메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 8, 2002, Pages 605-614

Aid and mismatch repair in antibody diversification

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTIDINE DEAMINASE; DNA; DNA POLYMERASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; MESSENGER RNA; AICDA (ACTIVATION INDUCED CYTIDINE DEAMINASE); AICDA (ACTIVATION-INDUCED CYTIDINE DEAMINASE);

EID: 0036674618     PISSN: 14741733     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nri858     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (106)

References (117)
  • 1
    • 0030052281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rearrangement/hypermutation/gene conversion: When, where and why?
    • Weill, J. C. & Reynaud, C. A. Rearrangement/hypermutation/gene conversion: when, where and why? Immunol. Today 17, 92-97 (1996).
    • (1996) Immunol. Today , vol.17 , pp. 92-97
    • Weill, J.C.1    Reynaud, C.A.2
  • 2
    • 0035966781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution and the molecular basis of somatic hypermutation of antigen-receptor genes
    • Diaz, M., Flajnik, M. F. & Klinman, N. Evolution and the molecular basis of somatic hypermutation of antigen-receptor genes. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 356, 67-72 (2001).
    • (2001) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. , vol.356 , pp. 67-72
    • Diaz, M.1    Flajnik, M.F.2    Klinman, N.3
  • 3
    • 0033920322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of the antibody repertoire in rabbit: Gut-associated lymphoid tissue, microbes and selection
    • Lanning, D., Zhu, X., Zhai, S. K. & Knight, K. L. Development of the antibody repertoire in rabbit: gut-associated lymphoid tissue, microbes and selection. Immunol. Rev. 175, 214-228 (2000).
    • (2000) Immunol. Rev. , vol.175 , pp. 214-228
    • Lanning, D.1    Zhu, X.2    Zhai, S.K.3    Knight, K.L.4
  • 4
    • 0033937737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The chicken B-cell receptor complex and its role in avian B-cell development
    • Sayegh, C. E., Demaries, S. L., Pike, K. A., Friedman, J. E. & Ratcliffe, M. J. The chicken B-cell receptor complex and its role in avian B-cell development. Immunol. Rev. 175, 187-200 (2000).
    • (2000) Immunol. Rev. , vol.175 , pp. 187-200
    • Sayegh, C.E.1    Demaries, S.L.2    Pike, K.A.3    Friedman, J.E.4    Ratcliffe, M.J.5
  • 5
    • 0023510298 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary and somatic selection of the antibody repertoire in the mouse
    • Rajewsky, K., Forster, I. & Cumano, A., Evolutionary and somatic selection of the antibody repertoire in the mouse. Science 238, 1088-1094 (1987).
    • (1987) Science , vol.238 , pp. 1088-1094
    • Rajewsky, K.1    Forster, I.2    Cumano, A.3
  • 6
    • 0008476550 scopus 로고
    • Generation of antibody diversity in the immune response of BALB/c mice to influenza virus hemagglutinin
    • McKean, D. et al. Generation of antibody diversity in the immune response of BALB/c mice to influenza virus hemagglutinin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 81, 3180-3184 (1984).
    • (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.81 , pp. 3180-3184
    • McKean, D.1
  • 7
    • 0032435650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TdT-accessible breaks are scattered over the immunoglobulin V domain in a constitutively hypermutating B-cell line
    • Sale, J. E. & Neuberger, M. S. TdT-accessible breaks are scattered over the immunoglobulin V domain in a constitutively hypermutating B-cell line. Immunity 9, 859-869 (1998).
    • (1998) Immunity , vol.9 , pp. 859-869
    • Sale, J.E.1    Neuberger, M.S.2
  • 8
    • 0034813325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal instability of V-region hypermutation in the Ramos Burkitt's lymphoma cell line
    • Zhang, W. et al. Clonal instability of V-region hypermutation in the Ramos Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. Int. Immunol. 13, 1175-1184 (2001).
    • (2001) Int. Immunol. , vol.13 , pp. 1175-1184
    • Zhang, W.1
  • 9
    • 0023107028 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of somatic mutations in immunoglobulin variable genes
    • Golding, G. B., Gearhart, P. J. & Glickman, B. W. Patterns of somatic mutations in immunoglobulin variable genes. Genetics 115, 169-176 (1987).
    • (1987) Genetics , vol.115 , pp. 169-176
    • Golding, G.B.1    Gearhart, P.J.2    Glickman, B.W.3
  • 10
    • 0026443954 scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutagenesis in immunoglobulin genes. II. Influence of neighbouring base sequences on mutagenesis
    • Rogozin, I. B. & Kolchanov, N. A. Somatic hypermutagenesis in immunoglobulin genes. II. Influence of neighbouring base sequences on mutagenesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1171, 11-18 (1992).
    • (1992) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1171 , pp. 11-18
    • Rogozin, I.B.1    Kolchanov, N.A.2
  • 11
    • 0033168638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting regional mutability in antibody V genes based solely on di- and trinucleotide sequence composition
    • Shapiro, G. S., Aviszus, K., Ikle, D. & Wysocki, L. J. Predicting regional mutability in antibody V genes based solely on di- and trinucleotide sequence composition. J. Immunol. 163, 259-268 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Immunol. , vol.163 , pp. 259-268
    • Shapiro, G.S.1    Aviszus, K.2    Ikle, D.3    Wysocki, L.J.4
  • 12
    • 0036169650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sequence and structure on the hypermutability of immunoglobulin genes
    • Michael, N. et al. Effects of sequence and structure on the hypermutability of immunoglobulin genes. Immunity 16, 123-134 (2002).
    • (2002) Immunity , vol.16 , pp. 123-134
    • Michael, N.1
  • 13
    • 0025630537 scopus 로고
    • Boundaries of somatic mutation in rearranged immunoglobulin genes: 5′ boundary is near the promoter, and 3′ boundary is approximately 1 kb from V(D)J gene
    • Lebecque, S. G. & Gearhart, P. J. Boundaries of somatic mutation in rearranged immunoglobulin genes: 5′ boundary is near the promoter, and 3′ boundary is approximately 1 kb from V(D)J gene. J. Exp. Med. 172, 1717-1727 (1990).
