. Approaching the asymptote: 20 years later. Immunity (2009) 30(6):766-75. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.06.004
4. de Zoete MR, Palm NW, Zhu S, Flavell RA. Inflammasomes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol (2014) 6(12):a016287. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016287
5. Acehan D, Jiang X, Morgan DG, Heuser JE, Wang X, Akey CW. Three-dimensional structure of the apoptosome: implications for assembly, procaspase-9 binding, and activation. Mol Cell (2002) 9(2):423-32. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00442-2
6. Ting JP, Lovering RC, Alnemri ES, Bertin J, Boss JM, Davis BK, et al. The NLR gene family: a standard nomenclature. Immunity (2008) 28(3):285-7. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.005
7. Ye Z, Ting JP. NLR, the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing gene family. Curr Opin Immunol (2008) 20(1):3-9. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2008.01.003
8. Davis BK, Wen H, Ting JP. The inflammasome NLRs in immunity, inflammation, and associated diseases. Annu Rev Immunol (2011) 29:707-35. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101405
9. Latz E, Xiao TS, Stutz A. Activation and regulation of the inflammasomes. Nat Rev Immunol (2013) 13(6):397-411. doi:10.1038/nri3452
10. Barker BR, Taxman DJ, Ting JPY. Cross-regulation between the IL-1β/IL-18 processing inflammasome and other inflammatory cytokines. Curr Opin Immunol (2011) 23(5):591-7. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2011.07.005
11. Schroder K, Tschopp J. The inflammasomes. Cell (2010) 140(6):821-32. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.040
12. Broz P, Newton K, Lamkanfi M, Mariathasan S, Dixit VM, Monack DM. Redundant roles for inflammasome receptors NLRP3 and NLRC4 in host defense against Salmonella. J Exp Med (2010) 207(8):1745-55. doi:10.1084/jem.20100257
13. Martinon F, Burns K, Tschopp J. The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-β. Mol Cell (2002) 10(2):417-26. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00599-3
14. Boyden ED, Dietrich WF. Nalp1b controls mouse macrophage susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin. Nat Genet (2006) 38(2):240-4. doi:10.1038/ng1724
15. Faustin B, Lartigue L, Bruey JM, Luciano F, Sergienko E, Bailly-Maitre B, et al. Reconstituted NALP1 inflammasome reveals two-step mechanism of caspase-1 activation. Mol Cell (2007) 25(5):713-24. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.01.032
16. Chavarria-Smith J, Vance RE. The NLRP1 inflammasomes. Immunol Rev (2015) 265(1):22-34. doi:10.1111/imr.12283
17. Liao KC, Mogridge J. Activation of the Nlrp1b inflammasome by reduction of cytosolic ATP. Infect Immun (2013) 81(2):570-9. doi:10.1128/iai.01003-12
18. Kanneganti TD, Body-Malapel M, Amer A, Park JH, Whitfield J, Franchi L, et al. Critical role for cryopyrin/Nalp3 in activation of caspase-1 in response to viral infection and double-stranded RNA. J Biol Chem (2006) 281(48):36560-8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M607594200
19. Muruve DA, Petrilli V, Zaiss AK, White LR, Clark SA, Ross PJ, et al. The inflammasome recognizes cytosolic microbial and host DNA and triggers an innate immune response. Nature (2008) 452(7183):103-7. doi:10.1038/nature06664
20. Gross O, Poeck H, Bscheider M, Dostert C, Hannesschlager N, Endres S, et al. Syk kinase signalling couples to the Nlrp3 inflammasome for anti-fungal host defence. Nature (2009) 459(7245):433-6. doi:10.1038/nature07965
21. Craven RR, Gao X, Allen IC, Gris D, Bubeck Wardenburg J, McElvania-Tekippe E, et al. Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin activates the NLRP3-inflammasome in human and mouse monocytic cells. PLoS One (2009) 4(10):e7446. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007446
22. Cassel SL, Joly S, Sutterwala FS. The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor of immune danger signals. Semin Immunol (2009) 21(4):194-8. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.002
23. Mariathasan S, Weiss DS, Newton K, McBride J, O'Rourke K, Roose-Girma M, et al. Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP. Nature (2006) 440(7081):228-32. doi:10.1038/nature04515
24. Birrell MA, Eltom S. The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of airway disease. Pharmacol Ther (2011) 130(3):364-70. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.007
25. Gold M, El Khoury J. β-amyloid, microglia, and the inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease. Semin Immunopathol (2015) 37(6):607-11. doi:10.1007/s00281-015-0518-0
26. Saresella M, La Rosa F, Piancone F, Zoppis M, Marventano I, Calabrese E, et al. The NLRP3 and NLRP1 inflammasomes are activated in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener (2016) 11:23. doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0088-1
27. Man SM, Kanneganti TD. Regulation of inflammasome activation. Immunol Rev (2015) 265(1):6-21. doi:10.1111/imr.12296
28. Ferrari D, Pizzirani C, Adinolfi E, Lemoli RM, Curti A, Idzko M, et al. The P2X7 receptor: a key player in IL-1 processing and release. J Immunol (2006) 176(7):3877-83. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.3877
29. Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M, Kim YG, Chen G, Park JH, Franchi L, et al. Pannexin-1-mediated recognition of bacterial molecules activates the cryopyrin inflammasome independent of toll-like receptor signaling. Immunity (2007) 26(4):433-43. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.03.008
30. Pelegrin P, Barroso-Gutierrez C, Surprenant A. P2X7 receptor differentially couples to distinct release pathways for IL-1beta in mouse macrophage. J Immunol (2008) 180(11):7147-57. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7147
31. Pelegrin P, Surprenant A. Pannexin-1 mediates large pore formation and interleukin-1beta release by the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor. EMBO J (2006) 25(21):5071-82. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601378
