Oxide-free hybrid silicon nanowires: From fundamentals to applied nanotechnology

Progress in Surface Science

Volumn 88, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 39-60

  Bashouti, Muhammad Y ^a   Sardashti, Kasra ^a   Schmitt, Sebastian W ^a   Pietsch, Matthias ^a   Ristein, Jürgen ^b   Haick, Hossam ^c   Christiansen, Silke H ^a,d  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR THE SCIENCE OF LIGHT   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^c TECHNION ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Israel)

^d LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE OF PHOTONIC TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Field effect transistors; Heterojunction; Hybrid functionalization; Silicon nanowire; Solar cells

Indexed keywords

ALKYL CHAIN LENGTHS; FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (FETS); FUNCTIONAL DEVICES; FUNCTIONALIZATIONS; LONG TERM STABILITY; SI-C BOND FORMATION; SILICON NANOWIRES; SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION;

FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS; HETEROJUNCTIONS; MOLECULES; NANOPHOTONICS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NANOWIRES; OXIDATION; PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; SILICA; SILICON OXIDES; SOLAR CELLS;

SILICON;

EID: 84873450764     PISSN: 00796816     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.progsurf.2012.12.001     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. M.A. Green Limiting photovoltaic monochromatic light conversion efficiency Prog. Photovolt. 9 2001 257 261
2. M.A. Green Potential for low dimensional structures in photovoltaics Mat. Sci. Eng. B-Solid 74 2000 118 124
3. J. Yoon, A.J. Baca, S.I. Park, P. Elvikis, J.B. Geddes, L.F. Li, R.H. Kim, J.L. Xiao, S.D. Wang, T.H. Kim, M.J. Motala, B.Y. Ahn, E.B. Duoss, J.A. Lewis, R.G. Nuzzo, P.M. Ferreira, Y.G. Huang, A. Rockett, and J.A. Rogers Ultrathin silicon solar microcells for semitransparent, mechanically flexible and microconcentrator module designs Nat. Mater. 7 2008 907 915
4. 2 solar cells with high photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies Nature 395 1998 583 585
5. M. Stupca, M. Alsalhi, T. Al Saud, A. Almuhanna, and M.H. Nayfeh Enhancement of polycrystalline silicon solar cells using ultrathin films of silicon nanoparticle Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 2007
6. 2 electrode thickness Adv. Mater. 18 2006 1202 1205
7. M. Gratzel Perspectives for dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells Prog. Photovolt. 8 2000 171 185
8. M. Sirota, E. Galun, A. Sashchiuk, V. Krupkin, A. Glushko, and E. Lifshitz IV-NI semiconductor nanocrystals for passive Q-switching of eye-safe laser P. Soc. Photo-Opt. Ins. 4970 2003 53 60
9. I. Gur, N.A. Fromer, M.L. Geier, and A.P. Alivisatos Air-stable all-inorganic nanocrystal solar cells processed from solution Science 310 2005 462 465
10. 2 shells on InP cores: experiment and theory J. Phys. Chem. B 104 2000 12149 12156
11. S.A. McDonald, G. Konstantatos, S.G. Zhang, P.W. Cyr, E.J.D. Klem, L. Levina, and E.H. Sargent Solution-processed PbS quantum dot infrared photodetectors and photovoltaics Nat. Mater. 4 2005 138-U114
12. V.I. Klimov Detailed-balance power conversion limits of nanocrystal-quantum-dot solar cells in the presence of carrier multiplication Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 2006
