Erratum: Genetic studies of African populations: An overview on disease susceptibility and response to vaccines and therapeutics (Human Genetic (2008) vol. 123 (557-598) 10.1007/s00439-008-0511-y);Genetic studies of African populations: An overview on disease susceptibility and response to vaccines and therapeutics

Human Genetics

Volumn 123, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 557-598

  Sirugo, Giorgio ^a,b,c   Hennig, Branwen J ^d   Adeyemo, Adebowale A ^d   Matimba, Alice ^f   Newport, Melanie J ^g   Ibrahim, Muntaser E ^h   Ryckman, Kelli K ⁱ   Tacconelli, Alessandra ^c   Mariani Costantini, Renato ^j   Novelli, Giuseppe ^b   Soodyall, Himla ^k   Rotimi, Charles N ^e   Ramesar, Raj S ^l   Tishkoff, Sarah A ^m   Williams, Scott M ⁱ  

^a SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

^b FATEBENEFRATELLI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

^d LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^e HOWARD UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f AiBST   (Zimbabwe)

^g UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

^h UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM   (Sudan)

ⁱ VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

^k UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^l UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^m UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRCA1 PROTEIN; BRCA2 PROTEIN; CYTOCHROME P450 2D6; DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS TETANUS VACCINE; DRUG METABOLIZING ENZYME; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNEL; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 3; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE; GAMMA INTERFERON RECEPTOR 1; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE M1; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE T1; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B VACCINE; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; HLA DR ANTIGEN; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; LEUKOTRIENE A4 HYDROLASE; MEASLES MUMPS RUBELLA VACCINE; MENINGOCOCCUS VACCINE; ORAL POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR; PROTEIN MLH1; RECOMBINANT TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; STAT6 PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 7 LIKE 2; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AFRICA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BREAST CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; COLORECTAL CANCER; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RESPONSE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B; HEPATITIS B; HLA SYSTEM; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; INFECTION RESISTANCE; INFECTION RISK; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; LEISHMANIASIS; LEPROSY; MALARIA; MEASLES; NEOPLASM; PERTUSSIS; PHARMACOGENETICS; PHENOTYPE; POLIOMYELITIS; POPULATION GENETICS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TETANUS; TRACHOMA; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 45049088132     PISSN: 03406717     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0534-4     Document Type: Erratum

References (461)

1. Abdel-Salam E, Abdel Khalik A, Abdel-Meguid A, Barakat W, Mahmoud AA (1986) Association of HLA class I antigens (A1, B5, B8 and CW2) with disease manifestations and infection in human schistosomiasis mansoni in Egypt. Tissue Antigens 27:142-146
2. Abubakari AR, Lauder W, Agyemang C, Jones M, Kirk A, Bhopal RS (2008) Prevalence and time trends in obesity among adult West African populations: A meta-analysis. Obes Rev (in press)
3. Adebamowo CA, Adeyi O, Pyatt R, Prior TW, Chadwick RB, de La Chapelle A (2000) Case report on hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) in Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci 29:71-73
4. Adebamowo CA, Famooto A, Ogundiran TO, Aniagwu T, Nkwodimmah C, Akang EE (2008) Immunohistochemical and molecular subtypes of breast cancer in Nigeria. Breast Cancer Res Treat (in press)
5. Adeyemo AA, Omotade OO, Rotimi CN, Luke AH, Tayo BO, Cooper RS (2002) Heritability of blood pressure in Nigerian families. J Hypertens 20:859-863
6. Adeyemo AA, Johnson T, Acheampong J, Oli J, Okafor G, Amoah A, Owusu S, Agyenim-Boateng K, Eghan BA Jr, Abbiyesuku F, Fasanmade O, Rufus T, Doumatey A, Chen G, Zhou J, Chen Y, Furbert-Harris P, Dunston G, Collins F, Rotimi C (2005) A genome wide quantitative trait linkage analysis for serum lipids in type 2 diabetes in an African population. Atherosclerosis 181:389-397
7. Adje CA, Bile CE, Kestens L, Koblavi-Deme S, Ghys PD, Maurice C, Kalou-Badirou M, Kabran N, Ekpini RE, Roels TH, Wiktor SZ, Nkengasong JN (2001) Lack of effect of chemokine receptor CCR2b gene polymorphism (64I) on HIV-1 plasma RNA viral load and immune activation among HIV-1 seropositive female workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. J Med Virol 64:398-401
8. Agarwal A, Guindo A, Cissoko Y, Taylor JG, Coulibaly D, Kone A, Kayentao K, Djimde A, Plowe CV, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, Diallo D (2000) Hemoglobin C associated with protection from severe malaria in the Dogon of Mali, a West African population with a low prevalence of hemoglobin S. Blood 96:2358-2363
9. Aklillu E, Herrlin K, Gustafsson LL, Bertilsson L, Ingelman-Sundberg M (2002) Evidence for environmental influence on CYP2D6-catalysed debrisoquine hydroxylation as demonstrated by phenotyping and genotyping of Ethiopians living in Ethiopia or in Sweden. Pharmacogenetics 12:375-383
10. Aklillu E, Dandara C, Bertilsson L, Masimirembwa C (2007) Pharmacogenetics of cytochrome P450s in African populations: Clinical and molecular evolutionary implications. In: Suarez-Kurtz G (ed) Pharmacogenomics in admixed populations. Landes Bioscience, Austin
11. Alberts M, Urdal P, Steyn K, Stensvold I, Tverdal A, Nel JH, Steyn NP (2005) Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors in a rural black population of South Africa. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 12:347-354
12. Ali S, Niang MA, N'doye I, Critchlow CW, Hawes SE, Hill AV, Kiviat NB (2000) Secretor polymorphism and human immunodeficiency virus infection in Senegalese women. J Infect Dis 181:737-739
13. Allabi AC, Gala JL, Horsmans Y, Babaoglu MO, Bozkurt A, Heusterspreute M, Yasar U (2004) Functional impact of CYP2C95, CYP2C96, CYP2C98, and CYP2C911 in vivo among black Africans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 76:113-118
14. Allabi AC, Gala JL, Horsmans Y (2005) CYP2C9, CYP2C19, ABCB1 (MDR1) genetic polymorphisms and phenytoin metabolism in a Black Beninese population. Pharmacogenet Genomics 15:779-786
15. Alm JS, Sanjeevi CB, Miller EN, Dabadghao P, Lilja G, Pershagen G, Blackwell JM, Scheynius A (2002) Atopy in children in relation to BCG vaccination and genetic polymorphisms at SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) and D2S1471. Genes Immun 3:71-77
16. Alper CA (1995) The human immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen. Exp Clin Immunogenet 12:171-181
17. Alter A, Alcais A, Abel L, Schurr E (2008) Leprosy as a genetic model for susceptibility to common infectious diseases. Hum Genet (in press)
18. Alves S, Rocha J, Amorim A, Prata MJ (2004) Tracing the origin of the most common thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) variants: Preliminary data from the patterns of haplotypic association with two CA repeats. Ann Hum Genet 68:313-323
19. Ambrosino DM, Schiffman G, Gotschlich EC, Schur PH, Rosenberg GA, DeLange GG, van Loghem E, Siber GR (1985) Correlation between G2 m(n) immunoglobulin allotype and human antibody response and susceptibility to polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria. J Clin Invest 75:1935-1942
20. Ameyaw MM, Regateiro F, Li T, Liu X, Tariq M, Mobarek A, Thornton N, Folayan GO, Githang'a J, Indalo A, Ofori-Adjei D, Price-Evans DA, McLeod HL (2001) MDR1 pharmacogenetics: Frequency of the C3435T mutation in exon 26 is significantly influenced by ethnicity. Pharmacogenetics 11:217-221
21. Amodu OK, Adeyemo AA, Ayoola OO, Gbadegesin RA, Orimadegun AE, Akinsola AK, Olumese PE, Omotade OO (2005a) Genetic diversity of the msp-1 locus and symptomatic malaria in south-west Nigeria. Acta Trop 95:226-232
22. Amodu OK, Gbadegesin RA, Ralph SA, Adeyemo AA, Brenchley PE, Ayoola OO, Orimadegun AE, Akinsola AK, Olumese PE, Omotade OO (2005b) Plasmodium falciparum malaria in south-west Nigerian children: Is the polymorphism of ICAM-1 and E-selectin genes contributing to the clinical severity of malaria? Acta Trop 95:248-255
23. Anderson DW, Goldberg PA, Algar U, Felix R, Ramesar RS (2007) Mobile colonoscopic surveillance provides quality care for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma families in South Africa. Colorectal Dis 9:509-514
24. Arya R, Blangero J, Williams K, Almasy L, Dyer TD, Leach RJ, O'Connell P, Stern MP, Duggirala R (2002) Factors of insulin resistance syndrome - related phenotypes are linked to genetic locations on chromosomes 6 and 7 in nondiabetic Mexican-Americans. Diabetes 51:841-847
25. Atkinson SH, Mwangi TW, Uyoga SM, Ogada E, Macharia AW, Marsh K, Prentice AM, Williams TN (2007) The haptoglobin 2-2 genotype is associated with a reduced incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children on the coast of Kenya. Clin Infect Dis 44:802-809
26. Aucan C, Walley AJ, Greenwood BM, Hill AV (2002) Haptoglobin genotypes are not associated with resistance to severe malaria in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96:327-328
27. Aucan C, Walley AJ, Hennig BJ, Fitness J, Frodsham A, Zhang L, Kwiatkowski D, Hill AV (2003) Interferon-alpha receptor-1 (IFNAR1) variants are associated with protection against cerebral malaria in the Gambia. Genes Immun 4:275-282
28. Aucan C, Walley AJ, Hill AV (2004) Common apolipoprotein E polymorphisms and risk of clinical malaria in the Gambia. J Med Genet 41:21-24
29. Awadelkarim KD, Aceto G, Veschi S, Elhaj A, Morgano A, Mohamedani AA, Eltayeb EA, Abuidris D, Di GM, Battista P, Verginelli F, Cama A, Elwali NE, Mariani-Costantini R (2007) BRCA1 and BRCA2 status in a Central Sudanese series of breast cancer patients: Interactions with genetic, ethnic and reproductive factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 102:189-199
30. Awadelkarim KD, Arizzi C, Elamin EO, Hamad HM, De Blasio P, Mekki SO, Osman I, Biunno I, Elwali NE, Mariani-Costantini R, Barberis MC. (2008) Pathological, clinical and prognostic characteristics of breast cancer in Central Sudan versus Northern Italy: Implications for breast cancer in Africa. Histopathology 52:445-456
31. Awomoyi AA, Marchant A, Howson JM, McAdam KP, Blackwell JM, Newport MJ (2002) Interleukin-10, polymorphism in SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1), and susceptibility to tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 186:1808-1814