32. Munoz-Planillo R, Kuffa P, Martinez-Colon G, Smith BL, Rajendiran TM, Nunez G. K(+) efflux is the common trigger of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by bacterial toxins and particulate matter. Immunity (2013) 38(6):1142-53. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.016
33. Hornung V, Bauernfeind F, Halle A, Samstad EO, Kono H, Rock KL, et al. Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization. Nat Immunol (2008) 9(8):847-56. doi:10.1038/ni.1631
34. Dostert C, Petrilli V, Van Bruggen R, Steele C, Mossman BT, Tschopp J. Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica. Science (2008) 320(5876):674-7. doi:10.1126/science.1156995
35. Newman ZL, Leppla SH, Moayeri M. CA-074Me protection against anthrax lethal toxin. Infect Immun (2009) 77(10):4327-36. doi:10.1128/iai.00730-09
36. Zhou R, Yazdi AS, Menu P, Tschopp J. A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Nature (2011) 469(7329):221-5. doi:10.1038/nature09663
37. Tschopp J, Schroder K. NLRP3 inflammasome activation: the convergence of multiple signalling pathways on ROS production? Nat Rev Immunol (2010) 10(3):210-5. doi:10.1038/nri2725
38. Abais JM, Xia M, Zhang Y, Boini KM, Li P-L. Redox regulation of NLRP3 inflammasomes: ROS as trigger or effector? Antioxid Redox Signal (2015) 22(13):1111-29. doi:10.1089/ars.2014.5994
39. Latz E. The inflammasomes: mechanisms of activation and function. Curr Opin Immunol (2010) 22(1):28-33. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2009.12.004
40. Lane T, Flam B, Lockey R, Kolliputi N. TXNIP shuttling: missing link between oxidative stress and inflammasome activation. Front Physiol (2013) 4:50. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00050
41. Harder J, Franchi L, Muñozplanillo R, Park JH, Reimer T, Núñez G. Activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome by Streptococcus pyogenes requires streptolysin O and NF-kappa B activation but proceeds independently of TLR signaling and P2X7 receptor. J Immunol (2009) 183(9):5823-9. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0900444
42. Conforti-Andreoni C, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Mortellaro A. The inflammasomes in health and disease: from genetics to molecular mechanisms of autoinflammation and beyond. Cell Mol Immunol (2011) 8(2):135-45. doi:10.1038/cmi.2010.81
43. Mariathasan S, Newton K, Monack DM, Vucic D, French DM, Lee WP, et al. Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf. Nature (2004) 430(6996):213-8. doi:10.1038/nature02664
44. Amer A, Franchi L, Kanneganti TD, Body-Malapel M, Ozoren N, Brady G, et al. Regulation of Legionella phagosome maturation and infection through flagellin and host Ipaf. J Biol Chem (2006) 281(46):35217-23. doi:10.1074/jbc.M604933200
45. Sutterwala FS, Mijares LA, Li L, Ogura Y, Kazmierczak BI, Flavell RA. Immune recognition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated by the IPAF/NLRC4 inflammasome. J Exp Med (2007) 204(13):3235-45. doi:10.1084/jem.20071239
46. Miao EA, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Dors M, Clark AE, Bader MW, Miller SI, et al. Cytoplasmic flagellin activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1beta via Ipaf. Nat Immunol (2006) 7(6):569-75. doi:10.1038/ni1344
47. Suzuki T, Nunez G. A role for Nod-like receptors in autophagy induced by Shigella infection. Autophagy (2008) 4(1):73-5. doi:10.4161/auto.5101
48. Franchi L, Nunez G. Orchestrating inflammasomes. Science (2012) 337(6100):1299-300. doi:10.1126/science.1229010
49. Case CL, Shin S, Roy CR. Asc and Ipaf inflammasomes direct distinct pathways for caspase-1 activation in response to Legionella pneumophila. Infect Immun (2009) 77(5):1981-91. doi:10.1128/iai.01382-08
50. Burckstummer T, Baumann C, Bluml S, Dixit E, Durnberger G, Jahn H, et al. An orthogonal proteomic-genomic screen identifies AIM2 as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor for the inflammasome. Nat Immunol (2009) 10(3):266-72. doi:10.1038/ni.1702
51. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Yu JW, Datta P, Wu J, Alnemri ES. AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA. Nature (2009) 458(7237):509-13. doi:10.1038/nature07710
52. Choubey D. DNA-responsive inflammasomes and their regulators in autoimmunity. Clin Immunol (2012) 142(3):223-31. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2011.12.007
53. Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Blood (2011) 117(14):3720-32. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-07-273417
54. Kasza A. IL-1 and EGF regulate expression of genes important in inflammation and cancer. Cytokine (2013) 62(1):22-33. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2013.02.007
55. Granet C, Maslinski W, Miossec P. Increased AP-1 and NF-kappaB activation and recruitment with the combination of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-17 in rheumatoid synoviocytes. Arthritis Res Ther (2004) 6(3):R190-8. doi:10.1186/ar1159
56. Hiscott J, Marois J, Garoufalis J, D'Addario M, Roulston A, Kwan I, et al. Characterization of a functional NF-kappa B site in the human interleukin 1 beta promoter: evidence for a positive autoregulatory loop. Mol Cell Biol (1993) 13(10):6231-40. doi:10.1128/MCB.13.10.6231
57. Ogura Y, Sutterwala FS, Flavell RA. The inflammasome: first line of the immune response to cell stress. Cell (2006) 126(4):659-62. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.08.002
58. Keyel PA. How is inflammation initiated? Individual influences of IL-1, IL-18 and HMGB1. Cytokine (2014) 69(1):136-45. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2014.03.007
59. Dinarello CA. Role of IL-18 in inflammatory diseases. In: Tak P-P, editor. New Therapeutic Targets in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel (2009). p. 103-27.
60. Tsutsui H, Matsui K, Kawada N, Hyodo Y, Hayashi N, Okamura H, et al. IL-18 accounts for both TNF-alpha-and Fas ligand-mediated hepatotoxic pathways in endotoxin-induced liver injury in mice. J Immunol (1997) 159(8):3961-7.
