Targeting G protein coupled receptor-related pathways as emerging molecular therapies

Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 115-129

  Ghanemi, Abdelaziz ^a,b  

^a CHINA PHARMACEUTICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b Universite Mentouri Constantine   (Algeria)

Author keywords

G protein coupled receptors; Molecular therapy; Potential target; Signaling pathway

Indexed keywords

BETA ARRESTIN; CYCLIC AMP; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; RHO KINASE; THIOCTIC ACID;

DRUG TARGETING; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MOLECULAR THERAPY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84930537244     PISSN: 13190164     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.07.007     Document Type: Review

References (236)

1. Adler E., Hoon M.A., Mueller K.L., Chandrashekar J., Ryba N.J., Zuker C.S. A novel family of mammalian taste receptors. Cell 2000, 100(6):693-702.
2. Ahmed M.R., Berthet A., Bychkov E., Porras G., Li Q., Bioulac B.H., Carl Y.T., Bloch B., Kook S., Aubert I., Dovero S., Doudnikoff E., Gurevich V.V., Gurevich E.V., Bezard E. Lentiviral overexpression of GRK6 alleviates L-dopa-induced dyskinesia in experimental Parkinson's disease. Sci. Transl. Med. 2010, 2(28). 28ra28.
3. Ahn S., Kim J., Hara M.R., Ren X.R., Lefkowitz R.J. {beta}-Arrestin-2 mediates anti-apoptotic signaling through regulation of BAD phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284(13):8855-8865.
4. Ahn S., Nelson C.D., Garrison T.R., Miller W.E., Lefkowitz R.J. Desensitization, internalization, and signaling functions of beta-arrestins demonstrated by RNA interference. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100(4):1740-1744.
5. Allen J.A., Yost J.M., Setola V., Chen X., Sassano M.F., Chen M., Peterson S., Yadav P.N., Huang X.P., Feng B., Jensen N.H., Che X., Bai X., Frye S.V., Wetsel W.C., Caron M.G., Javitch J.A., Roth B.L., Jin J. Discovery of beta-arrestin-biased dopamine D2 ligands for probing signal transduction pathways essential for antipsychotic efficacy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108(45):18488-18493.
6. Ambrosio M., Zurn A., Lohse M.J. Sensing G protein-coupled receptor activation. Neuropharmacology 2011, 60(1):45-51.
7. Assadi-Porter F.M., Tonelli M., Maillet E.L., Markley J.L., Max M. Interactions between the human sweet-sensing T1R2-T1R3 receptor and sweeteners detected by saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2010, 1798(2):82-86.
8. Azzi M., Charest P.G., Angers S., Rousseau G., Kohout T., Bouvier M., Pineyro G. Beta-arrestin-mediated activation of MAPK by inverse agonists reveals distinct active conformations for G protein-coupled receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100(20):11406-11411.
9. Balcells-Olivero M., Cousins M.S., Seiden L.S. Holtzman and Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats: differences in DRL 72-sec performance and 8-hydroxy-di-propylamino tetralin-induced hypothermia. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998, 286(2):742-752.
10. Bansal I., Waghmare C.K., Anand T., Gupta A.K., Bhattacharya B.K. Differential mRNA expression of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system of rats with acute and chronic exposure of sarin & physostigmine. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2009, 29(5):386-394.
11. Barrett T.B., Emberton J.E., Nievergelt C.M., Liang S.G., Hauger R.L., Eskin E., Schork N.J., Kelsoe J.R. Further evidence for association of GRK3 to bipolar disorder suggests a second disease mutation. Psychiatry Genet. 2007, 17(6):315-322.
12. Barrett T.B., Hauger R.L., Kennedy J.L., Sadovnick A.D., Remick R.A., Keck P.E., McElroy S.L., Alexander M., Shaw S.H., Kelsoe J.R. Evidence that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of the G protein receptor kinase 3 gene is associated with bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 2003, 8(5):546-557.
13. Barthet G., Framery B., Gaven F., Pellissier L., Reiter E., Claeysen S., Bockaert J., Dumuis A. 5-Hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway depends on Src activation but not on G protein or beta-arrestin signaling. Mol. Biol. Cell 2007, 18(6):1979-1991.
14. Beaulieu J.M., Sotnikova T.D., Marion S., Lefkowitz R.J., Gainetdinov R.R., Caron M.G. An Akt/beta-arrestin 2/PP2A signaling complex mediates dopaminergic neurotransmission and behavior. Cell 2005, 122(2):261-273.
15. Benovic J.L., DeBlasi A., Stone W.C., Caron M.G., Lefkowitz R.J. Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase: primary structure delineates a multigene family. Science 1989, 246(4927):235-240.
16. Bert B., Fink H., Rothe J., Walstab J., Bonisch H. Learning and memory in 5-HT(1A)-receptor mutant mice. Behav. Brain Res. 2008, 195(1):78-85.
17. Bezard E., Gross C.E., Qin L., Gurevich V.V., Benovic J.L., Gurevich E.V. L-DOPA reverses the MPTP-induced elevation of the arrestin2 and GRK6 expression and enhanced ERK activation in monkey brain. Neurobiol. Dis. 2005, 18(2):323-335.
18. Birch G.G. Modulation of sweet taste. Biofactors 1999, 9(1):73-80.
19. Birnbaumer L., Abramowitz J., Brown A.M. Receptor-effector coupling by G proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1990, 1031(2):163-224.
20. Bjork K., Rimondini R., Hansson A.C., Terasmaa A., Hyytia P., Heilig M., Sommer W.H. Modulation of voluntary ethanol consumption by beta-arrestin 2. FASEB J. 2008, 22(7):2552-2560.
21. Blier P., Bergeron R., de Montigny C. Selective activation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors induces rapid antidepressant response. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997, 16(5):333-338.
22. Bohn L.M., Dykstra L.A., Lefkowitz R.J., Caron M.G., Barak L.S. Relative opioid efficacy is determined by the complements of the G protein-coupled receptor desensitization machinery. Mol. Pharmacol. 2004, 66(1):106-112.
23. Bohn L.M., Gainetdinov R.R., Lin F.T., Lefkowitz R.J., Caron M.G. Mu-opioid receptor desensitization by beta-arrestin-2 determines morphine tolerance but not dependence. Nature 2000, 408(6813):720-723.
24. Bohn L.M., Gainetdinov R.R., Sotnikova T.D., Medvedev I.O., Lefkowitz R.J., Dykstra L.A., Caron M.G. Enhanced rewarding properties of morphine, but not cocaine, in beta(arrestin)-2 knock-out mice. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23(32):10265-10273.
25. Bohn L.M., Lefkowitz R.J., Gainetdinov R.R., Peppel K., Caron M.G., Lin F.T. Enhanced morphine analgesia in mice lacking beta-arrestin 2. Science 1999, 286(5449):2495-2498.