    • (1990) J. Exp. Med. , vol.172 , pp. 1717-1727
    • Lebecque, S.G.1    Gearhart, P.J.2
  • 14
    • 2642652230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 5′ hypermutation boundary of κ chains is independent of local and neighbouring sequences and related to the distance from the initiation of transcription
    • Rada, C., Yelamos, J., Dean, W. & Milstein, C. The 5′ hypermutation boundary of κ chains is independent of local and neighbouring sequences and related to the distance from the initiation of transcription. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 3115-3120 (1997).
    • (1997) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.27 , pp. 3115-3120
    • Rada, C.1    Yelamos, J.2    Dean, W.3    Milstein, C.4
  • 15
    • 0030063726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription initiation
    • Peters, A. & Storb, U. Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription initiation. Immunity 4, 57-65 (1996).
    • (1996) Immunity , vol.4 , pp. 57-65
    • Peters, A.1    Storb, U.2
  • 16
    • 0028818503 scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation: How many mechanisms diversify V-region sequences?
    • Maizels, N. Somatic hypermutation: how many mechanisms diversify V-region sequences? Cell 83, 9-12 (1995).
    • (1995) Cell , vol.83 , pp. 9-12
    • Maizels, N.1
  • 17
    • 0035871625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased transcription levels induce higher mutation rates in a hypermutating cell line
    • Bachl, J., Carlson, C., Gray-Schopfer, V., Dessing, M. & Olsson, C. Increased transcription levels induce higher mutation rates in a hypermutating cell line. J. Immunol. 166, 5051-5057 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Immunol. , vol.166 , pp. 5051-5057
    • Bachl, J.1    Carlson, C.2    Gray-Schopfer, V.3    Dessing, M.4    Olsson, C.5
  • 18
    • 0031009483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cells strongly expressing Ig(κ) transgenes show clonal recruitment of hypermutation: A role for both MAR and the enhancers
    • Goyenechea, B. et al. Cells strongly expressing Ig(κ) transgenes show clonal recruitment of hypermutation: a role for both MAR and the enhancers. EMBO J. 16, 3987-3994 (1997).
    • (1997) EMBO J. , vol.16 , pp. 3987-3994
    • Goyenechea, B.1
  • 19
    • 0031041632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transcriptional promoter regulates hypermutation of the antibody heavy-chain locus
    • Tumas-Brundage, K. & Manser, T. The transcriptional promoter regulates hypermutation of the antibody heavy-chain locus. J. Exp. Med. 185, 239-250 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Exp. Med. , vol.185 , pp. 239-250
    • Tumas-Brundage, K.1    Manser, T.2
  • 20
    • 0032127810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation in the heavy-chain locus correlates with transcription
    • Fukita, Y., Jacobs, H. & Rajewsky, K. Somatic hypermutation in the heavy-chain locus correlates with transcription. Immunity 9, 105-114 (1998).
    • (1998) Immunity , vol.9 , pp. 105-114
    • Fukita, Y.1    Jacobs, H.2    Rajewsky, K.3
  • 21
    • 0031443534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription
    • Storb, U. et al. Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 229, 11-19 (1998).
    • (1998) Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.229 , pp. 11-19
    • Storb, U.1
  • 22
    • 0034684682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic mutation of the CD95 gene in human B cells as a side-effect of the germinal-center reaction
    • Muschen, M. et al. Somatic mutation of the CD95 gene in human B cells as a side-effect of the germinal-center reaction. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1833-1840 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Exp. Med. , vol.192 , pp. 1833-1840
    • Muschen, M.1
  • 23
    • 13144259651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BCL-6 mutations in normal germinal-center B cells: Evidence of somatic hypermutation acting outside Ig loci
    • Pasqualucci, L. et al. BCL-6 mutations in normal germinal-center B cells: evidence of somatic hypermutation acting outside Ig loci. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 11816-11821 (1998). The first report, together with reference 25, to indicate that the SHM mechanism is not restricted to antibody genes. Curiously, this finding has never been replicated in mice, which indicates that differences in SHM targeting exist between mice and humans.
    • (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.95 , pp. 11816-11821
    • Pasqualucci, L.1
  • 24
    • 0034667427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BCL-6 mutations are associated with immunoglobulin variable heavy-chain mutations in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
    • Pasqualucci, L., Neri, A., Baldini, L., Dalla-Favera, R. & Migliazza, A. BCL-6 mutations are associated with immunoglobulin variable heavy-chain mutations in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res. 60, 5644-5648 (2000).
    • (2000) Cancer Res. , vol.60 , pp. 5644-5648
    • Pasqualucci, L.1    Neri, A.2    Baldini, L.3    Dalla-Favera, R.4    Migliazza, A.5
  • 25
    • 2642623612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutation of BCL-6 gene in normal B cells by the process of somatic hypermutation of Ig genes
    • Shen, H. M., Peters, A., Baron, B., Zhu, X. & Storb, U. Mutation of BCL-6 gene in normal B cells by the process of somatic hypermutation of Ig genes. Science 280, 1750-1752 (1998).
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 1750-1752
    • Shen, H.M.1    Peters, A.2    Baron, B.3    Zhu, X.4    Storb, U.5
  • 26
    • 0035913362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypermutation of multiple protooncogenes in B-cell diffuse large-cell lymphomas
    • Pasqualucci, L. et al. Hypermutation of multiple protooncogenes in B-cell diffuse large-cell lymphomas. Nature 412, 341-346 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 341-346
    • Pasqualucci, L.1
  • 27
    • 0031920677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cis-acting sequences that affect somatic hypermutation of Ig genes
    • Storb, U. et al. Cis-acting sequences that affect somatic hypermutation of Ig genes. Immunol. Rev. 162, 153-160 (1998).
    • (1998) Immunol. Rev. , vol.162 , pp. 153-160
    • Storb, U.1
  • 28
    • 0033898483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The TATA binding protein, c-Myc and survivin genes are not somatically hypermutated, while Ig and BCL6 genes are hypermutated in human memory B cells
    • Shen, H. M., Michael, N., Kim, N. & Storb, U. The TATA binding protein, c-Myc and survivin genes are not somatically hypermutated, while Ig and BCL6 genes are hypermutated in human memory B cells. Int. Immunol. 12, 1085-1093 (2000).
    • (2000) Int. Immunol. , vol.12 , pp. 1085-1093
    • Shen, H.M.1    Michael, N.2    Kim, N.3    Storb, U.4
  • 29
    • 0029965649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancers of hypermutation
    • Bachl, J. & Wabl, M. Enhancers of hypermutation. Immunogenetics 45, 59-64 (1996).