61. Zychlinsky A, Prevost MC, Sansonetti PJ. Shigella flexneri induces apoptosis in infected macrophages. Nature (1992) 358(6382):167-9. doi:10.1038/358167a0
62. Watson PR, Gautier AV, Paulin SM, Bland AP, Jones PW, Wallis TS. Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Dublin can lyse macrophages by a mechanism distinct from apoptosis. Infect Immun (2000) 68(6):3744-7. doi:10.1128/IAI.68.6.3744-3747.2000
63. Cookson BT, Brennan MA. Pro-inflammatory programmed cell death. Trends Microbiol (2001) 9(3):113-4. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(00)01936-3
64. Jorgensen I, Miao EA. Pyroptotic cell death defends against intracellular pathogens. Immunol Rev (2015) 265(1):130-42. doi:10.1111/imr.12287
65. Fink SL, Cookson BT. Caspase-1-dependent pore formation during pyroptosis leads to osmotic lysis of infected host macrophages. Cell Microbiol (2006) 8(11):1812-25. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00751.x
66. Brennan MA, Cookson BT. Salmonella induces macrophage death by caspase-1-dependent necrosis. Mol Microbiol (2000) 38(1):31-40. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02103.x
67. Bergsbaken T, Cookson BT. Macrophage activation redirects yersinia-infected host cell death from apoptosis to caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. PLoS Pathog (2007) 3(11):e161. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030161
68. Shi J, Zhao Y, Wang K, Shi X, Wang Y, Huang H, et al. Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death. Nature (2015) 526(7575):660-5. doi:10.1038/nature15514
69. Ding J, Wang K, Liu W, She Y, Sun Q, Shi J, et al. Pore-forming activity and structural autoinhibition of the gasdermin family. Nature (2016) 535(7610):111-6. doi:10.1038/nature18590
70. Newton R. Infections and human cancer. Ann Oncol (2000) 11(9):1081-2. doi:10.1023/A:1008381703687
71. Greten FR, Eckmann L, Greten TF, Park JM, Li ZW, Egan LJ, et al. IKKbeta links inflammation and tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer. Cell (2004) 118(3):285-96. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.013
72. Kundu JK, Surh YJ. Emerging avenues linking inflammation and cancer. Free Radic Biol Med (2012) 52(9):2013-37. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.035
73. Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell (2010) 140(6):883-99. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025
74. Marnett LJ. Oxyradicals and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis (2000) 21(3):361-70. doi:10.1093/carcin/21.3.361
75. Iwanaga K, Yang Y, Raso MG, Ma L, Hanna AE, Thilaganathan N, et al. Pten inactivation accelerates oncogenic K-ras-initiated tumorigenesis in a mouse model of lung cancer. Cancer Res (2008) 68(4):1119-27. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-3117
76. Covey TM, Edes K, Coombs GS, Virshup DM, Fitzpatrick FA. Alkylation of the tumor suppressor PTEN activates Akt and beta-catenin signaling: a mechanism linking inflammation and oxidative stress with cancer. PLoS One (2010) 5(10):e13545. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013545
77. Wagner TM, Mullally JE, Fitzpatrick FA. Reactive lipid species from cyclooxygenase-2 inactivate tumor suppressor LKB1/STK11: cyclopentenone prostaglandins and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal covalently modify and inhibit the AMP-kinase kinase that modulates cellular energy homeostasis and protein translation. J Biol Chem (2006) 281(5):2598-604. doi:10.1074/jbc.M509723200
78. Isokawa O, Suda T, Aoyagi Y, Kawai H, Yokota T, Takahashi T, et al. Reduction of telomeric repeats as a possible predictor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma: convenient evaluation by slot-blot analysis. Hepatology (1999) 30(2):408-12. doi:10.1002/hep.510300211
79. Park WS, Pham T, Wang C, Pack S, Mueller E, Mueller J, et al. Loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability in non-neoplastic mucosa from patients with chronic ulcerative colitis. Int J Mol Med (1998) 2(2):221-4.
80. Yang Y, Fruehauf J, Xiang S, Li CJ. Genomic instability in precancerous lesions before inactivation of tumor suppressors p53 and APC in patients. Cell Cycle (2006) 5(13):1443-7. doi:10.4161/cc.5.13.2897
81. Brentnall TA, Crispin DA, Bronner MP, Cherian SP, Hueffed M, Rabinovitch PS, et al. Microsatellite instability in nonneoplastic mucosa from patients with chronic ulcerative colitis. Cancer Res (1996) 56(6):1237-40.
82. Hou L, Savage SA, Blaser MJ, Perez-Perez G, Hoxha M, Dioni L, et al. Telomere length in peripheral leukocyte DNA and gastric cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2009) 18(11):3103-9. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0347
83. Risques RA, Lai LA, Himmetoglu C, Ebaee A, Li L, Feng Z, et al. Ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer arises in a field of short telomeres, senescence, and inflammation. Cancer Res (2011) 71(5):1669-79. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1966
84. Meira LB, Bugni JM, Green SL, Lee CW, Pang B, Borenshtein D, et al. DNA damage induced by chronic inflammation contributes to colon carcinogenesis in mice. J Clin Invest (2008) 118(7):2516-25. doi:10.1172/jci35073
85. Xiao W, Samson L. In vivo evidence for endogenous DNA alkylation damage as a source of spontaneous mutation in eukaryotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1993) 90(6):2117-21. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.6.2117
86. Hofseth LJ, Khan MA, Ambrose M, Nikolayeva O, Xu-Welliver M, Kartalou M, et al. The adaptive imbalance in base excision-repair enzymes generates microsatellite instability in chronic inflammation. J Clin Invest (2003) 112(12):1887-94. doi:10.1172/jci19757
87. Gungor N, Godschalk RW, Pachen DM, Van Schooten FJ, Knaapen AM. Activated neutrophils inhibit nucleotide excision repair in human pulmonary epithelial cells: role of myeloperoxidase. FASEB J (2007) 21(10):2359-67. doi:10.1096/fj.07-8163com
88. Gungor N, Haegens A, Knaapen AM, Godschalk RW, Chiu RK, Wouters EF, et al. Lung inflammation is associated with reduced pulmonary nucleotide excision repair in vivo. Mutagenesis (2010) 25(1):77-82. doi:10.1093/mutage/gep049
89. Acharya S, Wilson T, Gradia S, Kane MF, Guerrette S, Marsischky GT, et al. hMSH2 forms specific mispair-binding complexes with hMSH3 and hMSH6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1996) 93(24):13629-34. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.24.13629
90. Raschle M, Marra G, Nystrom-Lahti M, Schar P, Jiricny J. Identification of hMutLbeta, a heterodimer of hMLH1 and hPMS1. J Biol Chem (1999) 274(45):32368-75. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.45.32368
91. Campregher C, Luciani MG, Gasche C. Activated neutrophils induce an hMSH2-dependent G2/M checkpoint arrest and replication errors at a (CA)13-repeat in colon epithelial cells. Gut (2008) 57(6):780-7. doi:10.1136/gut.2007.141556
