Mechanisms of Mitotic Spindle Assembly and Function

International Review of Cytology

Volumn 265, Issue , 2008, Pages 111-158

  Walczak, Claire E ^a   Heald, Rebecca ^b  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Anaphase; Aneuploidy; Chromosome segregation; Kinetochore; Mitosis; Mitotic spindle; Motor protein; Ran

Indexed keywords

ANAPHASE; CELL FUNCTION; CELL STRUCTURE; CENTROMERE; CENTROSOME; CHROMOSOME; CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION; FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS; HUMAN; MICROTUBULE; MITOSIS; MITOSIS SPINDLE; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR MODEL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW;

EID: 38949132114     PISSN: 00747696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7696(07)65003-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (259)

1. Albee A.J., Tao W., and Wiese C. Phosphorylation of maskin by Aurora-A is regulated by RanGTP and importin beta. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 38293-38301
2. Andersen J.S., Wilkinson C.J., Mayor T., Mortensen P., Nigg E.A., and Mann M. Proteomic characterization of the human centrosome by protein correlation profiling. Nature 426 (2003) 570-574
3. Andrews P.D., Ovechkina Y., Morrice N., Wagenbach M., Duncan K., Wordeman L., and Swedlow J.R. Aurora B regulates MCAK at the mitotic centromere. Dev. Cell 6 (2004) 253-268
4. Antonio C., Ferby I., Wilhelm H., Jones M., Karsenti E., Nebreda A.R., and Vernos I. Xkid, a chromokinesin required for chromosome alignment on the metaphase plate. Cell 102 (2000) 425-435
5. Arnaoutov A., and Dasso M. The Ran GTPase regulates kinetochore function. Dev. Cell 5 (2003) 99-111
6. Arnaoutov A., Azuma Y., Ribbeck K., Joseph J., Boyarchuk Y., Karpova T., McNally J., and Dasso M. Crm1 is a mitotic effector of Ran-GTP in somatic cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 7 (2005) 626-632
7. Asbury C.L., Gestaut D.R., Powers A.F., Franck A.D., and Davis T.N. The Dam1 kinetochore complex harnesses microtubule dynamics to produce force and movement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006) 9873-9878
8. Babu J.R., Jeganathan K.B., Baker D.J., Wu X., Kang-Decker N., and van Deursen J.M. Rae1 is an essential mitotic checkpoint regulator that cooperates with Bub3 to prevent chromosome missegregation. J. Cell Biol. 160 (2003) 341-353
9. Basto R., Lau J., Vinogradova T., Gardiol A., Woods C.G., Khodjakov A., and Raff J.W. Flies without centrioles. Cell 125 (2006) 1375-1386
10. Bayliss R., Sardon T., Vernos I., and Conti E. Structural basis of Aurora-A activation by TPX2 at the mitotic spindle. Mol. Cell 12 (2003) 851-862
11. Biggins S., and Murray A.W. The budding yeast protein kinase Ipl1/Aurora allows the absence of tension to activate the spindle checkpoint. Genes Dev. 15 (2001) 3118-3129
12. Biggins S., and Walczak C.E. Captivating capture: How microtubules attach to kinetochores. Curr. Biol. 13 (2003) R449-R460
13. Blower M.D., Nachury M., Heald R., and Weis K. A Rae1-containing ribonucleoprotein complex is required for mitotic spindle assembly. Cell 121 (2005) 223-234
14. Bomont P., Maddox P., Shah J.V., Desai A.B., and Cleveland D.W. Unstable microtubule capture at kinetochores depleted of the centromere-associated protein CENP-F. EMBO J. 24 (2005) 3927-3939
15. Brittle A.L., and Ohkura H. Centrosome maturation: Aurora lights the way to the poles. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) R880-R882
16. Brouhard G.J., and Hunt A.J. Microtubule movements on the arms of mitotic chromosomes: Polar ejection forces quantified in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (2005) 13903-13908
17. Brown J.A., Bharathi A., Ghosh A., Whalen W., Fitzgerald E., and Dhar R. A mutation in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rae1 gene causes defects in poly(A) + RNA export and in the cytoskeleton. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 7411-7419
18. Brust-Mascher I., and Scholey J.M. Microtubule flux and sliding in mitotic spindles of Drosophila embryos. Mol. Biol. Cell 13 (2002) 3967-3975
19. Brust-Mascher I., Civelekoglu-Scholey G., Kwon M., Mogilner A., and Scholey J.M. Model for anaphase B: Role of three mitotic motors in a switch from poleward flux to spindle elongation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 15938-15943
20. Bucciarelli E., Giansanti M.G., Bonaccorsi S., and Gatti M. Spindle assembly and cytokinesis in the absence of chromosomes during Drosophila male meiosis. J. Cell Biol. 160 (2003) 993-999
21. Cameron L.A., Yang G., Cimini D., Canman J.C., Kisurina-Evgenieva O., Khodjakov A., Danuser G., and Salmon E.D. Kinesin 5-independent poleward flux of kinetochore microtubules in PtK1 cells. J. Cell Biol. 173 (2006) 173-179
22. Carazo-Salas R.E., Guarguaglini G., Gruss O.J., Segref A., Karsenti E., and Mattaj I.W. Generation of GTP-bound Ran by RCC1 is required for chromatin-induced mitotic spindle formation. Nature 400 (1999) 178-181
23. Carazo-Salas R.E., Gruss O.J., Mattaj I.W., and Karsenti E. Ran-GTP coordinates regulation of microtubule nucleation and dynamics during mitotic-spindle assembly. Nat. Cell Biol. 3 (2001) 228-234
24. Carroll C.W., and Straight A.F. Centromere formation: From epigenetics to self-assembly. Trends Cell Biol. 16 (2006) 70-78
25. Casaletto J.B., Nutt L.K., Wu Q., Moore J.D., Etkin L.D., Jackson P.K., Hunt T., and Kornbluth S. Inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex by the Xnf7 ubiquitin ligase. J Cell Biol. 169 (2005) 61-71
26. Caudron M., Bunt G., Bastiaens P., and Karsenti E. Spatial coordination of spindle assembly by chromosome-mediated signaling gradients. Science 309 (2005) 1373-1376
27. Chan G.K., and Yen T.J. The mitotic checkpoint: A signaling pathway that allows a single unattached kinetochore to inhibit mitotic exit. Prog. Cell Cycle Res. 5 (2003) 431-439
28. Chan G.K., Liu S.T., and Yen T.J. Kinetochore structure and function. Trends Cell Biol. 5 (2005) 589-598
29. Cheeseman I.M., Enquist-Newman M., Muller-Reichert T., Drubin D.G., and Barnes G. Mitotic spindle integrity and kinetochore function linked by the Duo1p/Dam1p complex. J. Cell Biol. 152 (2001) 197-212