    • (1996) Immunogenetics , vol.45 , pp. 59-64
    • Bachl, J.1    Wabl, M.2
  • 30
    • 0028270307 scopus 로고
    • Elements regulating somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin κ gene: Critical role for the intron enhancer/matrix attachment region
    • Betz, A. G. et al. Elements regulating somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin κ gene: critical role for the intron enhancer/matrix attachment region. Cell 77, 239-248 (1994).
    • (1994) Cell , vol.77 , pp. 239-248
    • Betz, A.G.1
  • 31
    • 0034744191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 3′ Igκ enhancer contains RNA polymerase II promoters: Implications for endogenous and transgenic κ gene expression
    • Shen, H. M., Peters, A., Kao, D. & Storb, U. The 3′ Igκ enhancer contains RNA polymerase II promoters: implications for endogenous and transgenic κ gene expression. Int. Immunol. 13, 665-674 (2001).
    • (2001) Int. Immunol. , vol.13 , pp. 665-674
    • Shen, H.M.1    Peters, A.2    Kao, D.3    Storb, U.4
  • 32
    • 0031879422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of Eμ, ′α (hs 1,2) and 3′κ enhancers on mutation of an Ig-VDJ-Cγ2a immunoglobulin heavy gene in cultured B cells
    • Lin, M. M., Green, N. S., Zhang, W. & Scharff, M. D. The effects of Eμ, ′α (hs 1,2) and 3′κ enhancers on mutation of an Ig-VDJ-Cγ2a immunoglobulin heavy gene in cultured B cells. Int. Immunol. 10, 1121-1129 (1998).
    • (1998) Int. Immunol. , vol.10 , pp. 1121-1129
    • Lin, M.M.1    Green, N.S.2    Zhang, W.3    Scharff, M.D.4
  • 33
    • 0029067875 scopus 로고
    • Targeting of non-Ig sequences in place of the V segment by somatic hypermutation
    • Yelamos, J. et al. Targeting of non-Ig sequences in place of the V segment by somatic hypermutation. Nature 376, 225-229 (1995).
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 225-229
    • Yelamos, J.1
  • 34
    • 0035169027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The PU.1 and NF-EM5 binding motifs in the Igκ 3′ enhancer are responsible for directing somatic hypermutations to the intrinsic hotspots in the transgenic Vκ gene
    • Kodama, M. et al. The PU.1 and NF-EM5 binding motifs in the Igκ 3′ enhancer are responsible for directing somatic hypermutations to the intrinsic hotspots in the transgenic Vκ gene. Int. Immunol. 13, 1415-1422 (2001).
    • (2001) Int. Immunol. , vol.13 , pp. 1415-1422
    • Kodama, M.1
  • 35
    • 0037076967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AID enzyme-induced hypermutation in an actively transcribed gene in fibroblasts
    • Yoshikawa, K. et al. AID enzyme-induced hypermutation in an actively transcribed gene in fibroblasts. Science 296, 2033-2036 (2002).
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , pp. 2033-2036
    • Yoshikawa, K.1
  • 36
    • 0037149473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The AID enzyme induces class-switch recombination in fibroblasts
    • Okazaki Im, I., Kinoshita, K., Muramatsu, M., Yoshikawa, K. & Honjo, T. The AID enzyme induces class-switch recombination in fibroblasts. Nature 416, 340-345 (2002). Using an artificial switch substrate, this report shows that AID is the only lymphocyte-specific factor that is required to induce CSR.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.416 , pp. 340-345
    • Okazaki Im, I.1    Kinoshita, K.2    Muramatsu, M.3    Yoshikawa, K.4    Honjo, T.5
  • 37
    • 0035131689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin κ transgenes: Association of mutability with demethylation
    • Jolly, C. J. & Neuberger, M. S. Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin κ transgenes: association of mutability with demethylation. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 79, 18-22 (2001).
    • (2001) Immunol. Cell. Biol. , vol.79 , pp. 18-22
    • Jolly, C.J.1    Neuberger, M.S.2
  • 38
    • 0036212917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanism of class-switch recombination: Linkage with somatic hypermutation
    • Honjo, T., Kinoshita, K. & Muramatsu, M. Molecular mechanism of class-switch recombination: linkage with somatic hypermutation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20, 165-196 (2002).
    • (2002) Annu. Rev. Immunol. , vol.20 , pp. 165-196
    • Honjo, T.1    Kinoshita, K.2    Muramatsu, M.3
  • 39
    • 0035839959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of chromosomal translocations in B-cell lymphomas
    • Kuppers, R. & Dalla-Favera, R. Mechanisms of chromosomal translocations in B-cell lymphomas. Oncogene 20, 5580-5594 (2001).
    • (2001) Oncogene , vol.20 , pp. 5580-5594
    • Kuppers, R.1    Dalla-Favera, R.2
  • 40
    • 0033637358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA double-strand breaks in immunoglobulin genes undergoing somatic hypermutation
    • Bross, L. et al. DNA double-strand breaks in immunoglobulin genes undergoing somatic hypermutation. Immunity 13, 589-597 (2000).
    • (2000) Immunity , vol.13 , pp. 589-597
    • Bross, L.1
  • 41
    • 0030835816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strand breaks in immunoglobulin gene hypermutation
    • Lo, A. K., Ching, A. K., Lim, P. L. & Chui, Y. L. Strand breaks in immunoglobulin gene hypermutation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 815, 432-435 (1997).
    • (1997) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , vol.815 , pp. 432-435
    • Lo, A.K.1    Ching, A.K.2    Lim, P.L.3    Chui, Y.L.4
  • 42
    • 0034626802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell-cycle-regulated DNA double-stranded breaks in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes
    • Papavasiliou, F. N. & Schatz, D. G. Cell-cycle-regulated DNA double-stranded breaks in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Nature 408, 216-221 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.408 , pp. 216-221
    • Papavasiliou, F.N.1    Schatz, D.G.2
  • 43
    • 0035003254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA breaks in hypermutating immunoglobulin genes: Evidence for a break and repair pathway of somatic mutation
    • Kong, Q. & Maizels, N. DNA breaks in hypermutating immunoglobulin genes: evidence for a break and repair pathway of somatic mutation. Genetics 158, 369-378 (2001).