92. Taniguchi K, Kakinuma S, Tokairin Y, Arai M, Kohno H, Wakabayashi K, et al. Mild inflammation accelerates colon carcinogenesis in Mlh1-deficient mice. Oncology (2006) 71(1-2):124-30. doi:10.1159/000100522
93. Grivennikov SI, Karin M. Dangerous liaisons: STAT3 and NF-kappaB collaboration and crosstalk in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev (2010) 21(1):11-9. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.11.005
94. Ghosh S, Karin M. Missing pieces in the NF-κB puzzle. Cell (2002) 109(2 Suppl 1):S81-96. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00703-1
95. Karin M. The IkappaB kinase-a bridge between inflammation and cancer. Cell Res (2008) 18(3):334-42. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.30
96. DiDonato JA, Hayakawa M, Rothwarf DM, Zandi E, Karin M. A cytokine-responsive IkappaB kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Nature (1997) 388(6642):548-54. doi:10.1038/41493
97. McLoed AG, Sherrill TP, Cheng DS, Han W, Saxon JA, Gleaves LA, et al. Neutrophil-derived IL-1beta impairs the efficacy of NF-kappaB inhibitors against lung cancer. Cell Rep (2016) 16(1):120-32. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.085
98. Hai Ping P, Feng Bo T, Li L, Nan Hui Y, Hong Z. IL-1beta/NF-kb signaling promotes colorectal cancer cell growth through miR-181a/PTEN axis. Arch Biochem Biophys (2016) 604:20-6. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.001
99. Erener S, Petrilli V, Kassner I, Minotti R, Castillo R, Santoro R, et al. Inflammasome-activated caspase 7 cleaves PARP1 to enhance the expression of a subset of NF-kappaB target genes. Mol Cell (2012) 46(2):200-11. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.02.016
100. Hassan H, Amer AO. Cell intrinsic roles of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. ScientificWorldJournal (2011) 11:2418-23. doi:10.1100/2011/429192
101. Yu H, Jove R. The STATs of cancer-new molecular targets come of age. Nat Rev Cancer (2004) 4(2):97-105. doi:10.1038/nrc1275
102. Hirano T, Ishihara K, Hibi M. Roles of STAT3 in mediating the cell growth, differentiation and survival signals relayed through the IL-6 family of cytokine receptors. Oncogene (2000) 19(21):2548-56. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203551
103. Rigby R, Simmons J, Greenhalgh CJ, Alexander W, Lund P. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) limits damage-induced crypt hyper-proliferation and inflammation-associated tumorigenesis in the colon. Oncogene (2007) 26(33):4833-41. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210286
104. Kortylewski M, Xin H, Kujawski M, Lee H, Liu Y, Harris T, et al. Regulation of the IL-23 and IL-12 balance by Stat3 signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell (2009) 15(2):114-23. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.12.018
105. Fu XY. STAT3 in immune responses and inflammatory bowel diseases. Cell Res (2006) 16(2):214-9. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7310029
106. Haura EB, Turkson J, Jove R. Mechanisms of disease: insights into the emerging role of signal transducers and activators of transcription in cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol (2005) 2(6):315-24. doi:10.1038/ncponc0195
107. Darnell JE Jr. Transcription factors as targets for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer (2002) 2(10):740-9. doi:10.1038/nrc906
108. Yang J, Chatterjee-Kishore M, Staugaitis SM, Nguyen H, Schlessinger K, Levy DE, et al. Novel roles of unphosphorylated STAT3 in oncogenesis and transcriptional regulation. Cancer Res (2005) 65(3):939-47.
109. Dauer DJ, Ferraro B, Song L, Yu B, Mora L, Buettner R, et al. Stat3 regulates genes common to both wound healing and cancer. Oncogene (2005) 24(21):3397-408. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208469
110. Clevers H. At the crossroads of inflammation and cancer. Cell (2004) 118(6):671-4. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.005
111. Porta C, Riboldi E, Sica A. Mechanisms linking pathogens-associated inflammation and cancer. Cancer Lett (2011) 305(2):250-62. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2010.10.012
112. Tan TT, Coussens LM. Humoral immunity, inflammation and cancer. Curr Opin Immunol (2007) 19(2):209-16. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2007.01.001
113. Budhu A, Forgues M, Ye QH, Jia HL, He P, Zanetti KA, et al. Prediction of venous metastases, recurrence, and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma based on a unique immune response signature of the liver microenvironment. Cancer Cell (2006) 10(2):99-111. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.06.016
114. Tseng CT, Klimpel GR. Binding of the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 to CD81 inhibits natural killer cell functions. J Exp Med (2002) 195(1):43-9. doi:10.1084/jem.20011145
115. Lehmann FS, Terracciano L, Carena I, Baeriswyl C, Drewe J, Tornillo L, et al. In situ correlation of cytokine secretion and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol (2002) 283(2):G481-8. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00422.2001
116. Movahedi K, Guilliams M, Van den Bossche J, Van den Bergh R, Gysemans C, Beschin A, et al. Identification of discrete tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cell subpopulations with distinct T cell-suppressive activity. Blood (2008) 111(8):4233-44. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-07-099226
117. Serafini P, Mgebroff S, Noonan K, Borrello I. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote cross-tolerance in B-cell lymphoma by expanding regulatory T cells. Cancer Res (2008) 68(13):5439-49. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6621
118. Li H, Han Y, Guo Q, Zhang M, Cao X. Cancer-expanded myeloid-derived suppressor cells induce anergy of NK cells through membrane-bound TGF-beta 1. J Immunol (2009) 182(1):240-9. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.240
119. Liu Q, Tan Q, Zheng Y, Chen K, Qian C, Li N, et al. Blockade of Fas signaling in breast cancer cells suppresses tumor growth and metastasis via disruption of Fas signaling-initiated cancer-related inflammation. J Biol Chem (2014) 289(16):11522-35. doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.525014
120. Guo B, Fu S, Zhang J, Liu B, Li Z. Targeting inflammasome/IL-1 pathways for cancer immunotherapy. Sci Rep (2016) 6:36107. doi:10.1038/srep36107
121. Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer (2012) 12(4):252-64. doi:10.1038/nrc3239
122. Joshi NS, Akama-Garren EH, Lu Y, Lee DY, Chang GP, Li A, et al. Regulatory T cells in tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures suppress anti-tumor T cell responses. Immunity (2015) 43(3):579-90. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.006
123. Ghiringhelli F, Apetoh L, Tesniere A, Aymeric L, Ma Y, Ortiz C, et al. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in dendritic cells induces IL-1beta-dependent adaptive immunity against tumors. Nat Med (2009) 15(10):1170-8. doi:10.1038/nm.2028
