Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Can Tea Phytochemicals Play a Role in Prevention?

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 481-501

  Fernando, Warnakulasuriya M A D B ^a   Somaratne, Geeshani ^c   Goozee, Kathryn G ^a,b,e,f,g   Williams, Shehan ^d   Singh, Harjinder ^c   Martins, Ralph N ^a,b,e,f,g  

^a EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^d UNIVERSITY OF KELANIYA   (Sri Lanka)

^e McCusker KARVIAH Research Centre   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^g KaRa Institute of Neurological Disease   (Australia)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; cognitive impairment; diabetes; phytochemicals; tea

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; POLYPHENOL; PHYTOCHEMICAL;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CAMELLIA SINENSIS; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MITOCHONDRION; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TEA; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMANS; PHYTOCHEMICALS; TEA;

EID: 85024902033     PISSN: 13872877     EISSN: 18758908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-161200     Document Type: Review

References (246)

1. World Alzheimer Report (2015) The Global Impact of Dementia: An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends updates. https://www.alz.co.uk/research/WorldAlzheimerReport2015.pdf
2. Serrano-Pozo A, Frosch MP, Masliah E, Hyman BT (2011) Neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 1, a006189.
3. Vinters HV (1987) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Acritical review. Stroke 18, 311-324.
4. Villemagne VL, Burnham S, Bourgeat P, Brown B, Ellis KA, Salvado O, Szoeke C, Macaulay SL, Martins R, Maruff P, Ames D, Rowe CC, Masters CL (2013) Amyloid beta deposition, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 12, 357-367.
5. Krishnaswamy S, Verdile G, Groth D, Kanyenda L, Martins RN (2009) The structure and function of Alzheimer's gamma secretase enzyme complex. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 46, 282-301.
6. Westermark P, Andersson A, Westermark GT (2011) Islet amyloid polypeptide, islet amyloid, and diabetes mellitus. Physiol Rev 91, 795-826.
7. Ott A, Stolk RP, van Harskamp F, Pols HA, Hofman A, Breteler MM (1999) Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology 53, 1937-1942.
8. Frisardi V, Solfrizzi V, Capurso C, Imbimbo BP, Vendemiale G, Seripa D, Pilotto A, Panza F (2010) Is insulin resistant brain state a central feature of the metaboliccognitive syndrome? J Alzheimers Dis 21, 57-63.
9. Lester-Coll N, Rivera EJ, Soscia SJ, Doiron K, Wands JR, de la Monte SM (2006) Intracerebral streptozotocin model of type 3 diabetes: Relevance to sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 9, 13-33.
10. Kim B, Feldman EL (2015) Insulin resistance as a key link for the increased risk of cognitive impairment in the metabolic syndrome. Exp Mol Med 47, e149.
11. Laurin D, Verreault R, Lindsay J, MacPherson K, Rockwood K (2001) Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Arch Neurol 58, 498-504.
12. Gonzalez-Gross M, Marcos A, Pietrzik K (2001) Nutrition and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Br J Nutr 86, 313-321.
13. Gardener S, Gu Y, Rainey-Smith SR, Keogh JB, Clifton PM, Mathieson SL, Taddei K, Mondal A, Ward VK, Scarmeas N, Barnes M, Ellis KA, Head R, Masters CL, Ames D, Macaulay SL, Rowe CC, Szoeke C, Martins RN (2012) Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and Alzheimer/'s disease risk in an Australian population. Transl Psychiatry 2, e164.
14. Brown BM, Peiffer JJ, Sohrabi HR, Mondal A, Gupta VB, Rainey-Smith SR, Taddei K, Burnham S, Ellis KA, Szoeke C, Masters CL, Ames D, Rowe CC, Martins RN (2012) Intense physical activity is associated with cognitive performance in the elderly. Transl Psychiatry 2, e191.
15. Mukhtar H, Ahmad N (2000) Tea polyphenols: Prevention of cancer and optimizing health. AmJ Clin Nutr 71, 1698s-1702s.
16. Chaturvedula VSP, Prakash I (2011) The aroma, taste, color and bioactive constituents of tea. J Med Plants 5, 2110-2124.
17. Jeon S-Y, Bae K, Seong Y-H, Song K-S (2003) Green tea catechins as a BACE1 (β-Secretase) inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13, 3905-3908.
18. Bastianetto S, Yao ZX, Papadopoulos V, Quirion R (2006) Neuroprotective effects of green and black teas and their catechin gallate esters against beta-amyloid-induced toxicity. Eur J Neurosci 23, 55-64.
19. Gargi S, Biswajit B (2013) Black tea as a part of daily diet: A boon for healthy living. IJTS 9, 51-59.
20. Ferreira MA, Silva DM, de Morais AC Jr, Mota JF, Botelho PB (2016) Therapeutic potential of green tea on risk factors for type 2 diabetes in obese adults-a review. Obes Rev 17, 1316-1328.
21. Nunes AR, Alves MG, Moreira PI, Oliveira PF, Silva BM (2014) Can tea consumption be a safe and effective therapy against diabetes mellitus-induced neurodegeneration? Curr Neuropharmacol 12, 475-489.
22. Schmidt A, Hammann F, Wölnerhanssen B, Meyer-Gerspach AC, Drewe J, Beglinger C, Borgwardt S (2014) Green tea extract enhances parieto-frontal connectivity during working memory processing. Psychopharmacology 231, 3879-3888.
23. Ide K, Yamada H (2015) Clinical benefits of green tea consumption for cognitive dysfunction. Pharma Nutrition 3, 136-145.
24. Ide K, Yamada H, Takuma N, Park M, Wakamiya N, Nakase J, Ukawa Y, Sagesaka YM (2014) Green tea consumption affects cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: A pilot study. Nutrients 6, 4032-4042.
25. Katiyar S, Mukhtar H (1996) Tea in chemoprevention of cancer. Int J Oncol 8, 221-238.
26. Tomata Y, Kakizaki M, Nakaya N, Tsuboya T, Sone T, Kuriyama S, Hozawa A, Tsuji I (2012) Green tea consumption and the risk of incident functional disability in elderly Japanese: The Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. Am J Clin Nutr 95, 732-739.
27. Gondoin A, Grussu D, Stewart D, McDougall GJ (2010) White and green tea polyphenols inhibit pancreatic lipase in vitro. Food Res Int 43, 1537-1544.
28. Shimoda H, Hitoe S, Nakamura S, Matsuda H (2015) Purple tea and its extract suppress diet-induced fat accumulation in mice and human subjects by inhibiting fat absorption and enhancing hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase expression. Int J Biomed Sci 11, 67-75.