30. Cheeseman I.M., Niessen S., Anderson S., Hyndman F., Yates III J.R., Oegema K., and Desai A. A conserved protein network controls assembly of the outer kinetochore and its ability to sustain tension. Genes Dev. 18 (2004) 2255-2268
31. Cheeseman I.M., MacLeod I., Yates III J.R., Oegema K., and Desai A. The CENP-F-like proteins HCP-1 and HCP-2 target CLASP to kinetochores to mediate chromosome segregation. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) 771-777
32. Cheeseman I.M., Chappie J.S., Wilson-Kubalek E.M., and Desai A. The conserved KMN network constitutes the core microtubule-binding site of the kinetochore. Cell 127 (2006) 983-997
33. Ciciarello M., and Lavia P. New CRIME plots. Ran and transport factors regulate mitosis. EMBO Rep. 6 (2005) 714-716
34. Cimini D., Howell B., Maddox P., Khodjakov A., Degrassi F., and Salmon E.D. Merotelic kinetochore orientation is a major mechanism of aneuploidy in mitotic mammalian tissue cells. J. Cell Biol. 153 (2001) 517-527
35. Cimini D., Fioravanti D., Salmon E.D., and Degrassi F. Merotelic kinetochore orientation versus chromosome mono-orientation in the origin of lagging chromosomes in human primary cells. J. Cell Sci. 115 (2002) 507-515
36. Cimini D., Moree B., Canman J.C., and Salmon E.D. Merotelic kinetochore orientation occurs frequently during early mitosis in mammalian tissue cells and error correction is achieved by two different mechanisms. J. Cell Sci. 116 (2003) 4213-4225
37. Cimini D., Cameron L.A., and Salmon E.D. Anaphase spindle mechanics prevent mis-segregation of merotelically oriented chromosomes. Curr. Biol. 14 (2004) 2149-2155
38. Cimini D., Wan X., Hirel C.B., and Salmon E.D. Aurora kinase promotes turnover of kinetochore microtubules to reduce chromosome segregation errors. Curr. Biol. 16 (2006) 1711-1718
39. Cleveland D.W., Mao Y., and Sullivan K.F. Centromeres and kinetochores: From epigenetics to mitotic checkpoint signaling. Cell 112 (2003) 407-421
40. Coue M., Lombillo V.A., and McIntosh J.R. Microtubule depolymerization promotes particle and chromosome movement in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 112 (1991) 1165-1175
41. Dasso M. The Ran GTPase: Theme and variations. Curr. Biol. 12 (2002) R502-R508
42. DeLuca J.G., Moree B., Hickey J.M., Kilmartin J.V., and Salmon E.D. hNuf2 inhibition blocks stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment and induces mitotic cell death in HeLa cells. J. Cell Biol. 159 (2002) 549-555
43. DeLuca J.G., Dong Y., Hergert P., Strauss J., Hickey J.M., Salmon E.D., and McEwen B.F. Hec1 and nuf2 are core components of the kinetochore outer plate essential for organizing microtubule attachment sites. Mol. Biol. Cell 16 (2005) 519-531
44. DeLuca J.G., Gall W.E., Ciferri C., Cimini D., Musacchio A., and Salmon E.D. Kinetochore microtubule dynamics and attachment stability are regulated by Hec1. Cell 127 (2006) 969-982
45. Desai A., and Mitchison T.J. Microtubule polymerization dynamics. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 13 (1997) 83-117
46. Desai A., Maddox P.S., Mitchison T.J., and Salmon E.D. Anaphase A chromosome movement and poleward spindle microtubule flux occur at similar rates in Xenopus extract spindles. J. Cell Biol. 141 (1998) 703-713
47. Ditchfield C., Johnson V.L., Tighe A., Ellston R., Haworth C., Johnson T., Mortlock A., Keen N., and Taylor S.S. Aurora B couples chromosome alignment with anaphase by targeting BubR1, Mad2, and Cenp-E to kinetochores. J. Cell Biol. 161 (2003) 267-280
48. Dogterom M., Felix M.A., Guet C.C., and Leibler S. Influence of M-phase chromatin on the anisotropy of microtubule asters. J. Cell Biol. 133 (1996) 125-140
49. Doxsey S., McCollum D., and Theurkauf W. Centrosomes in cellular regulation. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 21 (2005) 411-434
50. Dujardin D., Wacker U.I., Moreau A., Schroer T.A., Rickard J.E., and De Mey J.R. Evidence for a role of CLIP-170 in the establishment of metaphase chromosome alignment. J. Cell Biol. 141 (1998) 849-862
51. Earnshaw W.C., and Rothfield N. Identification of a family of human centromere proteins using autoimmune sera from patients with scleroderma. Chromosoma 91 (1985) 313-321
52. Eggert U.S., Mitchison T.J., and Field C.M. Animal cytokinesis: From parts list to mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 75 (2006) 543-566
53. Ems-McClung S.C., Zheng Y., and Walczak C.E. Importin alpha/beta and Ran-GTP regulate XCTK2 microtubule binding through a bipartite nuclear localization signal. Mol. Biol. Cell 15 (2004) 46-57
54. Endow S.A., Chandra R., Komma D.J., Yamamoto A.H., and Salmon E.D. Mutants of the Drosophila ncd microtubule motor protein cause centrosomal and spindle pole defects in mitosis. J. Cell Sci. 107 (1994) 859-867
55. Eyers P.A., and Maller J.L. Regulation of Xenopus Aurora A activation by TPX2. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 9008-9015
56. Eyers P.A., Erikson E., Chen L.G., and Maller J.L. A novel mechanism for activation of the protein kinase Aurora A. Curr. Biol. 13 (2003) 691-697
57. Fant X., Merdes A., and Haren L. Cell and molecular biology of spindle poles and NuMA. Int. Rev. Cytol. 238 (2004) 1-57
58. Feng J., Huang H., and Yen T.J. CENP-F is a novel microtubule-binding protein that is essential for kinetochore attachments and affects the duration of the mitotic checkpoint delay. Chromosoma 115 (2006) 320-329
59. Fraser A.G., Kamath R.S., Zipperlen P., Martinez-Campos M., Sohrmann M., and Ahringer J. Functional genomic analysis of C. elegans chromosome I by systematic RNA interference. Nature 408 (2000) 325-330
60. Funabiki H., and Murray A.W. The Xenopus chromokinesin Xkid is essential for metaphase chromosome alignment and must be degraded to allow anaphase chromosome movement. Cell 102 (2000) 411-424
61. Gaetz J., and Kapoor T.M. Dynein/dynactin regulate metaphase spindle length by targeting depolymerizing activities to spindle poles. J. Cell Biol. 166 (2004) 465-471
62. Gaglio T., Saredi A., Bingham J.B., Hasbani M.J., Gill S.R., Schroer T.A., and Compton D.A. Opposing motor activities are required for the organization of the mammalian mitotic spindle pole. J. Cell Biol. 135 (1996) 399-414
63. Ganem N.J., and Compton D.A. The KinI kinesin Kif2a is required for bipolar spindle assembly through a functional relationship with MCAK. J. Cell Biol. 166 (2004) 473-478