124. Mattarollo SR, Loi S, Duret H, Ma Y, Zitvogel L, Smyth MJ. Pivotal role of innate and adaptive immunity in anthracycline chemotherapy of established tumors. Cancer Res (2011) 71(14):4809-20. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0753
125. Ma Y, Aymeric L, Locher C, Mattarollo SR, Delahaye NF, Pereira P, et al. Contribution of IL-17-producing gamma delta T cells to the efficacy of anticancer chemotherapy. J Exp Med (2011) 208(3):491-503. doi:10.1084/jem.20100269
126. Voronov E, Shouval DS, Krelin Y, Cagnano E, Benharroch D, Iwakura Y, et al. IL-1 is required for tumor invasiveness and angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2003) 100(5):2645-50. doi:10.1073/pnas.0437939100
127. Figueiredo C, Machado JC, Pharoah P, Seruca R, Sousa S, Carvalho R, et al. Helicobacter pylori and interleukin 1 genotyping: an opportunity to identify high-risk individuals for gastric carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst (2002) 94(22):1680-7. doi:10.1093/jnci/94.22.1680
128. Okamoto K, Ishida C, Ikebuchi Y, Mandai M, Mimura K, Murawaki Y, et al. The genotypes of IL-1 beta and MMP-3 are associated with the prognosis of HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Intern Med (2010) 49(49):887-95. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3268
129. Barber MD, Powell JJ, Lynch SF, Fearon KCH, Ross JA. A polymorphism of the interleukin-1 [bgr] gene influences survival in pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer (2000) 83(11):1443-7. doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1479
130. Kundu JK, Surh YJ. Inflammation: gearing the journey to cancer. Mutat Res (2008) 659(1-2):15-30. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.03.002
131. Zitvogel L, Kepp O, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G. Inflammasomes in carcinogenesis and anticancer immune responses. Nat Immunol (2012) 13(4):343-51. doi:10.1038/ni.2224
132. Hu B, Elinav E, Flavell RA. Inflammasome-mediated suppression of inflammation-induced colorectal cancer progression is mediated by direct regulation of epithelial cell proliferation. Cell Cycle (2011) 10(12):1936-9. doi:10.4161/cc.10.12.16008
133. Hu B, Elinav E, Huber S, Booth CJ, Strowig T, Jin C, et al. Inflammation-induced tumorigenesis in the colon is regulated by caspase-1 and NLRC4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2010) 107(50):21635-40. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016814108
134. Martins I, Tesniere A, Kepp O, Michaud M, Schlemmer F, Senovilla L, et al. Chemotherapy induces ATP release from tumor cells. Cell Cycle (2009) 8(22):3723-8. doi:10.4161/cc.8.22.10026
135. Michaud M, Martins I, Sukkurwala AQ, Adjemian S, Ma Y, Pellegatti P, et al. Autophagy-dependent anticancer immune responses induced by chemotherapeutic agents in mice. Science (2011) 334(6062):1573-7. doi:10.1126/science.1208347
136. Elliott MR, Chekeni FB, Trampont PC, Lazarowski ER, Kadl A, Walk SF, et al. Nucleotides released by apoptotic cells act as a find-me signal to promote phagocytic clearance. Nature (2009) 461(7261):282-6. doi:10.1038/nature08296
137. Xing Y, Cao R, Hu HM. TLR and NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent innate immune responses to tumor-derived autophagosomes (DRibbles). Cell Death Dis (2016) 7(8):e2322. doi:10.1038/cddis.2016.206
138. Dupaul-Chicoine J, Arabzadeh A, Dagenais M, Douglas T, Champagne C, Morizot A, et al. The Nlrp3 inflammasome suppresses colorectal cancer metastatic growth in the liver by promoting natural killer cell tumoricidal activity. Immunity (2015) 43(4):751-63. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.013
139. Gasparoto TH, de Oliveira CE, de Freitas LT, Pinheiro CR, Hori JI, Garlet GP, et al. Inflammasome activation is critical to the protective immune response during chemically induced squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One (2014) 9(9):e107170. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107170
140. Le TT, Skak K, Schroder K, Schroder WA, Boyle GM, Pierce CJ, et al. IL-1 contributes to the anti-cancer efficacy of ingenol mebutate. PLoS One (2016) 11(4):e0153975. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153975
141. Ma X, Guo P, Qiu Y, Mu K, Zhu L, Zhao W, et al. Loss of AIM2 expression promotes hepatocarcinoma progression through activation of mTOR-S6K1 pathway. Oncotarget (2016) 7(24):36185-97. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.9154
142. Wilson JE, Petrucelli AS, Chen L, Koblansky AA, Truax AD, Oyama Y, et al. Inflammasome-independent role of AIM2 in suppressing colon tumorigenesis via DNA-PK and Akt. Nat Med (2015) 21(8):906-13. doi:10.1038/nm.3908
143. Man SM, Zhu Q, Zhu L, Liu Z, Karki R, Malik A, et al. Critical role for the DNA sensor AIM2 in stem cell proliferation and cancer. Cell (2015) 162(1):45-58. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.001
144. Pontillo A, Bricher P, Leal VN, Lima S, Souza PR, Crovella S. Role of inflammasome genetics in susceptibility to HPV infection and cervical cancer development. J Med Virol (2016) 88(9):1646-51. doi:10.1002/jmv.24514
145. Pachathundikandi SK, Muller A, Backert S. Inflammasome activation by Helicobacter pylori and its implications for persistence and immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol (2016) 397:117-31. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41171-2_6
146. Salama NR, Hartung ML, Muller A. Life in the human stomach: persistence strategies of the bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nat Rev Microbiol (2013) 11(6):385-99. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3016
147. Broz P, Monack DM. Newly described pattern recognition receptors team up against intracellular pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol (2013) 13(8):551-65. doi:10.1038/nri3479
148. Semper RP, Mejias-Luque R, Gross C, Anderl F, Muller A, Vieth M, et al. Helicobacter pylori-induced IL-1beta secretion in innate immune cells is regulated by the NLRP3 inflammasome and requires the cag pathogenicity island. J Immunol (2014) 193(7):3566-76. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1400362
149. Kim DJ, Park JH, Franchi L, Backert S, Nunez G. The Cag pathogenicity island and interaction between TLR2/NOD2 and NLRP3 regulate IL-1beta production in Helicobacter pylori infected dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol (2013) 43(10):2650-8. doi:10.1002/eji.201243281
150. Suzuki N, Murata-Kamiya N, Yanagiya K, Suda W, Hattori M, Kanda H, et al. Mutual reinforcement of inflammation and carcinogenesis by the Helicobacter pylori CagA oncoprotein. Sci Rep (2015) 5:10024. doi:10.1038/srep10024
151. El-Omar EM, Carrington M, Chow WH, McColl KE, Bream JH, Young HA, et al. Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature (2000) 404(6776):398-402. doi:10.1038/35006081