29. Chacko SM, Thambi PT, Kuttan R, Nishigaki I (2010) Beneficial effects of green tea: A literature review. Chin Med 5, 13-13.
30. Langley-Evans SC (2000) Consumption of black tea elicits an increase in plasma antioxidant potential in humans. Int J Food Sci Nutr 51, 309-315.
31. Park J-H, Bae J-H, Im S-S, Song D-K (2014) Green tea and type 2 diabetes. Integr Med Res 3, 4-10.
32. Ng T-P, Feng L, Niti M, Kua E-H, Yap K-B (2008) Tea consumption and cognitive impairment and decline in older Chinese adults. Am J Clin Nutr 88, 224-231.
33. Sharma V, Rao LJM (2009) A thought on the biological activities of black tea. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49, 379-404.
34. Harbowy ME, Balentine DA, Davies AP, Cai Y (1997) Tea chemistry. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 16, 415-480.
35. Alcázar A, Ballesteros O, Jurado JM, Pablos F, Martín MJ, Vilches JL, Navalón A (2007) Differentiation of green, white, black, oolong, and pu-erh teas according to their free amino acids content. J Agric Food Chem 55, 5960-5965.
36. Balentine DA, Wiseman SA, Bouwens LCM (1997) The chemistry of tea flavonoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 37, 693-704.
37. Graham HN (1992) Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry. Prev Med 21, 334-350.
38. Kim HM, Kim J (2013) The effects of green tea on obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 37, 173-175.
39. Tounekti T, Joubert E, Hernández I, Munné-Bosch S (2013) Improving the polyphenol content of tea. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 32, 192-215.
40. Hilal Y, Engelhardt U (2007) Characterisation of white tea-Comparison to green and black tea. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2, 414-421.
41. Du G-J, Zhang Z, Wen X-D, Yu C, Calway T, Yuan CS, Wang C-Z (2012) Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the most effective cancer chemopreventive polyphenol in green tea. Nutrients 4, 1679-1691.
42. Riemersma RA, Rice-Evans CA, Tyrrell RM, Clifford MN, Lean MEJ (2001) Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular health. QJM 94, 277-282.
43. Butt MS, Imran A, Sharif MK, Ahmad RS, Xiao H, Imran M, Rsool HA (2014) Black tea polyphenols:Amechanistic treatise. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 54, 1002-1011.
44. Thilakarathna SH, Rupasinghe HPV (2013) Flavonoid bioavailability and attempts for bioavailability enhancement. Nutrients 5, 3367-3387.
45. Aron PM, Kennedy JA (2008) Flavan-3-ols: Nature, occurrence and biological activity. Mol Nutr Food Res 52, 79-104.
46. Ramdani D, Chaudhry AS, Seal CJ (2013) Chemical composition, plant secondary metabolites, and minerals of green and black teas and the effect of different tea-to-water ratios during their extraction on the composition of their spent leaves as potential additives for ruminants. J Agric Food Chem 61, 4961-4967.
47. Zaveri NT (2006) Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins: Medicinal uses in cancer and noncancer applications. Life Sci 78, 2073-2080.
48. Ban JY, Jeon S-Y, Bae K, Song K-S, Seong YH (2006) Catechin and epicatechin from Smilacis chinae rhizome protect cultured rat cortical neurons against amyloid beta protein (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity through inhibition of cytosolic calcium elevation. Life Sci 79, 2251-2259.
49. McKay DL, Blumberg JB (2002) The role of tea in human health: An update. J Am Coll Nutr 21, 1-13.
50. Clifford MN, van der Hooft JJ, Crozier A (2013) Human studies on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of tea polyphenols. Am J Clin Nutr 6 S, 1619S-1630S.
51. Cabrera C, Gimenez R, Lopez MC (2003) Determination of tea components with antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 51, 4427-4435.
52. Unachukwu UJ, Ahmed S, Kavalier A, Lyles JT, Kennelly EJ (2010) White and green teas (Camellia sinensisvar. sinensis): Variation in phenolic, methylxanthine, and antioxidant profiles. J Food Sci 75, C541-C548.
53. Singh BN, Shankar S, Srivastava RK (2011) Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): Mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications. Biochem Pharmacol 82, 1807-1821.
54. Giacco F, Brownlee M (2010) Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res 107, 1058-1070.
55. Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N (2010) Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev 4, 118-126.
56. Uttara B, Singh AV, Zamboni P, Mahajan RT (2009) Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases:Areview of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options. Curr Neuropharmacol 7, 65-74.
57. Josefson D (2002) Foods rich in antioxidants may reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease. BMJ 325, 7-7.
58. Rahman K (2007) Studies on free radicals, antioxidants, and co-factors. Clin Interv Aging 2, 219-236.
59. Kumar GP, Khanum F (2012) Neuroprotective potential of phytochemicals. Pharmacogn Rev 6, 81-90.
60. Dragicevic N, Smith A, Lin X, Yuan F, Copes N, Delic V, Tan J, Cao C, Shytle RD, Bradshaw PC (2011) Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and other flavonoids reduce Alzheimer's amyloidinduced mitochondrial dysfunction. J Alzheimers Dis 26, 507-521.
61. Khan N, Mukhtar H (2007) Tea polyphenols for health promotion. Life Sci 81, 519-533.
62. Leenen R, Roodenburg AJ, Tijburg LB, Wiseman SA (2000) A single dose of tea with or without milk increases plasma antioxidant activity in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 54, 87-92.
63. Rietveld A, Wiseman S (2003) Antioxidant effects of tea: Evidence from human clinical trials. J Nutr 133, 3285S-3292S.
64. Erba D, Riso P, Bordoni A, Foti P, Biagi PL, Testolin G (2005) Effectiveness of moderate green tea consumption on antioxidative status and plasma lipid profile in humans. J Nutr Biochem 16, 144-149.
65. Yen G-C, Chen H-Y (1995) Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. J Agric Food Chem 43, 27-32.
66. Robinson EE, Maxwell SR, Thorpe GH (1997) An investigation of the antioxidant activity of black tea using enhanced chemiluminescence. Free Radic Res 26, 291-302.
67. Gardner PT, McPhail DB, Duthie GG (1998) Electron spin resonance spectroscopic assessment of the antioxidant potential of teas in aqueous and organic media. J Sci Food Agr 76, 257-262.