64. Ganem N.J., Upton K., and Compton D.A. Efficient mitosis in human cells lacking poleward microtubule flux. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) 1827-1832
65. Garrett S., Auer K., Compton D.A., and Kapoor T.M. hTPX2 is required for normal spindle morphology and centrosome integrity during vertebrate cell division. Curr. Biol. 12 (2002) 2055-2059
66. Gassmann R., Carvalho A., Henzing A.J., Ruchaud S., Hudson D.F., Honda R., Nigg E.A., Gerloff D.L., and Earnshaw W.C. Borealin: A novel chromosomal passenger required for stability of the bipolar mitotic spindle. J. Cell Biol. 166 (2004) 179-191
67. Gergely F., Draviam V.M., and Raff J.W. The ch-TOG/XMAP215 protein is essential for spindle pole organization in human somatic cells. Genes Dev. 17 (2003) 336-341
68. Giet R., Uzbekov R., Cubizolles F., Le Guellec K., and Prigent C. The Xenopus laevis aurora-related protein kinase pEg2 associates with and phosphorylates the kinesin-related protein XlEg5. J. Biol Chem. 274 (1999) 15005-15013
69. Giet R., McLean D., Descamps S., Lee M.J., Raff J.W., Prigent C., and Glover D.M. Drosophila Aurora A kinase is required to localize D-TACC to centrosomes and to regulate astral microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 156 (2002) 437-451
70. Gonczy P., Echeverri C., Oegema K., Coulson A., Jones S.J., Copley R.R., Duperon J., Oegema J., Brehm M., Cassin E., Hannak E., Kirkham M., et al. Functional genomic analysis of cell division in C. elegans using RNAi of genes on chromosome III. Nature 408 (2000) 331-336
71. Gorbsky G.J., Sammak P.J., and Borisy G.G. Chromosomes move poleward in anaphase along stationary microtubules that coordinately disassemble from their kinetochore ends. J. Cell Biol. 104 (1987) 9-18
72. Gorbsky G.J., Sammak P.J., and Borisy G.G. Microtubule dynamics and chromosome motion visualized in living anaphase cells. J. Cell Biol. 106 (1988) 1185-1192
73. Goshima G., and Vale R.D. The roles of microtubule-based motor proteins in mitosis: Comprehensive RNAi analysis in the Drosophila S2 cell line. J. Cell Biol. 162 (2003) 1003-1016
74. Goshima G., Nedelec F., and Vale R.D. Mechanisms for focusing mitotic spindle poles by minus end-directed motor proteins. J. Cell Biol. 171 (2005) 229-240
75. Goshima G., Wollman R., Stuurman N., Scholey J.M., and Vale R.D. Length control of the metaphase spindle. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) 1979-1988
76. Goshima G., Wollman R., Goodwin S.S., Zhang N., Scholey J.M., Vale R.D., and Stuurman N. Genes required for mitotic spindle assembly in Drosophila S2 cells. Science 316 (2007) 417-421
77. Groen A.C., Cameron L.A., Coughlin M., Miyamoto D.T., Mitchison T.J., and Ohi R. XRHAMM functions in ran-dependent microtubule nucleation and pole formation during anastral spindle assembly. Curr. Biol. 14 (2004) 1801-1811
78. Gruss O.J., Carazo-Salas R.E., Schatz C.A., Guarguaglini G., Kast J., Wilm M., Le Bot N., Vernos I., Karsenti E., and Mattaj I.W. Ran induces spindle assembly by reversing the inhibitory effect of importin alpha on TPX2 activity. Cell 104 (2001) 83-93
79. Gruss O.J., Wittmann M., Yokoyama H., Pepperkok R., Kufer T., Sillje H., Karsenti E., Mattaj I.W., and Vernos I. Chromosome-induced microtubule assembly mediated by TPX2 is required for spindle formation in HeLa cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 4 (2002) 871-879
80. Haren L., Remy M.H., Bazin I., Callebaut I., Wright M., and Merdes A. NEDD1-dependent recruitment of the gamma-tubulin ring complex to the centrosome is necessary for centriole duplication and spindle assembly. J. Cell Biol. 172 (2006) 505-515
81. Hauf S., Cole R.W., LaTerra S., Zimmer C., Schnapp G., Walter R., Heckel A., van Meel J., Rieder C.L., and Peters J.M. The small molecule Hesperadin reveals a role for Aurora B in correcting kinetochore-microtubule attachment and in maintaining the spindle assembly checkpoint. J. Cell Biol. 161 (2003) 281-294
82. Hayden J.H., Bowser S.S., and Rieder C.L. Kinetochores capture astral microtubules during chromosome attachment to the mitotic spindle: Direct visualization in live newt lung cells. J. Cell Biol. 111 (1990) 1039-1045
83. Heald R., Tournebize R., Blank T., Sandaltzopoulos R., Becker P., Hyman A., and Karsenti E. Self-organization of microtubules into bipolar spindles around artificial chromosomes in Xenopus egg extracts. Nature 382 (1996) 420-425
84. Heald R., Tournebize R., Habermann A., Karsenti E., and Hyman A. Spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts: Respective roles of centrosomes and microtubule self-organization. J. Cell Biol. 138 (1997) 615-628
85. Hetzer M., Gruss O.J., and Mattaj I.W. The Ran GTPase as a marker of chromosome position in spindle formation and nuclear envelope assembly. Nat. Cell Biol. 4 (2002) E177-E184
86. Hill T.L. Theoretical problems related to the attachment of microtubules to kinetochores. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82 (1985) 4404-4408
87. Holy T.E., and Leibler S. Dynamic instability of microtubules as an efficient way to search in space. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 5682-5685
88. Howell B.J., Hoffman D.B., Fang G., Murray A.W., and Salmon E.D. Visualization of Mad2 dynamics at kinetochores, along spindle fibers, and at spindle poles in living cells. J. Cell Biol. 150 (2000) 1233-1250
89. Hyman A.A., and Mitchison T.J. Two different microtubule-based motor activities with opposite polarites in kinetochores. Nature 351 (1991) 206-211
90. Jeganathan K.B., Malureanu L., and van Deursen J.M. The Rae1-Nup98 complex prevents aneuploidy by inhibiting securin degradation. Nature 438 (2005) 1036-1039
91. Jones M.H., He X., Giddings T.H., and Winey M. Yeast Dam1p has a role at the kinetochore in assembly of the mitotic spindle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 13675-13680
92. Joseph J., Liu S.T., Jablonski S.A., Yen T.J., and Dasso M. The RanGAP1-RanBP2 complex is essential for microtubule-kinetochore interactions in vivo. Curr. Biol. 14 (2004) 611-617
93. Joukov V., Groen A.C., Prokhorova T., Gerson R., White E., Rodriguez A., Walter J.C., and Livingston D.M. The BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer modulates ran-dependent mitotic spindle assembly. Cell 127 (2006) 539-552