13. T. Saraidarov, A. Gevorgian, R. Reisfeld, A. Sashchiuk, M. Bashouti, and E. Lifshitz Synthesis, structural and electrical characterization of PbSNCs in titania sol-gel films J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 44 2007 87 95
14. M. Bashouti, and E. Lifshitz PbS sub-micrometer structures with anisotropic shape: ribbons, wires, octapods, and hollowed cubes Inorg. Chem. 47 2008 678 682
15. W.U. Huynh, J.J. Dittmer, and A.P. Alivisatos Hybrid nanorod-polymer solar cells Science 295 2002 2425 2427
16. 3HT solar cells J. Phys. Chem. C 111 2007 18451 18456
17. B.M. Kayes, H.A. Atwater, and N.S. Lewis Comparison of the device physics principles of planar and radial p-n junction nanorod solar cells J. Appl. Phys. 97 2005
18. E. Lifshitz, M. Bashouti, V. Kloper, A. Kigel, M.S. Eisen, and S. Berger Synthesis and characterization of PbSe quantum wires, multipods, quantum rods, and cubes Nano Lett. 3 2003 857 862
19. O.L. Muskens, J.G. Rivas, R.E. Algra, E.P.A.M. Bakkers, and A. Lagendijk Design of light scattering in nanowire materials for photovoltaic applications Nano Lett. 8 2008 2638 2642
20. K.S. Leschkies, R. Divakar, J. Basu, E. Enache-Pommer, J.E. Boercker, C.B. Carter, U.R. Kortshagen, D.J. Norris, and E.S. Aydil Photosensitization of ZnO nanowires with CdSe quantum dots for photovoltaic devices Nano Lett. 7 2007 1793 1798
21. H. Xin, O.G. Reid, G.Q. Ren, F.S. Kim, D.S. Ginger, and S.A. Jenekhe Polymer nanowire/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells: how nanostructure determines photovoltaic properties ACS Nano 4 2010 1861 1872
22. C. Colombo, M. Heiss, M. Gratzel, and A.F.I. Morral Gallium arsenide p-i-n radial structures for photovoltaic applications Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 2009
23. L.Y. Cao, P.Y. Fan, A.P. Vasudev, J.S. White, Z.F. Yu, W.S. Cai, J.A. Schuller, S.H. Fan, and M.L. Brongersma Semiconductor nanowire optical antenna solar absorbers Nano Lett. 10 2010 439 445
24. A. Kandala, T. Betti, and A.F.I. Morral General theoretical considerations on nanowire solar cell designs Phys. Status Solidi A 206 2009 173 178
25. B.Z. Tian, X.L. Zheng, T.J. Kempa, Y. Fang, N.F. Yu, G.H. Yu, J.L. Huang, and C.M. Lieber Coaxial silicon nanowires as solar cells and nanoelectronic power sources Nature 449 2007 U885 U888
26. M.Y. Bashouti, R.T. Tung, and H. Haick Tuning the electrical properties of Si nanowire field-effect transistors by molecular engineering Small 5 2009 2761 2769
27. S. Hoffmann, J. Bauer, C. Ronning, T. Stelzner, J. Michler, C. Ballif, V. Sivakov, and S.H. Christiansen Axial p-n junctions realized in silicon nanowires by ion implantation Nano Lett. 9 2009 1341 1344
28. Y. Cui, and C.M. Lieber Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowire building blocks Science 291 2001 851 853
29. V. Sivakov, G. Andra, A. Gawlik, A. Berger, J. Plentz, F. Falk, and S.H. Christiansen Silicon nanowire-based solar cells on glass: synthesis, optical properties, and cell parameters Nano Lett. 9 2009 1549 1554
30. Y. Paska, and H. Haick Interactive effect of hysteresis and surface chemistry on gated silicon nanowire gas sensors ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 4 2012 2604 2617
31. Y. Paska, T. Stelzner, O. Assad, U. Tisch, S. Christiansen, and H. Haick Molecular gating of silicon nanowire field-effect transistors with nonpolar analytes ACS Nano 6 2012 335 345