26. Boivin B., Vaniotis G., Allen B.G., Hebert T.E. G protein-coupled receptors in and on the cell nucleus: a new signaling paradigm?. J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res. 2008, 28(1-2):15-28.
27. Bonacci T.M., Mathews J.L., Yuan C., Lehmann D.M., Malik S., Wu D., Font J.L., Bidlack J.M., Smrcka A.V. Differential targeting of Gbetagamma-subunit signaling with small molecules. Science 2006, 312(5772):443-446.
28. Bookout A.L., Finney A.E., Guo R., Peppel K., Koch W.J., Daaka Y. Targeting Gbetagamma signaling to inhibit prostate tumor formation and growth. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278(39):37569-37573.
29. Brosens J.J., Gellersen B. Death or survival-progesterone-dependent cell fate decisions in the human endometrial stroma. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2006, 36(3):389-398.
30. Buck J., Sinclair M.L., Schapal L., Cann M.J., Levin L.R. Cytosolic adenylyl cyclase defines a unique signaling molecule in mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96(1):79-84.
31. Cabrera-Vera T.M., Vanhauwe J., Thomas T.O., Medkova M., Preininger A., Mazzoni M.R., Hamm H.E. Insights into G protein structure, function, and regulation. Endocr. Rev. 2003, 24(6):765-781.
32. Calebiro D., Nikolaev V.O., Persani L., Lohse M.J. Signaling by internalized G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2010, 31(5):221-228.
33. Camins A., Verdaguer E., Folch J., Pallas M. Involvement of calpain activation in neurodegenerative processes. CNS Drug Rev. 2006, 12(2):135-148.
34. Camps M., Hou C., Sidiropoulos D., Stock J.B., Jakobs K.H., Gierschik P. Stimulation of phospholipase C by guanine-nucleotide-binding protein beta gamma subunits. Eur. J. Biochem. 1992, 206(3):821-831.
35. Casey L.M., Pistner A.R., Belmonte S.L., Migdalovich D., Stolpnik O., Nwakanma F.E., Vorobiof G., Dunaevsky O., Matavel A., Lopes C.M., Smrcka A.V., Blaxall B.C. Small molecule disruption of G beta gamma signaling inhibits the progression of heart failure. Circ. Res. 2010, 107(4):532-539.
36. Chakir K., Zhu W., Tsang S., Woo A.Y., Yang D., Wang X., Zeng X., Rhee M.H., Mende U., Koitabashi N., Takimoto E., Blumer K.J., Lakatta E.G., Kass D.A., Xiao R.P. RGS2 is a primary terminator of beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated G(i) signaling. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2011, 50(6):1000-1007.
37. Chaudhary P., Marracci G.H., Bourdette D.N. Lipoic acid inhibits expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by CNS endothelial cells and T cell migration into the spinal cord in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 2006, 175(1-2):87-96.
38. Chebabo S.R., Santos M.D., Albuquerque E.X. The organophosphate sarin, at low concentrations, inhibits the evoked release of GABA in rat hippocampal slices. Neurotoxicology 1999, 20(6):871-882.
39. Chen C.H., Zhang D.H., LaPorte J.M., Ray A. Cyclic AMP activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in Th2 cells: phosphorylation of GATA-3 and stimulation of Th2 cytokine gene expression. J. Immunol. 2000, 165(10):5597-5605.
40. Chen J., Rusnak M., Lombroso P.J., Sidhu A. Dopamine promotes striatal neuronal apoptotic death via ERK signaling cascades. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29(2):287-306.
41. Cheng S., Maier D., Neubueser D., Hipfner D.R. Regulation of smoothened by Drosophila G-protein-coupled receptor kinases. Dev. Biol. 2010, 337(1):99-109.
42. Cheng S.B., Graeber C.T., Quinn J.A., Filardo E.J. Retrograde transport of the transmembrane estrogen receptor, G-protein-coupled-receptor-30 (GPR30/GPER) from the plasma membrane towards the nucleus. Steroids 2011, 76(9):892-896.
43. Christensen G.L., Kelstrup C.D., Lyngso C., Sarwar U., Bogebo R., Sheikh S.P., Gammeltoft S., Olsen J.V., Hansen J.L. Quantitative phosphoproteomics dissection of seven-transmembrane receptor signaling using full and biased agonists. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 2010, 9(7):1540-1553.
44. Chung S., Funakoshi T., Civelli O. Orphan GPCR research. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 153(Suppl. 1):S339-S346.
45. Cobelens P.M., Kavelaars A., Heijnen C.J., Ribas C., Mayor F., Penela P. Hydrogen peroxide impairs GRK2 translation via a calpain-dependent and cdk1-mediated pathway. Cell Signal. 2007, 19(2):269-277.
46. Collins R., MacMahon S. Blood pressure, antihypertensive drug treatment and the risks of stroke and of coronary heart disease. Br. Med. Bull. 1994, 50(2):272-298.
47. Conner D.A., Mathier M.A., Mortensen R.M., Christe M., Vatner S.F., Seidman C.E., Seidman J.G. Beta-Arrestin1 knockout mice appear normal but demonstrate altered cardiac responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Circ. Res. 1997, 81(6):1021-1026.
48. Costa L.G. Signal transduction in environmental neurotoxicity. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1998, 38:21-43.
49. Daaka Y. S-nitrosylation-regulated GPCR signaling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2011.
50. Damodaran T.V., Patel A.G., Greenfield S.T., Dressman H.K., Lin S.M., Abou-Donia M.B. Gene expression profiles of the rat brain both immediately and 3months following acute sarin exposure. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2006, 71(4):497-520.
51. Davies M.N., Secker A., Freitas A.A., Mendao M., Timmis J., Flower D.R. On the hierarchical classification of G protein-coupled receptors. Bioinformatics 2007, 23(23):3113-3118.
52. Deshpande D.A., Theriot B.S., Penn R.B., Walker J.K. Beta-arrestins specifically constrain beta2-adrenergic receptor signaling and function in airway smooth muscle. FASEB J. 2008, 22(7):2134-2141.
53. DeWire S.M., Ahn S., Lefkowitz R.J., Shenoy S.K. Beta-arrestins and cell signaling. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2007, 69:483-510.
54. DeWire S.M., Kim J., Whalen E.J., Ahn S., Chen M., Lefkowitz R.J. Beta-arrestin-mediated signaling regulates protein synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283(16):10611-10620.
55. Dillman J.F., Phillips C.S., Kniffin D.M., Tompkins C.P., Hamilton T.A., Kan R.K. Gene expression profiling of rat hippocampus following exposure to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor soman. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2009, 22(4):633-638.
56. Dixon R.A., Kobilka B.K., Strader D.J., Benovic J.L., Dohlman H.G., Frielle T., Bolanowski M.A., Bennett C.D., Rands E., Diehl R.E., Mumford R.A., Slater E.E., Sigal I.S., Caron M.G., Lefkowitz R.J., Strader C.D. Cloning of the gene and cDNA for mammalian beta-adrenergic receptor and homology with rhodopsin. Nature 1986, 321(6065):75-79.