94. Kalab P., Pu R.T., and Dasso M. The ran GTPase regulates mitotic spindle assembly. Curr. Biol. 9 (1999) 481-484
95. Kalab P., Weis K., and Heald R. Visualization of a Ran-GTP gradient in interphase and mitotic Xenopus egg extracts. Science 295 (2002) 2452-2456
96. Kalab P., Pralle A., Isacoff E.Y., Heald R., and Weis K. Analysis of a RanGTP-regulated gradient in mitotic somatic cells. Nature 440 (2006) 697-701
97. Kallio M.J., McCleland M.L., Stukenberg P.T., and Gorbsky G.J. Inhibition of aurora B kinase blocks chromosome segregation, overrides the spindle checkpoint, and perturbs microtubule dynamics in mitosis. Curr. Biol. 12 (2002) 900-905
98. Kapitein L.C., Peterman E.J., Kwok B.H., Kim J.H., Kapoor T.M., and Schmidt C.F. The bipolar mitotic kinesin Eg5 moves on both microtubules that it crosslinks. Nature 435 (2005) 114-118
99. Kapoor T.M., Lampson M.A., Hergert P., Cameron L., Cimini D., Salmon E.D., McEwen B.F., and Khodjakov A. Chromosomes can congress to the metaphase plate before biorientation. Science 311 (2006) 388-391
100. Karsenti E., and Vernos I. The mitotic spindle: A self-made machine. Science 294 (2001) 543-547
101. Khodjakov A., and Kapoor T. Microtubule flux: What is it good for?. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) R966-R968
102. Khodjakov A., and Rieder C.L. Kinetochores moving away from their associated pole do not exert a significant pushing force on the chromosome. J. Cell Biol. 135 (1996) 315-327
103. Khodjakov A., and Rieder C.L. The sudden recruitment of gamma-tubulin to the centrosome at the onset of mitosis and its dynamic exchange throughout the cell cycle, do not require microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 146 (1999) 585-596
104. Khodjakov A., and Rieder C.L. Centrosomes enhance the fidelity of cytokinesis in vertebrates and are required for cell cycle progression. J. Cell Biol. 153 (2001) 237-242
105. Khodjakov A., Cole R.W., Oakley B.R., and Rieder C.L. Centrosome-independent mitotic spindle formation in vertebrates. Curr. Biol. 10 (2000) 59-67
106. Khodjakov A., Copenagle L., Gordon M.B., Compton D.A., and Kapoor T.M. Minus-end capture of preformed kinetochore fibers contributes to spindle morphogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 160 (2003) 671-683
107. Khodjakov A., La Terra S., and Chang F. Laser microsurgery in fission yeast; role of the mitotic spindle midzone in anaphase B. Curr. Biol. 14 (2004) 1330-1340
108. King S.J., Brown C.L., Maier K.C., Quintyne N.J., and Schroer T.A. Analysis of the dynein-dynactin interaction in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Biol. Cell 14 (2003) 5089-5097
109. Kirschner M.W., and Mitchison T.J. Beyond self assembly: From microtubules to morphogenesis. Cell 45 (1986) 329-342
110. Kittler R., and Buchholz F. Functional genomic analysis of cell division by endoribonuclease-prepared siRNAs. Cell Cycle 4 (2005) 564-567
111. Kline-Smith S.L., Khodjakov A., Hergert P., and Walczak C.E. Depletion of centromeric MCAK leads to chromosome congression and segregation defects due to improper kinetochore attachments. Mol. Biol. Cell 15 (2004) 1146-1159
112. Kline-Smith S.L., Sandall S., and Desai A. Kinetochore-spindle microtubule interactions during mitosis. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 17 (2005) 35-46
113. Knowlton A.L., Lan W., and Stukenberg P.T. Aurora B is enriched at merotelic attachment sites, where it regulates MCAK. Curr. Biol. 16 (2006) 1705-1710
114. Koffa M.D., Casanova C.M., Santarella R., Kocher T., Wilm M., and Mattaj I.W. HURP is part of a Ran-dependent complex involved in spindle formation. Curr. Biol. 16 (2006) 743-754
115. Kotwaliwale C., and Biggins S. Microtubule capture: A concerted effort. Cell 127 (2006) 1105-1108
116. Kwok B.H., and Kapoor T.M. Microtubule flux: Drivers wanted. Trends Cell Biol. 19 (2007) 1-7
117. Lambert A.M., and Lloyd C.W. The higher plant microtubule cycle. In: Hyams J.S., and Lloyd C.W. (Eds). Microtubules (1994), Wiley-Liss, New York 325-342
118. Lampson M.A., Renduchitala K., Khodjakov A., and Kapoor T.M. Correcting improper chromosome-spindle attachments during cell division. Nat. Cell Biol. 6 (2004) 232-237
119. Lan W., Zhang X., Kline-Smith S.L., Rosasco S.E., Barrett-Wilt G.A., Shabanowitz J., Hunt D.F., Walczak C.E., and Stukenberg P.T. Aurora B phosphorylates centromeric MCAK and regulates its localization and microtubule depolymerization activity. Curr. Biol. 14 (2004) 273-286
120. Lansbergen G., Grigoriev I., Mimori-Kiyosue Y., Ohtsuka T., Higa S., Kitajima I., Demmers J., Galjart N., Houtsmuller A.B., Grosveld F., and Akhmanova A. CLASPs attach microtubule plus ends to the cell cortex through a complex with LL5beta. Dev. Cell 11 (2006) 21-32
121. Levesque A.A., and Compton D.A. The chromokinesin Kid is necessary for chromosome arm orientation and oscillation, but not congression, on mitotic spindles. J. Cell Biol. 154 (2001) 1135-1146
122. Levesque A.A., Howard L., Gordon M.B., and Compton D.A. A functional relationship between NuMA and kid is involved in both spindle organization and chromosome alignment in vertebrate cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 14 (2001) 3541-3552
123. Liska A.J., Popov A.V., Sunyaev S., Coughlin P., Habermann B., Shevchenko A., Bork P., Karsenti E., and Shevchenko A. Homology-based functional proteomics by mass spectrometry: Application to the Xenopus microtubule-associated proteome. Proteomics 4 (2004) 2707-2721
124. Liu S.T., Rattner J.B., Jablonski S.A., and Yen T.J. Mapping the assembly pathways that specify formation of the trilaminar kinetochore plates in human cells. J. Cell Biol. 175 (2006) 41-53
125. Lombillo V.A., Nislow C., Yen T.J., Gelfand V.I., and McIntosh J.R. Antibodies to the kinesin motor domain and CENP-E inhibit microtubule depolymerization-dependent motion of chromosomes in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 128 (1995) 107-115
126. Lombillo V.A., Stewart R.J., and McIntosh J.R. Minus-end-directed motion of kinesin-coated microspheres driven by microtubule depolymerization. Nature 373 (1995) 161-164
127. Luders J., Patel U.K., and Stearns T. GCP-WD is a gamma-tubulin targeting factor required for centrosomal and chromatin-mediated microtubule nucleation. Nat. Cell Biol. 8 (2006) 137-147