32. Y. Paska, T. Stelzner, S. Christiansen, and H. Haick Enhanced sensing of nonpolar volatile organic compounds by silicon nanowire field effect transistors ACS Nano 5 2011 5620 5626
33. F. Patolsky, and C. Lieber Nanowire nanosensors Mater. Today 8 2005 20 28
34. V. Sivakov, F. Heyroth, F. Falk, G. Andra, and S. Christiansen Silicon nanowire growth by electron beam evaporation: kinetic and energetic contributions to the growth morphology J. Cryst. Growth 300 2007 288 293
35. C. Tessarek, and S. Christiansen Self-catalyzed, vertically aligned GaN rod-structures by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy Phys. Status Solidi C 9 2012 596 600
36. A. Sashchiuk, L. Amirav, M. Bashouti, M. Krueger, U. Sivan, and E. Lifshitz PbSe nanocrystal assemblies: synthesis and structural, optical, and electrical characterization Nano Lett. 4 2004 159 165
37. Y. Cui, Z.H. Zhong, D.L. Wang, W.U. Wang, and C.M. Lieber High performance silicon nanowire field effect transistors Nano Lett. 3 2003 149 152
38. K.Q. Peng, J.S. Jie, W.J. Zhang, and S.T. Lee Silicon nanowires for rechargeable lithium-ion battery anodes Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 2008
39. G.F. Zheng, F. Patolsky, Y. Cui, W.U. Wang, and C.M. Lieber Multiplexed electrical detection of cancer markers with nanowire sensor arrays Nat. Biotechnol. 23 2005 1294 1301
40. H. Haick, P.T. Hurley, A.I. Hochbaum, P.D. Yang, and N.S. Lewis Electrical characteristics and chemical stability of non-oxidized, methyl-terminated silicon nanowires J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 2006 8990 8991
41. D.D.D. Ma, C.S. Lee, F.C.K. Au, S.Y. Tong, and S.T. Lee Small-diameter silicon nanowire surfaces Science 299 2003 1874 1877
42. E.C. Garnett, C. Peters, M. Brongersma, Y. Cui, and M. McGehee Silicon nanowire hybrid photovoltaics IEEE Phot. Spec. Conf. 2010 934 938
43. M.C. Putnam, S.W. Boettcher, M.D. Kelzenberg, D.B. Turner-Evans, J.M. Spurgeon, E.L. Warren, R.M. Briggs, N.S. Lewis, and H.A. Atwater Si microwire-array solar cells Energ. Environ. Sci. 3 2010 1037 1041
44. Y.J. Dong, B.Z. Tian, T.J. Kempa, and C.M. Lieber Coaxial group III-nitride nanowire photovoltaics Nano Lett. 9 2009 2183 2187
45. Y. Cui, Q.Q. Wei, H.K. Park, and C.M. Lieber Nanowire nanosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of biological and chemical species Science 293 2001 1289 1292
46. M.D. Kelzenberg, D.B. Turner-Evans, B.M. Kayes, M.A. Filler, M.C. Putnam, N.S. Lewis, and H.A. Atwater Photovoltaic measurements in single-nanowire silicon solar cells Nano Lett. 8 2008 710 714
47. Y. Paska, and H. Haick Controlling surface energetics of silicon by intermolecular interactions between parallel self-assembled molecular dipoles J. Phys. Chem. C 113 2009 1993 1997
48. Y. Paska, and H. Haick Systematic cross-linking changes within a self-assembled monolayer in a nanogap junction: a tool for investigating the intermolecular electronic coupling J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 2010 1774 1775
49. H. Haick, J. Ghabboun, O. Niitsoo, H. Cohen, D. Cahen, A. Vilan, J.Y. Hwang, A. Wan, F. Amy, and A. Kahn Effect of molecular binding to a semiconductor on metal/molecule/semiconductor junction behavior J. Phys. Chem. B 109 2005 9622 9630
50. J.S. Jie, W.J. Zhang, K.Q. Peng, G.D. Yuan, C.S. Lee, and S.T. Lee Surface-dominated transport properties of silicon nanowires Adv. Funct. Mater. 18 2008 3251 3257