152. Apte RN, Dotan S, Elkabets M, White MR, Reich E, Carmi Y, et al. The involvement of IL-1 in tumorigenesis, tumor invasiveness, metastasis and tumor-host interactions. Cancer Metastasis Rev (2006) 25(3):387-408. doi:10.1007/s10555-006-9004-4
153. Resende C, Regalo G, Duraes C, Pinto MT, Wen X, Figueiredo C, et al. Interleukin-1B signalling leads to increased survival of gastric carcinoma cells through a CREB-C/EBPbeta-associated mechanism. Gastric Cancer (2016) 19(1):74-84. doi:10.1007/s10120-014-0448-x
154. Fox JG, Rogers AB, Whary MT, Ge Z, Ohtani M, Jones EK, et al. Accelerated progression of gastritis to dysplasia in the pyloric antrum of TFF2-/-C57BL6 x Sv129 Helicobacter pylori-infected mice. Am J Pathol (2007) 171(5):1520-8. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.070249
155. Peterson AJ, Menheniott TR, O'Connor L, Walduck AK, Fox JG, Kawakami K, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection promotes methylation and silencing of trefoil factor 2, leading to gastric tumor development in mice and humans. Gastroenterology (2010) 139(6):2005-17. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.043
156. Hmadcha A, Bedoya FJ, Sobrino F, Pintado E. Methylation-dependent gene silencing induced by interleukin 1beta via nitric oxide production. J Exp Med (1999) 190(11):1595-604. doi:10.1084/jem.190.11.1595
157. Ng GZ, Menheniott TR, Every AL, Stent A, Judd LM, Chionh YT, et al. The MUC1 mucin protects against Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis in mice by regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Gut (2016) 65(7):1087-99. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307175
158. Hitzler I, Sayi A, Kohler E, Engler DB, Koch KN, Hardt WD, et al. Caspase-1 has both proinflammatory and regulatory properties in Helicobacter infections, which are differentially mediated by its substrates IL-1beta and IL-18. J Immunol (2012) 188(8):3594-602. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1103212
159. El-Omar EM, Rabkin CS, Gammon MD, Vaughan TL, Risch HA, Schoenberg JB, et al. Increased risk of noncardia gastric cancer associated with proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms. Gastroenterology (2003) 124(5):1193-201. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00157-4
160. Castano-Rodriguez N, Kaakoush NO, Goh KL, Fock KM, Mitchell HM. The NOD-like receptor signalling pathway in Helicobacter pylori infection and related gastric cancer: a case-control study and gene expression analyses. PLoS One (2014) 9(6):e98899. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098899
161. Aguilera M, Darby T, Melgar S. The complex role of inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases-lessons learned from experimental models. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev (2014) 25(6):715-30. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.04.003
162. Ordás I, Eckmann L, Talamini M, Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet (2012) 380(9853):1606-19. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60150-0
163. Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ. Crohn's disease. Lancet (2012) 380(9853):1590-605. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60026-9
164. Zaki MH, Boyd KL, Vogel P, Kastan MB, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. The NLRP3 inflammasome protects against loss of epithelial integrity and mortality during experimental colitis. Immunity (2010) 32(3):379-91. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.003
165. Allen IC, TeKippe EM, Woodford RM, Uronis JM, Holl EK, Rogers AB, et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome functions as a negative regulator of tumorigenesis during colitis-associated cancer. J Exp Med (2010) 207(5):1045-56. doi:10.1084/jem.20100050
166. Zaki MH, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. The Nlrp3 inflammasome: contributions to intestinal homeostasis. Trends Immunol (2011) 32(4):171-9. doi:10.1016/j.it.2011.02.002
167. Bauer C, Duewell P, Mayer C, Lehr HA, Fitzgerald KA, Dauer M, et al. Colitis induced in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) is mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome. Gut (2010) 59(9):1192-9. doi:10.1136/gut.2009.197822
168. Elinav E, Strowig T, Kau AL, Henao-Mejia J, Thaiss CA, Booth CJ, et al. NLRP6 inflammasome regulates colonic microbial ecology and risk for colitis. Cell (2011) 145(5):745-57. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.04.022
169. Chen GY, Nunez G. Inflammasomes in intestinal inflammation and cancer. Gastroenterology (2011) 141(6):1986-99. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.002
170. Sellin ME, Maslowski KM, Maloy KJ, Hardt WD. Inflammasomes of the intestinal epithelium. Trends Immunol (2015) 36(8):442-50. doi:10.1016/j.it.2015.06.002
171. Vance RE. The NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasomes. Curr Opin Immunol (2015) 32:84-9. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2015.01.010
172. Sellin ME, Muller AA, Felmy B, Dolowschiak T, Diard M, Tardivel A, et al. Epithelium-intrinsic NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome drives infected enterocyte expulsion to restrict Salmonella replication in the intestinal mucosa. Cell Host Microbe (2014) 16(2):237-48. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.07.001
173. Liu Z, Zaki MH, Vogel P, Gurung P, Finlay BB, Deng W, et al. Role of inflammasomes in host defense against Citrobacter rodentium infection. J Biol Chem (2012) 287(20):16955-64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.358705
174. Mahida YR, Wu K, Jewell DP. Enhanced production of interleukin 1-beta by mononuclear cells isolated from mucosa with active ulcerative colitis of Crohn's disease. Gut (1989) 30(6):835-8. doi:10.1136/gut.30.6.835
175. McAlindon ME, Hawkey CJ, Mahida YR. Expression of interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 1 beta converting enzyme by intestinal macrophages in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut (1998) 42(2):214-9. doi:10.1136/gut.42.2.214
176. Siegmund B, Lehr HA, Fantuzzi G, Dinarello CA. IL-1 beta-converting enzyme (caspase-1) in intestinal inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2001) 98(23):13249-54. doi:10.1073/pnas.231473998
177. Coccia M, Harrison OJ, Schiering C, Asquith MJ, Becher B, Powrie F, et al. IL-1beta mediates chronic intestinal inflammation by promoting the accumulation of IL-17A secreting innate lymphoid cells and CD4(+) Th17 cells. J Exp Med (2012) 209(9):1595-609. doi:10.1084/jem.20111453
178. Dupaul-Chicoine J, Yeretssian G, Doiron K, Bergstrom KS, McIntire CR, LeBlanc PM, et al. Control of intestinal homeostasis, colitis, and colitis-associated colorectal cancer by the inflammatory caspases. Immunity (2010) 32(3):367-78. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.02.012
179. Romano M, De Francesco F, Zarantonello L, Ruffolo C, Ferraro GA, Zanus G, et al. From inflammation to cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: molecular perspectives. Anticancer Res (2016) 36(4):1447-60.