128. Mack G.J., and Compton D.A. Analysis of mitotic microtubule-associated proteins using mass spectrometry identifies astrin, a spindle-associated protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 14434-14439
129. Maddox P., Desai A., Oegema K., Mitchison T.J., and Salmon E.D. Poleward microtubule flux is a major component of spindle dynamics and anaphase A in mitotic Drosophila embryos. Curr. Biol. 12 (2002) 1670-1674
130. Maiato H., Sampaio P., Lemos C.L., Findlay J., Carmena M., Earnshaw W.C., and Sunkel C.E. MAST/Orbit has a role in microtubule-kinetochore attachment and is essential for chromosome alignment and maintenance of spindle bipolarity. J. Cell Biol. 157 (2002) 749-760
131. Maiato H., Fairley E.A., Rieder C.L., Swedlow J.R., Sunkel C.E., and Earnshaw W.C. Human CLASP1 is an outer kinetochore component that regulates spindle microtubule dynamics. Cell 113 (2003) 891-904
132. Maiato H., Rieder C.L., Earnshaw W.C., and Sunkel C.E. How do kinetochores CLASP dynamic microtubules?. Cell Cycle 2 (2003) 511-514
133. Maiato H., DeLuca J., Salmon E.D., and Earnshaw W.C. The dynamic kinetochore-microtubule interface. J. Cell Sci. 117 (2004) 5461-5477
134. Maiato H., Khodjakov A., and Rieder C.L. MAST/Orbit is required for microtubule subunit incorporation into fluxing kinetochore fibers. Nat. Cell Biol. 7 (2005) 42-47
135. Malmanche N., Maia A., and Sunkel C.E. The spindle assembly checkpoint: Preventing chromosome mis-segregation during mitosis and meiosis. FEBS Lett. 580 (2006) 2888-2895
136. Maney T., Hunter A.W., Wagenbach M., and Wordeman L. Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin is important for anaphase chromosome segregation. J. Cell Biol. 142 (1998) 787-801
137. Maresca T.J., Niederstrasser H., Weis K., and Heald R. Xnf7 contributes to spindle integrity through its microtubule-bundling activity. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) 1755-1761
138. Matuliene J., and Kuriyama R. Kinesin-like protein CHO1 is required for the formation of midbody matrix and the completion of cytokinesis in mammalian cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 13 (2002) 1832-1845
139. Matuliene J., and Kuriyama R. Role of the midbody matrix in cytokinesis: RNAi and genetic rescue analysis of the mammalian motor protein CHO1. Mol. Biol. Cell 15 (2004) 3083-3094
140. Mayer T.U., Kapoor T.M., Haggarty S.J., King R.W., Schreiber S.L., and Mitchison T.J. Small molecule inhibitor of mitotic spindle bipolarity identified in a phenotype-based screen. Science 286 (1999) 971-974
141. Mazia D. The cell: Biochemistry, physiology, morphology. In: Brachet J., and Mirsky A.E. (Eds). "Mitosis and the Physiology of Cell Division," Vol. 3 (1961), Academic Press, New York 77-440
142. McCleland M.L., Gardner R.D., Kallio M.J., Daum J.R., Gorbsky G.J., Burke D.J., and Stukenberg P.T. The highly conserved Ndc80 complex is required for kinetochore assembly, chromosome congression, and spindle checkpoint activity. Genes Dev. 17 (2003) 101-114
143. McCleland M.L., Kallio M.J., Barrett-Wilt G.A., Kestner C.A., Shabanowitz J., Hunt D.F., Gorbsky G.J., and Stukenberg P.T. The vertebrate Ndc80 complex contains Spc24 and Spc25 homologs, which are required to establish and maintain kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Curr. Biol. 14 (2004) 131-137
144. McEwen B.F., Heagle A.B., Cassels G.O., Buttle K.F., and Rieder C.L. Kinetochore fiber maturation in PtK1 cells and its implications for the mechanisms of chromosome congression and anaphase onset. J. Cell Biol. 137 (1997) 1567-1580
145. McEwen B.F., Chan G.K., Zubrowski B., Savoian M.S., Sauer M.T., and Yen T.J. CENP-E is essential for reliable bioriented spindle attachment, but chromosome alignment can be achieved via redundant mechanisms in mammalian cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 12 (2001) 2776-2789
146. McIntosh J.R., and Euteneuer U. Tubulin hooks as probes for microtubule polarity: An analysis of the method and an evaluation of data on microtubule polarity in the mitotic spindle. J. Cell Biol. 98 (1984) 525-533
147. McIntosh J.R., Grishchuk E.L., and West R.R. Chromosome-microtubule interactions during mitosis. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 18 (2002) 193-219
148. McKim K.S., and Hawley R.S. Chromosomal control of meiotic cell division. Science 270 (1995) 1595-1601
149. Measday V., Baetz K., Guzzo J., Yuen K., Kwok T., Sheikh B., Ding H., Ueta R., Hoac T., Cheng B., Pot I., Tong A., et al. Systematic yeast synthetic lethal and synthetic dosage lethal screens identify genes required for chromosome segregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (2005) 13956-13961
150. Merdes A., Ramyar K., Vechio J.D., and Cleveland D.W. A complex of NuMA and cytoplasmic dynein is essential for mitotic spindle assembly. Cell 87 (1996) 447-458
151. Merdes A., Heald R., Samejima K., Earnshaw W.C., and Cleveland D.W. Formation of spindle poles by dynein/dynactin-dependent transport of NuMA. J. Cell Biol. 149 (2000) 851-862
152. Mimori-Kiyosue Y., Grigoriev I., Sasaki H., Matsui C., Akhmanova A., Tsukita S., and Vorobjev I. Mammalian CLASPs are required for mitotic spindle organization and kinetochore alignment. Genes Cells 11 (2006) 845-857
153. Mitchison T.J. Mechanism and function of poleward flux in Xenopus extract meiotic spindles. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 360 (2005) 623-629
154. Mitchison T., and Kirschner M. Dynamic instability of microtubule growth. Nature 312 (1984) 237-242
155. Mitchison T.J., and Salmon E.D. Poleward kinetochore fiber movement occurs during both metaphase and anaphase-A in newt lung cell mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 119 (1992) 569-582
156. Mitchison T.J., and Salmon E.D. Mitosis: A history of division. Nat. Cell Biol. 3 (2001) E17-E21
157. Miyamoto D.T., Perlman Z.E., Burbank K.S., Groen A.C., and Mitchison T.J. The kinesin Eg5 drives poleward microtubule flux in Xenopus egg extract spindles. J. Cell Biol. 167 (2004) 813-818
158. Moore A., and Wordeman L. The mechanism, function and regulation of depolymerizing kinesins during mitosis. Trends Cell Biol. 14 (2004) 537-546
159. Moores C.A., Cooper J., Wagenbach M., Ovechkina Y., Wordeman L., and Milligan R.A. The role of the kinesin-13 neck in microtubule depolymerization. Cell Cycle 5 (2006) 1812-1815