32. Awomoyi AA, Nejentsev S, Richardson A, Hull J, Koch O, Podinovskaia M, Todd JA, McAdam KP, Blackwell JM, Kwiatkowski D, Newport MJ (2004) No association between interferon-gamma receptor-1 gene polymorphism and pulmonary tuberculosis in a Gambian population sample. Thorax 59:291-294
33. Awomoyi AA, Charurat M, Marchant A, Miller EN, Blackwell JM, McAdam KP, Newport MJ (2005) Polymorphism in IL1B: IL1B-511 association with tuberculosis and decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1beta in IFN-gamma primed ex-vivo whole blood assay. J Endotoxin Res 11:281-286
34. Babb C, van der Merwe L, Beyers N, Pheiffer C, Walzl G, Duncan K, van Helden P, Hoal EG (2007) Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and sputum conversion time in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 87:295-302
35. Baccar Harrath A, Yacoubi Loueslati B, Troudi W, Hmida S, Sedkaoui S, Dridi A, Jridi A, Ben Ayed F, Ben Rhomdhane K, Ben Ammar Elgaaied A (2006) HLA class II polymorphism: Protective or risk factors to breast cancer in Tunisia? Pathol Oncol Res 12:79-81
36. Baghdadi JE, Orlova M, Alter A, Ranque B, Chentoufi M, Lazrak F, Archane MI, Casanova JL, Benslimane A, Schurr E, Abel L (2006) An autosomal dominant major gene confers predisposition to pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. J Exp Med 203:1679-1684
37. Ball TB, Ji H, Kimani J, McLaren P, Marlin C, Hill AV, Plummer FA (2007) Polymorphisms in IRF-1 associated with resistance to HIV-1 infection in highly exposed uninfected Kenyan sex workers. AIDS 21:1091-1101
38. Banus S, Bottema RW, Siezen CL, Vandebriel RJ, Reimerink J, Mommers M, Koppelman GH, Hoebee B, Thijs C, Postma DS, Kimman TG, Stelma FF (2007) Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism associated with the response to whole-cell pertussis vaccination in children from the KOALA study. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14:1377-1380
39. Barlassina C, Norton GR, Samani NJ, Woodwiss AJ, Candy GC, Radevski I, Citterio L, Bianchi G, Cusi D (2000) Alpha-adducin polymorphism in hypertensives of South African ancestry. Am J Hypertens 13:719-723
40. Barreiro LB, Neyrolles O, Babb CL, Tailleux L, Quach H, McElreavey K, Helden PD, Hoal EG, Gicquel B, Quintana-Murci L (2006) Promoter variation in the DC-SIGN-encoding gene CD209 is associated with tuberculosis. PLoS Med 3:e20
41. Barreiro LB, Laval G, Quach H, Patin E, Quintana-Murci L (2008) Natural selection has driven population differentiation in modern humans. Nat Genet 40:340-345
42. Bathum L, Skjelbo E, Mutabingwa TK, Madsen H, Horder M, Brosen K (1999) Phenotypes and genotypes for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 in a black Tanzanian population. Br J Clin Pharmacol 48:395-401
43. Baum J, Pinder M, Conway DJ (2003) Erythrocyte invasion phenotypes of Plasmodium falciparum in The Gambia. Infect Immun 71:1856-1863
44. Baynam G, Khoo SK, Rowe J, Zhang G, Laing I, Hayden C, Kusel M, DeKlerk N, Sly P, Goldblatt J, Holt P, LeSouef P (2007) Parental smoking impairs vaccine responses in children with atopic genotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 119:366-374
45. Bel Hadj Jrad B, Chatti A, Laatiri A, Ahmed SB, Romdhane A, Ajimi S, Chouchane L (2007) Tumor necrosis factor promoter gene polymorphism associated with increased susceptibility to non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Eur J Haematol 78:117-122
46. Bellamy R, Kwiatkowski D, Hill AV (1998a) Absence of an association between intercellular adhesion molecule 1, complement receptor 1 and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms and severe malaria in a West African population. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92:312-316
47. Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, McAdam KP, Whittle HC, Hill AV (1998b) Assessment of the interleukin 1 gene cluster and other candidate gene polymorphisms in host susceptibility to tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis 79:83-89
48. Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, McAdam KP, Whittle HC, Hill AV (1998c) Variations in the NRAMP1 gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africans. N Engl J Med 338:640-644
49. Bellamy R, Ruwende C, McAdam KP, Thursz M, Sumiya M, Summerfield J, Gilbert SC, Corrah T, Kwiatkowski D, Whittle HC, Hill AV (1998d) Mannose binding protein deficiency is not associated with malaria, hepatitis B carriage nor tuberculosis in Africans. QJM 91:13-18
50. Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, McAdam KP, Thursz M, Whittle HC, Hill AV (1999) Tuberculosis and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Africans and variation in the vitamin D receptor gene. J Infect Dis 179:721-724
51. Bellamy R, Beyers N, McAdam KP, Ruwende C, Gie R, Samaai P, Bester D, Meyer M, Corrah T, Collin M, Camidge DR, Wilkinson D, Hoal-Van Helden E, Whittle HC, Amos W, van Helden P, Hill AV (2000) Genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis in Africans: A genome-wide scan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:8005-8009
52. Ben-Ali M, Barbouche MR, Bousnina S, Chabbou A, Dellagi K (2004) Toll-like receptor 2 Arg677Trp polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Tunisian patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11:625-626
53. Ben-Ali M, Barreiro LB, Chabbou A, Haltiti R, Braham E, Neyrolles O, Dellagi K, Gicquel B, Quintana-Murci L, Barbouche MR (2007) Promoter and neck region length variation of DC-SIGN is not associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Tunisian patients. Hum Immunol 68:908-912
54. Bendjemana K, Abdennebi M, Gara S, Jmal A, Ghanem A, Touati S, Boussen H, Ladgham A, Guemira F (2006) Genetic polymorphism of gluthation-S transferases and N-acetyl transferases 2 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the Tunisia experience. Bull Cancer 93:297-302
55. Bennett S, Allen SJ, Olerup O, Jackson DJ, Wheeler JG, Rowe PA, Riley EM, Greenwood BM (1993) Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and malaria morbidity in a Gambian community. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87:286-287
56. Bertilsson L, Dahl ML, Dalen P, Al Shurbaji A (2002) Molecular genetics of CYP2D6: Clinical relevance with focus on psychotropic drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 53:111-122
57. Bienzle U, Eggelte TA, Adjei LA, Dietz E, Ehrhardt S, Cramer JP, Otchwemah RN, Mockenhaupt FP (2005) Limited influence of haptoglobin genotypes on severe malaria in Ghanaian children. Trop Med Int Health 10:668-671
58. Black GF, Weir RE, Floyd S, Bliss L, Warndorff DK, Crampin AC, Ngwira B, Sichali L, Nazareth B, Blackwell JM, Branson K, Chaguluka SD, Donovan L, Jarman E, King E, Fine PE, Dockrell HM (2002) BCG-induced increase in interferon-gamma response to mycobacterial antigens and efficacy of BCG vaccination in Malawi and the UK: Two randomised controlled studies. Lancet 359:1393-1401
59. Blanton RE, Salam EA, Ehsan A, King CH, Goddard KA (2005) Schistosomal hepatic fibrosis and the interferon gamma receptor: A linkage analysis using single-nucleotide polymorphic markers. Eur J Hum Genet 13:660-668
60. Boldt AB, Luty A, Grobusch MP, Dietz K, Dzeing A, Kombila M, Kremsner PG, Kun JF (2006) Association of a new mannose-binding lectin variant with severe malaria in Gabonese children. Genes Immun 7:393-400
61. Bonilla C, Panguluri RK, Taliaferro-Smith L, Argyropoulos G, Chen G, Adeyemo AA, Amoah A, Owusu S, Acheampong J, Agyenim-Boateng K, Eghan BA, Oli J, Okafor G, Abbiyesuku F, Johnson T, Rufus T, Fasanmade O, Chen Y, Collins FS, Dunston GM, Rotimi C, Kittles RA (2006) Agouti-related protein promoter variant associated with leanness and decreased risk for diabetes in West Africans. Int J Obes (Lond) 30:715-721
62. Bornman L, Campbell SJ, Fielding K, Bah B, Sillah J, Gustafson P, Manneh K, Lisse I, Allen A, Sirugo G, Sylla A, Aaby P, McAdam KP, Bah-Sow O, Bennett S, Lienhardt C, Hill AV (2004) Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africa: A case-control and family study. J Infect Dis 190:1631-1641
63. Bouzekri N, Zhu X, Jiang Y, McKenzie CA, Luke A, Forrester T, Adeyemo A, Kan D, Farrall M, Anderson S, Cooper RS, Ward R (2004) Angiotensin I-converting enzyme polymorphisms, ACE level and blood pressure among Nigerians, Jamaicans and African-Americans. Eur J Hum Genet 12:460-468
64. Brawley OW (1998) Prostate cancer and black men. Semin Urol Oncol 16:184-186
65. Bucheton B, Abel L, Kheir MM, Mirgani A, El-Safi SH, Chevillard C, Dessein A (2003a) Genetic control of visceral leishmaniasis in a Sudanese population: Candidate gene testing indicates a linkage to the NRAMP1 region. Genes Immun 4:104-109
66. Bucheton B, Abel L, El-Safi S, Kheir MM, Pavek S, Lemainque A, Dessein AJ (2003b) A major susceptibility locus on chromosome 22q12 plays a critical role in the control of kala-azar. Am J Hum Genet 73:1052-1060
67. Bunker CH, Patrick AL, Maharaj G, Keenan HA, Ramnarine S, Belle A, Richard JR, Dhir R (2002) Prostate cancer risk is three-fold higher among men, aged 50-64, of African descent compared with men of Asian-Indian descent in Trinidad and Tobago. Ethn Dis 12:S3
68. Burgner D, Usen S, Rockett K, Jallow M, Ackerman H, Cervino A, Pinder M, Kwiatkowski DP (2003) Nucleotide and haplotypic diversity of the NOS2A promoter region and its relationship to cerebral malaria. Hum Genet 112:379-386
69. Burton MJ, Adegbola RA, Kinteh F, Ikumapayi UN, Foster A, Mabey DC, Bailey RL (2007) Bacterial infection and trachoma in The Gambia: A case control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:4440-4444
70. Cabantous S, Poudiougou B, Traore A, Keita M, Cisse MB, Doumbo O, Dessein AJ, Marquet S (2005) Evidence that interferon-gamma plays a protective role during cerebral malaria. J Infect Dis 192:854-860
71. Campbell SJ, Sabeti P, Fielding K, Sillah J, Bah B, Gustafson P, Manneh K, Lisse I, Sirugo G, Bellamy R, Bennett S, Aaby P, McAdam KP, Bah-Sow O, Lienhardt C, Hill AV (2003) Variants of the CD40 ligand gene are not associated with increased susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africa. Immunogenetics 55:502-507
72. Campino S, Kwiatkowski D, Dessein A (2006) Mendelian and complex genetics of susceptibility and resistance to parasitic infections. Semin Immunol 18:411-422
73. Carey LA, Perou CM, Livasy CA, Dressler LG, Cowan D, Conway K, Karaca G, Troester MA, Tse CK, Edmiston S, Deming SL, Geradts J, Cheang MC, Nielsen TO, Moorman PG, Earp HS, Millikan RC (2006) Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. JAMA 295:2492-2502
74. Carter R, Mendis KN (2002) Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:564-594
75. Casals-Pascual C, Allen S, Allen A, Kai O, Lowe B, Pain A, Roberts DJ (2001) Short report: Codon 125 polymorphism of CD31 and susceptibility to malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65:736-737
76. Cervino AC, Lakiss S, Sow O, Hill AV (2000) Allelic association between the NRAMP1 gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in Guinea-Conakry. Ann Hum Genet 64:507-512
