메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 162, Issue , 1998, Pages 153-160

Cis-acting sequences that affect somatic hypermutation of Ig genes

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIS ACTING ELEMENT; RNA POLYMERASE;

EID: 0031920677     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01438.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (100)

References (58)
  • 1
    • 0014943022 scopus 로고
    • Variability in the lambda light chain sequences of mouse antibody
    • Weigert M, Cesari IM, Yonkovich SJ, Cohn M. Variability in the lambda light chain sequences of mouse antibody. Nature 1970;228:1045-1047.
    • (1970) Nature , vol.228 , pp. 1045-1047
    • Weigert, M.1    Cesari, I.M.2    Yonkovich, S.J.3    Cohn, M.4
  • 2
    • 0018251442 scopus 로고
    • Sequences of mouse immunoglobulin light chain genes before and after somatic changes
    • Bernard O, Hozumi N, Tonegawa S. Sequences of mouse immunoglobulin light chain genes before and after somatic changes. Cell 1978;15:1133-1144.
    • (1978) Cell , vol.15 , pp. 1133-1144
    • Bernard, O.1    Hozumi, N.2    Tonegawa, S.3
  • 3
    • 0019424555 scopus 로고
    • Somatic mutation of immunoglobulin light-chain variable-region genes
    • Selsing E, Storb U. Somatic mutation of immunoglobulin light-chain variable-region genes. Cell 1981;25:47-58.
    • (1981) Cell , vol.25 , pp. 47-58
    • Selsing, E.1    Storb, U.2
  • 4
    • 0019391404 scopus 로고
    • A single VH gene segment encodes the immune response to phosphorylcholine: Somatic mutation is correlated with the class of the antibody
    • Crews S, Griffin J, Huang H, Calame K, Hood L. A single VH gene segment encodes the immune response to phosphorylcholine: somatic mutation is correlated with the class of the antibody. Cell 1981;25:59-66.
    • (1981) Cell , vol.25 , pp. 59-66
    • Crews, S.1    Griffin, J.2    Huang, H.3    Calame, K.4    Hood, L.5
  • 5
    • 0023090516 scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin transgene in k transgenic mice
    • O'Brien R, Brinster R, Storb U. Somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin transgene in k transgenic mice. Nature 1987;326:405-409.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.326 , pp. 405-409
    • O'Brien, R.1    Brinster, R.2    Storb, U.3
  • 6
    • 0026060520 scopus 로고
    • Mutation pattern of immunoglobulin transgenes is compatible with a model of somatic hypermutation in which targeting of the mutator is linked to the direction of DNA replication
    • Rogerson B, Hackett J, Peters A, Haasch D, Storb U. Mutation pattern of immunoglobulin transgenes is compatible with a model of somatic hypermutation in which targeting of the mutator is linked to the direction of DNA replication. EMBO J 1991;10:4331-4341.
    • (1991) EMBO J , vol.10 , pp. 4331-4341
    • Rogerson, B.1    Hackett, J.2    Peters, A.3    Haasch, D.4    Storb, U.5
  • 7
  • 8
    • 0025817171 scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of the JC intron is markedly reduced in unrearranged k and H alleles and is unevenly distributed in rearranged alleles
    • Weber JS, Berry J, Litwin S, Claflin JL. Somatic hypermutation of the JC intron is markedly reduced in unrearranged k and H alleles and is unevenly distributed in rearranged alleles. J Immunol 1991;146:3218-3226.
    • (1991) J Immunol , vol.146 , pp. 3218-3226
    • Weber, J.S.1    Berry, J.2    Litwin, S.3    Claflin, J.L.4
  • 9
    • 0025911081 scopus 로고
    • Position of the rearranged Vk and its 5′ flanking sequences determines the location of somatic mutations in the Jk locus
    • Weber JS, Berry J, Manser T, Claflin JL. Position of the rearranged Vk and its 5′ flanking sequences determines the location of somatic mutations in the Jk locus. J Immunol 1991;146:3652-3655.
    • (1991) J Immunol , vol.146 , pp. 3652-3655
    • Weber, J.S.1    Berry, J.2    Manser, T.3    Claflin, J.L.4
  • 10
    • 0025148941 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of mutations around rearranged heavy-chain antibody variable-region genes
    • Both G, Taylor L, Pollard J, Steele E. Distribution of mutations around rearranged heavy-chain antibody variable-region genes. Mol Cell Biol 1990;10:5187-5196.