160. Morgan D.O. "The Cell Cycle: Principles of Control." (2007), New Science Press, London
161. Murata-Hori M., and Wang Y.L. The kinase activity of aurora B is required for kinetochore-microtubule interactions during mitosis. Curr. Biol. 12 (2002) 894-899
162. Musacchio A., and Hardwick K.G. The spindle checkpoint: Structural insights into dynamic signalling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3 (2002) 731-741
163. Nachury M.V., Maresca T.J., Salmon W.C., Waterman-Storer C.M., Heald R., and Weis K. Importin beta is a mitotic target of the small GTPase Ran in spindle assembly. Cell 104 (2001) 95-106
164. Neumann B., Held M., Liebel U., Erfle H., Rogers P., Pepperkok R., and Ellenberg J. High-throughput RNAi screening by time-lapse imaging of live human cells. Nat. Methods 3 (2006) 385-390
165. Nigg E.A. Mitotic kinases as regulators of cell division and its checkpoints. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (2001) 21-32
166. Nislow C., Sellitto C., Kuriyama R., and McIntosh J.R. A monoclonal antibody to a mitotic microtubule-associated protein blocks mitotic progression. J. Cell Biol. 111 (1990) 511-522
167. Nislow C., Lombillo V.A., Kuriyama R., and McIntosh J.R. A plus-end-directed motor enzyme that moves antiparallel microtubules in vitro localizes to the interzone of mitotic spindles. Nature 359 (1992) 543-547
168. Nogales E., Whittaker M., Milligan R.A., and Downing K.H. High-resolution model of the microtubule. Cell 96 (1999) 79-88
169. Nousiainen M., Sillje H.H., Sauer G., Nigg E.A., and Korner R. Phosphoproteome analysis of the human mitotic spindle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006) 5391-5396
170. O'Brien L.L., Albee A.J., Liu L., Tao W., Dobrzyn P., Lizarraga S.B., and Wiese C. The Xenopus TACC homologue, maskin, functions in mitotic spindle assembly. Mol. Biol. Cell 16 (2005) 2836-2847
171. Oestergren G. The mechanism of coordination in bivalents and multivalents. The theory of orientation by pulling. Hereditas 37 (1951) 85-156
172. Ohba T., Nakamura M., Nishitani H., and Nishimoto T. Self-organization of microtubule asters induced in Xenopus egg extracts by GTP-bound Ran. Science 284 (1999) 1356-1358
173. Ohi R., Sapra T., Howard J., and Mitchison T.J. Differentiation of cytoplasmic and meiotic spindle assembly MCAK functions by Aurora B-dependent phosphorylation. Mol. Biol. Cell 15 (2004) 2895-2906
174. Ouchi M., Fujiuchi N., Sasai K., Katayama H., Minamishima Y.A., Ongusaha P.P., Deng C., Sen S., Lee S.W., and Ouchi T. BRCA1 phosphorylation by Aurora-A in the regulation of G2 to M transition. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 19643-19648
175. Peset I., Seiler J., Sardon T., Bejarano L.A., Rybina S., and Vernos I. Function and regulation of Maskin, a TACC family protein, in microtubule growth during mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 170 (2005) 1057-1066
176. Pereira A.L., Pereira A.J., Maia A.R., Drabek K., Sayas C.L., Hergert P.J., Lince-Faria M., Matos I., Duque C., Stepanova T., Rieder C.L., Earnshaw W.C., Galjart N., and Maiato H. Mammalian CLASP1 and CLASP2 cooperate to ensure mitotic fidelity by regulating spindle and kinetochore function. Mol. Biol. Cell 17 (2006) 4526-4542
177. Pfarr C.M., Coue M., Grisson P.M., Hays T.S., Porter M.E., and McIntosh J.R. Cytoplasmic dynein is localized to kinetochores during mitosis. Nature 345 (1990) 263-265
178. Piehl M., Tulu U.S., Wadsworth P., and Cassimeris L. Centrosome maturation: Measurement of microtubule nucleation throughout the cell cycle by using GFP-tagged EB1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 1584-1588
179. Pinsky B.A., and Biggins S. The spindle checkpoint: Tension versus attachment. Trends Cell Biol. 15 (2005) 486-493
180. Pinsky B.A., Kung C., Shokat K.M., and Biggins S. The Ipl1-Aurora protein kinase activates the spindle checkpoint by creating unattached kinetochores. Nat. Cell Biol. 8 (2006) 78-83
181. Putkey F.R., Cramer T., Morphew M.K., Silk A.D., Johnson R.S., McIntosh J.R., and Cleveland D.W. Unstable kinetochore-microtubule capture and chromosomal instability following deletion of CENP-E. Dev. Cell 3 (2002) 351-365
182. Quintyne N.J., Gill S.R., Eckley D.M., Crego C.L., Compton D.A., and Schroer T.A. Dynactin is required for microtubule anchoring at centrosomes. J. Cell Biol. 147 (1999) 321-334
183. Raemaekers T., Ribbeck K., Beaudouin J., Annaert W., Van Camp M., Stockmans I., Smets N., Bouillon R., Ellenberg J., and Carmeliet G. NuSAP, a novel microtubule-associated protein involved in mitotic spindle organization. J. Cell Biol. 162 (2003) 1017-1029
184. Ribbeck K., Groen A.C., Santarella R., Bohnsack M.T., Raemaekers T., Kocher T., Gentzel M., Gorlich D., Wilm M., Carmeliet G., Mitchison T.J., Ellenberg J., et al. NuSAP, a mitotic RanGTP target that stabilizes and cross-links microtubules. Mol. Biol. Cell 17 (2006) 2646-2660
185. Ribbeck K., Raemaekers T., Carmeliet G., and Mattaj I.W. A role for NuSAP in linking microtubules to mitotic chromosomes. Curr. Biol. 17 (2007) 230-236
186. Rieder C.L., Davison E.A., Jensen L.C.W., Cassimeris L., and Salmon E.D. Oscillatory movements of monooriented chromosomes and their position relative to the spindle pole result from the ejection properties of the aster and the half-spindle. J. Cell Biol. 103 (1986) 581-591
187. Rogers G.C., Rogers S.L., Schwimmer T.A., Ems-McClung S.C., Walczak C.E., Vale R.D., Scholey J.M., and Sharp D.J. Two mitotic kinesins cooperate to drive sister chromatid separation during anaphase. Nature 427 (2004) 364-370
188. Rogers G.C., Rogers S.L., and Sharp D.J. Spindle microtubules in flux. J. Cell Sci. 118 (2005) 1105-1116
189. Rosenblatt J. Spindle assembly: Asters part their separate ways. Nat. Cell Biol. 7 (2005) 219-222
190. Roux K.J., and Burke B. From pore to kinetochore and back: Regulating envelope assembly. Dev. Cell 11 (2006) 276-278
191. Salmon E.D., Cimini D., Cameron L.A., and DeLuca J.G. Merotelic kinetochores in mammalian tissue cells. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 360 (2005) 553-568
192. Sampath S.C., Ohi R., Leismann O., Salic A., Pozniakovski A., and Funabiki H. The chromosomal passenger complex is required for chromatin-induced microtubule stabilization and spindle assembly. Cell 118 (2004) 187-202