57. Dorn G.W., Force T. Protein kinase cascades in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. J. Clin. Invest. 2005, 115(3):527-537.
58. Drake M.T., Violin J.D., Whalen E.J., Wisler J.W., Shenoy S.K., Lefkowitz R.J. Beta-arrestin-biased agonism at the beta2-adrenergic receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283(9):5669-5676.
59. Duysen E.G., Li B., Xie W., Schopfer L.M., Anderson R.S., Broomfield C.A., Lockridge O. Evidence for nonacetylcholinesterase targets of organophosphorus nerve agent: supersensitivity of acetylcholinesterase knockout mouse to VX lethality. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2001, 299(2):528-535.
60. Edagawa Y., Saito H., Abe K. 5-HT1A receptor-mediated inhibition of long-term potentiation in rat visual cortex. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 349(2-3):221-224.
61. Eijkelkamp N., Heijnen C.J., Willemen H.L., Deumens R., Joosten E.A., Kleibeuker W., den Hartog I.J., van Velthoven C.T., Nijboer C., Nassar M.A., Dorn G.W., Wood J.N., Kavelaars A. GRK2: a novel cell-specific regulator of severity and duration of inflammatory pain. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30(6):2138-2149.
62. Elenkov I.J., Webster E., Papanicolaou D.A., Fleisher T.A., Chrousos G.P., Wilder R.L. Histamine potently suppresses human IL-12 and stimulates IL-10 production via H2 receptors. J. Immunol. 1998, 161(5):2586-2593.
63. Fahn S. How do you treat motor complications in Parkinson's disease: Medicine, surgery, or both?. Ann. Neurol. 2008, 64(Suppl 2):S56-64.
64. Fan J., Malik A.B. Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling augments chemokine-induced neutrophil migration by modulating cell surface expression of chemokine receptors. Nat. Med. 2003, 9(3):315-321.
65. Feng Y.H., Ding Y., Ren S., Zhou L., Xu C., Karnik S.S. Unconventional homologous internalization of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor induced by G-protein-independent signals. Hypertension 2005, 46(2):419-425.
66. Ganguly S., Saxena R., Chattopadhyay A. Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton upon G-protein coupled receptor signaling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2011, 1808(7):1921-1929.
67. Garcia-Sevilla J.A., Escriba P.V., Ozaita A., La Harpe R., Walzer C., Eytan A., Guimon J. Up-regulation of immunolabeled alpha2A-adrenoceptors, Gi coupling proteins, and regulatory receptor kinases in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicides. J. Neurochem. 1999, 72(1):282-291.
68. Gether U. Uncovering molecular mechanisms involved in activation of G protein-coupled receptors. Endocr. Rev. 2000, 21(1):90-113.
69. Ghanemi, A., 2013a. Biological properties and perspective applications of "Bio-neuter" chemicals? Saudi Pharmaceutical J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2013.01.006.
70. Ghanemi, A., 2013b. Psychiatric neural networks and neuropharmacology: Selected advances and novel implications. Saudi Pharmaceutical J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2013.01.008.
71. Ghanemi A., He L., Yan M. New factors influencing G protein coupled receptors' system functions. Alexandria J. Med. 2013, 49(1):1-5.
72. Gilman A.G. G proteins: transducers of receptor-generated signals. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1987, 56:615-649.
73. Giorelli M., Livrea P., Trojano M. Post-receptorial mechanisms underlie functional disregulation of beta2-adrenergic receptors in lymphocytes from Multiple Sclerosis patients. J. Neuroimmunol. 2004, 155(1-2):143-149.
74. Gloriam D.E., Fredriksson R., Schioth H.B. The G protein-coupled receptor subset of the rat genome. BMC Genomics 2007, 8:338.
75. Grange-Midroit M., Garcia-Sevilla J.A., Ferrer-Alcon M., La Harpe R., Huguelet P., Guimon J. Regulation of GRK 2 and 6, beta-arrestin-2 and associated proteins in the prefrontal cortex of drug-free and antidepressant drug-treated subjects with major depression. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003, 111(1-2):31-41.
76. Guillermet-Guibert J., Bjorklof K., Salpekar A., Gonella C., Ramadani F., Bilancio A., Meek S., Smith A.J., Okkenhaug K., Vanhaesebroeck B. The p110beta isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signals downstream of G protein-coupled receptors and is functionally redundant with p110gamma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105(24):8292-8297.
77. Gurevich E.V., Tesmer J.J., Mushegian A., Gurevich V.V. G protein-coupled receptor kinases: more than just kinases and not only for GPCRs. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012, 133(1):40-69.
78. Han H., Stessin A., Roberts J., Hess K., Gautam N., Kamenetsky M., Lou O., Hyde E., Nathan N., Muller W.A., Buck J., Levin L.R., Nathan C. Calcium-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase mediates TNF signal transduction in human neutrophils. J. Exp. Med. 2005, 202(3):353-361.
79. Haney S., Hancox R.J. Recovery from bronchoconstriction and bronchodilator tolerance. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 2006, 31(2-3):181-196.
80. Harmar A.J., Hills R.A., Rosser E.M., Jones M., Buneman O.P., Dunbar D.R., Greenhill S.D., Hale V.A., Sharman J.L., Bonner T.I., Catterall W.A., Davenport A.P., Delagrange P., Dollery C.T., Foord S.M., Gutman G.A., Laudet V., Neubig R.R., Ohlstein E.H., Olsen R.W., Peters J., Pin J.P., Ruffolo R.R., Searls D.B., Wright M.W., Spedding M. IUPHAR-DB: the IUPHAR database of G protein-coupled receptors and ion channels. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009, 37. (Database issue): D680-685.
81. Hazell G.G., Hindmarch C.C., Pope G.R., Roper J.A., Lightman S.L., Murphy D., O'Carroll A.M., Lolait S.J. G protein-coupled receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei - serpentine gateways to neuroendocrine homeostasis. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2012, 33(1):45-66.
82. Heberlein U., Tsai L.T., Kapfhamer D., Lasek A.W. Drosophila, a genetic model system to study cocaine-related behaviors: a review with focus on LIM-only proteins. Neuropharmacology 2009, 56(Suppl. 1):97-106.
83. Heilker R., Wolff M., Tautermann C.S., Bieler M. G-protein-coupled receptor-focused drug discovery using a target class platform approach. Drug Discov. Today 2009, 14(5-6):231-240.
84. Hofmann K.P., Scheerer P., Hildebrand P.W., Choe H.W., Park J.H., Heck M., Ernst O.P. A G protein-coupled receptor at work: the rhodopsin model. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2009, 34(11):540-552.