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.158 , pp. 369-378
    • Kong, Q.1    Maizels, N.2
  • 44
    • 0037029631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The function of AID in somatic mutation and class-switch recombination: Upstream or downstream of DNA breaks
    • Chua, K. F., Alt, F. W. & Manis, J. P. The function of AID in somatic mutation and class-switch recombination: upstream or downstream of DNA breaks. J. Exp. Med. 195, F37-F41 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Exp. Med. , vol.195
    • Chua, K.F.1    Alt, F.W.2    Manis, J.P.3
  • 45
    • 0037029663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA double-strand breaks: Prior to but not sufficient in targeting hypermutation
    • Bross, L., Muramatsu, M., Kinoshita, K., Honjo, T. & Jacobs, H. DNA double-strand breaks: prior to but not sufficient in targeting hypermutation. J. Exp. Med. 195, 1187-1192 (2002),
    • (2002) J. Exp. Med. , vol.195 , pp. 1187-1192
    • Bross, L.1    Muramatsu, M.2    Kinoshita, K.3    Honjo, T.4    Jacobs, H.5
  • 46
    • 0037029606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The activation-induced deaminase functions in a postcleavage step of the somatic hypermutation process
    • Papavasiliou, F. N. & Schatz, D. G. The activation-induced deaminase functions in a postcleavage step of the somatic hypermutation process. J. Exp. Med. 195, 1193-1198 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Exp. Med. , vol.195 , pp. 1193-1198
    • Papavasiliou, F.N.1    Schatz, D.G.2
  • 47
    • 0034268780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Class-switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme
    • Muramatsu, M. et al. Class-switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme. Cell 102, 553-563 (2000). This report, together with reference 92, shows that mice and humans who lack AID are deficient in both CSR and SHM, which indicates that these two processes are mechanistically linked.
    • (2000) Cell , vol.102 , pp. 553-563
    • Muramatsu, M.1
  • 48
    • 0030882381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations predisposing to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: Database and results of a collaborative study
    • The International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer
    • Peltomaki, P. & Vasen, H. F. Mutations predisposing to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: database and results of a collaborative study. The International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology 113, 1146-1158 (1997).
    • (1997) Gastroenterology , vol.113 , pp. 1146-1158
    • Peltomaki, P.1    Vasen, H.F.2
  • 49
    • 0036303398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mouse models for human DNA mismatch-repair gene defects
    • Wei, K., Kucherlapati, R. & Edelmann, W. Mouse models for human DNA mismatch-repair gene defects. Trends Mol. Med. 8, 346-353 (2002).
    • (2002) Trends Mol. Med. , vol.8 , pp. 346-353
    • Wei, K.1    Kucherlapati, R.2    Edelmann, W.3
  • 50
    • 0032101611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased hypermutation at G and C nucleotides in immunoglobulin variable genes from mice deficient in the MSH2 mismatch repair protein
    • Phung, Q. H. et al. Increased hypermutation at G and C nucleotides in immunoglobulin variable genes from mice deficient in the MSH2 mismatch repair protein. J. Exp. Med. 187, 1745-1751 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Exp. Med. , vol.187 , pp. 1745-1751
    • Phung, Q.H.1
  • 51
    • 0032127804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hot-spot focusing of somatic hypermutation in MSH2-deficient mice suggests two stages of mutational targeting
    • Rada, C., Ehrenstein, M. R., Neuberger, M. S. & Milstein, C. Hot-spot focusing of somatic hypermutation in MSH2-deficient mice suggests two stages of mutational targeting. Immunity 9, 135-141 (1998).
    • (1998) Immunity , vol.9 , pp. 135-141
    • Rada, C.1    Ehrenstein, M.R.2    Neuberger, M.S.3    Milstein, C.4
  • 52
    • 0034614916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation in MutS homologue (MSH)3-, MSH6-, and MSH3/MSH6-deficient mice reveals a role for the MSH2-MSH6 heterodimer in modulating the base substitution pattern
    • Wiesendanger, M., Kneitz, B., Edelmann, W. & Scharff, M. D. Somatic hypermutation in MutS homologue (MSH)3-, MSH6-, and MSH3/MSH6-deficient mice reveals a role for the MSH2-MSH6 heterodimer in modulating the base substitution pattern. J. Exp. Med. 191, 579-584 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Exp. Med. , vol.191 , pp. 579-584
    • Wiesendanger, M.1    Kneitz, B.2    Edelmann, W.3    Scharff, M.D.4
  • 53
    • 0032722893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mismatch repair and immunoglobulin gene hypermutation: Did we learn something?
    • Reynaud, C. A. et al. Mismatch repair and immunoglobulin gene hypermutation: did we learn something? Immunol. Today 20, 522-527 (1999).
    • (1999) Immunol. Today , vol.20 , pp. 522-527
    • Reynaud, C.A.1
  • 54
    • 0033081331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe attenuation of the B-cell immune response in Msh2-deficient mice
    • Vora, K. A. et al. Severe attenuation of the B-cell immune response in Msh2-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med. 189, 471-482 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Exp. Med. , vol.189 , pp. 471-482
    • Vora, K.A.1
  • 55
    • 0032127811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mismatch-repair deficiency interferes with the accumulation of mutations in chronically stimulated B cells and not with the hypermutation process
    • Frey, S. et al. Mismatch-repair deficiency interferes with the accumulation of mutations in chronically stimulated B cells and not with the hypermutation process. Immunity 9, 127-134 (1998).
    • (1998) Immunity , vol.9 , pp. 127-134
    • Frey, S.1
  • 56
    • 0035377269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA polymerase eta is an A-T mutator in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable genes
    • Zeng, X. et al. DNA polymerase eta is an A-T mutator in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable genes. Nature Immunol. 2, 537-541 (2001). Xeroderma pigmentosum variant patients, who lack DNA polymerase η, mutate mostly G-C base pairs, similar to the mutations that are observed in MMR-deficient mice. Together with reference 64, these results indicate that DNA polymerase η might be responsible for the second phase of SHM that involves A-T base pairs.