180. Tanaka T, Kohno H, Suzuki R, Yamada Y, Sugie S, Mori H. A novel inflammation-related mouse colon carcinogenesis model induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate. Cancer Sci (2003) 94(11):965-73. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01386.x
181. Hirota SA, Ng J, Lueng A, Khajah M, Parhar K, Li Y, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. Inflamm Bowel Dis (2011) 17(6):1359-72. doi:10.1002/ibd.21478
182. Chen GY, Liu M, Wang F, Bertin J, Nunez G. A functional role for Nlrp6 in intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. J Immunol (2011) 186(12):7187-94. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1100412
183. Normand S, Delanoye-Crespin A, Bressenot A, Huot L, Grandjean T, Peyrin-Biroulet L, et al. Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 6 (NLRP6) controls epithelial self-renewal and colorectal carcinogenesis upon injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2011) 108(23):9601-6. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100981108
184. Voronov E, Apte RN. IL-1 in colon inflammation, colon carcinogenesis and invasiveness of colon cancer. Cancer Microenviron (2015) 8(3):187-200. doi:10.1007/s12307-015-0177-7
185. Takagi H, Kanai T, Okazawa A, Kishi Y, Sato T, Takaishi H, et al. Contrasting action of IL-12 and IL-18 in the development of dextran sodium sulphate colitis in mice. Scand J Gastroenterol (2003) 38(8):837-44. doi:10.1080/00365520310004047
186. Salcedo R, Worschech A, Cardone M, Jones Y, Gyulai Z, Dai RM, et al. MyD88-mediated signaling prevents development of adenocarcinomas of the colon: role of interleukin 18. J Exp Med (2010) 207(8):1625-36. doi:10.1084/jem.20100199
187. Zaki MH, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. Inflammasomes and intestinal tumorigenesis. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech (2011) 8(3-4):e71-8. doi:10.1016/j.ddmec.2011.11.003
188. Zaki MH, Vogel P, Body-Malapel M, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. IL-18 production downstream of the Nlrp3 inflammasome confers protection against colorectal tumor formation. J Immunol (2010) 185(8):4912-20. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002046
189. Nava P, Koch S, Laukoetter MG, Lee WY, Kolegraff K, Capaldo CT, et al. Interferon-gamma regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis through converging beta-catenin signaling pathways. Immunity (2010) 32(3):392-402. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.001
190. Misiorek JO, Lahdeniemi IA, Nystrom JH, Paramonov VM, Gullmets JA, Saarento H, et al. Keratin 8-deletion induced colitis predisposes to murine colorectal cancer enforced by the inflammasome and IL-22 pathway. Carcinogenesis (2016) 37(8):777-86. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgw063
191. Ratsimandresy RA, Indramohan M, Dorfleutner A, Stehlik C. The AIM2 inflammasome is a central regulator of intestinal homeostasis through the IL-18/IL-22/STAT3 pathway. Cell Mol Immunol (2017) 14(1):127-42. doi:10.1038/cmi.2016.35
192. Zaki MH, Vogel P, Malireddi RK, Body-Malapel M, Anand PK, Bertin J, et al. The NOD-like receptor NLRP12 attenuates colon inflammation and tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell (2011) 20(5):649-60. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.10.022
193. Lei A, Maloy KJ. Colon cancer in the land of NOD: NLRX1 as an intrinsic tumor suppressor. Trends Immunol (2016) 37(9):569-70. doi:10.1016/j.it.2016.07.004
194. Van Laethem A, Garmyn M, Agostinis P. Starting and propagating apoptotic signals in UVB irradiated keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol Sci (2009) 8(3):299-308. doi:10.1039/b813346h
195. Zhuang L, Wang B, Sauder DN. Molecular mechanism of ultraviolet-induced keratinocyte apoptosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res (2000) 20(5):445-54. doi:10.1089/10799900050023852
196. Sollberger G, Strittmatter GE, Grossi S, Garstkiewicz M, Aufdem Keller U, French LE, et al. Caspase-1 activity is required for UVB-induced apoptosis of human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol (2015) 135(5):1395-404. doi:10.1038/jid.2014.551
197. Faustin B, Reed JC. Sunburned skin activates inflammasomes. Trends Cell Biol (2008) 18(1):4-8. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2007.10.004
198. Feldmeyer L, Keller M, Niklaus G, Hohl D, Werner S, Beer HD. The inflammasome mediates UVB-induced activation and secretion of interleukin-1beta by keratinocytes. Curr Biol (2007) 17(13):1140-5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.074
199. Feldmeyer L, Werner S, French LE, Beer HD. Interleukin-1, inflammasomes and the skin. Eur J Cell Biol (2010) 89(9):638-44. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.04.008
200. Chin Y, Tsai T, Wu Y, Chen H, Lin S. 113 UV light and direct arsenic contact synergistically enhances carcinogenesis through activating inflammasome pathway in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol (2016) 136(5):S20. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.139
201. Drexler SK, Bonsignore L, Masin M, Tardivel A, Jackstadt R, Hermeking H, et al. Tissue-specific opposing functions of the inflammasome adaptor ASC in the regulation of epithelial skin carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2012) 109(45):18384-9. doi:10.1073/pnas.1209171109
202. Yazdi AS, Drexler SK. The two faces of the inflammasome adaptor ASC in epithelial skin carcinogenesis. Clin Exp Rheumatol (2015) 33(4 Suppl 92):S94-6.
203. Dunn JH, Ellis LZ, Fujita M. Inflammasomes as molecular mediators of inflammation and cancer: potential role in melanoma. Cancer Lett (2012) 314(1):24-33. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.001
204. Thompson BA, Storm MP, Hewinson J, Hogg S, Welham MJ, MacKenzie AB. A novel role for P2X7 receptor signalling in the survival of mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Signal (2012) 24(3):770-8. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.11.012
205. Glaser T, de Oliveira SL, Cheffer A, Beco R, Martins P, Fornazari M, et al. Modulation of mouse embryonic stem cell proliferation and neural differentiation by the P2X7 receptor. PLoS One (2014) 9(5):e96281. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096281
206. Ahmad I, Muneer KM, Tamimi IA, Chang ME, Ata MO, Yusuf N. Thymoquinone suppresses metastasis of melanoma cells by inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol (2013) 270(1):70-6. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.027
207. Schneider SL, Ross AL, Grichnik JM. Do inflammatory pathways drive melanomagenesis? Exp Dermatol (2015) 24(2):86-90. doi:10.1111/exd.12502
208. Kholmanskikh O, van Baren N, Brasseur F, Ottaviani S, Vanacker J, Arts N, et al. Interleukins 1alpha and 1beta secreted by some melanoma cell lines strongly reduce expression of MITF-M and melanocyte differentiation antigens. Int J Cancer (2010) 127(7):1625-36. doi:10.1002/ijc.25182
209. Ellis LZ, Liu W, Luo Y, Okamoto M, Qu D, Dunn JH, et al. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses melanoma growth by inhibiting inflammasome and IL-1beta secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2011) 414(3):551-6. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.115
210. Liu W, Luo Y, Dunn JH, Norris DA, Dinarello CA, Fujita M. Dual role of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) in tumorigenesis of human melanoma. J Invest Dermatol (2013) 133(2):518-27. doi:10.1038/jid.2012.317
211. Verma D, Bivik C, Farahani E, Synnerstad I, Fredrikson M, Enerback C, et al. Inflammasome polymorphisms confer susceptibility to sporadic malignant melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res (2012) 25(4):506-13. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2012.01008.x
212. Janowski AM, Colegio OR, Hornick EE, McNiff JM, Martin MD, Badovinac VP, et al. NLRC4 suppresses melanoma tumor progression independently of inflammasome activation. J Clin Invest (2016) 126(10):3917-28. doi:10.1172/JCI86953
213. Lupfer C, Malik A, Kanneganti TD. Inflammasome control of viral infection. Curr Opin Virol (2015) 12:38-46. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2015.02.007
214. Chen LC, Wang LJ, Tsang NM, Ojcius DM, Chen CC, Ouyang CN, et al. Tumour inflammasome-derived IL-1beta recruits neutrophils and improves local recurrence-free survival in EBV-induced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EMBO Mol Med (2012) 4(12):1276-93. doi:10.1002/emmm.201201569
215. Haneklaus M, Gerlic M, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Rainey AA, Pich D, McInnes IB, et al. Cutting edge: miR-223 and EBV miR-BART15 regulate the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1beta production. J Immunol (2012) 189(8):3795-9. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1200312
216. Reinholz M, Kawakami Y, Salzer S, Kreuter A, Dombrowski Y, Koglin S, et al. HPV16 activates the AIM2 inflammasome in keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res (2013) 305(8):723-32. doi:10.1007/s00403-013-1375-0
217. Mazibrada J, Longo L, Vatrano S, Cappia S, Giorcelli J, Pentenero M, et al. Differential expression of HER2, STAT3, SOX2, IFI16 and cell cycle markers during HPV-related head and neck carcinogenesis. New Microbiol (2014) 37(2):129-43.