85. Hollinger S., Hepler J.R. Cellular regulation of RGS proteins: modulators and integrators of G protein signaling. Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54(3):527-559.
86. Hoon M.A., Adler E., Lindemeier J., Battey J.F., Ryba N.J., Zuker C.S. Putative mammalian taste receptors: a class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity. Cell 1999, 96(4):541-551.
87. Hopkins A.L., Groom C.R. The druggable genome. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2002, 1(9):727-730.
88. Horvath S., Janka Z., Mirnics K. Analyzing schizophrenia by DNA microarrays. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 69(2):157-162.
89. Ikeda S.R., Dunlap K. Voltage-dependent modulation of N-type calcium channels: role of G protein subunits. Adv. Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. 1999, 33:131-151.
90. Iken K., Chheng S., Fargin A., Goulet A.C., Kouassi E. Serotonin upregulates mitogen-stimulated B lymphocyte proliferation through 5-HT1A receptors. Cell Immunol. 1995, 163(1):1-9.
91. Insel P.A., Tang C.M., Hahntow I., Michel M.C. Impact of GPCRs in clinical medicine: monogenic diseases, genetic variants and drug targets. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2007, 1768(4):994-1005.
92. Irannejad R., Wedegaertner P.B. Regulation of constitutive cargo transport from the trans-Golgi network to plasma membrane by Golgi-localized G protein betagamma subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285(42):32393-32404.
93. Iwamoto K., Kato T. Gene expression profiling in schizophrenia and related mental disorders. Neuroscientist 2006, 12(4):349-361.
94. Jalil J., Lavandero S., Chiong M., Ocaranza M.P. Rho/Rho kinase signal transduction pathway in cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular remodeling. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 2005, 58(8):951-961.
95. Jiang B., Shi Y., Li H., Kang L., Ma L. Decreased morphine analgesia in rat overexpressing beta-arrestin 2 at periaqueductal gray. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 400(1-2):150-153.
96. Johns D.G., Dorrance A.M., Leite R., Weber D.S., Webb R.C. Novel signaling pathways contributing to vascular changes in hypertension. J. Biomed. Sci. 2000, 7(6):431-443.
97. Joshi P.C., Zhou X., Cuchens M., Jones Q. Prostaglandin E2 suppressed IL-15-mediated human NK cell function through down-regulation of common gamma-chain. J. Immunol. 2001, 166(2):885-891.
98. Kassa J., Pecka M., Tichy M., Bajgar J., Koupilova M., Herink J., Krocova Z. Toxic effects of sarin in rats at three months following single or repeated low-level inhalation exposure. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2001, 88(4):209-212.
99. Kaufer D., Friedman A., Seidman S., Soreq H. Acute stress facilitates long-lasting changes in cholinergic gene expression. Nature 1998, 393(6683):373-377.
100. Kenakin T. New concepts in drug discovery: collateral efficacy and permissive antagonism. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2005, 4(11):919-927.
101. Kenakin T., Miller L.J. Seven transmembrane receptors as shapeshifting proteins: the impact of allosteric modulation and functional selectivity on new drug discovery. Pharmacol. Rev. 2010, 62(2):265-304.
102. Kilts J.D., Connery H.S., Arrington E.G., Lewis M.M., Lawler C.P., Oxford G.S., O'Malley K.L., Todd R.D., Blake B.L., Nichols D.E., Mailman R.B. Functional selectivity of dopamine receptor agonists. II. Actions of dihydrexidine in D2L receptor-transfected MN9D cells and pituitary lactotrophs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2002, 301(3):1179-1189.
103. Kim I.M., Tilley D.G., Chen J., Salazar N.C., Whalen E.J., Violin J.D., Rockman H.A. Beta-blockers alprenolol and carvedilol stimulate beta-arrestin-mediated EGFR transactivation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105(38):14555-14560.
104. Kirui J.K., Xie Y., Wolff D.W., Jiang H., Abel P.W., Tu Y. Gbetagamma signaling promotes breast cancer cell migration and invasion. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2010, 333(2):393-403.
105. Kleibeuker W., Ledeboer A., Eijkelkamp N., Watkins L.R., Maier S.F., Zijlstra J., Heijnen C.J., Kavelaars A. A role for G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in mechanical allodynia. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2007, 25(6):1696-1704.
106. Koch W.J., Rockman H.A., Samama P., Hamilton R.A., Bond R.A., Milano C.A., Lefkowitz R.J. Cardiac function in mice overexpressing the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase or a beta ARK inhibitor. Science 1995, 268(5215):1350-1353.
107. Koizumi A., Nakajima K., Asakura T., Morita Y., Ito K., Shmizu-Ibuka A., Misaka T., Abe K. Taste-modifying sweet protein, neoculin, is received at human T1R3 amino terminal domain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 358(2):585-589.
108. Krupnick J.G., Gurevich V.V., Benovic J.L. Mechanism of quenching of phototransduction. Binding competition between arrestin and transducin for phosphorhodopsin. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272(29):18125-18131.
109. Kuklina E.M., Shirshev S.V. Role of cAMP-dependent signal transduction in the control of T lymphocyte activation. Biochemistry (Mosc.) 2000, 65(6):629-639.
110. Kumar R., Singh V.P., Baker K.M. Kinase inhibitors for cardiovascular disease. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2007, 42(1):1-11.
111. Kunt T., Forst T., Wilhelm A., Tritschler H., Pfuetzner A., Harzer O., Engelbach M., Zschaebitz A., Stofft E., Beyer J. Alpha-lipoic acid reduces expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial adhesion of human monocytes after stimulation with advanced glycation end products. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 1999, 96(1):75-82.
112. Lagerstrom M.C., Schioth H.B. Structural diversity of G protein-coupled receptors and significance for drug discovery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2008, 7(4):339-357.
113. Lallement G., Carpentier P., Collet A., Baubichon D., Pernot-Marino I., Blanchet G. Extracellular acetylcholine changes in rat limbic structures during soman-induced seizures. Neurotoxicology 1992, 13(3):557-567.
114. Lallement G., Carpentier P., Collet A., Pernot-Marino I., Baubichon D., Blanchet G. Effects of soman-induced seizures on different extracellular amino acid levels and on glutamate uptake in rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 1991, 563(1-2):234-240.
115. Lawler C.P., Prioleau C., Lewis M.M., Mak C., Jiang D., Schetz J.A., Gonzalez A.M., Sibley D.R., Mailman R.B. Interactions of the novel antipsychotic aripiprazole (OPC-14597) with dopamine and serotonin receptor subtypes. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999, 20(6):612-627.
116. LeDoux J.E. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2000, 23:155-184.
117. Lefkowitz R.J., Shenoy S.K. Transduction of receptor signals by beta-arrestins. Science 2005, 308(5721):512-517.
118. Lehmann D.M., Seneviratne A.M., Smrcka A.V. Small molecule disruption of G protein beta gamma subunit signaling inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis and inflammation. Mol. Pharmacol. 2008, 73(2):410-418.