193. Sauer G., Korner R., Hanisch A., Ries A., Nigg E.A., and Sillje H.H. Proteome analysis of the human mitotic spindle. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 4 (2005) 35-43
194. Savoian M.S., Goldberg M.L., and Rieder C.L. The rate of poleward chromosome motion is attenuated in Drosophila zw10 and rod mutants. Nat. Cell Biol. 2 (2000) 948-952
195. Sawin K.E., LeGuellec K., Philippe M., and Mitchison T.J. Mitotic spindle organization by a plus-end directed microtubule motor. Nature 359 (1992) 540-543
196. Sawin K.E., and Mitchison T.J. Microtubule flux in mitosis is independent of chromosomes, centrosomes, and antiparallel microtubules. Mol. Biol. Cell 5 (1994) 217-226
197. Saxton W.M., Stemple D.L., Leslie R.J., Salmon E.D., Zavortink M., and McIntosh J.R. Tubulin dynamics in cultured mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 99 (1984) 2175-2186
198. Schaar B.T., Chan G.K.T., Maddox P., Salmon E.D., and Yen T.J. CENP-E function at kinetochores is essential for chromosome alignment. J. Cell Biol. 139 (1997) 1373-1382
199. Schatz C.A., Santarella R., Hoenger A., Karsenti E., Mattaj I.W., Gruss O.J., and Carazo-Salas R.E. Importin alpha-regulated nucleation of microtubules by TPX2. EMBO J. 22 (2003) 2060-2070
200. Scholey J.M., Brust-Mascher I., and Mogilner A. Cell division. Nature 422 (2003) 746-752
201. Sharp D.J., Yu K.R., Sisson J.C., Sullivan W., and Scholey J.M. Antagonistic microtubule-sliding motors position mitotic centrosomes in Drosophila early embryos. Nat. Cell Biol. 1 (1999) 51-54
202. Sharp D.J., Rogers G.C., and Scholey J.M. Cytoplasmic dynein is required for poleward chromosome movement during mitosis in Drosophila embryos. Nat. Cell Biol. 2 (2000) 922-930
203. Shirasu-Hiza M., Perlman Z.E., Wittmann T., Karsenti E., and Mitchison T.J. Eg5 causes elongation of meiotic spindles when flux-associated microtubule depolymerization is blocked. Curr. Biol. 14 (2004) 1941-1945
204. Sillje H.H., Nagel S., Korner R., and Nigg E.A. HURP is a Ran-importin beta-regulated protein that stabilizes kinetochore microtubules in the vicinity of chromosomes. Curr. Biol. 16 (2006) 731-742
205. Skibbens R.V., and Salmon E.D. Micromanipulation of chromosomes in mitotic vertebrate tissue cells: Tension controls the state of kinetochore movement. Exp. Cell Res. 235 (1997) 314-324
206. Skibbens R., Skeen V.P., and Salmon E.D. Directional instability of kinetochore motility during chromosome congression and segregation in mitotic newt lung cells: A push-pull mechanism. J. Cell Biol. 122 (1993) 859-875
207. Skibbens R., Rieder C.L., and Salmon E.D. Kinetochore motility after severing between sister chromosomes using laser microsurgery: Evidence that kinetochore directional instability and position is regulated by tension. J. Cell Sci. 108 (1995) 2537-2548
208. Skop A.R., Liu H., Yates III J., Meyer B.J., and Heald R. Dissection of the mammalian midbody proteome reveals conserved cytokinesis mechanisms. Science 305 (2004) 61-66
209. Sonnichsen B., Koski L.B., Walsh A., Marschall P., Neumann B., Brehm M., Alleaume A.M., Artelt J., Bettencourt P., Cassin E., Hewitson M., Holz C., et al. Full-genome RNAi profiling of early embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 434 (2005) 462-469
210. Steggerda S.M., and Paschal B.M. Regulation of nuclear import and export by the GTPase Ran. Int. Rev. Cytol. 217 (2002) 41-91
211. Steuer E.R., Wordeman L., Schroer T.A., and Sheetz M.P. Localization of cytoplasmic dynein to mitotic spindles and kinetochores. Nature 345 (1990) 266-268
212. Storchova Z., Breneman A., Cande J., Dunn J., Burbank K., O'Toole E., and Pellman D. Genome-wide genetic analysis of polyploidy in yeast. Nature 443 (2006) 541-547
213. Straight A.F., Sedat J.W., and Murray A.W. Time-lapse microscopy reveals unique roles for kinesins during anaphase in budding yeast. J. Cell Biol. 143 (1998) 687-694
214. Tan D., Asenjo A.B., Mennella V., Sharp D.J., and Sosa H. Kinesin-13s form rings around microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 175 (2006) 25-31
215. Tanaka T.U., Rachidi N., Janke C., Pereira G., Galova M., Schiebel E., Stark M.J., and Nasmyth K. Evidence that the Ipl1-Sli15 (Aurora kinase-INCENP) complex promotes chromosome bi-orientation by altering kinetochore-spindle pole connections. Cell 108 (2002) 317-329
216. Tanaka K., Mukae N., Dewar H., van Breugel M., James E.K., Prescott A.R., Antony C., and Tanaka T.U. Molecular mechanisms of kinetochore capture by spindle microtubules. Nature 434 (2005) 987-994
217. Tanenbaum M.E., Galjart N., van Vugt M.A., and Medema R.H. CLIP-170 facilitates the formation of kinetochore-microtubule attachments. EMBO J. 25 (2006) 45-57
218. Thrower D.A., Jordan M.A., Schaar B.T., Yen T.J., and Wilson L. Mitotic HeLa cells contain a CENP-E-associated minus end-directed microtubule motor. EMBO J. 14 (1995) 918-926
219. Tokai-Nishizumi N., Ohsugi M., Suzuki E., and Yamamoto T. The chromokinesin Kid is required for maintenance of proper metaphase spindle size. Mol. Biol. Cell 16 (2005) 5455-5463
220. Trieselmann N., Armstrong S., Rauw J., and Wilde A. Ran modulates spindle assembly by regulating a subset of TPX2 and Kid activities including Aurora A activation. J. Cell Sci. 116 (2003) 4791-4798
221. Tsai M.Y., Wiese C., Cao K., Martin O., Donovan P., Ruderman J., Prigent C., and Zheng Y. A Ran signalling pathway mediated by the mitotic kinase Aurora A in spindle assembly. Nat. Cell Biol. 5 (2003) 242-248
222. Tsai M.Y., Wang S., Heidinger J.M., Shumaker D.K., Adam S.A., Goldman R.D., and Zheng Y. A mitotic lamin B matrix induced by RanGTP required for spindle assembly. Science 311 (2006) 1887-1893
223. Tulu U.S., Fagerstrom C., Ferenz N.P., and Wadsworth P. Molecular requirements for kinetochore-associated microtubule formation in mammalian cells. Curr. Biol. 16 (2006) 536-541
224. Uchiyama S., Kobayashi S., Takata H., Ishihara T., Hori N., Higashi T., Hayashihara K., Sone T., Higo D., Nirasawa T., Takao T., Matsunaga S., et al. Proteome analysis of human metaphase chromosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 16994-17004
225. Urbani L., and Stearns T. The centrosome. Curr. Biol. 9 (1999) R315-R317