    • (1990) Mol Cell Biol , vol.10 , pp. 5187-5196
    • Both, G.1    Taylor, L.2    Pollard, J.3    Steele, E.4
  • 11
    • 0028243803 scopus 로고
    • The 5′ boundary of somatic hypermutation in a Vk gene is in the leader intron
    • Rada C, Gonzalez-Fernandez A, Jarvis JM, Milstein C. The 5′ boundary of somatic hypermutation in a Vk gene is in the leader intron. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:1453-1457.
    • (1994) Eur J Immunol , vol.24 , pp. 1453-1457
    • Rada, C.1    Gonzalez-Fernandez, A.2    Jarvis, J.M.3    Milstein, C.4
  • 12
    • 0028125606 scopus 로고
    • Mapping the upstream boundary of somatic mutations in rearranged immunoglobulin transgenes and endogenous genes
    • Rogerson B. Mapping the upstream boundary of somatic mutations in rearranged immunoglobulin transgenes and endogenous genes. Mol Immunol 1994;31:83-98.
    • (1994) Mol Immunol , vol.31 , pp. 83-98
    • Rogerson, B.1
  • 13
    • 0025630537 scopus 로고
    • Boundaries of somatic mutation in rearranged immunoglobulin genes: 5′ boundary is near the promoter, and 3′ boundary is ∼1kb from V(D)J gene
    • Lebecque S, Gearhart P. Boundaries of somatic mutation in rearranged immunoglobulin genes: 5′ boundary is near the promoter, and 3′ boundary is ∼1kb from V(D)J gene. J Exp Med 1990;172:1717-1727.
    • (1990) J Exp Med , vol.172 , pp. 1717-1727
    • Lebecque, S.1    Gearhart, P.2
  • 14
    • 0025774040 scopus 로고
    • Somatic mutation in constant region of mouse 11 light chains
    • Motoyama N, Okada H, Azuma T. Somatic mutation in constant region of mouse 11 light chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:7933-7937.
    • (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.88 , pp. 7933-7937
    • Motoyama, N.1    Okada, H.2    Azuma, T.3
  • 15
    • 0027194781 scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation in 5′ flanking regions of heavy chain antibody variable regions
    • Rothenfluth H, Taylor L, Bothwell A, Both G, Steele E. Somatic hypermutation in 5′ flanking regions of heavy chain antibody variable regions. Eur J Immunol 1993;23:2152-2159.
    • (1993) Eur J Immunol , vol.23 , pp. 2152-2159
    • Rothenfluth, H.1    Taylor, L.2    Bothwell, A.3    Both, G.4    Steele, E.5
  • 16
    • 17344373347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes
    • Tsiagbe VK, Thorbecke GJ, eds. Austin (TX): R.G. Landes Company; (In press)
    • Storb U. Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. In: Tsiagbe VK, Thorbecke GJ, eds. The biology of germinal centers in lymphoid tissues. Austin (TX): R.G. Landes Company; 1998 (In press).
    • (1998) The Biology of Germinal Centers in Lymphoid Tissues
    • Storb, U.1
  • 17
    • 0026633095 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of a T cell receptor gene as a target of the somatic hypermutation mechanism
    • Hackett J, Stebbins C, Rogerson B, Davis M, Storb U. Analysis of a T cell receptor gene as a target of the somatic hypermutation mechanism. J Exp Med 1992;176:225-231.
    • (1992) J Exp Med , vol.176 , pp. 225-231
    • Hackett, J.1    Stebbins, C.2    Rogerson, B.3    Davis, M.4    Storb, U.5
  • 18
    • 0030588542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of a lambda-2 transgene under the control of the lambda enhancer or the heavy chain intron enhancer
    • Klotz E, Storb U. Somatic hypermutation of a lambda-2 transgene under the control of the lambda enhancer or the heavy chain intron enhancer. J Immunol 1996;157:4458-1463.