119. Leosco D., Fortunato F., Rengo G., Iaccarino G., Sanzari E., Golino L., Zincarelli C., Canonico V., Marchese M., Koch W.J., Rengo F. Lymphocyte G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 is upregulated in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 2007, 415(3):279-282.
120. Li Q., Luo T., Jiang X., Wang J. Anxiolytic effects of 5-HTA receptors and anxiogenic effects of 5-HTC receptors in the amygdala of mice. Neuropharmacology 2012, 62(1):474-484.
121. Linley J.E., Rose K., Ooi L., Gamper N. Understanding inflammatory pain: ion channels contributing to acute and chronic nociception. Pflugers Arch. 2010, 459(5):657-669.
122. Lohse M.J., Benovic J.L., Codina J., Caron M.G., Lefkowitz R.J. Beta-Arrestin: a protein that regulates beta-adrenergic receptor function. Science 1990, 248(4962):1547-1550.
123. Lokshin A., Raskovalova T., Huang X., Zacharia L.C., Jackson E.K., Gorelik E. Adenosine-mediated inhibition of the cytotoxic activity and cytokine production by activated natural killer cells. Cancer Res. 2006, 66(15):7758-7765.
124. Lombardi M.S., Kavelaars A., Penela P., Scholtens E.J., Roccio M., Schmidt R.E., Schedlowski M., Mayor F., Heijnen C.J. Oxidative stress decreases G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in lymphocytes via a calpain-dependent mechanism. Mol. Pharmacol. 2002, 62(2):379-388.
125. Lombardi M.S., Vroon A., Sodaar P., van Muiswinkel F.L., Heijnen C.J., Kavelaars A. Down-regulation of GRK2 after oxygen and glucose deprivation in rat hippocampal slices: role of the PI3-kinase pathway. J. Neurochem. 2007, 102(3):731-740.
126. Lundstrom K. Latest development in drug discovery on G protein-coupled receptors. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 2006, 7(5):465-470.
127. Luttrell L.M., Ferguson S.S., Daaka Y., Miller W.E., Maudsley S., Della Rocca G.J., Lin F., Kawakatsu H., Owada K., Luttrell D.K., Caron M.G., Lefkowitz R.J. Beta-arrestin-dependent formation of beta2 adrenergic receptor-Src protein kinase complexes. Science 1999, 283(5402):655-661.
128. Luttrell L.M., Gesty-Palmer D. Beyond desensitization: physiological relevance of arrestin-dependent signaling. Pharmacol. Rev. 2010, 62(2):305-330.
129. Ma A.W., Dong J.Y., Ma D., Wells J.W. Cleavage-resistant fusion proteins of the M(2) muscarinic receptor and Galpha(i1). Homotropic and heterotropic effects in the binding of ligands. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2011, 1810(6):592-602.
130. Ma B., Shatsky M., Wolfson H.J., Nussinov R. Multiple diverse ligands binding at a single protein site: a matter of pre-existing populations. Protein Sci. 2002, 11(2):184-197.
131. Ma P., Zemmel R. Value of novelty?. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2002, 1(8):571-572.
132. Mailman R.B. GPCR functional selectivity has therapeutic impact. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2007, 28(8):390-396.
133. Mailman R.B., Murthy V. Third generation antipsychotic drugs: partial agonism or receptor functional selectivity?. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2010, 16(5):488-501.
134. Maitra I., Serbinova E., Trischler H., Packer L. Alpha-lipoic acid prevents buthionine sulfoximine-induced cataract formation in newborn rats. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1995, 18(4):823-829.
135. Manning G., Whyte D.B., Martinez R., Hunter T., Sudarsanam S. The protein kinase complement of the human genome. Science 2002, 298(5600):1912-1934.
136. Marinissen M.J., Gutkind J.S. G-protein-coupled receptors and signaling networks: emerging paradigms. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2001, 22(7):368-376.
137. Marracci G.H., Marquardt W.E., Strehlow A., McKeon G.P., Gross J., Buck D.C., Kozell L.B., Bourdette D.N. Lipoic acid downmodulates CD4 from human T lymphocytes by dissociation of p56(Lck). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2006, 344(3):963-971.
138. Martini J.S., Raake P., Vinge L.E., DeGeorge B.R., Chuprun J.K., Harris D.M., Gao E., Eckhart A.D., Pitcher J.A., Koch W.J. Uncovering G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 as a histone deacetylase kinase in the nucleus of cardiomyocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105(34):12457-12462.
139. Maswood N., Caldarola-Pastuszka M., Uphouse L. Functional integration among 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor families in the control of female rat sexual behavior. Brain Res. 1998, 802(1-2):98-103.
140. Mathews J.L., Smrcka A.V., Bidlack J.M. A novel Gbetagamma-subunit inhibitor selectively modulates mu-opioid-dependent antinociception and attenuates acute morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance and dependence. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28(47):12183-12189.
141. Matkovich S.J., Diwan A., Klanke J.L., Hammer D.J., Marreez Y., Odley A.M., Brunskill E.W., Koch W.J., Schwartz R.J., Dorn G.W. Cardiac-specific ablation of G-protein receptor kinase 2 redefines its roles in heart development and beta-adrenergic signaling. Circ. Res. 2006, 99(9):996-1003.
142. Maudsley S., Martin B., Luttrell L.M. The origins of diversity and specificity in g protein-coupled receptor signaling. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005, 314(2):485-494.
143. McDonough J.H., Shih T.M. Neuropharmacological mechanisms of nerve agent-induced seizure and neuropathology. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1997, 21(5):559-579.
144. McPhee I., Gibson L.C., Kewney J., Darroch C., Stevens P.A., Spinks D., Cooreman A., MacKenzie S.J. Cyclic nucleotide signalling: a molecular approach to drug discovery for Alzheimer's disease. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2005, 33(Pt. 6):1330-1332.
145. Mehta D., Menke A., Binder E.B. Gene expression studies in major depression. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2010, 12(2):135-144.
146. Meshorer E., Soreq H. Virtues and woes of AChE alternative splicing in stress-related neuropathologies. Trends Neurosci. 2006, 29(4):216-224.
147. Miyaki K., Nishiwaki Y., Maekawa K., Ogawa Y., Asukai N., Yoshimura K., Etoh N., Matsumoto Y., Kikuchi Y., Kumagai N., Omae K. Effects of sarin on the nervous system of subway workers seven years after the Tokyo subway sarin attack. J. Occup. Health 2005, 47(4):299-304.
148. Moore A.R., Willoughby D.A. The role of cAMP regulation in controlling inflammation. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1995, 101(3):387-389.
149. Morikawa T., Yasuno R., Wada H. Do mammalian cells synthesize lipoic acid? Identification of a mouse cDNA encoding a lipoic acid synthase located in mitochondria. FEBS Lett. 2001, 498(1):16-21.