226. Vader G., Medema R.H., and Lens S.M. The chromosomal passenger complex: Guiding Aurora-B through mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 173 (2006) 833-837
227. Vaisberg E.A., Koonce M.P., and McIntosh J.R. Cytoplasmic dynein plays a role in mammalian mitotic spindle formation. J. Cell Biol. 123 (1993) 849-858
228. Vallee R. Dynein and the kinetochore. Nature 345 (1990) 206-207
229. VandenBeldt K.J., Barnard R.M., Hergert P.J., Meng X., Maiato H., and McEwen B.F. Kinetochores use a novel mechanism for coordinating the dynamics of individual microtubules. Curr. Biol. 16 (2006) 1217-1223
230. Vernos I., Raats J., Hirano T., Heasman J., Karsenti E., and Wylie C. Xklp1, a chromosomal Xenopus kinesin-like protein essential for spindle organization and chromosome positioning. Cell 81 (1995) 117-127
231. Vos L.J., Famulski J.K., and Chan G.K. How to build a centromere: From centromeric and pericentromeric chromatin to kinetochore assembly. Biochem. Cell Biol. 84 (2006) 619-639
232. Walczak C.E., Verma S., and Mitchison T.J. A kinesin-related protein that promotes mitotic spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts. J. Cell Biol. 136 (1997) 859-870
233. Walczak C.E., Vernos I., Mitchison T.J., Karsenti E., and Heald R. A model for the proposed roles of different microtubule-based motor proteins in establishing spindle bipolarity. Curr. Biol. 8 (1998) 903-913
234. Walczak C.E. CLASP fluxes its mitotic muscles. Nat. Cell Biol. 7 (2005) 5-7
235. Walker R.A., O'Brien E.T., Pryer N.K., Soboeiro M.F., Voter W.A., Erickson H.P., and Salmon E.D. Dynamic instability of individual microtubules analyzed by video light microscopy: Rate constants and transition frequencies. J. Cell Biol. 107 (1988) 1437-1448
236. Wang W., Budhu A., Forgues M., and Wang X.W. Temporal and spatial control of nucleophosmin by the Ran-Crm1 complex in centrosome duplication. Nat. Cell Biol. 7 (2005) 823-830
237. Waters J.C., and Salmon E.D. Pathways of spindle assembly. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9 (1997) 37-43
238. Waters J.C., Skibbens R.V., and Salmon E.D. Oscillating mitotic newt lung cell kinetochores are, on average, under tension and rarely push. J. Cell Sci. 109 (1996) 2823-2831
239. Weaver B.A., and Cleveland D.W. Does aneuploidy cause cancer?. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 18 (2006) 658-667
240. Weaver B.A., Silk A.D., and Cleveland D.W. Cell biology: Nondisjunction, aneuploidy and tetraploidy. Nature 442 (2006) E9-E10
241. Westermann S., Avila-Sakar A., Wang H.W., Niederstrasser H., Wong J., Drubin D.G., Nogales E., and Barnes G. Formation of a dynamic kinetochore-microtubule interface through assembly of the Dam1 ring complex. Mol. Cell 17 (2005) 277-290
242. Westermann S., Wang H.W., Avila-Sakar A., Drubin D.G., Nogales E., and Barnes G. The Dam1 kinetochore ring complex moves processively on depolymerizing microtubule ends. Nature 440 (2006) 565-569
243. Wiese C., Wilde A., Moore M.S., Adam S.A., Merdes A., and Zheng Y. Role of importin-beta in coupling Ran to downstream targets in microtubule assembly. Science 291 (2001) 653-656
244. Wilde A., and Zheng Y. Stimulation of microtubule aster formation and spindle assembly by the small GTPase Ran. Science 284 (1999) 1359-1362
245. Wilde A., Lizarraga S.B., Zhang L., Wiese C., Gliksman N.R., Walczak C.E., and Zheng Y. Ran stimulates spindle assembly by altering microtubule dynamics and the balance of motor activities. Nat. Cell Biol. 3 (2001) 221-227
246. Wittmann T., Wilm M., Karsenti E., and Vernos I. TPX2, A novel xenopus MAP involved in spindle pole organization. J. Cell Biol. 149 (2000) 1405-1418
247. Wittmann T., Hyman A., and Desai A. The spindle: A dynamic assembly of microtubules and motors. Nat. Cell Biol. 3 (2001) E28-E34
248. Wollman R., Cytrynbaum E.N., Jones J.T., Meyer T., Scholey J.M., and Mogilner A. Efficient chromosome capture requires a bias in the 'search-and-capture' process during mitotic-spindle assembly. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) 828-832
249. Wong J., and Fang G. HURP controls spindle dynamics to promote proper interkinetochore tension and efficient kinetochore capture. J. Cell Biol. 173 (2006) 879-891
250. Wong R.W., Blobel G., and Coutavas E. Rae1 interaction with NuMA is required for bipolar spindle formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006) 19783-19787
251. Wood K.W., Sakowicz R., Goldstein L.S.B., and Cleveland D.W. CENP-E is a plus end-directed kinetochore motor required for metaphase chromosome alignment. Cell 91 (1997) 357-366
252. Yang Z., Guo J., Chen Q., Ding C., Du J., and Zhu X. Silencing mitosin induces misaligned chromosomes, premature chromosome decondensation before anaphase onset, and mitotic cell death. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (2005) 4062-4074
253. Yao X., Anderson K.L., and Cleveland D.W. The microtubule-dependent motor centromere-associated protein E (CENP-E) is an integral component of kinetochore corona fibers that link centromeres to spindle microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 139 (1997) 435-447
254. Yen T.J., Compton D.A., Wise D., Zinkowski R.P., Brinkley B.R., Earnshaw W.C., and Cleveland D.W. CENP-E, a novel human centromere-associated protein required for progression from metaphase to anaphase. EMBO J. 10 (1991) 1245-1254
255. Yen T.J., Li G., Schaar B.T., Szilak I., and Cleveland D.W. CENP-E is a putative kinetochore motor that accumulates just before mitosis. Nature 359 (1992) 536-539
256. Yu C.T., Hsu J.M., Lee Y.C., Tsou A.P., Chou C.K., and Huang C.Y. Phosphorylation and stabilization of HURP by Aurora-A: Implication of HURP as a transforming target of Aurora-A. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (2005) 5789-5800
257. Zhang X., and Walczak C.E. Chromosome segregation: Correcting improperly attached chromosomes. Curr. Biol. 16 (2006) R677-R679
258. Zheng Y., Wong M.L., Alberts B., and Mitchison T. Nucleation of microtubule assembly by a gamma-tubulin-containing ring complex. Nature 378 (1995) 578-583
259. Zhu C., Zhao J., Bibikova M., Leverson J.D., Bossy-Wetzel E., Fan J.B., Abraham R.T., and Jiang W. Functional analysis of human microtubule-based motor proteins, the kinesins and dyneins, in mitosis/cytokinesis using RNA interference. Mol. Biol. Cell 16 (2005) 3187-3199