51. E. Yablonovitch, D.L. Allara, C.C. Chang, T. Gmitter, and T.B. Bright Unusually low surface-recombination velocity on silicon and germanium surfaces Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 1986 249 252
52. X.H. Sun, S.D. Wang, N.B. Wong, D.D.D. Ma, S.T. Lee, and B.K. Teo FTIR spectroscopic studies of the stabilities and reactivities of hydrogen-terminated surfaces of silicon nanowires Inorg. Chem. 42 2003 2398 2404
53. M.Y. Bashouti, Y. Paska, S.R. Puniredd, T. Stelzner, S. Christiansen, and H. Haick Silicon nanowires terminated with methyl functionalities exhibit stronger Si-C bonds than equivalent 2D surfaces Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11 2009 3845 3848
54. M.Y. Bashouti, T. Stelzner, A. Berger, S. Christiansen, and H. Haick Chemical passivation of silicon nanowires with C(1)-C(6) alkyl chains through covalent Si-C bonds J. Phys. Chem. C 112 2008 19168 19172
55. M.Y. Bashouti, T. Stelzner, S. Christiansen, and H. Haick Covalent attachment of alkyl functionality to 50 nm silicon nanowires through a chlorination/alkylation process J. Phys. Chem. C 113 2009 14823 14828
56. F. Patolsky, B.P. Timko, G.H. Yu, Y. Fang, A.B. Greytak, G.F. Zheng, and C.M. Lieber Detection, stimulation, and inhibition of neuronal signals with high-density nanowire transistor arrays Science 313 2006 1100 1104
57. F. Patolsky, G. Zheng, and C.M. Lieber Nanowire sensors for medicine and the life sciences Nanomedicine-Uk 1 2006 51 65
58. F. Patolsky, G.F. Zheng, and C.M. Lieber Fabrication of silicon nanowire devices for ultrasensitive, label-free, real-time detection of biological and chemical species Nat. Protoc. 1 2006 1711 1724
59. G. Ashkenasy, D. Cahen, R. Cohen, A. Shanzer, and A. Vilan Molecular engineering of semiconductor surfaces and devices Acc. Chem. Res. 35 2002 121 128
60. H. Haick, M. Ambrico, T. Ligonzo, and D. Cahen Discontinuous molecular films can control metal/semiconductor junctions Adv. Mater. 16 2004 2145 2151
61. U. Tisch, and H. Haick Nanomaterials for cross-reactive sensor arrays MRS Bull. 35 2010 797 803
62. O. Assad, S.R. Puniredd, T. Stelzner, S. Christiansen, and H. Haick Stable scaffolds for reacting Si nanowires with further organic functionalities while preserving Si-C passivation of surface sites J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 2008 17670 17671
63. S.R. Puniredd, O. Assad, and H. Haick Highly stable organic monolayers for reacting silicon with further functionalities: the effect of the C-C bond nearest the silicon surface J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 2008 13727 13734
64. S.R. Puniredd, O. Assad, T. Stelzner, S. Christiansen, and H. Haick Catalyst-free functionalization for versatile modification of nonoxidized silicon structures Langmuir 27 2011 4764 4771
65. A. Bansal, X.L. Li, S.I. Yi, W.H. Weinberg, and N.S. Lewis Spectroscopic studies of the modification of crystalline Si(1 1 1) surfaces with covalently-attached alkyl chains using a chlorination/alkylation method J. Phys. Chem. B 105 2001 10266 10277
66. J. Terry, M.R. Linford, C. Wigren, R.Y. Cao, P. Pianetta, and C.E.D. Chidsey Determination of the bonding of alkyl monolayers to the Si(1 1 1) surface using chemical-shift, scanned-energy photoelectron diffraction Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 1997 1056 1058