150. Neves S.R., Ram P.T., Iyengar R. G protein pathways. Science 2002, 296(5573):1636-1639.
151. Nickander K.K., McPhee B.R., Low P.A., Tritschler H. Alpha-lipoic acid: antioxidant potency against lipid peroxidation of neural tissues in vitro and implications for diabetic neuropathy. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1996, 21(5):631-639.
152. Nicoletti F., Bockaert J., Collingridge G.L., Conn P.J., Ferraguti F., Schoepp D.D., Wroblewski J.T., Pin J.P. Metabotropic glutamate receptors: from the workbench to the bedside. Neuropharmacology 2011, 60(7-8):1017-1041.
153. Noma K., Oyama N., Liao J.K. Physiological role of ROCKs in the cardiovascular system. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 2006, 290(3):C661-668.
154. Noma T., Lemaire A., Naga Prasad S.V., Barki-Harrington L., Tilley D.G., Chen J., Le Corvoisier P., Violin J.D., Wei H., Lefkowitz R.J., Rockman H.A. Beta-arrestin-mediated beta1-adrenergic receptor transactivation of the EGFR confers cardioprotection. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 117(9):2445-2458.
155. Obrenovich M.E., Smith M.A., Siedlak S.L., Chen S.G., de la Torre J.C., Perry G., Aliev G. Overexpression of GRK2 in Alzheimer disease and in a chronic hypoperfusion rat model is an early marker of brain mitochondrial lesions. Neurotox. Res. 2006, 10(1):43-56.
156. Osadchii O.E. Myocardial phosphodiesterases and regulation of cardiac contractility in health and cardiac disease. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 2007, 21(3):171-194.
157. Overington J.P., Al-Lazikani B., Hopkins A.L. How many drug targets are there?. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2006, 5(12):993-996.
158. Pachiappan A., Thwin M.M., Weng Keong L., Lee F.K., Manikandan J., Sivakumar V., Gopalakrishnakone P. ETS2 regulating neurodegenerative signaling pathway of human neuronal (SH-SY5Y) cells exposed to single and repeated low-dose sarin (GB). Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2009, 22(6):990-996.
159. Park D., Jhon D.Y., Lee C.W., Lee K.H., Rhee S.G. Activation of phospholipase C isozymes by G protein beta gamma subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268(7):4573-4576.
160. Park P.S., Lodowski D.T., Palczewski K. Activation of G protein-coupled receptors: beyond two-state models and tertiary conformational changes. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2008, 48:107-141.
161. Parkel S., Tontson L., Rinken A. Millimolar Mn2+ influences agonist binding to 5-HT1A receptors by inhibiting guanosine nucleotide binding to receptor-coupled G-proteins. Neurotoxicology 2011, 32(1):25-30.
162. Penela P., Murga C., Ribas C., Tutor A.S., Peregrin S., Mayor F. Mechanisms of regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc. Res. 2006, 69(1):46-56.
163. Perry S.J., Baillie G.S., Kohout T.A., McPhee I., Magiera M.M., Ang K.L., Miller W.E., McLean A.J., Conti M., Houslay M.D., Lefkowitz R.J. Targeting of cyclic AMP degradation to beta 2-adrenergic receptors by beta-arrestins. Science 2002, 298(5594):834-836.
164. Pierce K.L., Premont R.T., Lefkowitz R.J. Seven-transmembrane receptors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002, 3(9):639-650.
165. Pitcher J.A., Inglese J., Higgins J.B., Arriza J.L., Casey P.J., Kim C., Benovic J.L., Kwatra M.M., Caron M.G., Lefkowitz R.J. Role of beta gamma subunits of G proteins in targeting the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase to membrane-bound receptors. Science 1992, 257(5074):1264-1267.
166. Poulin B., Butcher A., McWilliams P., Bourgognon J.M., Pawlak R., Kong K.C., Bottrill A., Mistry S., Wess J., Rosethorne E.M., Charlton S.J., Tobin A.B. The M3-muscarinic receptor regulates learning and memory in a receptor phosphorylation/arrestin-dependent manner. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107(20):9440-9445.
167. Rajagopal S., Rajagopal K., Lefkowitz R.J. Teaching old receptors new tricks: biasing seven-transmembrane receptors. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2010, 9(5):373-386.
168. RamaRao G., Acharya J.N., Bhattacharya B.K. Changes of protein oxidation, calpain and cytoskeletal proteins (alpha tubulin and pNF-H) levels in rat brain after nerve agent poisoning. Toxicol. Lett. 2011, 203(3):227-236.
169. RamaRao G., Bhattacharya B.K. Multiple signal transduction pathways alterations during nerve agent toxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 2012, 208(1):16-22.
170. Ramos-Ruiz R., Penela P., Penn R.B., Mayor F. Analysis of the human G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) gene promoter: regulation by signal transduction systems in aortic smooth muscle cells. Circulation 2000, 101(17):2083-2089.
171. Raskovalova T., Lokshin A., Huang X., Jackson E.K., Gorelik E. Adenosine-mediated inhibition of cytotoxic activity and cytokine production by IL-2/NKp46-activated NK cells: involvement of protein kinase A isozyme I (PKA I). Immunol. Res. 2006, 36(1-3):91-99.
172. Rauly-Lestienne I., Lestienne F., Ailhaud M.C., Binesse J., Newman-Tancredi A., Cussac D. Competitive interaction of 5-HT(1A) receptors with G-protein subtypes in CHO cells demonstrated by RNA interference. Cell Signal. 2011, 23(1):58-64.
173. Re M., Pampillo M., Savard M., Dubuc C., McArdle C.A., Millar R.P., Conn P.M., Gobeil F., Bhattacharya M., Babwah A.V. The human gonadotropin releasing hormone type I receptor is a functional intracellular GPCR expressed on the nuclear membrane. PLoS One 2010, 5(7):e11489.
174. Riddle E.L., Schwartzman R.A., Bond M., Insel P.A. Multi-tasking RGS proteins in the heart: the next therapeutic target?. Circ. Res. 2005, 96(4):401-411.
175. Rimondini R., Arlinde C., Sommer W., Heilig M. Long-lasting increase in voluntary ethanol consumption and transcriptional regulation in the rat brain after intermittent exposure to alcohol. FASEB J. 2002, 16(1):27-35.
176. Robishaw J.D., Berlot C.H. Translating G protein subunit diversity into functional specificity. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 2004, 16(2):206-209.
177. Rockman H.A., Chien K.R., Choi D.J., Iaccarino G., Hunter J.J., Ross J., Lefkowitz R.J., Koch W.J. Expression of a beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 inhibitor prevents the development of myocardial failure in gene-targeted mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95(12):7000-7005.
178. Rockman H.A., Koch W.J., Lefkowitz R.J. Seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors and heart function. Nature 2002, 415(6868):206-212.