68. Almajano MP, Vila I, Gines S (2011) Neuroprotective effects of white tea against oxidative stress-induced toxicity in striatal cells. Neurotox Res 20, 372-378.
69. van het Hof KH, de Boer HS, Wiseman SA, Lien N, Westrate JA, Tijburg LB (1997) Consumption of green or black tea does not increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 66, 1125-1132.
70. Maxwell S, Thorpe G (1996) Tea flavonoids have little short term impact on serum antioxidant activity. BMJ 313, 229-229.
71. Serafini M, Ghiselli A, Ferro-Luzzi A (1996) In vivo antioxidant effect of green and black tea in man. Eur J Clin Nutr 50, 28-32.
72. van het Hof KH, Kivits GA, Weststrate JA, Tijburg LB (1998) Bioavailability of catechins from tea: The effect of milk. Eur J Clin Nutr 52, 356-359.
73. Luczaj W, Waszkiewicz E, Skrzydlewska E, Roszkowska-Jakimiec W (2004) Green tea protection against age-dependent ethanol-induced oxidative stress. J Toxicol Environ Health A 67, 595-606.
74. Unno K, Takabayashi F, Kishido T, Oku N (2004) Suppressive effect of green tea catechins on morphologic and functional regression of the brain in aged mice with accelerated senescence (SAMP10). Exp Gerontol 39, 1027-1034.
75. Freese R, Basu S, Hietanen E, Nair J, Nakachi K, Bartsch H, Mutanen M (1999) Green tea extract decreases plasma malondialdehyde concentration but does not affect other indicators of oxidative stress, nitric oxide production, or hemostatic factors during a high-linoleic acid diet in healthy females. Eur J Nutr 38, 149-157.
76. Meki AR, Hamed EA, Ezam KA (2009) Effect of green tea extract and vitamin C on oxidant or antioxidant status of rheumatoid arthritis rat model. Indian J Clin Biochem 24, 280-287.
77. Tijburg LB, Wiseman SA, Meijer GW, Weststrate JA (1997) Effects of green tea, black tea and dietary lipophilic antioxidants on LDL oxidizability and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Atherosclerosis 135, 37-47.
78. Alessio HM, Hagerman AE, Romanello M, Carando S, Threlkeld MS, Rogers J, Dimitrova Y, Muhammed S, Wiley RL (2002) Consumption of green tea protects rats from exercise-induced oxidative stress in kidney and liver. Nutr Res 22, 1177-1188.
79. Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, Hanninen T, Hallikainen M, Alhainen K, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A (2001) Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: Longitudinal, population based study. BMJ 322, 1447-1451.
80. Duron E, Hanon O (2008) Vascular risk factors, cognitve decline, and dementia. Vasc Health Risk Manag 4, 363-381.
81. de Bruijn RF, Ikram MA (2014) Cardiovascular risk factors and future risk of Alzheimer's disease. BMC Med 12, 1-9.
82. Sesso HD, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Hennekens CH (1999) Coffee and tea intake and the risk of myocardial infarction. Am J Epidemiol 149, 162-167.
83. Yang YC, Lu FH, Wu JS, Wu CH, Chang CJ (2004) The protective effect of habitual tea consumption on hypertension. Arch Intern Med 164, 1534-1540.
84. Larsson SC, Virtamo J, Wolk A (2013) Black tea consumption and risk of stroke in women and men. Ann Epidemiol 23, 157-160.
85. Larsson SC, Mannisto S, Virtanen MJ, Kontto J, Albanes D, Virtamo J (2008) Coffee and tea consumption and risk of stroke subtypes in male smokers. Stroke 39, 1681-1687.
86. Arab L, Liu W, Elashoff D (2009) Green and black tea consumption and risk of stroke: A meta-analysis. Stroke 40, 1786-1792.
87. Kokubo Y, Iso H, Saito I, Yamagishi K, Yatsuya H, Ishihara J, Inoue M, Tsugane S (2013) The impact of green tea and coffee consumption on the reduced risk of stroke incidence in Japanese population: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Study Cohort. Stroke 44, 1369-1374.
88. Albrecht DS, Clubbs EA, Ferruzzi M, Bomser JA (2008) Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits PC-3 prostate cancer cell proliferation via MEK-independent ERK1/2 activation. Chem Biol Interact 171, 89-95.
89. Tanabe N, Suzuki H, Aizawa Y, Seki N (2008) Consumption of green and roasted teas and the risk of stroke incidence: Results from the Tokamachi-Nakasato cohort study in Japan. Int J Epidemiol 37, 1030-1040.
90. Sano J, Inami S, Seimiya K, Ohba T, Sakai S, Takano T, Mizuno K (2004) Effects of green tea intake on the development of coronary artery disease. Circ J 68, 665-670.
91. Kuriyama S, Shimazu T, Ohmori K, Kikuchi N, Nakaya N, Nishino Y, Tsubono Y, Tsuji I (2006) Green tea consumption and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in Japan: The Ohsaki study. JAMA 296, 1255-1265.
92. Hertog MGL, Feskens EJM, Kromhout D, Hertog MGL, Hollman PCH, Hertog MGL, Katan MB (1993) Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 342, 1007-1011.
93. Miura Y, Chiba T, Miura S, Tomita I, Umegaki K, Ikeda M, Tomita T (2000) Green tea polyphenols (flavan 3-ols) prevent oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins: An ex vivo study in humans. J Nutr Biochem 11, 216-222.
94. Negishi H, Xu JW, Ikeda K, Njelekela M, Nara Y, Yamori Y (2004) Black and green tea polyphenols attenuate blood pressure increases in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Nutr 134, 38-42.
95. Maeda K, Kuzuya M, Cheng XW, Asai T, Kanda S, Tamaya-Mori N, Sasaki T, Shibata T, Iguchi A (2003) Green tea catechins inhibit the cultured smooth muscle cell invasion through the basement barrier. Atherosclerosis 166, 23-30.
96. De Bruin EA, Rowson MJ, Van Buren L, Rycroft JA, Owen GN (2011) Black tea improves attention and selfreported alertness. Appetite 56, 235-240.
97. Anandhan A, Tamilselvam K, Radhiga T, Rao S, Essa MM, Manivasagam T (2012) Theaflavin, a black tea polyphenol, protects nigral dopaminergic neurons against chronic MPTP/probenecid induced Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 1433, 104-113.
98. Ho C-T, Chen Q, Shi H, Zhang K-Q, Rosen RT (1992) Antioxidative effect of polyphenol extract prepared from various Chinese teas. Prev Med 21, 520-525.