67. F. Effenberger, G. Gotz, B. Bidlingmaier, and M. Wezstein Photoactivated preparation and patterning of self-assembled monolayers with 1-alkenes and aldehydes on silicon hydride surfaces Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 37 1998 2462 2464
68. A.B. Sieval, R. Linke, G. Heij, G. Meijer, H. Zuilhof, and E.J.R. Sudholter Amino-terminated organic monolayers on hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces Langmuir 17 2001 7554 7559
69. M.M. Sung, G.J. Kluth, O.W. Yauw, and R. Maboudian Thermal behavior of alkyl monolayers on silicon surfaces Langmuir 13 1997 6164 6168
70. R. Boukherroub, S. Morin, F. Bensebaa, and D.D.M. Wayner New synthetic routes to alkyl monolayers on the Si(1 1 1) surface Langmuir 15 1999 3831 3835
71. J.M. Buriak, M.P. Stewart, T.W. Geders, M.J. Allen, H.C. Choi, J. Smith, D. Raftery, and L.T. Canham Lewis acid mediated hydrosilylation on porous silicon surfaces J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 1999 11491 11502
72. L. Scheres, A. Arafat, and H. Zuilhof Self-assembly of high-quality covalently bound organic monolayers onto silicon Langmuir 23 2007 8343 8346
73. B.R. Hart, S.E. Letant, S.R. Kane, M.Z. Hadi, S.J. Shields, and J.G. Reynolds New method for attachment of biomolecules to porous silicon Chem. Commun. 2003 322 323
74. Y. Li, S. Calder, O. Yaffe, D. Cahen, H. Haick, L. Kronik, and H. Zuilhof Hybrids of organic molecules and Flat, oxide-free silicon: high-density monolayers, electronic properties, and functionalization Langmuir 28 2012 9920 9929
75. R. Haight, L. Sekaric, A. Afzali, and D. Newns Controlling the electronic properties of silicon nanowires with functional molecular groups Nano Lett. 9 2009 3165 3170
76. Y. Cui, X.F. Duan, J.T. Hu, and C.M. Lieber Doping and electrical transport in silicon nanowires J. Phys. Chem. B 104 2000 5213 5216
77. X.F. Duan, Y. Huang, Y. Cui, J.F. Wang, and C.M. Lieber Indium phosphide nanowires as building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices Nature 409 2001 66 69
78. Y. Cui, L.J. Lauhon, M.S. Gudiksen, J.F. Wang, and C.M. Lieber Diameter-controlled synthesis of single-crystal silicon nanowires Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 2001 2214 2216
79. V. Schmidt, J.V. Wittemann, and U. Gosele Growth, thermodynamics, and electrical properties of silicon nanowires Chem. Rev. 110 2010 361 388
80. R.S. Wagner, and W.C. Ellis Vapor-liquid-solid mechanism of single crystal growth (New method growth catalysis from impurity whisker epitaxial + large crystals Si E) Appl. Phys. Lett. 4 1964 89 90
81. S.W. Schmitt, F. Schechtel, D. Amkreutz, M. Bashouti, S.K. Srivastava, B. Hoffmann, C. Dieker, E. Spiecker, B. Rech, and S.H. Christiansen Nanowire arrays in multicrystalline silicon thin films on glass: a promising material for research and applications in nanotechnology Nano Lett. 12 2012 4050 4054
82. V.A. Sivakov, G. Bronstrup, B. Pecz, A. Berger, G.Z. Radnoczi, M. Krause, and S.H. Christiansen Realization of vertical and zigzag single crystalline silicon nanowire architectures J. Phys. Chem. C 114 2010 3798 3803
83. C. Wiethoff, F.M. Ross, M. Copel, M.H.V. Hoegen, and F.J.M.Z. Heringdorf Au stabilization and coverage of sawtooth facets on Si nanowires grown by vapor-liquid-solid epitaxy Nano Lett. 8 2008 3065 3068
84. A. Bailly, O. Renault, N. Barrett, L.F. Zagonel, P. Gentile, N. Pauc, F. Dhalluin, T. Baron, A. Chabli, J.C. Cezar, and N.B. Brookes Direct quantification of gold along a single Si nanowire Nano Lett. 8 2008 3709 3714