179. Roder J.C., Argov S., Klein M., Petersson C., Kiessling R., Andersson K., Hansson M. Target-effector cell interaction in the natural killer cell system. V. Energy requirements, membrane integrity, and the possible involvement of lysosomal enzymes. Immunology 1980, 40(1):: 107-116.
180. Rondard P., Goudet C., Kniazeff J., Pin J.P., Prezeau L. The complexity of their activation mechanism opens new possibilities for the modulation of mGlu and GABAB class C G protein-coupled receptors. Neuropharmacology 2011, 60(1):82-92.
181. Roozendaal B., McEwen B.S., Chattarji S. Stress, memory and the amygdala. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 10(6):423-433.
182. Rosenbaum D.M., Rasmussen S.G., Kobilka B.K. The structure and function of G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature 2009, 459(7245):356-363.
183. Ross E.M., Wilkie T.M. GTPase-activating proteins for heterotrimeric G proteins: regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) and RGS-like proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2000, 69:795-827.
184. Saito K., Elce J.S., Hamos J.E., Nixon R.A. Widespread activation of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) in the brain in Alzheimer disease: a potential molecular basis for neuronal degeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90(7):2628-2632.
185. Salinthone S., Schillace R.V., Marracci G.H., Bourdette D.N., Carr D.W. Lipoic acid stimulates cAMP production via the EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors and inhibits IFN gamma synthesis and cellular cytotoxicity in NK cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 2008, 199(1-2):46-55.
186. Salinthone S., Schillace R.V., Tsang C., Regan J.W., Bourdette D.N., Carr D.W. Lipoic acid stimulates cAMP production via G protein-coupled receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2011, 22(7):681-690.
187. Savitz J., Lucki I., Drevets W.C. 5-HT(1A) receptor function in major depressive disorder. Prog. Neurobiol. 2009, 88(1):17-31.
188. Schiffman S.S., Booth B.J., Carr B.T., Losee M.L., Sattely-Miller E.A., Graham B.G. Investigation of synergism in binary mixtures of sweeteners. Brain Res. Bull. 1995, 38(2):105-120.
189. Schillace R.V., Carr D.W. The role of protein kinase A and A-kinase anchoring proteins in modulating T-cell activation: progress and future directions. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 2006, 26(2):113-131.
190. Schillace R.V., Pisenti N., Pattamanuch N., Galligan S., Marracci G.H., Bourdette D.N., Carr D.W. Lipoic acid stimulates cAMP production in T lymphocytes and NK cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 354(1):259-264.
191. Schmid A., Sutto Z., Nlend M.C., Horvath G., Schmid N., Buck J., Levin L.R., Conner G.E., Fregien N., Salathe M. Soluble adenylyl cyclase is localized to cilia and contributes to ciliary beat frequency regulation via production of cAMP. J. Gen. Physiol. 2007, 130(1):99-109.
192. Schmid C.L., Bohn L.M. Physiological and pharmacological implications of beta-arrestin regulation. Pharmacol. Ther. 2009, 121(3):285-293.
193. Schulein R., Westendorf C., Krause G., Rosenthal W. Functional significance of cleavable signal peptides of G protein-coupled receptors. Eur. J. Cell. Biol. 2012, 91(4):294-299.
194. Schutzer W.E., Xue H., Reed J., Oyama T., Beard D.R., Anderson S., Mader S.L. Age-related beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated vasorelaxation is changed by altering G protein receptor kinase 2 expression. Vascul. Pharmacol. 2011, 55(5-6):178-188.
195. Seletti B., Benkelfat C., Blier P., Annable L., Gilbert F., de Montigny C. Serotonin1A receptor activation by flesinoxan in humans body temperature and neuroendocrine responses. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995, 13(2):93-104.
196. Seneviratne A.M., Burroughs M., Giralt E., Smrcka A.V. Direct-reversible binding of small molecules to G protein betagamma subunits. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2011, 1814(9):1210-1218.
197. Sequeira A., Turecki G. Genome wide gene expression studies in mood disorders. OMICS 2006, 10(4):444-454.
198. Serebryany E., Zhu G.A., Yan E.C. Artificial membrane-like environments for in vitro studies of purified G-protein coupled receptors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012, 1818(2):225-233.
199. Sinclair M.L., Wang X.Y., Mattia M., Conti M., Buck J., Wolgemuth D.J., Levin L.R. Specific expression of soluble adenylyl cyclase in male germ cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 2000, 56(1):6-11.
200. Smrcka A.V., Sternweis P.C. Regulation of purified subtypes of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C beta by G protein alpha and beta gamma subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268(13):9667-9674.
201. Solberg Y., Belkin M. The role of excitotoxicity in organophosphorous nerve agents central poisoning. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1997, 18(6):183-185.
202. Stephens L., Smrcka A., Cooke F.T., Jackson T.R., Sternweis P.C., Hawkins P.T. A novel phosphoinositide 3 kinase activity in myeloid-derived cells is activated by G protein beta gamma subunits. Cell 1994, 77(1):83-93.
203. Stephens L.R., Eguinoa A., Erdjument-Bromage H., Lui M., Cooke F., Coadwell J., Smrcka A.S., Thelen M., Cadwallader K., Tempst P., Hawkins P.T. The G beta gamma sensitivity of a PI3K is dependent upon a tightly associated adaptor, p101. Cell 1997, 89(1):105-114.
204. Stessin A.M., Zippin J.H., Kamenetsky M., Hess K.C., Buck J., Levin L.R. Soluble adenylyl cyclase mediates nerve growth factor-induced activation of Rap1. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281(25):17253-17258.
205. Sun Y., Huang J., Xiang Y., Bastepe M., Juppner H., Kobilka B.K., Zhang J.J., Huang X.Y. Dosage-dependent switch from G protein-coupled to G protein-independent signaling by a GPCR. EMBO J. 2007, 26(1):53-64.
206. Takahashi M., Uchikado H., Caprotti D., Weidenheim K.M., Dickson D.W., Ksiezak-Reding H., Pasinetti G.M. Identification of G-protein coupled receptor kinase 2 in paired helical filaments and neurofibrillary tangles. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2006, 65(12):1157-1169.
207. Taneja M., Salim S., Saha K., Happe H.K., Qutna N., Petty F., Bylund D.B., Eikenburg D.C. Differential effects of inescapable stress on locus coeruleus GRK3, alpha2-adrenoceptor and CRF1 receptor levels in learned helpless and non-helpless rats: a potential link to stress resilience. Behav. Brain Res. 2011, 221(1):25-33.
208. Thal D.M., Yeow R.Y., Schoenau C., Huber J., Tesmer J.J. Molecular mechanism of selectivity among G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 inhibitors. Mol. Pharmacol. 2011, 80(2):294-303.