218. Niebler M, Qian X, Hofler D, Kogosov V, Kaewprag J, Kaufmann AM, et al. Post-translational control of IL-1beta via the human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncoprotein: a novel mechanism of innate immune escape mediated by the E3-ubiquitin ligase E6-AP and p53. PLoS Pathog (2013) 9(8):e1003536. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003536
219. Burdette D, Haskett A, Presser L, McRae S, Iqbal J, Waris G. Hepatitis C virus activates interleukin-1beta via caspase-1-inflammasome complex. J Gen Virol (2012) 93(Pt 2):235-46. doi:10.1099/vir.0.034033-0
220. Manigold T, Bocker U, Chen J, Gundt J, Traber P, Singer MV, et al. Hepatitis B core antigen is a potent inductor of interleukin-18 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy controls and patients with hepatitis B infection. J Med Virol (2003) 71(1):31-40. doi:10.1002/jmv.10445
221. Wu DL, Xu GH, Lu SM, Ma BL, Miao NZ, Liu XB, et al. Correlation of AIM2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from humans with acute and chronic hepatitis B. Hum Immunol (2013) 74(5):514-21. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2013.01.022
222. Wei Q, Mu K, Li T, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Jia X, et al. Deregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatic parenchymal cells during liver cancer progression. Lab Invest (2014) 94(1):52-62. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2013.126
223. Oliere S, Douville R, Sze A, Belgnaoui SM, Hiscott J. Modulation of innate immune responses during human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev (2011) 22(4):197-210. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.08.002
224. Kamada AJ, Pontillo A, Guimarães RL, Loureiro P, Crovella S, Brandão LAC. NLRP3 polymorphism is associated with protection against human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz (2014) 109(7):960-3. doi:10.1590/0074-0276140154
225. MacLennan GT, Eisenberg R, Fleshman RL, Taylor JM, Fu P, Resnick MI, et al. The influence of chronic inflammation in prostatic carcinogenesis: a 5-year followup study. J Urol (2006) 176(3):1012-6. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2006.04.033
226. Dwivedi S, Goel A, Natu SM, Mandhani A, Khattri S, Pant KK. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of prostate specific antigen and serum interleukin 18 and 10 in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer: a prospective study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev (2011) 12(7):1843-8.
227. Karan D, Dubey S. From inflammation to prostate cancer: the role of inflammasomes. Adv Urol (2016) 2016:3140372. doi:10.1155/2016/3140372
228. Collard RL, Harya NS, Monzon FA, Maier CE, O'Keefe DS. Methylation of the ASC gene promoter is associated with aggressive prostate cancer. Prostate (2006) 66(7):687-95. doi:10.1002/pros.20371
229. Winter RN, Kramer A, Borkowski A, Kyprianou N. Loss of caspase-1 and caspase-3 protein expression in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res (2001) 61(3):1227-32.
230. Sasaki Y, Ahmed H, Takeuchi T, Moriyama N, Kawabe K. Immunohistochemical study of Fas, Fas ligand and interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme expression in human prostatic cancer. Br J Urol (1998) 81(6):852-5. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00665.x
231. Veeranki S. Role of inflammasomes and their regulators in prostate cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Cell Mol Biol Lett (2013) 18(3):355-67. doi:10.2478/s11658-013-0095-y
232. Okada N, Fujii C, Matsumura T, Kitazawa M, Okuyama R, Taniguchi S, et al. Novel role of ASC as a regulator of metastatic phenotype. Cancer Med (2016) 5(9):2487-500. doi:10.1002/cam4.800
233. Wang H, Wang Y, Du Q, Lu P, Fan H, Lu J, et al. Inflammasome-independent NLRP3 is required for epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer cells. Exp Cell Res (2016) 342(2):184-92. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.03.009
234. Idris A, Ghazali NB, Koh D. Interleukin 1beta-a potential salivary biomarker for cancer progression? Biomark Cancer (2015) 7:25-9. doi:10.4137/BIC.S25375
235. Qin Y, Ekmekcioglu S, Liu P, Duncan LM, Lizee G, Poindexter N, et al. Constitutive aberrant endogenous interleukin-1 facilitates inflammation and growth in human melanoma. Mol Cancer Res (2011) 9(11):1537-50. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0279
236. Phan TX, Nguyen VH, Duong MT, Hong Y, Choy HE, Min JJ. Activation of inflammasome by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium in bacteria-mediated cancer therapy. Microbiol Immunol (2015) 59(11):664-75. doi:10.1111/1348-0421.12333
237. Zhu J, Zhang J, Xiang D, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Wu M, et al. Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protects mice against acute doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol (2010) 643(2-3):247-53. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.024
238. Gasse P, Mary C, Guenon I, Noulin N, Charron S, Schnyder-Candrian S, et al. IL-1R1/MyD88 signaling and the inflammasome are essential in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice. J Clin Invest (2007) 117(12):3786-99. doi:10.1172/jci32285
239. Baamonde A, Curto-Reyes V, Juarez L, Meana A, Hidalgo A, Menendez L. Antihyperalgesic effects induced by the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra and increased IL-1beta levels in inflamed and osteosarcoma-bearing mice. Life Sci (2007) 81(8):673-82. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2007.07.003
240. Zhang RX, Liu B, Li A, Wang L, Ren K, Qiao JT, et al. Interleukin 1beta facilitates bone cancer pain in rats by enhancing NMDA receptor NR-1 subunit phosphorylation. Neuroscience (2008) 154(4):1533-8. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.072