    • (1996) J Immunol , vol.157 , pp. 4458-11463
    • Klotz, E.1    Storb, U.2
  • 19
    • 0027510316 scopus 로고
    • Mutations of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase transgene driven by the immunoglobulin promoter and intron enhancer
    • Azuma T, Motoyama N, Fields L, Loh D. Mutations of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase transgene driven by the immunoglobulin promoter and intron enhancer. Int Immunol 1993;5:121-130.
    • (1993) Int Immunol , vol.5 , pp. 121-130
    • Azuma, T.1    Motoyama, N.2    Fields, L.3    Loh, D.4
  • 20
    • 0027468552 scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin m heavy chain transgene
    • Sohn J, Gerstein R, Hsieh C, Lemer M, Selsing E. Somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin m heavy chain transgene. J Exp Med 1993;177:493-504.
    • (1993) J Exp Med , vol.177 , pp. 493-504
    • Sohn, J.1    Gerstein, R.2    Hsieh, C.3    Lemer, M.4    Selsing, E.5
  • 21
    • 0027410278 scopus 로고
    • Hypermutation is observed only in antibody H chain V region transgenes that have recombined with endogenous immunoglobulin H DNA: Implications for the location of cis-acting elements required for somatic mutation
    • Giusti A, Manser T. Hypermutation is observed only in antibody H chain V region transgenes that have recombined with endogenous immunoglobulin H DNA: implications for the location of cis-acting elements required for somatic mutation. J Exp Med 1993;177:797-809.
    • (1993) J Exp Med , vol.177 , pp. 797-809
    • Giusti, A.1    Manser, T.2
  • 22
    • 0028270307 scopus 로고
    • Elements regulating somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin K gene: Critical role for the intron enhancer/matrix attachment region
    • Betz A, Milstein C, Gonzalez-Fernandes R, Pannell R, Larson T, Neuberger M. Elements regulating somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin K gene: critical role for the intron enhancer/matrix attachment region. Cell 1994;77:239-248.
    • (1994) Cell , vol.77 , pp. 239-248
    • Betz, A.1    Milstein, C.2    Gonzalez-Fernandes, R.3    Pannell, R.4    Larson, T.5    Neuberger, M.6
  • 23
    • 0031041632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transcriptional promoter regulates hypermutation of the antibody heavy chain locus
    • Tumas-Brundage K, Manser T. The transcriptional promoter regulates hypermutation of the antibody heavy chain locus. J Exp Med 1997;185:239-250.
    • (1997) J Exp Med , vol.185 , pp. 239-250
    • Tumas-Brundage, K.1    Manser, T.2
  • 25
    • 0030063726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription initiation
    • Peters A, Storb U. Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription initiation. Immunity 1996;4:57-65.
    • (1996) Immunity , vol.4 , pp. 57-65
    • Peters, A.1    Storb, U.2
  • 26
    • 0029067875 scopus 로고
    • Targeting of non-Ig sequences in place of the V segment by somatic hypermutation
    • Yelamos J, et al. Targeting of non-Ig sequences in place of the V segment by somatic hypermutation. Nature 1995;376:225-229.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 225-229
    • Yelamos, J.1
  • 27
    • 0031443534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription
    • Storb U, et al. Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998;229:11-19.
    • (1998) Curr Top Microbiol Immunol , vol.229 , pp. 11-19
    • Storb, U.1
  • 28
    • 0029927054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of somatic hypermutation studied with transgenic and transfected target genes
    • Storb U, Peters A, Klotz E, Rogerson B, Hackett J. The mechanism of somatic hypermutation studied with transgenic and transfected target genes. Semin Immunol 1996;8:131-140.
    • (1996) Semin Immunol , vol.8 , pp. 131-140
    • Storb, U.1    Peters, A.2    Klotz, E.3    Rogerson, B.4    Hackett, J.5
  • 29
    • 0029888843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular basis of somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes
    • Storb U. The molecular basis of somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Curr Opin Immunol 1996;8:206-214.
    • (1996) Curr Opin Immunol , vol.8 , pp. 206-214
    • Storb, U.1
  • 30
    • 0030761761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B lymphocytes of xeroderma pigmentosum or Cockayne syndrome patients with inherited defects in nucleotide excision repair are fully capable of somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes
    • Kim N, Kage K, Matsuda F, Lefranc M-P, Storb U. B lymphocytes of xeroderma pigmentosum or Cockayne syndrome patients with inherited defects in nucleotide excision repair are fully capable of somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. J Exp Med 1997;186:413-419.