    • (2001) Nature Immunol. , vol.2 , pp. 537-541
    • Zeng, X.1
  • 57
    • 0033578040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase η
    • Masutani, C. et al. The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase η. Nature 399, 700-704 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.399 , pp. 700-704
    • Masutani, C.1
  • 58
    • 0035753523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging links between hypermutation of antibody genes and DNA polymerases
    • Gearhart, P. J. & Wood, R. D. Emerging links between hypermutation of antibody genes and DNA polymerases. Nature Rev. Immunol. 1, 187-192 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature Rev. Immunol. , vol.1 , pp. 187-192
    • Gearhart, P.J.1    Wood, R.D.2
  • 60
    • 0034945915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of error-prone polymerases in BL2 cells activated for Ig somatic hypermutation
    • Poltoratsky, V. et al. Expression of error-prone polymerases in BL2 cells activated for Ig somatic hypermutation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 7976-7981 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 7976-7981
    • Poltoratsky, V.1
  • 61
    • 0035399804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased frequency of somatic hypermutation and impaired affinity maturation, but intact germinal-center formation in mice expressing antisense RNA to DNA polymerase ζ
    • Diaz, M., Verkoczy, L. K., Flajnik, M. F. & Klinman, N. R. Decreased frequency of somatic hypermutation and impaired affinity maturation, but intact germinal-center formation in mice expressing antisense RNA to DNA polymerase ζ. J. Immunol. 167, 327-335 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Immunol. , vol.167 , pp. 327-335
    • Diaz, M.1    Verkoczy, L.K.2    Flajnik, M.F.3    Klinman, N.R.4
  • 62
    • 0035005241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The translesion DNA polymerase ζ plays a major role in Ig and bcl-6 somatic hypermutation
    • Zan, H. et al. The translesion DNA polymerase ζ plays a major role in Ig and bcl-6 somatic hypermutation. Immunity 14, 643-653 (2001).
    • (2001) Immunity , vol.14 , pp. 643-653
    • Zan, H.1
  • 63
    • 0035379581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic mutation hotspots correlate with DNA polymerase η error spectrum
    • Rogozin, I. B., Pavlov, Y. I., Bebenek, K., Matsuda, T. & Kunkel, T. A. Somatic mutation hotspots correlate with DNA polymerase η error spectrum. Nature Immunol. 2, 530-536 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature Immunol. , vol.2 , pp. 530-536
    • Rogozin, I.B.1    Pavlov, Y.I.2    Bebenek, K.3    Matsuda, T.4    Kunkel, T.A.5
  • 64
    • 0028673962 scopus 로고
    • Formation of the chicken B-cell repertoire: Ontogenesis, regulation of Ig gene rearrangement, and diversification by gene conversion
    • Reynaud, C. A., Bertocci, B., Dahan, A. & Weill, J. C. Formation of the chicken B-cell repertoire: ontogenesis, regulation of Ig gene rearrangement, and diversification by gene conversion. Adv. Immunol. 57, 353-378 (1994).
    • (1994) Adv. Immunol. , vol.57 , pp. 353-378
    • Reynaud, C.A.1    Bertocci, B.2    Dahan, A.3    Weill, J.C.4
  • 65
    • 0023652339 scopus 로고
    • A hyperconversion mechanism generates the chicken light-chain preimmune repertoire
    • Reynaud, C. A., Anquez, V., Grimal, H. & Weill, J. C. A hyperconversion mechanism generates the chicken light-chain preimmune repertoire. Cell 48, 379-388 (1987).
    • (1987) Cell , vol.48 , pp. 379-388
    • Reynaud, C.A.1    Anquez, V.2    Grimal, H.3    Weill, J.C.4
  • 66
    • 0035081417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repair of double-strand breaks by homologous recombination in mismatch repair-defective mammalian cells
    • Elliott, B. & Jasin, M. Repair of double-strand breaks by homologous recombination in mismatch repair-defective mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 2671-2682 (2001). Using cells that are deficient in MSH2, this paper reveals that gene conversion repairs double-stranded DNA breaks by the formation of heteroduplex DNA structures that are subsequently repaired by the MMR system.
    • (2001) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.21 , pp. 2671-2682
    • Elliott, B.1    Jasin, M.2
  • 67
    • 0035162987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of mammalian gene replacement is consistent with the formation of long regions of heteroduplex DNA associated with two crossing-over events
    • Li, J., Read, L. R. & Baker, M. D. The mechanism of mammalian gene replacement is consistent with the formation of long regions of heteroduplex DNA associated with two crossing-over events. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 501-510 (2001).
    • (2001) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.21 , pp. 501-510
    • Li, J.1    Read, L.R.2    Baker, M.D.3
  • 68
    • 0025100955 scopus 로고
    • Light-chain gene conversion continues at high rate in an ALV-induced cell line
    • Buerstedde, J. M. et al. Light-chain gene conversion continues at high rate in an ALV-induced cell line. EMBO J. 9, 921-927 (1990).
    • (1990) EMBO J. , vol.9 , pp. 921-927
    • Buerstedde, J.M.1
  • 70
    • 0035974862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ablation of XRCC2/3 transforms immunoglobulin V-gene conversion into somatic hypermutation
    • Sale, J. E., Calandrini, D. M., Takata, M., Takeda, S. & Neuberger, M. S. Ablation of XRCC2/3 transforms immunoglobulin V-gene conversion into somatic hypermutation. Nature 412, 921-926 (2001). This report shows that DT40 cells, which normally undergo gene conversion, are activated for SHM when XRCC2 or XRCC3 are deleted, thereby providing further evidence for a mechanistic linkage between SHM and gene conversion.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 921-926
    • Sale, J.E.1    Calandrini, D.M.2    Takata, M.3    Takeda, S.4    Neuberger, M.S.5
  • 71
    • 0035083172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromosome instability and defective recombinational repair in knockout mutants of the five Rad51 paralogs
    • Takata, M. et al. Chromosome instability and defective recombinational repair in knockout mutants of the five Rad51 paralogs. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 2858-2866 (2001).
    • (2001) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.21 , pp. 2858-2866
    • Takata, M.1
  • 72
    • 0037022540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AID is essential for immunoglobulin V gene conversion in a cultured B-cell line
    • Harris, R. S., Sale, J. E., Petersen-Mahrt, S. K. & Neuberger, M. S. AID is essential for immunoglobulin V gene conversion in a cultured B-cell line. Curr. Biol. 12, 435-438 (2002).