99. Bohn SK, Ward NC, Hodgson JM, Croft KD (2012) Effects of tea and coffee on cardiovascular disease risk. Food Funct 3, 575-591.
100. Vermeer MA, Mulder TPJ, Molhuizen HOF (2008) Theaflavins from black tea, especially theaflavin-3-gallate, reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into mixed micelles. J Agric Food Chem 56, 12031-12036.
101. Fuchs D, de Graaf Y, van Kerckhoven R, Draijer R (2014) Effect of tea theaflavins and catechins on microvascular function. Nutrients 6, 5772-5785.
102. Vermeer SE, Prins ND, den Heijer T, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM (2003) Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. N Engl J Med 348.
103. Hodgson JM (2006) Effects of tea and tea flavonoids on endothelial function and blood pressure: A brief review. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 33, 838-841.
104. Babu PV, Liu D (2008) Green tea catechins and cardiovascular health: An update. Curr Med Chem 15, 1840-1850.
105. Davies MJ, Judd JT, Baer DJ, Clevidence BA, Paul DR, Edwards AJ, Wiseman SA, Muesing RA, Chen SC (2003) Black tea consumption reduces total and LDL cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. J Nutr 133, 3298S-3302S.
106. Hakim IA, Alsaif MA, Alduwaihy M, Al-Rubeaan K, Al-Nuaim AR, Al-Attas OS (2003) Tea consumption and the prevalence of coronary heart disease in Saudi adults: Results from a Saudi national study. Prev Med 36, 64-70.
107. Geleijnse JM, Launer LJ, Van der Kuip DA, Hofman A, Witteman JC (2002) Inverse association of tea and flavonoid intakes with incident myocardial infarction: The Rotterdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr 75, 880-886.
108. Grassi D, Aggio A, Onori L, Croce G, Tiberti S, Ferri C, Ferri L, Desideri G (2008) Tea, flavonoids, and nitric oxide-mediated vascular reactivity. J Nutr 138, 1554S-1560S.
109. Ras RT, Zock PL, Draijer R (2011) Tea consumption enhances endothelial-dependent vasodilation; a metaanalysis. PLoS One 6, e16974.
110. Duffy SJ, Keaney JF Jr, Holbrook M, Gokce N, Swerdloff PL, Frei B, Vita JA (2001) Short-and long-term black tea consumption reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 104, 151-156.
111. Jochmann N, Lorenz M, Krosigk A, Martus P, Bohm V, Baumann G, Stangl K, Stangl V (2008) The efficacy of black tea in ameliorating endothelial function is equivalent to that of green tea. Br J Nutr 99, 863-868.
112. Gunawardena D, Shanmugam K, Low M, Bennett L, Govindaraghavan S, Head R, Ooi L, Munch G (2014) Determination of anti-inflammatory activities of standardised preparations of plant-and mushroom-based foods. Eur J Nutr 53, 335-343.
113. Deka A, Vita JA (2011) Tea and cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res 64, 136-145.
114. De Bacquer D, Clays E, Delanghe J, De Backer G (2006) Epidemiological evidence for an association between habitual tea consumption and markers of chronic inflammation. Atherosclerosis 189, 428-435.
115. de la Monte SM (2012) Brain insulin resistance and deficiency as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 9, 35-66.
116. Gupta J, Siddique YH, Beg T, Ara G, Afzal M (2008) A review on the beneficial effects of tea polyphenols on human health. Int J Pharmacol 4, 314-338.
117. Pan M-H, Lai C-S, Wang H, Lo C-Y, Ho C-T, Li S (2013) Black tea in chemo-prevention of cancer and other human diseases. Food Sci Hum Wellness 2, 12-21.
118. Nishiumi S, Bessyo H, Kubo M, Aoki Y, Tanaka A, Yoshida K-i, Ashida H (2010) Green and black tea suppress hyperglycemia and insulin resistance by retaining the expression of glucose transporter 4 in muscle of high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. J Agric Food Chem 58, 12916-12923.
119. Chen N, Bezzina R, Hinch E, Lewandowski PA, Cameron-Smith D, Mathai ML, Jois M, Sinclair AJ, Begg DP, Wark JD, Weisinger HS, Weisinger RS (2009) Green tea, black tea, and epigallocatechin modify body composition, improve glucose tolerance, and differentially alter metabolic gene expression in rats fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 29, 784-793.
120. Shoji Y, Nakashima H (2006) Glucose-lowering effect of powder formulation of African black tea extract in KKA(y)/TaJcl diabetic mouse. Arch Pharm Res 29, 786-794.
121. Avram MM, Avram AS, James WD (2007) Subcutaneous fat in normal and diseased states 3. Adipogenesis: From stem cell to fat cell. J Am Acad Dermatol 56, 472-492.
122. Hursel R, ViechtbauerW, Dulloo AG, Tremblay A, Tappy L, Rumpler W, Westerterp-Plantenga MS (2011) The effects of catechin rich teas and caffeine on energy expenditure and fat oxidation: A meta-analysis. Obes Rev 12, e573-e581.
123. Sohle J, Knott A, Holtzmann U, Siegner R, Gronniger E, Schepky A, Gallinat S, Wenck H, Stab F, Winnefeld M (2009) White Tea extract induces lipolytic activity and inhibits adipogenesis in human subcutaneous (pre)-adipocytes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 6, 20.
124. Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Girardier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J (1999) Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 70, 1040-1045.
125. Chantre P, Lairon D (2002) Recent findings of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity. Phytomedicine 9, 3-8.
126. Klaus S, Pultz S, Thone-Reineke C, Wolfram S (2005) Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates diet-induced obesity in mice by decreasing energy absorption and increasing fat oxidation. Int J Obes (Lond) 29, 615-623.
127. Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Girardier L, Chantre P, Vandermander J (2000) Green tea and thermogenesis: Interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24, 252-258.
128. Boschmann M, Thielecke F (2007) The effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on thermogenesis and fat oxidation in obese men: A pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr 26, 389S-395S.
129. Shimotoyodome A, Haramizu S, Inaba M, Murase T, Tokimitsu I (2005) Exercise and green tea extract stimulate fat oxidation and prevent obesity in mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37, 1884-1892.
130. Venables MC, Hulston CJ, Cox HR, Jeukendrup AE (2008) Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 87, 778-784.
131. Nagao T, Hase T, Tokimitsu I (2007) A green tea extract high in catechins reduces body fat and cardiovascular risks in humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15, 1473-1483.