    • (1997) J Exp Med , vol.186 , pp. 413-419
    • Kim, N.1    Kage, K.2    Matsuda, F.3    Lefranc, M.-P.4    Storb, U.5
  • 31
    • 0029871507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of Ig genes in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP-D)
    • Wagner S, Elvin J, Norris P, McGregor J, Neuberger M. Somatic hypermutation of Ig genes in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP-D). Int Immunol 1996;8:701-705.
    • (1996) Int Immunol , vol.8 , pp. 701-705
    • Wagner, S.1    Elvin, J.2    Norris, P.3    McGregor, J.4    Neuberger, M.5
  • 32
    • 0000542120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inactivation of the XP-C gene does not affect somatic hypermutation or class switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes
    • Shen HM, Cheo DL, Friedberg E, Storb U. The inactivation of the XP-C gene does not affect somatic hypermutation or class switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes. Mol Immunol 1997;34:527-533.
    • (1997) Mol Immunol , vol.34 , pp. 527-533
    • Shen, H.M.1    Cheo, D.L.2    Friedberg, E.3    Storb, U.4
  • 33
    • 0029887819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcription-coupled repair deficiency and mutations in human mismatch repair genes
    • Mellon I, Rajpal D, Koi M, Boland C, Champe G. Transcription-coupled repair deficiency and mutations in human mismatch repair genes. Science 1996;272:557-560.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 557-560
    • Mellon, I.1    Rajpal, D.2    Koi, M.3    Boland, C.4    Champe, G.5
  • 34
    • 0024494831 scopus 로고
    • Physical linkage of mouse 1 genes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggests that the rearrangement process favors proximate target sequences
    • Storb U, Haasch D, Arp B, Sanchez P, Cazenave P, Miller J. Physical linkage of mouse 1 genes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggests that the rearrangement process favors proximate target sequences. Mol Cell Biol 1989;9:711-718.
    • (1989) Mol Cell Biol , vol.9 , pp. 711-718
    • Storb, U.1    Haasch, D.2    Arp, B.3    Sanchez, P.4    Cazenave, P.5    Miller, J.6
  • 35
    • 0021088187 scopus 로고
    • Altered nucleotide sequences of a translocated c-myc gene in Burkitt lymphoma
    • Rabbits T, Hamlyn P, Baer R. Altered nucleotide sequences of a translocated c-myc gene in Burkitt lymphoma. Nature 1983;306:760-765.
    • (1983) Nature , vol.306 , pp. 760-765
    • Rabbits, T.1    Hamlyn, P.2    Baer, R.3
  • 36
    • 0021278366 scopus 로고
    • Activation and somatic mutation of the translocated c-myc gene in Burkitt lymphoma cells
    • Taub R, et al. Activation and somatic mutation of the translocated c-myc gene in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Cell 1984;36:339-348.
    • (1984) Cell , vol.36 , pp. 339-348
    • Taub, R.1
  • 37
    • 0029614378 scopus 로고
    • Frequent somatic hypermutation of the 5′ noncoding region of the BCL6 gene in B-cell lymphoma
    • Migliazza A, et al. Frequent somatic hypermutation of the 5′ noncoding region of the BCL6 gene in B-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:12520-12524.
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.92 , pp. 12520-12524
    • Migliazza, A.1
  • 38
    • 0023277542 scopus 로고
    • Clustered somatic mutations in and around first exon of non-rearranged c-myc in Burkitt lymphoma with t(8;22) translocation
    • Szajnert M, Saule S, Bornkamm G, Wajcman H, Lenoir G, Kaplan J. Clustered somatic mutations in and around first exon of non-rearranged c-myc in Burkitt lymphoma with t(8;22) translocation. Nucleic Acids Res 1987;15:4553-4565.
    • (1987) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.15 , pp. 4553-4565
    • Szajnert, M.1    Saule, S.2    Bornkamm, G.3    Wajcman, H.4    Lenoir, G.5    Kaplan, J.6
  • 39
    • 17344373610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hypermutable insert in an immunoglobulin transgene contains hotspots of somatic mutation and sequences predicting highly stable structures in the RNA transcript
    • Accepted pending revision
    • Storb U, Klotz E, Hackett J, Kage K, Bozek G, Martin TE. A hypermutable insert in an immunoglobulin transgene contains hotspots of somatic mutation and sequences predicting highly stable structures in the RNA transcript. Immunity 1998 (Accepted pending revision).