    • (2002) Curr. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 435-438
    • Harris, R.S.1    Sale, J.E.2    Petersen-Mahrt, S.K.3    Neuberger, M.S.4
  • 73
    • 0037083364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Requirement of the activation-induced deaminase (AID) gene for immunoglobulin gene conversion
    • Arakawa, H., Hauschild, J. & Buerstedde, J. M. Requirement of the activation-induced deaminase (AID) gene for immunoglobulin gene conversion. Science 295, 1301-1306 (2002). The finding that immunoglobulin gene conversion in chicken DT40 B cells requires AID (also shown in reference 72) revealed that maturing B cells require AID for all antibody-diversification processes.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 1301-1306
    • Arakawa, H.1    Hauschild, J.2    Buerstedde, J.M.3
  • 74
    • 0034741932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localization of the 3′ IgH locus elements that affect long-distance regulation of class-switch recombination
    • Pinaud, E. et al. Localization of the 3′ IgH locus elements that affect long-distance regulation of class-switch recombination. Immunity 15, 187-199 (2001).
    • (2001) Immunity , vol.15 , pp. 187-199
    • Pinaud, E.1
  • 75
    • 0035817344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative regulation of class-switch recombination by switch-region transcription
    • Lee, C. G. et al. Quantitative regulation of class-switch recombination by switch-region transcription. J. Exp. Med. 194, 365-374 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Exp. Med. , vol.194 , pp. 365-374
    • Lee, C.G.1
  • 76
    • 0032416146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processing of switch transcripts is required for targeting of antibody class-switch recombination
    • Hein, K. et al. Processing of switch transcripts is required for targeting of antibody class-switch recombination. J. Exp. Med. 188, 2369-2374 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Exp. Med. , vol.188 , pp. 2369-2374
    • Hein, K.1
  • 77
    • 0035818990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AID is required to initiate Nbs1/γ-H2AX focus formation and mutations at sites of class switching
    • Petersen, S. et al. AID is required to initiate Nbs1/γ-H2AX focus formation and mutations at sites of class switching. Nature 414, 660-665 (2001). The formation of NBS1- and γ-H2AX-containing foci at immunoglobulin switch sites, which is indicative of double-stranded DNA breaks, is absent in AID-deficient B cells. This indicates that AID functions upstream of break induction in CSR.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.414 , pp. 660-665
    • Petersen, S.1
  • 78
    • 0035923592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variable deletion and duplication at recombination junction ends: Implication for staggered double-strand cleavage in class-switch recombination
    • Chen, X., Kinoshita, K. & Honjo, T. Variable deletion and duplication at recombination junction ends: implication for staggered double-strand cleavage in class-switch recombination. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 13860-13865 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 13860-13865
    • Chen, X.1    Kinoshita, K.2    Honjo, T.3
  • 79
    • 0024511717 scopus 로고
    • Mutations, duplication and deletion of recombined switch regions indicate a role for DNA replication in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain switch
    • Dunnick, W., Wilson, M. & Stavnezer J. Mutations, duplication and deletion of recombined switch regions indicate a role for DNA replication in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain switch. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 1850-1856 (1989).
    • (1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 1850-1856
    • Dunnick, W.1    Wilson, M.2    Stavnezer, J.3
  • 80
    • 0032522564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ku80 is required for immunoglobulin isotype switching
    • Casellas, R. et al. Ku80 is required for immunoglobulin isotype switching. EMBO J. 17, 2404-2411 (1998).
    • (1998) EMBO J. , vol.17 , pp. 2404-2411
    • Casellas, R.1
  • 81
    • 0032526290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ku70 is required for late B-cell development and immunoglobulin heavy-chain class switching
    • Manis, J. P. et al. Ku70 is required for late B-cell development and immunoglobulin heavy-chain class switching. J. Exp. Med. 187, 2081-2089 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Exp. Med. , vol.187 , pp. 2081-2089
    • Manis, J.P.1
  • 82
    • 0032798379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulin switch recombination may occur by a DNA end-joining mechanism
    • Kenter, A. & Wuerffel, R. Immunoglobulin switch recombination may occur by a DNA end-joining mechanism. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 870, 206-217 (1999).
    • (1999) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , vol.870 , pp. 206-217
    • Kenter, A.1    Wuerffel, R.2
  • 83
    • 0036224604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IgH class-switch recombination to IgG1 in DNA-PKcs-deficient B cells
    • Manis, J. P., Dudley, D., Kaylor, L. & Alt, F. W. IgH class-switch recombination to IgG1 in DNA-PKcs-deficient B cells. Immunity 16, 607-617 (2002).
    • (2002) Immunity , vol.16 , pp. 607-617
    • Manis, J.P.1    Dudley, D.2    Kaylor, L.3    Alt, F.W.4
  • 84
    • 0033517129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced isotype switching in splenic B cells from mice deficient in mismatch repair enzymes
    • Schrader, C. E., Edelmann, W., Kucherlapati, R. & Stavnezer, J. Reduced isotype switching in splenic B cells from mice deficient in mismatch repair enzymes. J. Exp. Med. 190, 323-330 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Exp. Med. , vol.190 , pp. 323-330
    • Schrader, C.E.1    Edelmann, W.2    Kucherlapati, R.3    Stavnezer, J.4
  • 85
    • 0033564878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deficiency in Msh2 affects the efficiency and local sequence specificity of immunoglobulin class-switch recombination: Parallels with somatic hypermutation
    • Ehrenstein, M. R. & Neuberger, M. S. Deficiency in Msh2 affects the efficiency and local sequence specificity of immunoglobulin class-switch recombination: parallels with somatic hypermutation. EMBO J. 18, 3484-3490 (1999). This paper shows that B cells from mice that are deficient for Msh2 have an ∼tenfold decrease in CSR activity and have switch junctions that occur most frequently in RGYW hotspot motifs, which indicates that MMR might have a similar function in both SHM and CSR.