132. Murase T, Nagasawa A, Suzuki J, Hase T, Tokimitsu I (2002) Beneficial effects of tea catechins on diet-induced obesity: Stimulation of lipid catabolism in the liver. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26, 1459-1464.
133. Uchiyama S, Taniguchi Y, Saka A, Yoshida A, Yajima H (2011) Prevention of diet-induced obesity by dietary black tea polyphenols extract in vitro and in vivo. Nutrition 27, 287-292.
134. Lin CL, Huang HC, Lin JK (2007) Theaflavins attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation through activating AMPK in human HepG2 cells. J Lipid Res 48, 2334-2343.
135. Komatsu T, Nakamori M, Komatsu K, Hosoda K, Okamura M, Toyama K, Ishikura Y, Sakai T, Kunii D, Yamamoto S (2003) Oolong tea increases energy metabolism in Japanese females. JMedInvest 50, 170-175.
136. Rumpler W, Seale J, Clevidence B, Judd J, Wiley E, Yamamoto S, Komatsu T, Sawaki T, Ishikura Y, Hosoda K (2001) Oolong tea increases metabolic rate and fat oxidation in men. J Nutr 131, 2848-2852.
137. He RR, Chen L, Lin BH, Matsui Y, Yao XS, Kurihara H (2009) Beneficial effects of oolong tea consumption on diet-induced overweight and obese subjects. Chin J Integr Med 15, 34-41.
138. Kuo KL, Weng MS, Chiang CT, Tsai YJ, Lin-Shiau SY, Lin JK (2005) Comparative studies on the hypolipidemic and growth suppressive effects of oolong, black, pu-erh, and green tea leaves in rats. J Agric Food Chem 53, 480-489.
139. Kajimoto O, Kajimoto Y, Yabune M, Nakamura T, Kotani K, Suzuki Y, Nozawa A, Nagata K, Unno T, Sagesaka YM, Kakuda T, Yoshikawa T (2005) Tea catechins with a galloyl moiety reduce body weight and fat. J Health Sci 51, 161-171.
140. Weinreb O, Amit T, Mandel S, Youdim MB (2009) Neuroprotective molecular mechanisms of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: A reflective outcome of its antioxidant, iron chelating and neuritogenic properties. Genes Nutr 4, 283-296.
141. Mandel SA, Amit T, Kalfon L, Reznichenko L, Youdim MB (2008) Targeting multiple neurodegenerative diseases etiologies with multimodal-acting green tea catechins. J Nutr 138, 1578S-1583S.
142. Mao P, Reddy PH (2011) Aging and amyloid beta-induced oxidative DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for early intervention and therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta 1812, 1359-1370.
143. Choi YT, Jung CH, Lee SR, Bae JH, Baek WK, Suh MH, Park J, Park CW, Suh SI (2001) The green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate attenuates betaamyloid-induced neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Life Sci 70, 603-614.
144. Levites Y, Amit T, Mandel S, Youdim MB (2003) Neuroprotection and neurorescue against Abeta toxicity and PKC-dependent release of nonamyloidogenic soluble precursor protein by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. FASEB J 17, 952-954.
145. Ono K, Yoshiike Y, Takashima A, Hasegawa K, Naiki H, Yamada M (2003) Potent anti-amyloidogenic and fibrildestabilizing effects of polyphenols in vitro: Implications for the prevention and therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 87, 172-181.
146. Grelle G, Otto A, Lorenz M, Frank RF, Wanker EE, Bieschke J (2011) Black tea theaflavins inhibit formation of toxic amyloid-beta and alpha-synuclein fibrils. Biochemistry 50, 10624-10636.
147. Haque AM, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Hara Y, Shido O (2008) Green tea catechins prevent cognitive deficits caused by Abeta1-40 in rats. J Nutr Biochem 19, 619-626.
148. Walton NM, Shin R, Tajinda K, Heusner CL, Kogan JH, Miyake S, Chen Q, Tamura K, Matsumoto M (2012) Adult neurogenesis transiently generates oxidative stress. PLoS One 7, e35264.
149. Rezai-Zadeh K, Arendash GW, Hou H, Fernandez F, Jensen M, Runfeldt M, Shytle RD, Tan J (2008) Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) reduces beta-amyloid mediated cognitive impairment and modulates tau pathology in Alzheimer transgenic mice. Brain Res 1214, 177-187.
150. Rezai-Zadeh K, Shytle D, Sun N, MoriT, Hou H, Jeanniton D, Ehrhart J, Townsend K, Zeng J, Morgan D, Hardy J, Town T, Tan J (2005) Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) modulates amyloid precursor protein cleavage and reduces cerebral amyloidosis in Alzheimer transgenic mice. J Neurosci 25, 8807-8814.
151. Lee YK, Yuk DY, Lee JW, Lee SY, Ha TY, Oh KW, Yun YP, Hong JT (2009) (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced elevation of betaamyloid generation and memory deficiency. Brain Res 1250, 164-174.
152. Danysz W, Parsons CG (2012) Alzheimer's disease, beta-amyloid, glutamate, NMDA receptors and memantine-searching for the connections. Br J Pharmacol 167, 324-352.
153. Kakuda T (2011) Neuroprotective effects of theanine and its preventive effects on cognitive dysfunction. Pharmacol Res 64, 162-168.
154. Egashira N, Ishigami N, Pu F, Mishima K, Iwasaki K, Orito K, Oishi R, Fujiwara M (2008) Theanine prevents memory impairment induced by repeated cerebral ischemia in rats. Phytother Res 22, 65-68.
155. Kakuda T (2002) Neuroprotective effects of the green tea components theanine and catechins. Biol Pharm Bull 25, 1513-1518.
156. Juneja LR, Chu D-C, Okubo T, Nagato Y, Yokogoshi H (1999) L-theanine-a unique amino acid of green tea and its relaxation effect in humans. Trends Food Sci Tech 10, 199-204.
157. Lu K, Gray MA, Oliver C, Liley DT, Harrison BJ, Bartholomeusz CF, Phan KL, Nathan PJ (2004) The acute effects of L-theanine in comparison with alprazolam on anticipatory anxiety in humans. Hum Psychopharmacol 19, 457-465.
158. Kimura K, Ozeki M, Juneja LR, Ohira H (2007) LTheanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses. Biol Psychol 74, 39-45.
159. Kelly SP, Gomez-Ramirez M, Montesi JL, Foxe JJ (2008) L-theanine and caffeine in combination affect human cognition as evidenced by oscillatory alpha-band activity and attention task performance. J Nutr 138, 1572S-1577S.