    • (1998) Immunity
    • Storb, U.1    Klotz, E.2    Hackett, J.3    Kage, K.4    Bozek, G.5    Martin, T.E.6
  • 40
    • 0031569118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the frequency and pattern of somatic mutations within nonproductively rearranged human variable heavy chain genes
    • Doerner T, Brezinschek H-P, Brezinschek R, Foster S, Domiati-Saad R, Lipsky P. Analysis of the frequency and pattern of somatic mutations within nonproductively rearranged human variable heavy chain genes. J Immunol 1997;158:2779-2789.
    • (1997) J Immunol , vol.158 , pp. 2779-2789
    • Doerner, T.1    Brezinschek, H.-P.2    Brezinschek, R.3    Foster, S.4    Domiati-Saad, R.5    Lipsky, P.6
  • 41
    • 0029947265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Di- and trinucleotide target preferences of somatic mutagenesis in normal and autoreactive B cells
    • Smith D, Creadon G, Jena P, Portanova J, Kotzin B, Wysocki L. Di- and trinucleotide target preferences of somatic mutagenesis in normal and autoreactive B cells. J Immunol 1996;156:2642-2652.
    • (1996) J Immunol , vol.156 , pp. 2642-2652
    • Smith, D.1    Creadon, G.2    Jena, P.3    Portanova, J.4    Kotzin, B.5    Wysocki, L.6
  • 42
    • 0026443954 scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutagenesis in immunoglobulin genes. II. Influence of neighboring base sequences on mutagenesis
    • Rogozin I, Kolchanov N. Somatic hypermutagenesis in immunoglobulin genes. II. Influence of neighboring base sequences on mutagenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992;1171:11-18.
    • (1992) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1171 , pp. 11-18
    • Rogozin, I.1    Kolchanov, N.2
  • 43
    • 0027227311 scopus 로고
    • Discriminating intrinsic and antigen-selected mutational hotspots in immunoglobulin V genes
    • Betz AG, Neuberger MS, Milstein C. Discriminating intrinsic and antigen-selected mutational hotspots in immunoglobulin V genes. Immunol Today 1993;14:405-411.
    • (1993) Immunol Today , vol.14 , pp. 405-411
    • Betz, A.G.1    Neuberger, M.S.2    Milstein, C.3
  • 44
    • 0028281443 scopus 로고
    • The characterization of a mammalian DNA structure-specific endonuclease
    • Harrington J, Lieber M. The characterization of a mammalian DNA structure-specific endonuclease. EMBO J 1994;13:1235-1246.
    • (1994) EMBO J , vol.13 , pp. 1235-1246
    • Harrington, J.1    Lieber, M.2
  • 46
    • 0031008221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic mechanisms of transcript elongation and its regulation
    • Uptain S, Kane C, Chamberlin M. Basic mechanisms of transcript elongation and its regulation. Annu Rev Biochem 1997;66:117-172.
    • (1997) Annu Rev Biochem , vol.66 , pp. 117-172
    • Uptain, S.1    Kane, C.2    Chamberlin, M.3
  • 47
    • 0031552174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The RNA-DNA hybrid maintains the register of transcription by preventing backtracking of RNA polymerase
    • Nudler E, Mustaev A, Lukhtanov E, Goldfarb A. The RNA-DNA hybrid maintains the register of transcription by preventing backtracking of RNA polymerase. Cell 1997;89:33-41.
    • (1997) Cell , vol.89 , pp. 33-41
    • Nudler, E.1    Mustaev, A.2    Lukhtanov, E.3    Goldfarb, A.4
  • 48
    • 0003133254 scopus 로고
    • Transcript elongation and gene regulation in eukaryotes
    • Conaway RC, Conaway JW, eds. New York: Raven Press
    • Kane CM. Transcript elongation and gene regulation in eukaryotes. In: Conaway RC, Conaway JW, eds. Transcription: mechanisms and regulation. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 279-296.