77. Cervino AC, Lakiss S, Sow O, Bellamy R, Beyers N, Hoal-van Helden E, van Helden P, McAdam KP, Hill AV (2002) Fine mapping of a putative tuberculosis-susceptibility locus on chromosome 15q11-13 in African families. Hum Mol Genet 11:1599-1603
78. Chen YS, Olckers A, Schurr TG, Kogelnik AM, Huoponen K, Wallace DC (2000) mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe-and their genetic relationships to other African populations. Am J Hum Genet 66:1362-1383
79. Chen G, Adeyemo A, Zhou J, Chen Y, Huang H, Doumatey A, Lashley K, Agyenim-Boateng K, Eghan BA Jr, Acheampong J, Fasanmade O, Johnson T, Okafor G, Oli J, Amoah A, Rotimi C (2007a) Genome-wide search for susceptibility genes to type 2 diabetes in West Africans: Potential role of C-peptide. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 78:e1-e6
80. Chen G, Adeyemo AA, Johnson T, Zhou J, Amoah A, Owusu S, Acheampong J, Agyenim-Boateng K, Eghan BA, Oli J, Okafor G, Abbiyesuku F, Dunston GM, Chen Y, Collins F, Rotimi C (2005a) A genome-wide scan for quantitative trait loci linked to obesity phenotypes among West Africans. Int J Obes (Lond) 29:255-259
81. Chen Y, Kittles R, Zhou J, Chen G, Adeyemo A, Panguluri RK, Chen W, Amoah A, Opoku V, Acheampong J, Agyenim-Boateng K, Eghan BA Jr., Nyantaki A, Oli J, Okafor G, Ofoegbu E, Osotimehin B, Abbiyesuku F, Johnson T, Fasanmade O, Rufus T, Furbert-Harris P, Daniel HI, Berg KA, Collins FS, Dunston GM, Rotimi CN (2005b) Calpain-10 gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes in West Africans: The Africa America Diabetes Mellitus (AADM) Study. Ann Epidemiol 15:153-159
82. Chen G, Adeyemo AA, Zhou J, Chen Y, Doumatey A, Lashley K, Huang H, Amoah A, Agyenim-Boateng K, Eghan BA Jr, Okafor G, Acheampong J, Oli J, Fasanmade O, Johnson T, Rotimi C (2007b) A genome-wide search for linkage to renal function phenotypes in West Africans with type 2 diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis 49:394-400
83. Chen Y, Huang H, Zhou J, Doumatey A, Lashley K, Chen G, Agyenim-Boateng K, Eghan BA, Acheampong J, Fasanmade O, Johnson T, Akinsola FB, Okafor G, Oli J, Ezepue F, Amoah A, Akafo S, Adeyemo A, Rotimi CN (2007c) Polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with diabetic retinopathy in a cohort of West Africans. Mol Vis 13:2142-2147
84. Chevillard C, Moukoko CE, Elwali NE, Bream JH, Kouriba B, Argiro L, Rahoud S, Mergani A, Henri S, Gaudart J, Mohamed-Ali Q, Young HA, Dessein AJ (2003) IFN-gamma polymorphisms (IFN-gamma +2109 and IFN-gamma +3810) are associated with severe hepatic fibrosis in human hepatic schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni). J Immunol 171:5596-5601
85. Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L (2000) The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 77:41-51
86. Cholera R, Brittain NJ, Gillrie MR, Lopera-Mesa TM, Diakite SA, Arie T, Krause MA, Guindo A, Tubman A, Fujioka H, Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Ho M, Wellems TE, Fairhurst RM (2008) Impaired cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes containing sickle hemoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:991-996
87. Chuang WC, Sarkodie F, Brown CJ, Owusu-Ofori S, Brown J, Li C, Navarrete C, Klenerman P, Allain JP (2007) Protective effect of HLA-B57 on HCV genotype 2 infection in a West African population. J Med Virol 79:724-733
88. Comuzzie AG, Hixson JE, Almasy L, Mitchell BD, Mahaney MC, Dyer TD, Stern MP, MacCluer JW, Blangero J (1997) A major quantitative trait locus determining serum leptin levels and fat mass is located on human chromosome 2. Nat Genet 15:273-276
89. Cooke GS, Aucan C, Walley AJ, Segal S, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski DP, Hill AV (2003) Association of Fcgamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism with severe malaria in West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69:565-568
90. Cooke GS, Campbell SJ, Fielding K, Sillah J, Manneh K, Sirugo G, Bennett S, McAdam KP, Lienhardt C, Hill AV (2004) Interleukin-8 polymorphism is not associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in The Gambia. J Infect Dis 189:1545-1546
91. Cooke GS, Campbell SJ, Sillah J, Gustafson P, Bah B, Sirugo G, Bennett S, McAdam KP, Sow O, Lienhardt C, Hill AV (2006a) Polymorphism within the interferon-gamma/receptor complex is associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174:339-343
92. Cooke GS, Tosh K, Ramaley PA, Kaleebu P, Zhuang J, Nakiyingi JS, Watera C, Gilks CF, French N, Whitworth JA, Hill AV (2006b) A polymorphism that reduces RANTES expression is associated with protection from death in HIV-seropositive Ugandans with advanced disease. J Infect Dis 194:666-669
93. Cooke GS, Campbell SJ, Bennett S, Lienhardt C, McAdam KPWJ, Sow O, Gustafson P, Mwangulu F, van Helden P, Fine P, Hoal EG, Hill AV (2008) Mapping of a novel susceptibility locus suggests a role for MC3R and CTSZ in human tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (in press)
94. Cooper R, Rotimi C, Ataman S, McGee D, Osotimehin B, Kadiri S, Muna W, Kingue S, Fraser H, Forrester T, Bennett F, Wilks R (1997) The prevalence of hypertension in seven populations of west African origin. Am J Public Health 87:160-168
95. Cooper RS, Guo X, Rotimi CN, Luke A, Ward R, Adeyemo A, Danilov SM (2000) Heritability of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensinogen: A comparison of US blacks and Nigerians. Hypertension 35:1141-1147
96. Cooper RS, Luke A, Zhu X, Kan D, Adeyemo A, Rotimi C, Bouzekri N, Ward R (2002) Genome scan among Nigerians linking blood pressure to chromosomes 2, 3, and 19. Hypertension 40:629-633
97. Cox SE, Doherty C, Atkinson SH, Nweneka CV, Fulford AJ, Ghattas H, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP, Prentice AM (2007) Haplotype association between haptoglobin (Hp2) and Hp promoter SNP (A-61C) may explain previous controversy of haptoglobin and malaria protection. PLoS ONE 2:e362
98. Cox SE, Doherty CP, Atkinson SH, Nweneka CV, Fulford AJ, Sirugo G, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP, Prentice AM (2008) Haptoglobin genotype, anaemia and malaria in Gambian children. Trop Med Int Health 13:76-82
99. Cramer JP, Mockenhaupt FP, Ehrhardt S, Burkhardt J, Otchwemah RN, Dietz E, Gellert S, Bienzle U (2004) iNOS promoter variants and severe malaria in Ghanaian children. Trop Med Int Health 9:1074-1080
100. Creinin M, Keith LG (1989) The Yoruba contribution to our understanding of the twinning process. J Reprod Med 34:379-387
101. Dandara C, Masimirembwa CM, Magimba A, Kaaya S, Sayi J, Sommers DK, Snyman JR, Hasler JA (2003) Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) genotypes in Africans: The identification of a new allele with nucleotide changes 481C > T and 590G > A. Pharmacogenetics 13:55-58
102. Dandara C, Li DP, Walther G, Parker MI (2006) Gene-environment interaction: The role of SULT1A1 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms as risk modifiers for squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Carcinogenesis 27:791-797
103. Dardari R, Khyatti M, Jouhadi H, Benider A, Ettayebi H, Kahlain A, Mansouri A, El GB, Benslimane A (2001) Study of human leukocyte antigen class I phenotypes in Moroccan patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 92:294-297
104. Davies EG, Riddington C, Lottenberg R, Dower N (2004) Pneumococcal vaccines for sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD003885
105. Davey G, Gebrehanna E, Adeyemo A, Rotimi C, Newport M, Desta K (2007a) Podoconiosis: A tropical model for gene-environment interactions? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101:91-96
106. Davey G, Tekola F, Newport MJ (2007b) Podoconiosis: Non-infectious geochemical elephantiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101:1175-1180
107. De SA, Pasi A, Martinetti M, Belloni C, Tinelli C, Rondini G, Salvaneschi L, Cuccia M (2001) Family study of non-responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine confirms the importance of HLA class III C4A locus. Genes Immun 2:367-372
108. Delahaye NF, Barbier M, Fumoux F, Rihet P (2007) Association analyses of NCR3 polymorphisms with P. falciparum mild malaria. Microbes Infect 9:160-166
109. Delongchamps NB, Singh A, Haas GP (2007) Epidemiology of prostate cancer in Africa: Another step in the understanding of the disease? Curr Probl Cancer 31:226-236
110. Demotz S, Barbey C, Corradin G, Amoroso A, Lanzavecchia A (1993) The set of naturally processed peptides displayed by DR molecules is tuned by polymorphism of residue 86. Eur J Immunol 23:425-432
111. Dessein AJ, Hillaire D, Elwali NE, Marquet S, Mohamed-Ali Q, Mirghani A, Henri S, Abdelhameed AA, Saeed OK, Magzoub MM, Abel L (1999) Severe hepatic fibrosis in Schistosoma mansoni infection is controlled by a major locus that is closely linked to the interferon-gamma receptor gene. Am J Hum Genet 65:709-721
112. Destas K, Ashine M, Davey G (2003) Prevalence of podoconiosis (endemic non-filarial elephantiasis) in Wolaitta, Southern Ethiopia. Trop Doct 33:217-220
113. Dhiman N, Ovsyannikova IG, Pinsky NA, Vierkant RA, Jacobsen SJ, Jacobson RM, Poland GA (2003) Lack of association between transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and HLA-DM gene polymorphisms and antibody levels following measles vaccination. Eur J Immunogenet 30:195-200
114. Dhiman N, Ovsyannikova IG, Cunningham JM, Vierkant RA, Kennedy RB, Pankratz VS, Poland GA, Jacobson RM (2007a) Associations between measles vaccine immunity and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine and cytokine receptor genes. J Infect Dis 195:21-29
115. Dhiman N, Poland GA, Cunningham JM, Jacobson RM, Ovsyannikova IG, Vierkant RA, Wu Y, Pankratz VS (2007b) Variations in measles vaccine-specific humoral immunity by polymorphisms in SLAM and CD46 measles virus receptors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120:666-672
116. Diouf K, Sarr AD, Eisen G, Popper S, Mboup S, Kanki P (2002) Associations between MHC class I and susceptibility to HIV-2 disease progression. J Hum Virol 5:1-7
117. Donaldson IJ, Shefta J, Hill AV, Boylston AW (2002) Malaria is not responsible for the selection of TCR beta-subunit variable gene haplotypes in The Gambia. Immunogenetics 53:894-899
118. Dong YB, Zhu HD, Baker EH, Sagnella GA, MacGregor GA, Carter ND, Wicks PD, Cook DG, Cappuccio FP (2001) T594 M and G442 V polymorphisms of the sodium channel beta subunit and hypertension in a black population. J Hum Hypertens 15:425-430
119. Duggan D, Zheng SL, Knowlton M, Benitez D, Dimitrov L, Wiklund F, Robbins C, Isaacs SD, Cheng Y, Li G, Sun J, Chang BL, Marovich L, Wiley KE, Bälter K, Stattin P, Adami HO, Gielzak M, Yan G, Sauvageot J, Liu W, Kim JW, Bleecker ER, Meyers DA, Trock BJ, Partin AW, Walsh PC, Isaacs WB, Grönberg H, Xu J, Carpten JD (2007) Two genome-wide association studies of aggressive prostate cancer implicate putative prostate tumor suppressor gene DAB2IP. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:1836-1844