160. Owen GN, Parnell H, De Bruin EA, Rycroft JA (2008) The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood. Nutr Neurosci 11, 193-198.
161. Bryan J, Tuckey M, Einother SJ, Garczarek U, Garrick A, De Bruin EA (2012) Relationships between tea and other beverage consumption to work performance and mood. Appetite 58, 339-346.
162. Park SK, Jung IC, Lee WK, Lee YS, Park HK, Go HJ, Kim K, Lim NK, Hong JT, Ly SY, Rho SS (2011) A combination of green tea extract and l-theanine improves memory and attention in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Med Food 14, 334-343.
163. Cade WT (2008) Diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular diseases in the physical therapy setting. Phys Ther 88, 1322-1335.
164. Janson J, Laedtke T, Parisi JE, O'Brien P, Petersen RC, Butler PC (2004) Increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Alzheimer disease. Diabetes 53, 474-481.
165. Glenner GG, Eanes ED, Wiley CA (1988) Amyloid fibrils formed from a segment of the pancreatic islet amyloid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 155, 608-614.
166. Chatterjee S, Peters SA, Woodward M, Mejia Arango S, Batty GD, Beckett N, Beiser A, Borenstein AR, Crane PK, Haan M, Hassing LB, Hayden KM, Kiyohara Y, Larson EB, Li CY, Ninomiya T, Ohara T, Peters R, Russ TC, Seshadri S, Strand BH, Walker R, Xu W, Huxley RR (2016) Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for dementia in women compared with men: A pooled analysis of 2.3 million people comprising more than 100,000 cases of dementia. Diabetes Care 39, 300-307.
167. Toolsee NA, Aruoma OI, Gunness TK, Kowlessur S, Dambala V, Murad F, Googoolye K, Daus D, Indelicato J, Rondeau P, Bourdon E, Bahorun T (2013) Effectiveness of green tea in a randomized human cohort: Relevance to diabetes and its complications. BioMed Res Int 2013, 12.
168. Fukino Y, Ikeda A, Maruyama K, Aoki N, Okubo T, Iso H (2008) Randomized controlled trial for an effect of green tea-extract powder supplementation on glucose abnormalities. Eur J Clin Nutr 62, 953-960.
169. Anderson RA, Polansky MM (2002) Tea enhances insulin activity. J Agric Food Chem 50, 7182-7186.
170. Wu LY, Juan CC, Ho LT, Hsu YP, Hwang LS (2004) Effect of green tea supplementation on insulin sensitivity in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Agric Food Chem 52, 643-648.
171. Wu LY, Juan CC, Hwang LS, Hsu YP, Ho PH, Ho LT (2004) Green tea supplementation ameliorates insulin resistance and increases glucose transporter IV content in a fructose-fed rat model. Eur J Nutr 43, 116-124.
172. Zheng XX, Xu YL, Li SH, Hui R, Wu YJ, Huang XH (2013) Effects of green tea catechins with or without caffeine on glycemic control in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 97, 750-762.
173. Qin B, Polansky MM, Harry D, Anderson RA (2010) Green tea polyphenols improve cardiac musclemRNAand protein levels of signal pathways related to insulin and lipid metabolism and inflammation in insulin-resistant rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 54(Suppl 1), S14-S23.
174. Sabu MC, Smitha K, Ramadasan K (2002) Anti-diabetic activity of green tea polyphenols and their role in reducing oxidative stress in experimental diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol 83, 109-116.
175. Ramadan G, El-Beih NM, Abd El-Ghffar EA (2009) Modulatory effects of black v. green tea aqueous extract on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and liver dysfunction in diabetic and obese rat models. Br J Nutr 102, 1611-1619.
176. Gomes A, Vedasiromoni JR, Das M, Sharma RM, Ganguly DK (1995) Anti-hyperglycemic effect of black tea (Camellia sinensis) in rat. J Ethnopharmacol 45, 223-226.
177. Islam MS (2011) Effects of the aqueous extract of white tea (Camellia sinensis) in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes model of rats. Phytomedicine 19, 25-31.
178. Roghani M, Baluchnejadmojarad T (2010) Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect and antioxidant activity of chronic epigallocatechin-gallate in streptozotocindiabetic rats. Pathophysiology 17, 55-59.
179. Vinson JA, Zhang J (2005) Black and green teas equally inhibit diabetic cataracts in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetes. J Agric Food Chem 53, 3710-3713.
180. Tsuneki H, Ishizuka M, Terasawa M, Wu J-B, Sasaoka T, Kimura I (2004) Effect of green tea on blood glucose levels and serum proteomic patterns in diabetic (db/db) mice and on glucose metabolism in healthy humans. BMC Pharmacol 4, 18-18.
181. Islam MS, Choi H (2007) Green tea, anti-diabetic or diabetogenic: A dose response study. Biofactors 29, 45-53.
182. Gao R, Wang Y, Wu Z, Ming J, Zhao G (2012) Interaction of barley beta-glucan and tea polyphenols on glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Food Sci 77, H128-H134.
183. Bhandari MR, Jong-Anurakkun N, Hong G, Kawabata J (2008) alpha-Glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of Nepalese medicinal herb Pakhanbhed (Bergenia ciliata, Haw.). Food Chem 106, 247-252.
184. Kwon YI, Apostolidis E, Shetty K (2008) Inhibitory potential of wine and tea against alpha-amylase and alphaglucosidase for management of hyperglycemia linked to type 2 diabetes. J Food Biochem 32, 15-31.
185. Tanaka T, Inoue K, Betsumiya Y, Mine C, Kouno I (2001) Two types of oxidative dimerization of the black tea polyphenol theaflavin. J Agric Food Chem 49, 5785-5789.
186. Sang S, Lambert JD, Tian S, Hong J, Hou Z, Ryu JH, Stark RE, Rosen RT, Huang MT, Yang CS, Ho CT (2004) Enzymatic synthesis of tea theaflavin derivatives and their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. Bioorg Med Chem 12, 459-467.
187. Gupta S, Mahmood S, Khan Rizwan H, Mahmood A (2010) Inhibition of brush border sucrase by polyphenols in mouse intestine. Biosci Rep 30, 111-117.
188. Kobayashi Y, Suzuki M, Satsu H, Arai S, Hara Y, Suzuki K, Miyamoto Y, Shimizu M (2000) Green tea polyphenols inhibit the sodium-dependent glucose transporter of intestinal epithelial cells by a competitive mechanism. J Agric Food Chem 48, 5618-5623.