    • (1994) Transcription: Mechanisms and Regulation , pp. 279-296
    • Kane, C.M.1
  • 49
    • 0000701273 scopus 로고
    • Nascent RNA cleavage by transcription elongation complexes
    • Conaway RC, Conaway JW, eds. New York: Raven Press
    • Reines D. Nascent RNA cleavage by transcription elongation complexes. In: Conaway RC, Conaway JW, eds. Transcription: mechanisms and regulation. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 263-278.
    • (1994) Transcription: Mechanisms and Regulation , pp. 263-278
    • Reines, D.1
  • 50
    • 0023107028 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of somatic mutation in immunoglobulin variable genes
    • Golding G, Gearhart P, Glockman B. Patterns of somatic mutation in immunoglobulin variable genes. Genetics 1987;115:169-176.
    • (1987) Genetics , vol.115 , pp. 169-176
    • Golding, G.1    Gearhart, P.2    Glockman, B.3
  • 51
    • 0030698057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Augmented expression of a human gene for 8-oxyguanine DNA glycosylase (MutM) in B lymphocytes of the dark zone in lymph node germinal centers
    • Kuo F, Sklar J. Augmented expression of a human gene for 8-oxyguanine DNA glycosylase (MutM) in B lymphocytes of the dark zone in lymph node germinal centers. J Exp Med 1997;186:1547-1556.
    • (1997) J Exp Med , vol.186 , pp. 1547-1556
    • Kuo, F.1    Sklar, J.2
  • 52
    • 0021760306 scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide sequence preference at rat liver wheat germ type 1 DNA topoisomerase breakage sites in duplex SV40 DNA
    • Been M, Burgess R, Champoux J. Nucleotide sequence preference at rat liver wheat germ type 1 DNA topoisomerase breakage sites in duplex SV40 DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1984;12:3097-3114.
    • (1984) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.12 , pp. 3097-3114
    • Been, M.1    Burgess, R.2    Champoux, J.3
  • 53
    • 0002420639 scopus 로고
    • Mechanistic aspects of type I topoisomerases
    • Cozzarelli NR, ed. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
    • Champoux J. Mechanistic aspects of type I topoisomerases. In: Cozzarelli NR, ed. DNA topology and its biological effects. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 1990. p. 217-242.
    • (1990) DNA Topology and Its Biological Effects , pp. 217-242
    • Champoux, J.1
  • 54
    • 0026331458 scopus 로고
    • Maturation of the immune response in germinal centers
    • Berek C, Berger A, Apel M. Maturation of the immune response in germinal centers. Cell 1991;67:1121-1129.
    • (1991) Cell , vol.67 , pp. 1121-1129
    • Berek, C.1    Berger, A.2    Apel, M.3
  • 55
    • 0024338553 scopus 로고
    • Early onset of somatic mutation in immunoglobulin VH genes during the primary immune response
    • Levy N, Malipiero U, Lebeque S, Gearhart P. Early onset of somatic mutation in immunoglobulin VH genes during the primary immune response. J Exp Med 1989;169:2007-2019.
    • (1989) J Exp Med , vol.169 , pp. 2007-2019
    • Levy, N.1    Malipiero, U.2    Lebeque, S.3    Gearhart, P.4
  • 56
    • 0029952311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absolute mRNA levels and transriptional initiation rates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Iyer V, Struhl K. Absolute mRNA levels and transriptional initiation rates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:5208-5212.
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.93 , pp. 5208-5212
    • Iyer, V.1    Struhl, K.2
  • 57
    • 0011089986 scopus 로고
    • Hypermutation during DNA synthesis in vitro
    • Steele EJ, ed. Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, Boston: CRC Press
    • Kunkel T. Hypermutation during DNA synthesis in vitro. In: Steele EJ, ed. Somatic hypermutation in V-regions. Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, Boston: CRC Press; 1991. p. 159-178.
    • (1991) Somatic Hypermutation in V-regions , pp. 159-178
    • Kunkel, T.1
  • 58
    • 0343417077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of somatic mutation in a human B cell line in vitro
    • Denepoux S, et al. Induction of somatic mutation in a human B cell line in vitro. Immunity 1997;6:35-46.
    • (1997) Immunity , vol.6 , pp. 35-46
    • Denepoux, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.