120. El-Safi SH, Bucheton B, Kheir MM, Musa HA, EL-Obaid M, Hammad A, Dessein A (2002) Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Atbara River area, eastern Sudan: The outbreak of Barbar El Fugara village (1996-1997). Microbes Infect 4:1439-1447
121. El-Safi S, Kheir MM, Bucheton B, Argiro L, Abel L, Dereure J, Dedet JP, Dessein A (2006) Genes and environment in susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis. C R Biol 329:863-870
122. Elloumi-Zghal H, Barbouche MR, Chemli J, Bejaoui M, Harbi A, Snoussi N, Abdelhak S, Dellagi K (2002) Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of inherited autosomal recessive susceptibility to disseminated Mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guerin infection. J Infect Dis 185:1468-1475
123. Emonts M, Veenhoven RH, Wiertsema SP, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Walraven V, de Groot R, Hermans PW, Sanders EA (2007) Genetic polymorphisms in immunoresponse genes TNFA, IL6, IL10, and TLR4 are associated with recurrent acute otitis media. Pediatrics 120:814-823
124. Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Jarvela I (2002) Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia. Nat Genet 30:233-237
125. Enevold A, Lusingu JP, Mmbando B, Alifrangis M, Lemnge MM, Bygbjerg IC, Theander TG, Vestergaard LS (2008) Reduced risk of uncomplicated malaria episodes in children with alpha + -thalassemia in northeastern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78:714-720
126. Esteban E, Rodon N, Via M, Gonzalez-Perez E, Santamaria J, Dugoujon JM, Chennawi FE, Melhaoui M, Cherkaoui M, Vona G, Harich N, Moral P (2006) Androgen receptor CAG and GGC polymorphisms in Mediterraneans: Repeat dynamics and population relationships. J Hum Genet 51:129-136
127. Estefania E, Gomez-Lozano N, Portero F, de Pablo R, Solis R, Sepulveda S, Vaquero M, Gonzalez MA, Suarez E, Roustan G, Vilches C (2007) Influence of KIR gene diversity on the course of HSV-1 infection: resistance to the disease is associated with the absence of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2. Tissue Antigens 70:34-41
128. Ezzikouri S, El Feydi AE, El Kihal L, Afifi R, Benazzouz M, Hassar M, Chafik A, Pineau P, Benjelloun S (2008) Prevalence of common HFE and SERPINA1 mutations in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a Moroccan population. Arch Med Res 39:236-241
129. Faal N, Bailey RL, Jeffries D, Joof H, Sarr I, Laye M, Mabey DC, Holland MJ (2006) Conjunctival FOXP3 expression in trachoma: Do regulatory T cells have a role in human ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection? PLoS Med 3:e266
130. Fackenthal JD, Sveen L, Gao Q, Kohlmeir EK, Adebamowo C, Ogundiran TO, Adenipekun AA, Oyesegun R, Campbell O, Rotimi C, Akang EE, Das S, Olopade OI (2005) Complete allelic analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants in young Nigerian breast cancer patients. J Med Genet 42:276-281
131. Fairhurst RM, Baruch DI, Brittain NJ, Ostera GR, Wallach JS, Hoang HL, Hayton K, Guindo A, Makobongo MO, Schwartz OM, Tounkara A, Doumbo OK,
132. Fejerman L, Wu X, Adeyemo A, Luke A, Zhu X, Hicks C, Cooper RS (2006) The effect of genetic variation in angiotensinogen on serum levels and blood pressure: A comparison of Nigerians and US blacks. J Hum Hypertens 20:882-887
133. Felix R, Bodmer W, Fearnhead NS, van der Merwe L, Goldberg P, Ramesar RS (2006) GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms as modifiers of age at diagnosis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) in a homogeneous cohort of individuals carrying a single predisposing mutation. Mutat Res 602:175-181
134. Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM (2004) GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer Incidence. Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide. IARC PRESS, Lyon
135. Fitness J, Floyd S, Warndorff DK, Sichali L, Malema S, Crampin AC, Fine PE, Hill AV (2004) Large-scale candidate gene study of tuberculosis susceptibility in the Karonga district of northern Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71:341-349
136. Flori L, Kumulungui B, Aucan C, Esnault C, Traore AS, Fumoux F, Rihet P (2003a) Linkage and association between Plasmodium falciparum blood infection levels and chromosome 5q31-q33. Genes Immun 4:265-268
137. Flori L, Sawadogo S, Esnault C, Delahaye NF, Fumoux F, Rihet P (2003b) Linkage of mild malaria to the major histocompatibility complex in families living in Burkina Faso. Hum Mol Genet 12:375-378
138. Flori L, Delahaye NF, Iraqi FA, Hernandez-Valladares M, Fumoux F, Rihet P (2005) TNF as a malaria candidate gene: Polymorphism-screening and family-based association analysis of mild malaria attack and parasitemia in Burkina Faso. Genes Immun 6:472-480
139. Foote SJ, Handman E (2005) Genetics of murine leishmaniasis. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 4:270-276
140. Freedman ML, Haiman CA, Patterson N, McDonald GJ, Tandon A, Waliszewska A, Penney K, Steen RG, Ardlie K, John EM, Oakley-Girvan I, Whittemore AS, Cooney KA, Ingles SA, Altshuler D, Henderson BE, Reich D (2006) Admixture mapping identifies 8q24 as a prostate cancer risk locus in African-American men. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:14068-14073
141. Fry AE, Griffiths MJ, Auburn S, Diakite M, Forton JT, Green A, Richardson A, Wilson J, Jallow M, Sisay-Joof F, Pinder M, Peshu N, Williams TN, Marsh K, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP (2008) Common variation in the ABO glycosyltransferase is associated with susceptibility to severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Hum Mol Genet 17:567-576
142. Gaedigk A, Bhathena A, Ndjountche L, Pearce RE, Abdel-Rahman SM, Alander SW, Bradford LD, Rogan PK, Leeder JS (2005) Identification and characterization of novel sequence variations in the cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) gene in African Americans. Pharmacogenomics J 5:173-182
143. Gaedigk A, Ndjountche L, Divakaran K, Dianne BL, Zineh I, Oberlander TF, Brousseau DC, McCarver DG, Johnson JA, Alander SW, Wayne RK, Steven LJ (2007) Cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) gene locus heterogeneity: characterization of gene duplication events. Clin Pharmacol Ther 81:242-251
144. Gao Q, Adebamowo CA, Fackenthal J, Das S, Sveen L, Falusi AG, Olopade OI (2000) Protein truncating BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in African women with pre-menopausal breast cancer. Hum Genet 107:192-194
145. Garcia A, Marquet S, Bucheton B, Hillaire D, Cot M, Fievet N, Dessein AJ, Abel L (1998) Linkage analysis of blood Plasmodium falciparum levels: Interest of the 5q31-q33 chromosome region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58:705-709
146. Garner CP, Ding YC, John EM, Ingles SA, Olopade OI, Huo D, Adebamowo C, Ogundiran T, Neuhausen SL (2008) Genetic variation in IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 is associated with breast cancer in populations of African descent. Hum Genet 123:247-255
147. Ghosh S, Watanabe RM, Hauser ER, Valle T, Magnuson VL, Erdos MR, Langefeld CD, Balow J Jr., Ally DS, Kohtamaki K, Chines P, Birznieks G, Kaleta HS, Musick A, Te C, Tannenbaum J, Eldridge W, Shapiro S, Martin C, Witt A, So A, Chang J, Shurtleff B, Porter R, Kudelko K, Unni A, Segal L, Sharaf R, Blaschak-Harvan J, Eriksson J, Tenkula T, Vidgren G, Ehnholm C, Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Hagopian W, Buchanan TA, Tuomilehto J, Bergman RN, Collins FS, Boehnke M (1999) Type 2 diabetes: Evidence for linkage on chromosome 20 in 716 Finnish affected sib pairs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:2198-2203
148. Gonder MK, Mortensen HM, Reed FA, de Sousa A, Tishkoff SA (2007) Whole-mtDNA genome sequence analysis of ancient African lineages. Mol Biol Evol 24:757-768
149. Govan VA, Constant D, Hoffman M, Williamson AL (2006) The allelic distribution of -308 Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha gene polymorphism in South African women with cervical cancer and control women. BMC Cancer 6:24
150. Govan VA, Loubser S, Saleh D, Hoffman M, Williamson AL (2007) No relationship observed between human p53 codon-72 genotype and HPV-associated cervical cancer in a population group with a low arginine-72 allele frequency. Int J Immunogenet 34:213-217
151. Granoff DM, Cates KL (1985) Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccines. J Pediatr 107:330-336
152. Granoff DM, Holmes SJ (1992) G2 m(23) immunoglobulin allotype and immunity to Haemophilus influenzae type b. J Infect Dis 165(Suppl 1):S66-S69
153. Gudmundsson J, Sulem P, Steinthorsdottir V, Bergthorsson JT, Thorleifsson G, Manolescu A, Rafnar T, Gudbjartsson D, Agnarsson BA, Baker A, Sigurdsson A, Benediktsdottir KR, Jakobsdottir M, Blondal T, Stacey SN, Helgason A, Gunnarsdottir S, Olafsdottir A, Kristinsson KT, Birgisdottir B, Ghosh S, Thorlacius S, Magnusdottir D, Stefansdottir G, Kristjansson K, Bagger Y, Wilensky RL, Reilly MP, Morris AD, Kimber CH, Adeyemo A, Chen Y, Zhou J, So WY, Tong PC, Ng MC, Hansen T, Andersen G, Borch-Johnsen K, Jorgensen T, Tres A, Fuertes F, Ruiz-Echarri M, Asin L, Saez B, van Boven E, Klaver S, Swinkels DW, Aben KK, Graif T, Cashy J, Suarez BK, van Vierssen TO, Frigge ML, Ober C, Hofker MH, Wijmenga C, Christiansen C, Rader DJ, Palmer CN, Rotimi C, Chan JC, Pedersen O, Sigurdsson G, Benediktsson R, Jonsson E, Einarsson GV, Mayordomo JI, Catalona WJ, Kiemeney LA, Barkardottir RB, Gulcher JR, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kong A, Stefansson K (2007) Two variants on chromosome 17 confer prostate cancer risk, and the one in TCF2 protects against type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 39:977-983
154. Guindo A, Fairhurst RM, Doumbo OK, Wellems TE, Diallo DA (2007) X-linked G6PD deficiency protects hemizygous males but not heterozygous females against severe malaria. PLoS Med 4:e66
155. Gyan BA, Goka B, Cvetkovic JT, Kurtzhals JL, Adabayeri V, Perlmann H, Lefvert AK, Akanmori BD, Troye-Blomberg M (2004) Allelic polymorphisms in the repeat and promoter regions of the interleukin-4 gene and malaria severity in Ghanaian children. Clin Exp Immunol 138:145-150
156. Hacker UT, Erhardt S, Tschop K, Jelinek T, Endres S (2001) Influence of the IL-1Ra gene polymorphism on in vivo synthesis of IL-1Ra and IL-1beta after live yellow fever vaccination. Clin Exp Immunol 125:465-469
157. Hadhri-Guiga B, Toumi N, Khabir A, Sellami-Boudawara T, Ghorbel A, Daoud J, Frikha M, Gargouri A, Mokdad-Gargouri R (2007) Proline homozygosity in codon 72 of TP53 is a factor of susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Tunisia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 178:89-93
158. Haile-Selassie Y, Asfaw B, White TD (2004) Hominid cranial remains from upper Pleistocene deposits at Aduma, Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Am J Phys Anthropol 123:1-10