189. Matsui T, Tanaka T, Tamura S, Toshima A, Tamaya K, Miyata Y, Tanaka K, Matsumoto K (2007) α-glucosidase inhibitory profile of catechins and theaflavins. J Agric Food Chem 55, 99-105.
190. Collins QF, Liu H-Y, Pi J, Liu Z, Quon MJ, Cao W (2007) Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis through 5′-Amp-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 282, 30143-30149.
191. Ku HC, Tsuei YW, Kao CC, Weng JT, Shih LJ, Chang HH, Liu CW, Tsai SW, Kuo YC, Kao YH (2014) Green tea (-)-epigallocatechin gallate suppresses IGF-I and IGFII stimulation of 3T3-L1 adipocyte glucose uptake via the glucose transporter 4, but not glucose transporter 1 pathway. Gen Comp Endocrinol 199, 46-55.
192. Han MK (2003) Epigallocatechin gallate, a constituent of green tea, suppresses cytokine-induced pancreatic beta-cell damage. Exp Mol Med 35, 136-139.
193. Song E-K, Hur H, Han M-K (2003) Epigallocatechin gallate prevents autoimmune diabetes induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin in mice. Arch Pharm Res 26, 559-563.
194. Fu Z, Zhen W, Yuskavage J, Liu D (2011) Epigallocatechin gallate delays the onset of type 1 diabetes in spontaneous non-obese diabetic mice. BJN 105, 1218-1225.
195. Cameron AR, Anton S, Melville L, Houston NP, Dayal S, McDougall GJ, Stewart D, Rena G (2008) Black tea polyphenols mimic insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signalling to the longevity factor FOXO1a. Aging Cell 7, 69-77.
196. Jankun J, Skotnicka M, Lysiak-Szydlowska W, Al-Senaidy A, Skrzypczak-Jankun E (2011) Diverse inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 by theaflavins of black tea. Int J Mol Med 27, 525-529.
197. Wang J, Santa-Maria I, Ho L, Ksiezak-Reding H, Ono K, Teplow DB, Pasinetti GM (2010) Grape derived polyphenols attenuate tau neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 22, 653-661.
198. Scalbert A, Williamson G (2000) Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J Nutr 130, 2073S-2085S.
199. Pietta P, Simonetti P, Gardana C, Brusamolino A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E (1998) Relationship between rate and extent of catechin absorption and plasma antioxidant status. Biochem Mol Biol Int 46, 895-903.
200. Benzie IF, Szeto YT, Strain JJ, Tomlinson B (1999) Consumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasma antioxidant power in humans. Nutr Cancer 34, 83-87.
201. Serafini M, Laranjinha JA, Almeida LM, Maiani G (2000) Inhibition of human LDL lipid peroxidation by phenolrich beverages and their impact on plasma total antioxidant capacity in humans. J Nutr Biochem 11, 585-590.
202. Stalmach A, Mullen W, Steiling H, Williamson G, Lean ME, Crozier A (2010) Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of green tea flavan-3-ols in humans with an ileostomy. Mol Nutr Food Res 54, 323-334.
203. El-Hady DA, El-Maali NA (2008) Determination of catechin isomers in human plasma subsequent to green tea ingestion using chiral capillary electrophoresis with a high-sensitivity cell. Talanta 76, 138-145.
204. Masukawa Y, Matsui Y, Shimizu N, Kondou N, Endou H, Kuzukawa M, Hase T (2006) Determination of green tea catechins in human plasma using liquid chromatographyelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 834, 26-34.
205. Unno T, Sagesaka YM, Kakuda T (2005) Analysis of tea catechins in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with solid-phase extraction. J Agric Food Chem 53, 9885-9889.
206. Kotani A, Miyashita N, Kusu F (2003) Determination of catechins in human plasma after commercial canned green tea ingestion by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection using a microbore column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 788, 269-275.
207. Takino M, Daishima S, Yamaguchi K, Nakahara T (2003) Quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of catechins in human plasma by automated on-line extraction using turbulent flow chromatography. Analyst 128, 46-50.
208. Umegaki K, Sugisawa A, Yamada K, Higuchi M (2001) Analytical method of measuring tea catechins in human plasma by solid-phase extraction and HPLC with electrochemical detection. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 47, 402-408.
209. Kivits GAA, van der Sman FJP, Tijburg LBM (1997) Analysis of catechins from green and black tea in humans: A specific and sensitive colorimetric assay of total catechins in biological fluids. Int J Food Sci Nutr 48, 387-392.
210. Tsuchiya H, Sato M, Kato H, Okubo T, Juneja LR, Kim M (1997) Simultaneous determination of catechins in human saliva by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 703, 253-258.
211. Auger C, Mullen W, Hara Y, Crozier A (2008) Bioavailability of polyphenon E flavan-3-ols in humans with an ileostomy. J Nutr 138, 1535s-1542s.
212. Mulder TPJ, van Platerink CJ, Wijnand Schuyl PJ, van Amelsvoort JMM (2001) Analysis of theaflavins in biological fluids using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 760, 271-279.
213. Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Remesy C (2005) Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr 81, 230s-242s.
214. Clifford MN, Copeland EL, Bloxsidge JP, Mitchell LA (2000) Hippuric acid as a major excretion product associated with black tea consumption. Xenobiotica 30, 317-326.
215. Yang B, Arai K, Kusu F (2000) Determination of catechins in human urine subsequent to tea ingestion by highperformance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Anal Biochem 283, 77-82.
216. Lee JE, Lee BJ, Hwang JA, Ko KS, Chung JO, Kim EH, Lee SJ, Hong YS (2011) Metabolic dependence of green tea on plucking positions revisited: A metabolomic study. J Agric Food Chem 59, 10579-10585.
217. Henning SM, Aronson W, Niu Y, Conde F, Lee NH, Seeram NP, Lee RP, Lu J, Harris DM, Moro A, Hong J, Pak-Shan L, Barnard RJ, Ziaee HG, Csathy G, Go VL, Wang H, Heber D (2006) Tea polyphenols and theaflavins are present in prostate tissue of humans and mice after green and black tea consumption. J Nutr 136, 1839-1843.
218. Wang P, Aronson WJ, Huang M, Zhang Y, Lee R-P, Heber D, Henning SM (2010) Green Tea Polyphenols and Metabolites in Prostatectomy Tissue: Implications for Cancer Prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 3, 985-993.
219. Rechner AR, Spencer JP, Kuhnle G, Hahn U, Rice-Evans CA (2001) Novel biomarkers of the metabolism of caffeic acid derivatives in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 30, 1213-1222.