209. Touyz R.M., Schiffrin E.L. Signal transduction mechanisms mediating the physiological and pathophysiological actions of angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells. Pharmacol. Rev. 2000, 52(4):639-672.
210. Uehata M., Ishizaki T., Satoh H., Ono T., Kawahara T., Morishita T., Tamakawa H., Yamagami K., Inui J., Maekawa M., Narumiya S. Calcium sensitization of smooth muscle mediated by a Rho-associated protein kinase in hypertension. Nature 1997, 389(6654):990-994.
211. Urban J.D., Clarke W.P., von Zastrow M., Nichols D.E., Kobilka B., Weinstein H., Javitch J.A., Roth B.L., Christopoulos A., Sexton P.M., Miller K.J., Spedding M., Mailman R.B. Functional selectivity and classical concepts of quantitative pharmacology. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2007, 320(1):1-13.
212. Urban J.D., Vargas G.A., von Zastrow M., Mailman R.B. Aripiprazole has functionally selective actions at dopamine D2 receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 32(1):67-77.
213. Violin J.D., Lefkowitz R.J. Beta-arrestin-biased ligands at seven-transmembrane receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2007, 28(8):416-422.
214. Vollmayr B., Henn F.A. Learned helplessness in the rat: improvements in validity and reliability. Brain Res. Brain Res. Protoc. 2001, 8(1):1-7.
215. Vroon A., Kavelaars A., Limmroth V., Lombardi M.S., Goebel M.U., Van Dam A.M., Caron M.G., Schedlowski M., Heijnen C.J. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 2005, 174(7):4400-4406.
216. Wang W.C., Mihlbachler K.A., Brunnett A.C., Liggett S.B. Targeted transgenesis reveals discrete attenuator functions of GRK and PKA in airway beta2-adrenergic receptor physiologic signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106(35):15007-15012.
217. Ward T.R., Ferris D.J., Tilson H.A., Mundy W.R. Correlation of the anticholinesterase activity of a series of organophosphates with their ability to compete with agonist binding to muscarinic receptors. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1993, 122(2):300-307.
218. Werry T.D., Loiacono R., Sexton P.M., Christopoulos A. RNA editing of the serotonin 5HT2C receptor and its effects on cell signalling, pharmacology and brain function. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008, 119(1):7-23.
219. Whalen E.J., Rajagopal S., Lefkowitz R.J. Therapeutic potential of beta-arrestin- and G protein-biased agonists. Trends Mol. Med. 2011, 17(3):126-139.
220. Whiteman M., Tritschler H., Halliwell B. Protection against peroxynitrite-dependent tyrosine nitration and alpha 1-antiproteinase inactivation by oxidized and reduced lipoic acid. FEBS Lett. 1996, 379(1):74-76.
221. Wieland T., Lutz S., Chidiac P. Regulators of G protein signalling: a spotlight on emerging functions in the cardiovascular system. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2007, 7(2):201-207.
222. Wilden U. Duration and amplitude of the light-induced cGMP hydrolysis in vertebrate photoreceptors are regulated by multiple phosphorylation of rhodopsin and by arrestin binding. Biochemistry 1995, 34(4):1446-1454.
223. Willemen H.L., Eijkelkamp N., Wang H., Dantzer R., Dorn G.W., Kelley K.W., Heijnen C.J., Kavelaars A. Microglial/macrophage GRK2 determines duration of peripheral IL-1beta-induced hyperalgesia: contribution of spinal cord CX3CR1, p38 and IL-1 signaling. Pain 2010, 150(3):550-560.
224. Wisler J.W., DeWire S.M., Whalen E.J., Violin J.D., Drake M.T., Ahn S., Shenoy S.K., Lefkowitz R.J. A unique mechanism of beta-blocker action: carvedilol stimulates beta-arrestin signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104(42):16657-16662.
225. Woehler A., Ponimaskin E.G. G protein-mediated signaling: same receptor, multiple effectors. Curr. Mol. Pharmacol. 2009, 2(3):237-248.
226. Wolz P., Krieglstein J. Neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid and its enantiomers demonstrated in rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia. Neuropharmacology 1996, 35(3):369-375.
227. Xiao K., McClatchy D.B., Shukla A.K., Zhao Y., Chen M., Shenoy S.K., Yates J.R., Lefkowitz R.J. Functional specialization of beta-arrestin interactions revealed by proteomic analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104(29):12011-12016.
228. Xiao K., Sun J., Kim J., Rajagopal S., Zhai B., Villen J., Haas W., Kovacs J.J., Shukla A.K., Hara M.R., Hernandez M., Lachmann A., Zhao S., Lin Y., Cheng Y., Mizuno K., Ma'ayan A., Gygi S.P., Lefkowitz R.J. Global phosphorylation analysis of beta-arrestin-mediated signaling downstream of a seven transmembrane receptor (7TMR). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107(34):15299-15304.
229. Xie W., Samoriski G.M., McLaughlin J.P., Romoser V.A., Smrcka A., Hinkle P.M., Bidlack J.M., Gross R.A., Jiang H., Wu D. Genetic alteration of phospholipase C beta3 expression modulates behavioral and cellular responses to mu opioids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96(18):10385-10390.
230. Yao L., Fan P., Jiang Z., Mailliard W.S., Gordon A.S., Diamond I. Addicting drugs utilize a synergistic molecular mechanism in common requiring adenosine and Gi-beta gamma dimers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100(24):14379-14384.
231. Young J.J., Mehdi A., Stohl L.L., Levin L.R., Buck J., Wagner J.A., Stessin A.M. "Soluble" adenylyl cyclase-generated cyclic adenosine monophosphate promotes fast migration in PC12 cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 2008, 86(1):118-124.
232. Zhao T., Nalbant P., Hoshino M., Dong X., Wu D., Bokoch G.M. Signaling requirements for translocation of P-Rex1, a key Rac2 exchange factor involved in chemoattractant-stimulated human neutrophil function. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2007, 81(4):1127-1136.
233. Zheng H., Loh H.H., Law P.Y. Agonist-selective signaling of G protein-coupled receptor: mechanisms and implications. IUBMB Life 2010, 62(2):112-119.
234. Zhou X., Barrett T.B., Kelsoe J.R. Promoter variant in the GRK3 gene associated with bipolar disorder alters gene expression. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 64(2):104-110.
235. Zippin J.H., Chen Y., Nahirney P., Kamenetsky M., Wuttke M.S., Fischman D.A., Levin L.R., Buck J. Compartmentalization of bicarbonate-sensitive adenylyl cyclase in distinct signaling microdomains. FASEB J. 2003, 17(1):82-84.
236. Zippin J.H., Farrell J., Huron D., Kamenetsky M., Hess K.C., Fischman D.A., Levin L.R., Buck J. Bicarbonate-responsive "soluble" adenylyl cyclase defines a nuclear cAMP microdomain. J. Cell. Biol. 2004, 164(4):527-534.