85. M.C. Putnam, M.A. Filler, B.M. Kayes, M.D. Kelzenberg, Y.B. Guan, N.S. Lewis, J.M. Eiler, and H.A. Atwater Secondary ion mass spectrometry of vapor-liquid-solid grown, Au-catalyzed, Si wires Nano Lett. 8 2008 3109 3113
86. M.Y. Bashouti, K. Sardashti, J. Ristein, and S.H. Christiansen Early stages of oxide growth in H-terminated silicon nanowires: determination of kinetic behavior and activation energy Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14 2012 11877 11881
87. F.J. Himpsel, G. Hollinger, and R.A. Pollak Determination of the fermi-level pinning position at Si(1 1 1) surfaces Phys. Rev. B 28 1983 7014 7018
88. R. Hunger, R. Fritsche, B. Jaeckel, W. Jaegermann, L.J. Webb, and N.S. Lewis Chemical and electronic characterization of methyl-terminated Si(1 1 1) surfaces by high-resolution synchrotron photoelectron spectroscopy Phys. Rev. B 72 2005
89. J.A. Haber, and N.S. Lewis Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of the reactions of hydrogen-terminated crystalline Si(1 1 1) and Si(1 0 0) surfaces with Br-2, I-2, and ferrocenium in alcohol solvents J. Phys. Chem. B 106 2002 3639 3656
90. S. Reddy, P.O. Assad, and H. Haick Highly stable organic modification of Si(1 1 1) surfaces: towards reacting Si with further functionalities while preserving the desirable chemical properties of full Si-C atop site terminations J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 2008 9184 9185
91. D.K. Schwartz Mechanisms and kinetics of self-assembled monolayer formation Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 52 2001 107 137
92. R.G. Nuzzo, B.R. Zegarski, and L.H. Dubois Fundamental-studies of the chemisorption of organosulfur compounds on Au(1 1 1)-implications for molecular self-assembly on gold surfaces J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109 1987 733 740
93. Q.L. Li, G. Mathur, S. Gowda, S. Surthi, Q. Zhao, L.H. Yu, J.S. Lindsey, D.F. Bocian, and V. Misra Multibit memory using self-assembly of mixed ferrocene/porphyrin monolayers on silicon Adv. Mater. 16 2004 133 137
94. C.C. Wamser, and L.T. Scott The Nbs reaction-a simple explanation for the predominance of allylic substitution over olefin addition by bromine at low concentrations J. Chem. Educ. 62 1985 650 652
95. P. Gorostiza, C.H. de Villeneuve, Q.Y. Sun, F. Sanz, X. Wallart, R. Boukherroub, and P. Allongue Water exclusion at the nanometer scale provides long-term passivation of silicon(1 1 1) grafted with alkyl monolayers J. Phys. Chem. B 110 2006 5576 5585
96. X.M. Bin, T.K. Mischki, C.Y. Fan, G.P. Lopinski, and D.D.M. Wayner Electrochemical characterization of Si(1 1 1) modified with linear and branched alkyl chains J. Phys. Chem. C 111 2007 13547 13553
97. S. Rivillon, and Y.J. Chabal Alkylation of silicon(1 1 1) surfaces J. Phys. IV 132 2006 195 198
98. E.J. Faber, L.C.P.M. de Smet, W. Olthuis, H. Zuilhof, E.J.R. Sudholter, P. Bergveld, and A. van den Berg Si-C linked organic monolayers on crystalline silicon surfaces as alternative gate insulators ChemPhysChem 6 2005 2153 2166
99. T. Dittrich, M. Schwartzkopff, E. Hartmann, and J. Rappich On the origin of the positive charge on hydrogenated Si surfaces and its dependence on the surface morphology Surf. Sci. 437 1999 154 162
100. A. Natan, L. Kronik, H. Haick, and R.T. Tung Electrostatic properties of ideal and non-ideal polar organic monolayers: implications for electronic devices Adv. Mater. 19 2007 4103 4117