220. Kim S, Lee MJ, Hong J, Li C, Smith TJ, Yang GY, Seril DN, Yang CS (2000) Plasma and tissue levels of tea catechins in rats and mice during chronic consumption of green tea polyphenols. Nutr Cancer 37, 41-48.
221. Record IR, Lane JM (2001) Simulated intestinal digestion of green and black teas. Food Chem 73, 481-486.
222. Green RJ, Murphy AS, Schulz B, Watkins BA, Ferruzzi MG (2007) Common tea formulations modulate in vitro digestive recovery of green tea catechins. Mol Nutr Food Res 51, 1152-1162.
223. Ho L, Ferruzzi MG, Janle EM, Wang J, Gong B, Chen T-Y, Lobo J, Cooper B, Wu QL, Talcott ST, Percival SS, Simon JE, Pasinetti GM (2013) Identification of braintargeted bioactive dietary quercetin-3-O-glucuronide as a novel intervention for Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 27, 769-781.
224. Zhao W, Wang J, Bi W, Ferruzzi M, Yemul S, Freire D, Mazzola P, Ho L, Dubner L, Pasinetti GM (2015) Novel application of brain-targeting polyphenol compounds in sleep deprivation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Neurochem Int 89, 191-197.
225. Faria A, Pestana D, Teixeira D, Couraud PO, Romero I, Weksler B, de Freitas V, Mateus N, Calhau C (2011) Insights into the putative catechin and epicatechin transport across blood-brain barrier. Food Funct 2, 39-44.
226. Ferruzzi MG, Lobo JK, Janle EM, Cooper B, Simon JE, Wu QL, Welch C, Ho L, Weaver C, Pasinetti GM (2009) Bioavailability of gallic acid and catechins from grape seed polyphenol extract is improved by repeated dosing in rats: Implications for treatment in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 18, 113-124.
227. Ishisaka A, Ichikawa S, Sakakibara H, Piskula MK, Nakamura T, Kato Y, Ito M, Miyamoto K, Tsuji A, Kawai Y, Terao J (2011) Accumulation of orally administered quercetin in brain tissue and its antioxidative effects in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 51, 1329-1336.
228. Chen T-Y, Kritchevsky J, Hargett K, Feller K, Klobusnik R, Song BJ, Cooper B, Jouni Z, Ferruzzi MG, Janle EM (2015) Plasma bioavailability and regional brain distribution of polyphenols from apple/grape seed and bilberry extracts in a young swine model. Mol Nutr Food Res 59, 2432-2447.
229. Rizzi L, Rosset I, Roriz-Cruz M (2014) Global epidemiology of dementia: Alzheimer and vascular types. Biomed Res Int 2014, 8.
230. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, Hall K, Hasegawa K, Hendrie H, Huang Y, Jorm A, Mathers C, Menezes PR, Rimmer E, Scazufca M (2005) Global prevalence of dementia: A Delphi consensus study. Lancet 366, 2112-2117.
231. Duthey B (2013) Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/priority/BP611Alzheimer.pdf
232. Beresniak A, Duru G, Berger G, Bremond-Gignac D (2012) Relationships between black tea consumption and key health indicators in the world: An ecological study. BMJ Open 2, pii: e000648.
233. Chang K (2015) World tea production and trade: Current and future development. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available from www.fao.org/3/a-i4480e.pdf
234. FAOSTAT (2010) Tea production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. http://faostat3.fao.org/download/Q/QC/E.
235. Apetz N, Munch G, Govindaraghavan S, Gyengesi E (2014) Natural compounds and plant extracts as therapeutics against chronic inflammation in Alzheimer's disease-a translational perspective. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 13, 1175-1191.
236. Zuo Y, Chen H, Deng Y (2002) Simultaneous determination of catechins, caffeine and gallic acids in green, Oolong, black and pu-erh teas using HPLC with a photodiode array detector. Talanta 57, 307-316.
237. Grassi D, Mulder TP, Draijer R, Desideri G, Molhuizen HO, Ferri C (2009) Black tea consumption dose-dependently improves flow-mediated dilation in healthy males. J Hypertens 27, 774-781.
238. Hirata K, Shimada K, Watanabe H, Otsuka R, Tokai K, Yoshiyama M, Homma S, Yoshikawa J (2004) Black tea increases coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy male subjects. Am J Cardiol 93, 1384-1388, A1386.
239. Nagao T, Komine Y, Soga S, Meguro S, Hase T, Tanaka Y, Tokimitsu I (2005) Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J Clin Nutr 81, 122-129.
240. Hakim IA, Harris RB, Brown S, Chow HH, Wiseman S, Agarwal S, Talbot W (2003) Effect of increased tea consumption on oxidative DNA damage among smokers: A randomized controlled study. J Nutr 133, 3303S-3309S.
241. Hodgson JM, Croft KD, Woodman RJ, Puddey IB, Fuchs D, Draijer R, Lukoshkova E, Head GA (2013) Black tea lowers the rate of blood pressure variation: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 97, 943-950.
242. Bahorun T, Luximon-Ramma A, Gunness TK, Sookar D, Bhoyroo S, Jugessur R, Reebye D, Googoolye K, Crozier A, Aruoma OI (2010) Black tea reduces uric acid and C-reactive protein levels in humans susceptible to cardiovascular diseases. Toxicology 278, 68-74.
243. Brown AL, Lane J, Holyoak C, Nicol B, Mayes AE, Dadd T (2011) Health effects of green tea catechins in overweight and obese men: A randomised controlled cross-over trial. Br J Nutr 106, 1880-1889.
244. Steptoe A, Gibson EL, Vuononvirta R, Williams ED, Hamer M, Rycroft JA, Erusalimsky JD, Wardle J (2007) The effects of tea on psychophysiological stress responsivity and post-stress recovery: A randomised double-blind trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 190, 81-89.
245. Mangine GT, Gonzalez AM, Wells AJ, McCormack WP, Fragala MS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR (2012) The effect of a dietary supplement (N-oleyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and epigallocatechin gallate) on dietary compliance and body fat loss in adults who are overweight:Adouble-blind, randomized control trial. Lipids Health Dis 11, 127-127.
246. Small BJ, Rawson KS, Martin C, Eisel SL, Sanberg CD, McEvoy CL, Sanberg PR, Shytle RD, Tan J, Bickford PC (2014) Nutraceutical intervention improves older adults' cognitive functioning. Rejuvenation Res 17, 27-32.