159. Haiman CA, Patterson N, Freedman ML, Myers SR, Pike MC, Waliszewska A, Neubauer J, Tandon A, Schirmer C, McDonald GJ, Greenway SC, Stram DO, Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Frasco M, Wong D, Pooler LC, Ardlie K, Oakley-Girvan I, Whittemore AS, Cooney KA, John EM, Ingles SA, Altshuler D, Henderson BE, Reich D (2007) Multiple regions within 8q24 independently affect risk for prostate cancer. Nat Genet 39:638-644
160. Hainaut P, Boyle P (2008) Curbing the liver cancer epidemic in Africa. Lancet 371:367-368
161. Haldane J (1949) The rate of mutation of human genes. Proceedings of the 8th international congress of genetics Hereditas 35(Suppl):267-273
162. Hamblin MT, Di Rienzo A (2000) Detection of the signature of natural selection in humans: Evidence from the Duffy blood group locus. Am J Hum Genet 66:1669-1679
163. Hamblin MT, Thompson EE, Di Rienzo A (2002) Complex signatures of natural selection at the Duffy blood group locus. Am J Hum Genet 70:369-383
164. Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Redd AJ, Jarjanazi H, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Soodyall H, Zegura SL (2001) Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity. Mol Biol Evol 18:1189-1203
165. Hansen DS, D'Ombrain MC, Schofield L (2007) The role of leukocytes bearing Natural Killer Complex receptors and Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors in the immunology of malaria. Curr Opin Immunol 19:416-423
166. Hassen E, Farhat K, Gabbouj S, Jalbout M, Bouaouina N, Chouchane L (2007) TAP1 gene polymorphisms and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk in a Tunisian population. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 175:41-46
167. Hayney MS, Poland GA, Jacobson RM, Schaid DJ, Lipsky JJ (1996) The influence of the HLA-DRB1*13 allele on measles vaccine response. J Investig Med 44:261-263
168. Hayney MS, Poland GA, Dimanlig P, Schaid DJ, Jacobson RM, Lipsky JJ (1997) Polymorphisms of the TAP2 gene may influence antibody response to live measles vaccine virus. Vaccine 15:3-6
169. He H, Isnard A, Kouriba B, Cabantous S, Dessein A, Doumbo O, Chevillard C (2008) A STAT6 gene polymorphism is associated with high infection levels in urinary schistosomiasis. Genes Immun 9(3):195-206
170. Heath PT (1998) Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines: A review of efficacy data. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17:S117-S122
171. Helgadottir A, Manolescu A, Helgason A, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gudbjartsson DF, Gretarsdottir S, Magnusson KP, Gudmundsson G, Hicks A, Jonsson T, Grant SF, Sainz J, O'Brien SJ, Sveinbjornsdottir S, Valdimarsson EM, Matthiasson SE, Levey AI, Abramson JL, Reilly MP, Vaccarino V, Wolfe ML, Gudnason V, Quyyumi AA, Topol EJ, Rader DJ, Thorgeirsson G, Gulcher JR, Hakonarson H, Kong A, Stefansson K (2006) A variant of the gene encoding leukotriene A4 hydrolase confers ethnicity-specific risk of myocardial infarction. Nat Genet 38:68-74
172. Helgason A, Palsson S, Thorleifsson G, Grant SF, Emilsson V, Gunnarsdottir S, Adeyemo A, Chen Y, Chen G, Reynisdottir I, Benediktsson R, Hinney A, Hansen T, Andersen G, Borch-Johnsen K, Jorgensen T, Schafer H, Faruque M, Doumatey A, Zhou J, Wilensky RL, Reilly MP, Rader DJ, Bagger Y, Christiansen C, Sigurdsson G, Hebebrand J, Pedersen O, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gulcher JR, Kong A, Rotimi C, Stefansson K (2007) Refining the impact of TCF7L2 gene variants on type 2 diabetes and adaptive evolution. Nat Genet 39:218-225
173. Hennig BJ, Fielding K, Broxholme J, Diatta M, Mendy M, Moore C, Pollard AJ, Rayco-Solon P, Sirugo G, van der Sande MA, Waight P, Whittle HC, Zaman SM, Hill AV, Hall AJ (2008) Host genetic factors and vaccine-induced immunity to hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS One 3:e1898
174. Henri S, Chevillard C, Mergani A, Paris P, Gaudart J, Camilla C, Dessein H, Montero F, Elwali NE, Saeed OK, Magzoub M, Dessein AJ (2002) Cytokine regulation of periportal fibrosis in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni: IFN-gamma is associated with protection against fibrosis and TNF-alpha with aggravation of disease. J Immunol 169:929-936
175. Herb F, Thye T, Niemann S, Browne EN, Chinbuah MA, Gyapong J, Osei I, Owusu-Dabo E, Werz O, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Horstmann RD, Meyer CG (2008) ALOX5 variants associated with susceptibility to human pulmonary tuberculosis. Hum Mol Genet 17:1052-1060
176. Hill AV (2006) Aspects of genetic susceptibility to human infectious diseases. Annu Rev Genet 40:469-486
177. Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Kwiatkowski D, Anstey NM, Twumasi P, Rowe PA, Bennett S, Brewster D, McMichael AJ, Greenwood BM (1991) Common west African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria. Nature 352:595-600
178. Hoal EG, Lewis LA, Jamieson SE, Tanzer F, Rossouw M, Victor T, Hillerman R, Beyers N, Blackwell JM, Van Helden PD (2004) SLC11A1 (NRAMP1) but not SLC11A2 (NRAMP2) polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in a high-incidence community in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8:1464-1471
179. Hobbs MR, Udhayakumar V, Levesque MC, Booth J, Roberts JM, Tkachuk AN, Pole A, Coon H, Kariuki S, Nahlen BL, Mwaikambo ED, Lal AL, Granger DL, Anstey NM, Weinberg JB (2002) A new NOS2 promoter polymorphism associated with increased nitric oxide production and protection from severe malaria in Tanzanian and Kenyan children. Lancet 360:1468-1475
180. Hohler T, Reuss E, Evers N, Dietrich E, Rittner C, Freitag CM, Vollmar J, Schneider PM, Fimmers R (2002) Differential genetic determination of immune responsiveness to hepatitis B surface antigen and to hepatitis A virus: A vaccination study in twins. Lancet 360:991-995
181. Hohler T, Reuss E, Freitag CM, Schneider PM (2005) A functional polymorphism in the IL-10 promoter influences the response after vaccination with HBsAg and hepatitis A. Hepatology 42:72-76
182. Horikawa Y, Oda N, Cox NJ, Li X, Orho-Melander M, Hara M, Hinokio Y, Lindner TH, Mashima H, Schwarz PE, del Bosque-Plata L, Horikawa Y, Oda Y, Yoshiuchi I, Colilla S, Polonsky KS, Wei S, Concannon P, Iwasaki N, Schulze J, Baier LJ, Bogardus C, Groop L, Boerwinkle E, Hanis CL, Bell GI (2000) Genetic variation in the gene encoding calpain-10 is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Genet 26:163-175
183. Ibrahim ME, Lambson B, Yousif AO, Deifalla NS, Alnaiem DA, Ismail A, Yousif H, Ghalib HW, Khalil EA, Kadaro A, Barker DC, El Hassan AM (1999) Kala-azar in a high transmission focus: An ethnic and geographic dimension. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61:941-944
184. Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim SC, Gomez A, Rodriguez-Antona C (2007) Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: Pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther 116:496-526
185. Jacobson RM, Poland GA (2004) The genetic basis for measles vaccine failure. Acta Paediatr Suppl 93:43-46
186. Jennes W, Verheyden S, Demanet C, Dje-Toure CA, Vuylsteke B, Nkengasong JN, Kestens L (2006) Cutting edge: Resistance to HIV-1 infection among African female sex workers is associated with inhibitory KIR in the absence of their HLA ligands. J Immunol 177:6588-6592
187. Jepson A, Sisay-Joof F, Banya W, Hassan-King M, Frodsham A, Bennett S, Hill AV, Whittle H (1997) Genetic linkage of mild malaria to the major histocompatibility complex in Gambian children: Study of affected sibling pairs. BMJ 315:96-97
188. Jepson A, Fowler A, Banya W, Singh M, Bennett S, Whittle H, Hill AV (2001) Genetic regulation of acquired immune responses to antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A study of twins in West Africa. Infect Immun 69:3989-3994
189. Ji L, Malecki M, Warram JH, Yang Y, Rich SS, Krolewski AS (1997) New susceptibility locus for NIDDM is localized to human chromosome 20q. Diabetes 46:876-881
190. Khakoo SI, Thio CL, Martin MP, Brooks CR, Gao X, Astemborski J, Cheng J, Goedert JJ, Vlahov D, Hilgartner M, Cox S, Little AM, Alexander GJ, Cramp ME, O'Brien SJ, Rosenberg WM, Thomas DL, Carrington M (2004) HLA and NK cell inhibitory receptor genes in resolving hepatitis C virus infection. Science 305:872-874
191. Khedhaier A, Remadi S, Corbex M, Ahmed SB, Bouaouina N, Mestiri S, Azaiez R, Helal AN, Chouchane L (2003) Glutathione S-transferases (GSTT1 and GSTM1) gene deletions in Tunisians: Susceptibility and prognostic implications in breast carcinoma. Br J Cancer 89:1502-1507
192. Khor CC, Chapman SJ, Vannberg FO, Dunne A, Murphy C, Ling EY, Frodsham AJ, Walley AJ, Kyrieleis O, Khan A, Aucan C, Segal S, Moore CE, Knox K, Campbell SJ, Lienhardt C, Scott A, Aaby P, Sow OY, Grignani RT, Sillah J, Sirugo G, Peshu N, Williams TN, Maitland K, Davies RJ, Kwiatkowski DP, Day NP, Yala D, Crook DW, Marsh K, Berkley JA, O'Neill LA, Hill AV (2007a) A Mal functional variant is associated with protection against invasive pneumococcal disease, bacteremia, malaria and tuberculosis. Nat Genet 39:523-528
193. Khor CC, Vannberg FO, Chapman SJ, Walley A, Aucan C, Loke H, White NJ, Peto T, Khor LK, Kwiatkowski D, Day N, Scott A, Berkley JA, Marsh K, Peshu N, Maitland K, Williams TN, Hill AV (2007b) Positive replication and linkage disequilibrium mapping of the chromosome 21q22.1 malaria susceptibility locus. Genes Immun 8:570-576
194. Kimani J, Kaul R, Nagelkerke NJ, Luo M, MacDonald KS, Ngugi E, Fowke KR, Ball BT, Kariri A, Ndinya-Achola J, Plummer FA (2008) Reduced rates of HIV acquisition during unprotected sex by Kenyan female sex workers predating population declines in HIV prevalence. AIDS 22:131-137
195. Kimman TG, Vandebriel RJ, Hoebee B (2007) Genetic variation in the response to vaccination. Community Genet 10:201-217
196. Kirchheiner J, Brosen K, Dahl ML, Gram LF, Kasper S, Roots I, Sjoqvist F, Spina E, Brockmoller J (2001) CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype-based dose recommendations for antidepressants: A first step towards subpopulation-specific dosages. Acta Psychiatr Scand 104:173-192
197. Kirk GD, Camus-Randon AM, Mendy M, Goedert JJ, Merle P, Trepo C, Brechot C, Hainaut P, Montesano R (2000) Ser-249 p53 mutations in plasma DNA of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma from The Gambia. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:148-153
198. Kirk GD, Lesi OA, Mendy M, Szymanska K, Whittle H, Goedert JJ, Hainaut P, Montesano R (2005a) 249(ser) TP53 mutation in plasma DNA, hepatitis B viral infection, and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 24:5858-5867
199. Kirk GD, Turner PC, Gong Y, Lesi OA, Mendy M, Goedert JJ, Hall AJ, Whittle H, Hainaut P, Montesano R, Wild CP (2005b) Hepatocellular carcinoma and polymorphisms in carcinogen-metabolizing and DNA repair enzymes in a population with aflatoxin exposure and hepatitis B virus endemicity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:373-379