101. L. Kronik, and Y. Shapira Surface photovoltage phenomena: theory, experiment, and applications Surf. Sci. Rep. 37 1999 1 206
102. F. Seker, K. Meeker, T.F. Kuech, and A.B. Ellis Surface chemistry of prototypical bulk II-VI and III-V semiconductors and implications for chemical sensing Chem. Rev. 100 2000 2505 2536
103. B. Aradi, L.E. Ramos, P. Deak, T. Kohler, F. Bechstedt, R.Q. Zhang, and T. Frauenheim Theoretical study of the chemical gap tuning in silicon nanowires Phys. Rev. B 76 2007
104. D.Q. Fang, A.L. Rosa, T. Frauenheim, and R.Q. Zhang Band gap engineering of GaN nanowires by surface functionalization Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 2009
105. P.D. Ye Main determinants for III-V metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (invited) J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 26 2008 697 704
106. D.G. Infield, P. Onions, A.D. Simmons, and G.A. Smith Rower quality from multiple grid-connected single-phase inverters IEEE T. Power Deliver. 19 2004 1983 1989
107. J.E. Inglesfield Surface-properties in an external electric-field Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A 334 1991 527 538
108. A.J. Dickie, and R.A. Wolkow Metal-organic-silicon nanoscale contacts Phys. Rev. B 77 2008
109. N. Kaushik, S. Haldar, M. Gupta, and R.S. Gupta Interface traps distribution and temperature-dependent 6H-SiC MOSFET analysis Semicond. Sci. Tech. 21 2006 6 12
110. C. Miramond, and D. Vuillaume 1-octadecene monolayers on Si(1 1 1) hydrogen-terminated surfaces: effect of substrate doping J. Appl. Phys. 96 2004 1529 1536
111. D.R. Khanal, and J. Wu Gate coupling and charge distribution in nanowire field effect transistors Nano Lett. 7 2007 2778 2783
112. F. Maier, M. Riedel, B. Mantel, J. Ristein, and L. Ley Origin of surface conductivity in diamond Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2000 3472 3475
113. J.S. Foord, L.C. Hian, and R.B. Jackman An investigation of the surface reactivity of diamond photocathodes with molecular and atomic oxygen species Diam. Relat. Mater. 10 2001 710 714
114. J. Ristein Surface science of diamond: familiar and amazing Surf. Sci. 600 2006 3677 3689
115. J. Ristein Surface transfer doping of semiconductors Science 313 2006 1057 1058
116. W. Chen, D.C. Qi, X.Y. Gao, and A.T.S. Wee Surface transfer doping of semiconductors Prog. Surf. Sci. 84 2009 279 321
117. 2 molecules on carbon nanotubes Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 2001 3863 3865
118. P.G. Collins, K. Bradley, M. Ishigami, and A. Zettl Extreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of carbon nanotubes Science 287 2000 1801 1804
119. M. Chiesa, G. Amato, L. Boarino, E. Garrone, F. Geobaldo, and E. Giamello Reversible insulator-to-metal transition in p(+)-type mesoporous silicon induced by the adsorption of ammonia Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 42 2003 5032 5035
120. G.D. Yuan, Y.B. Zhou, C.S. Guo, W.J. Zhang, Y.B. Tang, Y.Q. Li, Z.H. Chen, Z.B. He, X.J. Zhang, P.F. Wang, I. Bello, R.Q. Zhang, C.S. Lee, and S.T. Lee Tunable electrical properties of silicon nanowires via surface-ambient chemistry ACS Nano 4 2010 3045 3052
121. M.Y. Bashouti, M. Pietsch, G. Brönstrup, V. Sivakov, Jürgen Ristein, S. Christiansen, Hybrid polymer/silicon nanowire solar cell with high efficiency through covalent Si-C terminated surface passivation, Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl., in press.