    • (1999) EMBO J. , vol.18 , pp. 3484-3490
    • Ehrenstein, M.R.1    Neuberger, M.S.2
  • 86
    • 0035807955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Switch junction sequences in PMS2-deficient mice reveal a microhomology-mediated mechanism of Ig class-switch recombination
    • Ehrenstein, M. R., Rada, C., Jones, A. M., Milstein, C. & Neuberger, M. S. Switch junction sequences in PMS2-deficient mice reveal a microhomology-mediated mechanism of Ig class-switch recombination. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 14553-14558 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 14553-14558
    • Ehrenstein, M.R.1    Rada, C.2    Jones, A.M.3    Milstein, C.4    Neuberger, M.S.5
  • 87
    • 0035404678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking class-switch recombination with somatic hypermutation
    • Kinoshita, K. & Honjo, T. Linking class-switch recombination with somatic hypermutation. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2, 493-503 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 493-503
    • Kinoshita, K.1    Honjo, T.2
  • 88
    • 0037128169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation-induced deaminase (AID)-directed hypermutation in the immunoglobulin Sμ region: Implication of AID involvement in a common step of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation
    • Nagaoka, H., Muramatsu, M., Yamamura, N., Kinoshita, K. & Honjo, T. Activation-induced deaminase (AID)-directed hypermutation in the immunoglobulin Sμ region: implication of AID involvement in a common step of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. J. Exp. Med. 195, 529-534 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Exp. Med. , vol.195 , pp. 529-534
    • Nagaoka, H.1    Muramatsu, M.2    Yamamura, N.3    Kinoshita, K.4    Honjo, T.5
  • 89
    • 0033603340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a novel member of the RNA-editing deaminase family in germinal-center B cells
    • Muramatsu, M. et al. Specific expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a novel member of the RNA-editing deaminase family in germinal-center B cells. J. Biol. Chem 274, 18470-18476 (1999). AID is first reported in this study. AID was cloned by subtraction hybridization from CH12F3-2 B cells that were stimulated to switch to IgA.
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 18470-18476
    • Muramatsu, M.1
  • 90
    • 0033511807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psoriasis-upregulated phorbolin-1 shares structural but not functional similarity to the mRNA-editing protein apobec-1
    • Madsen, P. et al. Psoriasis-upregulated phorbolin-1 shares structural but not functional similarity to the mRNA-editing protein apobec-1. J. Invest. Dermatol. 113, 162-169 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Invest. Dermatol. , vol.113 , pp. 162-169
    • Madsen, P.1
  • 91
    • 0033827087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing, lipoprotein assembly and presecretory degradation
    • Davidson, N. O. & Shelness, G. S. Apolipoprotein B: mRNA editing, lipoprotein assembly and presecretory degradation. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 20, 169-193 (2000).
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Nutr. , vol.20 , pp. 169-193
    • Davidson, N.O.1    Shelness, G.S.2
  • 92
    • 0034264851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deficiency causes the autosomal recessive form of the hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2)
    • Revy, P. et al. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deficiency causes the autosomal recessive form of the hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2). Cell 102, 565-575 (2000).
    • (2000) Cell , vol.102 , pp. 565-575
    • Revy, P.1
  • 93
    • 0037074975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns on somatic hypermutation in hybridomas
    • Martin, A. et al. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns on somatic hypermutation in hybridomas. Nature 415, 802-806 (2002). This report shows that AID is required for SHM by Ramos cells, and that it is sufficient to activate SHM in hybridoma cells, which indicates that AID is the only germinal-centre-specific factor that is required for SHM.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.415 , pp. 802-806
    • Martin, A.1
  • 94
    • 0035369742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA editing by base deamination: More enzymes, more targets, new mysteries
    • Gerber, A. P. & Keller, W. RNA editing by base deamination: more enzymes, more targets, new mysteries. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26, 376-384 (2001).
    • (2001) Trends Biochem. Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 376-384
    • Gerber, A.P.1    Keller, W.2
  • 95
    • 0033152691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristic of sequences around individual nucleotide substitutions in IgVH genes suggest different GC and AT mutators
    • Spencer, J., Dunn, M. & Dunn-Walters, D. K. Characteristic of sequences around individual nucleotide substitutions in IgVH genes suggest different GC and AT mutators. J. Immunol. 162, 6596-6601 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Immunol. , vol.162 , pp. 6596-6601
    • Spencer, J.1    Dunn, M.2    Dunn-Walters, D.K.3
  • 96
    • 0027968197 scopus 로고
    • Cloning and mutagenesis of the rabbit ApoB mRNA editing protein. A zinc motif is essential for catalytic activity and noncatalytic auxiliary factor(s) of the editing complex are widely distributed
    • Yamanaka, S., Poksay, K. S., Balestra, M. E., Zeng, G. Q. & Innerarity, T. L. Cloning and mutagenesis of the rabbit ApoB mRNA editing protein. A zinc motif is essential for catalytic activity and noncatalytic auxiliary factor(s) of the editing complex are widely distributed J. Biol. Chem. 269, 21725-21734 (1994).
    • (1994) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.269 , pp. 21725-21734
    • Yamanaka, S.1    Poksay, K.S.2    Balestra, M.E.3    Zeng, G.Q.4    Innerarity, T.L.5
  • 97
    • 0033970066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning of apobec-1 complementation factor, a novel RNA-binding protein involved in the editing of apolipoprotein B mRNA
    • Mehta, A., Kinter, M. T., Sherman, N. E. & Driscoll, D. M. Molecular cloning of apobec-1 complementation factor, a novel RNA-binding protein involved in the editing of apolipoprotein B mRNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 1846-1854 (2000).
    • (2000) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.20 , pp. 1846-1854
    • Mehta, A.1    Kinter, M.T.2    Sherman, N.E.3    Driscoll, D.M.4
  • 98
    • 0033546282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific binding of human MSH2. MSH6 mismatch-repair protein heterodimers to DNA incorporating thymine- or uracil-containing UV light photoproducts opposite mismatched bases
    • Wang, H., Lawrence, C. W., Li, G. M. & Hays, J. B. Specific binding of human MSH2. MSH6 mismatch-repair protein heterodimers to DNA incorporating thymine- or uracil-containing UV light photoproducts opposite mismatched bases. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 16894-16900 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 16894-16900
    • Wang, H.1    Lawrence, C.W.2    Li, G.M.3    Hays, J.B.4
  • 99
    • 0037076208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AID-GFP chimeric protein increases hypermutation of Ig genes with no evidence of nuclear localization
    • Rada, C., Jarvis, J. M. & Milstein, C. AID-GFP chimeric protein increases hypermutation of Ig genes with no evidence of nuclear localization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 7003-7008 (2002).
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 7003-7008
    • Rada, C.1    Jarvis, J.M.2    Milstein, C.3
  • 100
    • 0035111895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent progress in the biology, chemistry and structural biology of DNA glycosylases
    • Scharer, O. D. & Jiricny, J. Recent progress in the biology, chemistry and structural biology of DNA glycosylases. Bioessays 23, 270-281 (2001).