200. Kirk GD, Bah E, Montesano R (2006) Molecular epidemiology of human liver cancer: Insights into etiology, pathogenesis and prevention from The Gambia, West Africa. Carcinogenesis 27:2070-2082
201. Kittles RA, Young D, Weinrich S, Hudson J, Argyropoulos G, Ukoli F, Adams-Campbell L, Dunston GM (2001) Extent of linkage disequilibrium between the androgen receptor gene CAG and GGC repeats in human populations: Implications for prostate cancer risk. Hum Genet 109:253-261
202. Kittles RA, Chen W, Panguluri RK, Ahaghotu C, Jackson A, Adebamowo CA, Griffin R, Williams T, Ukoli F, Adams-Campbell L, Kwagyan J, Isaacs W, Freeman V, Dunston GM (2002) CYP3A4-V and prostate cancer in African Americans: Causal or confounding association because of population stratification? Hum Genet 110:553-560
203. Klein K, Lang T, Saussele T, Barbosa-Sicard E, Schunck WH, Eichelbaum M, Schwab M, Zanger UM (2005) Genetic variability of CYP2B6 in populations of African and Asian origin: Allele frequencies, novel functional variants, and possible implications for anti-HIV therapy with efavirenz. Pharmacogenet Genomics 15:861-873
204. Klupa T, Malecki MT, Pezzolesi M, Ji L, Curtis S, Langefeld CD, Rich SS, Warram JH, Krolewski AS (2000) Further evidence for a susceptibility locus for type 2 diabetes on chromosome 20q13.1-q13.2. Diabetes 49:2212-2216
205. Knight JC, Udalova I, Hill AV, Greenwood BM, Peshu N, Marsh K, Kwiatkowski D (1999) A polymorphism that affects OCT-1 binding to the TNF promoter region is associated with severe malaria. Nat Genet 22:145-150
206. Koch O, Awomoyi A, Usen S, Jallow M, Richardson A, Hull J, Pinder M, Newport M, Kwiatkowski D (2002) IFNGR1 gene promoter polymorphisms and susceptibility to cerebral malaria. J Infect Dis 185:1684-1687
207. Kohle C, Mohrle B, Munzel PA, Schwab M, Wernet D, Badary OA, Bock KW (2003) Frequent co-occurrence of the TATA box mutation associated with Gilbert's syndrome (UGT1A1®28) with other polymorphisms of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-1 locus (UGT1A6®2 and UGT1A7®3) in Caucasians and Egyptians. Biochem Pharmacol 65:1521-1527
208. Konradsen HB, Henrichsen J, Wachmann H, Holm N (1993) The influence of genetic factors on the immune response as judged by pneumococcal vaccination of mono- and dizygotic Caucasian twins. Clin Exp Immunol 92:532-536
209. Konradsen HB, Oxelius VA, Hahn-Zoric M, Hanson LA (1994) The importance of G1 m and 2 allotypes for the IgG2 antibody levels and avidity against pneumococcal polysaccharide type 1 within mono- and dizygotic twin-pairs. Scand J Immunol 40:251-256
210. Koram KA, Molyneux ME (2007) When is "malaria" malaria? The different burdens of malaria infection, malaria disease, and malaria-like illnesses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77:1-5
211. Kouriba B, Chevillard C, Bream JH, Argiro L, Dessein H, Arnaud V, Sangare L, Dabo A, Beavogui AH, Arama C, Traoré HA, Doumbo O, Dessein A (2005) Analysis of the 5q31-q33 locus shows an association between IL13-1055C/T IL-13-591A/G polymorphisms and Schistosoma haematobium infections. J Immunol 174:6274-6281
212. Kruger A, Adams P, Hammer J, Bocher WO, Schneider PM, Rittner C, Hoehler T (2005) Hepatitis B surface antigen presentation and HLA-DRB1*-lessons from twins and peptide binding studies. Clin Exp Immunol 140:325-332
213. Kuhn L, Schramm DB, Donninger S, Meddows-Taylor S, Coovadia AH, Sherman GG, Gray GE, Tiemessen CT (2007) African infants' CCL3 gene copies influence perinatal HIV transmission in the absence of maternal nevirapine. AIDS 21:1753-1761
214. Kun JF, Mordmuller B, Perkins DJ, May J, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Alpers M, Weinberg JB, Kremsner PG (2001) Nitric oxide synthase 2(Lambarene) (G-954C), increased nitric oxide production, and protection against malaria. J Infect Dis 184:330-336
215. Kwiatkowski DP (2005) How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria. Am J Hum Genet 77:171-192
216. Lahr MM, Foley RA (1998) Towards a theory of modern human origins: geography, demography and diversity on recent human evolution. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 41:137-176
217. Lama J, Planelles V (2007) Host factors influencing susceptibility to HIV infection and AIDS progression. Retrovirology 4:52
218. Lee YC, Newport MJ, Goetghebuer T, Siegrist CA, Weiss HA, Pollard AJ, Marchant A (2006) Influence of genetic and environmental factors on the immunogenicity of Hib vaccine in Gambian twins. Vaccine 24:5335-5340
219. Lessells RJ, Cooke GS (2008) Effect of the HIV epidemic on liver cancer in Africa. Lancet 371:1504
220. Levesque MC, Hobbs MR, Anstey NM, Vaughn TN, Chancellor JA, Pole A, Perkins DJ, Misukonis MA, Chanock SJ, Granger DL, Weinberg JB (1999) Nitric oxide synthase type 2 promoter polymorphisms, nitric oxide production, and disease severity in Tanzanian children with malaria. J Infect Dis 180:1994-2002
221. Lewallen S, Courtright P (2001) Blindness in Africa: Present situation and future needs. Br J Ophthalmol 85:897-903
222. Li CM, Campbell SJ, Kumararatne DS, Bellamy R, Ruwende C, McAdam KP, Hill AV, Lammas DA (2002) Association of a polymorphism in the P2X7 gene with tuberculosis in a Gambian population. J Infect Dis 186:1458-1462
223. Li D, Dandara C, Parker MI (2005) Association of cytochrome P450 2E1 genetic polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Clin Chem Lab Med 43:370-375
224. Li J, Cowden LG, King JD, Briles DA, Schroeder HW Jr, Stevens AB, Perry RT, Chen Z, Simmons MS, Wiener HW, Tiwari HK, Harrell LE, Go RC (2007a) Effects of chronic stress and interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms on antibody response to tetanus vaccine in family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychosom Med 69:551-559
225. Li X, Ghandri N, Piancatelli D, Adams S, Chen D, Robbins FM, Wang E, Monaco A, Selleri S, Bouaouina N, Stroncek D, Adorno D, Chouchane L, Marincola FM (2007b) Associations between HLA class I alleles and the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) among Tunisians. J Transl Med 5:22
226. Lin T, Chen C, Wu M, Yang C, Chen J, Lin C, Kwang T, Hsu S, Lin S, Hsu L (1989) Hepatitis B virus markers in Chinese twins. Anticancer Res 9:737-741
227. Lin P, Koutsky LA, Critchlow CW, Apple RJ, Hawes SE, Hughes JP, Toure P, Dembele A, Kiviat NB (2001) HLA class II DR-DQ and increased risk of cervical cancer among Senegalese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:1037-1045
228. Lindemann M, Barsegian V, Siffert W, Ferencik S, Roggendorf M, Grosse-Wilde H (2002) Role of G protein beta3 subunit C825T and HLA class II polymorphisms in the immune response after HBV vaccination. Virology 297:245-252
229. Liu H, Prugnolle F, Manica A, Balloux F (2006) A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history. Am J Hum Genet 79:230-237
230. Livingstone FB (1984) The Duffy blood groups, vivax malaria, and malaria selection in human populations: A review. Hum Biol 56:413-425
231. Lombard Z, Dalton DL, Venter PA, Williams RC, Bornman L (2006) Association of HLA-DR, -DQ, and vitamin D receptor alleles and haplotypes with tuberculosis in the Venda of South Africa. Hum Immunol 67:643-654
232. Loock M, Steyn K, Becker P, Fourie J (2006) Coronary heart disease and risk factors in Black South Africans: A case-control study. Ethn Dis 16:872-879
233. Lopez-Vazquez A, Mina-Blanco A, Martinez-Borra J, Njobvu PD, Suarez-Alvarez B, Blanco-Gelaz MA, Gonzalez S, Rodrigo L, Lopez-Larrea C (2005) Interaction between KIR3DL1 and HLA-B*57 supertype alleles influences the progression of HIV-1 infection in a Zambian population. Hum Immunol 66:285-289
234. Louagie H, Delanghe J, Desombere I, De Buyzere M, Hauser P, Leroux-Roels G (1993) Haptoglobin polymorphism and the immune response after hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine 11:1188-1190
235. Lucas A, Nolan D, Mallal S (2007) HLA-B*5701 screening for susceptibility to abacavir hypersensitivity. J Antimicrob Chemother 59:591-593
236. Luoni G, Verra F, Arca B, Sirima BS, Troye-Blomberg M, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D (2001) Antimalarial antibody levels and IL4 polymorphism in the Fulani of West Africa. Genes Immun 2:411-414
237. Ma L, Marmor M, Zhong P, Ewane L, Su B, Nyambi P (2005) Distribution of CCR2-64I and SDF1-3′A alleles and HIV status in 7 ethnic populations of Cameroon. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 40:89-95
238. MacDonald KS, Fowke KR, Kimani J, Dunand VA, Nagelkerke NJ, Ball TB, Oyugi J, Njagi E, Gaur LK, Brunham RC, Wade J, Luscher MA, Krausa P, Rowland-Jones S, Ngugi E, Bwayo JJ, Plummer FA (2000) Influence of HLA supertypes on susceptibility and resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 181:1581-1589
239. Mackinnon MJ, Mwangi TW, Snow RW, Marsh K, Williams TN (2005) Heritability of malaria in Africa. PLoS Med 2:e340
240. Magoha GA (2007) Overview of prostate cancer in indigenous black Africans and blacks of African ancestry in diaspora 1935-2007. East Afr Med J 84:S3-S11
241. Malik S, Greenwood CM, Eguale T, Kifle A, Beyene J, Habte A, Tadesse A, Gebrexabher H, Britton S, Schurr E (2006) Variants of the SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 genes and susceptibility to tuberculosis in Ethiopia. Hum Genet 118:752-759
242. Mangano VD, Luoni G, Rockett KA, Sirima BS, Konate A, Forton J, Clark TG, Bancone G, Akha ES, Kwiatkowski DP, Modiano D (2008) Interferon regulatory factor-1 polymorphisms are associated with the control of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Genes Immun (in press)
243. Marchant A, Pihlgren M, Goetghebuer T, Weiss HA, Ota MO, Schlegel-Hauter SE, Whittle H, Lambert PH, Newport MJ, Siegrist CA (2006) Predominant influence of environmental determinants on the persistence and avidity maturation of antibody responses to vaccines in infants. J Infect Dis 193:1598-1605
244. Marquet S, Abel L, Hillaire D, Dessein H, Kalil J, Feingold J, Weissenbach J, Dessein AJ (1996) Genetic localization of a locus controlling the intensity of infection by Schistosoma mansoni on chromosome 5q31-q33. Nat Genet 14:181-184
245. Marquet S, Doumbo O, Cabantous S, Poudiougou B, Argiro L, Safeukui I, Konate S, Sissoko S, Chevereau E, Traore A, Keita MM, Chevillard C, Abel L, Dessein AJ (2008) A functional promoter variant in IL12B predisposes to cerebral malaria. Hum Mol Genet (in press)
246. Martin MP, Carrington M (2005) Immunogenetics of viral infections. Curr Opin Immunol 17:510-516
247. Martin MP, Gao X, Lee JH, Nelson GW, Detels R, Goedert JJ, Buchbinder S, Hoots K, Vlahov D, Trowsdale J, Wilson M, O'Brien SJ, Carrington M (2002) Epistatic interaction between KIR3DS1 and HLA-B delays the progression to AIDS. Nat Genet 31:429-434
248. Masimirembwa CM, Hasler JA (1997) Genetic polymorphism of drug metabolising enzymes in African populations: Implications for the use of neuroleptics and antidepressants. Brain Res Bull 44:561-571
249. Masimirembwa C, Bertilsson L, Johansson I, Hasler JA, Ingelman-Sundberg M (1995) Phenotyping and genotyping of S-mephenytoin hydroxylase (cytochrome P450 2C19) in a Shona population of Zimbabwe. Clin Pharmacol Ther 57:656-661
250. Masimirembwa C, Persson I, Bertilsson L, Hasler J, Ingelman-Sundberg M (1996) A novel mutant variant of the CYP2D6 gene (CYP2D6*17) common in a black African population: Association with diminished debrisoquine hydroxylase activity. Br J Clin Pharmacol 42:713-719
251. Matimba A, Oluka MN, Ebeshi BU, Sayi J, Bolaji OO, Guantai AN, Masimirembwa CM (2008) Establishment of a biobank and pharmacogenetics database of African populations. Eur J Hum Genet (in press)
252. Matte C, Lajoie J, Lacaille J, Zijenah LS, Ward BJ, Roger M (2004) Functionally active HLA-G polymorphisms are associated with the risk of heterosexual HIV-1 infection in African women. AIDS 18:427-431
253. McDougall I, Brown FH, Fleagle JG (2005) Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 433:733-736
254. McGuire W, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D (1994) Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature 371:508-510
255. Meisner SJ, Mucklow S, Warner G, Sow SO, Lienhardt C, Hill AV (2001) Association of NRAMP1 polymorphism with leprosy type but not susceptibility to leprosy per se in west Africans. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65:733-735
256. Meyer CG, May J, Luty AJ, Lell B, Kremsner PG (2002) TNFalpha-308A associated with shorter intervals of Plasmodium falciparum reinfections. Tissue Antigens 59:287-292
257. Migot-Nabias F, Mombo LE, Luty AJ, Dubois B, Nabias R, Bisseye C, Millet P, Lu CY, Deloron P (2000) Human genetic factors related to susceptibility to mild malaria in Gabon. Genes Immun 1:435-441
258. Migot-Nabias F, Pelleau S, Watier L, Guitard J, Toly C, De AC, Ngom MI, Chevillard C, Gaye O, Garcia A (2006) Red blood cell polymorphisms in relation to Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic parasite densities and morbidity in Senegal. Microbes Infect 8:2352-2358
259. Milich DR, Leroux-Roels GG (2003) Immunogenetics of the response to HBsAg vaccination. Autoimmun Rev 2:248-257
260. Miller EN, Fadl M, Mohamed HS, Elzein A, Jamieson SE, Cordell HJ, Peacock CS, Fakiola M, Raju M, Khalil EA, Elhassan A, Musa AM, Ibrahim ME, Blackwell JM (2007) Y chromosome lineage- and village-specific genes on chromosomes 1p22 and 6q27 control visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan. PLoS Genet 3:e71
261. Mockenhaupt FP, Cramer JP, Hamann L, Stegemann MS, Eckert J, Oh NR, Otchwemah RN, Dietz E, Ehrhardt S, Schroder NW, Bienzle U, Schumann RR (2006) Toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms in African children: common TLR-4 variants predispose to severe malaria. J Commun Dis 38:230-245
262. Modiano D, Petrarca V, Sirima BS, Nebie I, Diallo D, Esposito F, Coluzzi M (1996) Different response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in west African sympatric ethnic groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:13206-13211
263. Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Lanfrancotti A, Petrarca V, Cruciani F, Simpore J, Ciminelli BM, Foglietta E, Grisanti P, Bianco I, Modiano G, Coluzzi M (2001a) The lower susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria of Fulani of Burkina Faso (west Africa) is associated with low frequencies of classic malaria-resistance genes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95:149-152
264. Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Simpore J, Verra F, Konate A, Rastrelli E, Olivieri A, Calissano C, Paganotti GM, D'Urbano L, Sanou I, Sawadogo A, Modiano G, Coluzzi M (2001b) Haemoglobin C protects against clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 414:305-308
265. Modiano D, Bancone G, Ciminelli BM, Pompei F, Blot I, Simpore J, Modiano G (2008) Haemoglobin S and haemoglobin C: 'quick but costly' versus 'slow but gratis' genetic adaptations to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Hum Mol Genet (in press)
266. Mohamed HS, Ibrahim ME, Miller EN, Peacock CS, Khalil EA, Cordell HJ, Howson JM, El Hassan AM, Bereir RE, Blackwell JM (2003) Genetic susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in The Sudan: Linkage and association with IL4 and IFNGR1. Genes Immun 4:351-355
267. Mohamed HS, Ibrahim ME, Miller EN, White JK, Cordell HJ, Howson JM, Peacock CS, Khalil EA, El Hassan AM, Blackwell JM (2004) SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) and susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in The Sudan. Eur J Hum Genet 12:66-74
268. Mokni-Baizig N, Ayed K, Ayed FB, Ayed S, Sassi F, Ladgham A, Bel Hadj O, El MA (2001) Association between HLA-A/-B antigens and -DRB1 alleles and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Tunisia. Oncology 61:55-58
269. Moller M, Kwiatkowski R, Nebel A, Van Helden PD, Hoal EG, Schreiber S (2007a) Allelic variation in BTNL2 and susceptibility to tuberculosis in a South African population. Microbes Infect 9:522-528
270. Moller M, Nebel A, Kwiatkowski R, Van Helden PD, Hoal EG, Schreiber S (2007b) Host susceptibility to tuberculosis: CARD15 polymorphisms in a South African population. Mol Cell Probes 21:148-151
271. Mombo LE, Lu CY, Ossari S, Bedjabaga I, Sica L, Krishnamoorthy R, Lapoumeroulie C (2003a) Mannose-binding lectin alleles in sub-Saharan Africans and relation with susceptibility to infections. Genes Immun 4:362-367
272. Mombo LE, Ntoumi F, Bisseye C, Ossari S, Lu CY, Nagel RL, Krishnamoorthy R (2003b) Human genetic polymorphisms and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gabonese schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68:186-190
273. Monemi S, Spaeth G, DaSilva A, Popinchalk S, Ilitchev E, Liebmann J, Ritch R, Heon E, Crick RP, Child A, Sarfarazi M (2005) Identification of a novel adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) gene on 5q22.1. Hum Mol Genet 14:725-733
274. Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppée JY, Lacroix C, Sow S, Spencer JS, Truman RW, Williams DL, Gelber R, Virmond M, Flageul B, Cho SN, Ji B, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Convit J, Young S, Fine PE, Rasolofo V, Brennan PJ, Cole ST (2005) On the origin of leprosy. Science 308:1040-1042
275. Montesano R, Hainaut P, Wild CP (1997) Hepatocellular carcinoma: From gene to public health. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1844-1851
276. Morahan G, Boutlis CS, Huang D, Pain A, Saunders JR, Hobbs MR, Granger DL, Weinberg JB, Peshu N, Mwaikambo ED, Marsh K, Roberts DJ, Anstey NM (2002) A promoter polymorphism in the gene encoding interleukin-12 p40 (IL12B) is associated with mortality from cerebral malaria and with reduced nitric oxide production. Genes Immun 3:414-418
277. Mori Y, Otabe S, Dina C, Yasuda K, Populaire C, Lecoeur C, Vatin V, Durand E, Hara K, Okada T, Tobe K, Boutin P, Kadowaki T, Froguel P (2002) Genome-wide search for type 2 diabetes in Japanese affected sib-pairs confirms susceptibility genes on 3q, 15q, and 20q and identifies two new candidate loci on 7p and 11p. Diabetes 51:1247-1255
278. Mostafa MH, Sheweita SA, O'Connor PJ (1999) Relationship between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:97-111
279. Motala AA (2002) Diabetes trends in Africa. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 18(Suppl 3):S14-S20
280. Müller-Myhsok B, Stelma FF, Gissé-Sow F, Muntau B, Thye T, Burchard GD, Gryseels B, Horstmann RD (1997) Further evidence suggesting the presence of a locus, on human chromosome 5q31-q33, influencing the intensity of infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Hum Genet 61:452-4
281. Musher DM, Groover JE, Watson DA, Pandey JP, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Baughn RE, Pollack MS, Graviss EA, de Andrade M, Amos CI (1997) Genetic regulation of the capacity to make immunoglobulin G to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides. J Investig Med 45:57-68
282. Musher DM, Watson DA, Baughn RE (2000) Genetic control of the immunologic response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides. Vaccine 19:623-627
283. Mutapi F, Winborn G, Midzi N, Taylor M, Mduluza T, Maizels RM (2007) Cytokine responses to Schistosoma haematobium in a Zimbabwean population: Contrasting profiles for IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 with age. BMC Infect Dis 7:139
284. Nadel B, Tang A, Lugo G, Love V, Escuro G, Feeney AJ (1998) Decreased frequency of rearrangement due to the synergistic effect of nucleotide changes in the heptamer and nonamer of the recombination signal sequence of the V kappa gene A2b, which is associated with increased susceptibility of Navajos to Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. J Immunol 161:6068-6073
285. Nasr A, Iriemenam NC, Troye-Blomberg M, Giha HA, Balogun HA, Osman OF, Montgomery SM, ElGhazali G, Berzins K (2007) Fc gamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism and antibody responses to asexual blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Sudanese patients. Scand J Immunol 66:87-96
286. Natividad A, Wilson J, Koch O, Holland MJ, Rockett K, Faal N, Jallow O, Joof HM, Burton MJ, Alexander ND, Kwiatkowski DP, Mabey DC, Bailey RL (2005) Risk of trachomatous scarring and trichiasis in Gambians varies with SNP haplotypes at the interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 loci. Genes Immun 6:332-340
287. Natividad A, Cooke G, Holland MJ, Burton MJ, Joof HM, Rockett K, Kwiatkowski DP, Mabey DC, Bailey RL (2006) A coding polymorphism in matrix metalloproteinase 9 reduces risk of scarring sequelae of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection. BMC Med Genet 7:40
288. Natividad A, Hanchard N, Holland MJ, Mahdi OS, Diakite M, Rockett K, Jallow O, Joof HM, Kwiatkowski DP, Mabey DC, Bailey RL (2007) Genetic variation at the TNF locus and the risk of severe sequelae of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Gambians. Genes Immun 8:288-295
289. Natividad A, Holland MJ, Rockett KA, Forton J, Faal N, Joof HM, Mabey DC, Bailey RL, Kwiatkowski DP (2008) Susceptibility to sequelae of human ocular chlamydial infection associated with allelic variation in IL10 cis-regulation. Hum Mol Genet 17:323-329
290. Nejentsev S, Thye T, Szeszko JS, Stevens H, Balabanova Y, Chinbuah AM, Hibberd M, van de Vosse E, Alisjahbana B, van Crevel R, Ottenhoff TH, Png E, Drobniewski F, Todd JA, Seielstad M, Horstmann RD (2008) Analysis of association of the TIRAP (MAL) S180L variant and tuberculosis in three populations. Nat Genet 40:261-262
291. Ndiaye R, Sakuntabhai A, Casademont I, Rogier C, Tall A, Trape JF, Spiegel A, Dieye A, Julier C (2005) Genetic study of ICAM1 in clinical malaria in Senegal. Tissue Antigens 65:474-480
292. Ndung'u T, Gaseitsiwe S, Sepako E, Doualla-Bell F, Peter T, Kim S, Thior I, Novitsky VA, Essex M (2005) Major histocompatibility complex class II (HLA-DRB and -DQB) allele frequencies in Botswana: Association with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12:1020-1028