    • (2001) Bioessays , vol.23 , pp. 270-281
    • Scharer, O.D.1    Jiricny, J.2
  • 101
    • 0034734383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and function in the uracil-DNA glycosylase superfamily
    • Pearl, L. H. Structure and function in the uracil-DNA glycosylase superfamily. Mutat. Res. 460, 165-181 (2000).
    • (2000) Mutat. Res. , vol.460 , pp. 165-181
    • Pearl, L.H.1
  • 102
    • 0024281350 scopus 로고
    • Stable expression of immunoglobulin gene V(D)J recombinase activity by gene transfer into 3T3 fibroblasts
    • Schatz, D. G. & Baltimore, D. Stable expression of immunoglobulin gene V(D)J recombinase activity by gene transfer into 3T3 fibroblasts. Cell 53, 107-115 (1988).
    • (1988) Cell , vol.53 , pp. 107-115
    • Schatz, D.G.1    Baltimore, D.2
  • 103
    • 0029784320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemistry and genetics of eukaryotic mismatch repair
    • Kolodner, R. Biochemistry and genetics of eukaryotic mismatch repair. Genes Dev. 10, 1433-1442 (1996).
    • (1996) Genes Dev. , vol.10 , pp. 1433-1442
    • Kolodner, R.1
  • 104
    • 0034500024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA mismatch repair and genetic instability
    • Harfe, B. D. & Jinks-Robertson, S. DNA mismatch repair and genetic instability. Annu. Rev. Genet. 34, 359-399 (2000).
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Genet. , vol.34 , pp. 359-399
    • Harfe, B.D.1    Jinks-Robertson, S.2
  • 105
    • 0029943449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mismatch repair in replication fidelity, genetic recombination and cancer biology
    • Modrich, P. & Lahue, R. Mismatch repair in replication fidelity, genetic recombination and cancer biology. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65, 101-133 (1996).
    • (1996) Annu. Rev. Biochem. , vol.65 , pp. 101-133
    • Modrich, P.1    Lahue, R.2
  • 107
    • 0033526760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different mismatch repair deficiencies all have the same effects on somatic hypermutation: Intact primary mechanism accompanied by secondary modifications
    • Kim, N., Bozek, G., Lo, J. C. & Storb, U. Different mismatch repair deficiencies all have the same effects on somatic hypermutation: intact primary mechanism accompanied by secondary modifications. J. Exp. Med. 190, 21-30 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Exp. Med. , vol.190 , pp. 21-30
    • Kim, N.1    Bozek, G.2    Lo, J.C.3    Storb, U.4
  • 108
    • 0032549125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mismatch repair co-opted by hypermutation
    • Cascalho, M., Wong, J., Steinberg, C. & Wabl, M. Mismatch repair co-opted by hypermutation. Science 279, 1207-1210 (1998).
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 1207-1210
    • Cascalho, M.1    Wong, J.2    Steinberg, C.3    Wabl, M.4
  • 109
    • 0034694086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation in the absence of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PK(cs)) or recombination-activating gene (RAG)1 activity
    • Bemark, M. et al. Somatic hypermutation in the absence of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PK(cs)) or recombination-activating gene (RAG)1 activity. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1509-1514 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Exp. Med. , vol.192 , pp. 1509-1514
    • Bemark, M.1
  • 110
    • 0031897509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulin gene hypermutation in germinal centers is independent of the RAG-1 V(D)J recombinase
    • Zheng, B., Han, S., Spanopoulou, E. & Kelsoe, G. Immunoglobulin gene hypermutation in germinal centers is independent of the RAG-1 V(D)J recombinase. Immunol. Rev. 162, 133-141 (1998).
    • (1998) Immunol. Rev. , vol.162 , pp. 133-141
    • Zheng, B.1    Han, S.2    Spanopoulou, E.3    Kelsoe, G.4
  • 111
    • 0032101017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in memory B cells of DNA repair-deficient mice
    • Jacobs, H. et al. Hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in memory B cells of DNA repair-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med. 187, 1735-1743 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Exp. Med. , vol.187 , pp. 1735-1743
    • Jacobs, H.1
  • 112
    • 0030948789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of mouse RAD54 reduces ionizing radiation resistance and homologous recombination
    • Essers, J. et al. Disruption of mouse RAD54 reduces ionizing radiation resistance and homologous recombination. Cell 89, 195-204 (1997).
    • (1997) Cell , vol.89 , pp. 195-204
    • Essers, J.1
  • 113
    • 0037090311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutting edge: DNA polymerases μ and λ are dispensable for Ig gene hypermutation
    • Bertocci, B. et al. Cutting edge: DNA polymerases μ and λ are dispensable for Ig gene hypermutation. J. Immunol. 168, 3702-3706 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Immunol. , vol.168 , pp. 3702-3706
    • Bertocci, B.1
  • 114
    • 0036178823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice deficient for the type II topoisomerase-like DNA transesterase Spo11 show normal immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation and class switching
    • Klein, U., Esposito, G., Baudat, F., Keeney, S. & Jasin, M. Mice deficient for the type II topoisomerase-like DNA transesterase Spo11 show normal immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation and class switching. Eur. J. Immunol. 32, 316-321 (2002).
    • (2002) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.32 , pp. 316-321
    • Klein, U.1    Esposito, G.2    Baudat, F.3    Keeney, S.4    Jasin, M.5
  • 116
    • 0033974775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice reconstituted with DNA-polymerase-β-deficient fetal liver cells are able to mount a T-cell-dependent immune response and mutate their Ig genes normally
    • Esposito, G. et al. Mice reconstituted with DNA-polymerase-β -deficient fetal liver cells are able to mount a T-cell-dependent immune response and mutate their Ig genes normally. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 1166-1171 (2000).
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.97 , pp. 1166-1171
    • Esposito, G.1
  • 117
    • 0037019315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AID mutates E. coli suggesting a DNA deamination mechanism for antibody diversification
    • Petersen-Mahrt, S. K., Harris, R. S. & Neuberger, M. S. AID mutates E. coli suggesting a DNA deamination mechanism for antibody diversification. Nature 418, 99-104 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 99-104
    • Petersen-Mahrt, S.K.1    Harris, R.S.2    Neuberger, M.S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.