293. Neel JV (1953) Data pertaining to the population dynamics of sickle cell disease. Am J Hum Genet 5:154-167
294. Newport MJ, Allen A, Awomoyi AA, Dunstan SJ, McKinney E, Marchant A, Sirugo G (2004a) The toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly variant: No influence on LPS responsiveness or susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in The Gambia. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 84:347-352
295. Newport MJ, Goetghebuer T, Weiss HA, Whittle H, Siegrist CA, Marchant A (2004b) Genetic regulation of immune responses to vaccines in early life. Genes Immun 5:122-129
296. Newport MJ, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A (2005) Hunting for immune response regulatory genes: Vaccination studies in infant twins. Expert Rev Vaccines 4:739-746
297. Niesporek S, Meyer CG, Kremsner PG, May J (2005) Polymorphisms of transporter associated with antigen processing type 1 (TAP1), proteasome subunit beta type 9 (PSMB9) and their common promoter in African children with different manifestations of malaria. Int J Immunogenet 32:7-11
298. Nkeh B, Samani NJ, Badenhorst D, Libhaber E, Sareli P, Norton GR, Woodiwiss AJ (2003) T594 M variant of the epithelial sodium channel beta-subunit gene and hypertension in individuals of African ancestry in South Africa. Am J Hypertens 16:847-852
299. Novitsky V, Flores-Villanueva PO, Chigwedere P, Gaolekwe S, Bussman H, Sebetso G, Marlink R, Yunis EJ, Essex M (2001) Identification of most frequent HLA class I antigen specificities in Botswana: Relevance for HIV vaccine design. Hum Immunol 62:146-156
300. Ntoumi F, Kwiatkowski DP, Diakite M, Mutabingwa TK, Duffy PE (2007) New interventions for malaria: Mining the human and parasite genomes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77:270-275
301. Nyakutira C, Roshammar D, Chigutsa E, Chonzi P, Ashton M, Nhachi C, Masimirembwa C (2008) High prevalence of the CYP2B6 516G- > T(*6) variant and effect on the population pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in HIV/AIDS outpatients in Zimbabwe. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 64:357-365
302. Olesen R, Wejse C, Velez DR, Bisseye C, Sodemann M, Aaby P, Rabna P, Worwui A, Chapman H, Diatta M, Adegbola RA, Hill PC, Ostergaard L, Williams SM, Sirugo G (2007) DC-SIGN (CD209), pentraxin 3 and vitamin D receptor gene variants associate with pulmonary tuberculosis risk in West Africans. Genes Immun 8:456-467
303. Opie LH, Seedat YK (2005) Hypertension in sub-Saharan African populations. Circulation 112:3562-3568
304. Osafo-Addo AD, Koram KA, Oduro AR, Wilson M, Hodgson A, Rogers WO (2008) HLA-DRB1*04 allele is associated with severe malaria in northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78:251-255
305. Ottenhoff TH, Torres P, de las Aguas JT, Fernandez R, van Eden W, de Vries RR, Stanford JL (1986) Evidence for an HLA-DR4-associated immune-response gene for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A clue to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis? Lancet 2:310-313
306. Ouahchi K, Lindeman N, Lee C (2006) Copy number variants and pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics 7:25-29
307. Ouerhani S, Tebourski F, Ben Slama MR, Marrakchi R, Rabeh M, Hassine LB, Ayed M, El Gaaied AB (2006) The role of glutathione transferases M1 and T1 in individual susceptibility to bladder cancer in a Tunisian population. Ann Hum Biol 33:529-535
308. Ouerhani S, Oliveira E, Marrakchi R, Ben Slama MR, Sfaxi M, Ayed M, Chebil M, Amorim A, El Gaaied AB, Prata MJ (2007) Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and methionine synthase polymorphisms and risk of bladder cancer in a Tunisian population. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 176:48-53
309. Ouerhani S, Marrakchi R, Bouhaha R, Ben Slama MR, Sfaxi M, Ayed M, Chebil M, El Gaaied AB (2008) The role of CYP2D6*4 variant in bladder cancer susceptibility in Tunisian patients. Bull Cancer 95:E1-E4
310. Ouma C, Keller CC, Opondo DA, Were T, Otieno RO, Otieno MF, Orago AS, Ong'echa JM, Vulule JM, Ferrell RE, Perkins DJ (2006) Association of FCgamma receptor IIA (CD32) polymorphism with malarial anemia and high-density parasitemia in infants and young children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74:573-577
311. Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Poland GA (2004a) Variation in vaccine response in normal populations. Pharmacogenomics 5:417-427
312. Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Vierkant RA, Shane Pankratz V, Jacobsen SJ, Poland GA (2004b) Associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and very high levels of measles antibody following vaccination. Vaccine 22:1914-1920
313. Ovsyannikova IG, Johnson KL, Muddiman DC, Vierkant RA, Poland GA (2004c) Identification and characterization of novel, naturally processed measles virus class II HLA-DRB1 peptides. J Virol 78:42-51
314. Ovsyannikova IG, Poland GA, Easler NJ, Vierkant RA (2004d) Influence of HLA-DRB1 alleles on lymphoproliferative responses to a naturally processed and presented measles virus phosphoprotein in measles immunized individuals. Hum Immunol 65:209-217
315. Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Ryan JE, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Jacobsen SJ, Poland GA (2005a) HLA class II alleles and measles virus-specific cytokine immune response following two doses of measles vaccine. Immunogenetics 56:798-807
316. Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Vierkant RA, Jacobsen SJ, Pankratz VS, Poland GA (2005b) Human leukocyte antigen class II alleles and rubella-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity following measles-mumps-rubella-II vaccination. J Infect Dis 191:515-519
317. Ovsyannikova IG, Ryan JE, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Jacobson RM, Poland GA (2005c) Immunologic significance of HLA class I genes in measles virus-specific IFN-gamma and IL-4 cytokine immune responses. Immunogenetics 57:828-836
318. Ovsyannikova IG, Dhiman N, Jacobson RM, Poland GA (2006a) Human leukocyte antigen polymorphisms: Variable humoral immune responses to viral vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 5:33-43
319. Ovsyannikova IG, Pankratz VS, Vierkant RA, Jacobson RM, Poland GA (2006b) Human leukocyte antigen haplotypes in the genetic control of immune response to measle-mumps-rubella vaccine. J Infect Dis 193:655-663
320. Ovsyannikova IG, Vierkant RA, Poland GA (2006c) Importance of HLA-DQ and HLA-DP polymorphisms in cytokine responses to naturally processed HLA-DR-derived measles virus peptides. Vaccine 24:5381-5389
321. Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Dhiman N, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Poland GA (2007a) HLA homozygosity does not adversely affect measles vaccine-induced cytokine responses. Virology 364:87-94
322. Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Poland GA (2007b) HLA supertypes and immune responses to measles-mumps-rubella viral vaccine: Findings and implications for vaccine design. Vaccine 25:3090-3100
323. Pain A, Urban B, Kai O, Casals-Pascual C, Shafi J, Marsh K, Roberts JM (2001) A non-sense mutation in Cd36 gene is associated with protection from severe malaria. Lancet 357:1502-1503
324. Parikh S, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ (2004) Host polymorphisms and the incidence of malaria in Ugandan children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71:750-753
325. Parkin D, Ferlay J, Hamdi-Cherif M, Sistas F, Thomas J, Wabinga H (2003) Cancer in Africa:ePidemiology and prevention. IARC PRESS, Lyon
326. Passarino G, Semino O, Quintana-Murci L, Excoffier L, Hammer M, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS (1998) Different genetic components in the Ethiopian population, identified by mtDNA and Y-chromosome polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet 62:420-434
327. Pasvol G (2006) Does alpha+-thalassaemia protect against malaria? PLoS Med 3:e235
328. Patel M, Wadee AA, Galpin J, Gavalakis C, Fourie AM, Kuschke RH, Philip V (2002) HLA class I and class II antigens associated with multiple myeloma in southern Africa. Clin Lab Haematol 24:215-219
329. Pearce EJ, Kane CM, Sun J, Taylor JJ, McKee AS, Cervi L (2004) Th2 response polarization during infection with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Immunol Rev 201:117-126
330. Petersen DC, Glashoff RH, Shrestha S, Bergeron J, Laten A, Gold B, van Rensburg EJ, Dean M, Hayes VM (2005) Risk for HIV-1 infection associated with a common CXCL12 (SDF1) polymorphism and CXCR4 variation in an African population. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 40:521-526
331. Poland GA (1998) Variability in immune response to pathogens: Using measles vaccine to probe immunogenetic determinants of response. Am J Hum Genet 62:215-220
332. Poland GA, Jacobson RM (1998) The genetic basis for variation in antibody response to vaccines. Curr Opin Pediatr 10:208-215
333. Poland GA, Jacobson RM, Colbourne SA, Thampy AM, Lipsky JJ, Wollan PC, Roberts P, Jacobsen SJ (1999) Measles antibody seroprevalence rates among immunized Inuit, Innu and Caucasian subjects. Vaccine 17:1525-1531
334. Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Smith DI (2007) Heterogeneity in vaccine immune response: The role of immunogenetics and the emerging field of vaccinomics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 82:653-664
335. Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Vierkant RA, Jacobsen SJ, Pankratz VS, Schaid DJ (2001a) Identification of an association between HLA class II alleles and low antibody levels after measles immunization. Vaccine 20:430-438
336. Poland GA, Sohni Y, Domanico M, Kroning CM, DeGoey SR, Jimale M, Jacobson RM, Moore SB (2001b) High frequency of HLA-A*0103 allele in a Somali population. Hum Immunol 62:197-200
337. Porter P (2008) "Westernizing" women's risks? Breast cancer in lower-income countries. N Engl J Med 358:213-216
338. Price EW (1990) Podoconiosis. Non-filarial elephantiasis. Oxford University Press, Oxford
339. Puumalainen T, Dagan R, Wuorimaa T, Zeta-Capeding R, Lucero M, Ollgren J, Kayhty H, Nohynek H (2003) Greater antibody responses to an eleven valent mixed carrier diphtheria- or tetanus-conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in Filipino than in Finnish or Israeli infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22:141-149
340. Quintana-Murci L, Semino O, Bandelt HJ, Passarino G, McElreavey K, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS (1999) Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa. Nat Genet 23:437-41
341. Quintana-Murci L, Alcaïs A, Abel L, Casanova JL (2007) Immunology in natura: Clinical, epidemiological and evolutionary genetics of infectious diseases. Nat Immunol 8:1165-1171
342. Rager-Zisman B, Bazarsky E, Skibin A, Tam G, Chamney S, Belmaker I, Shai I, Kordysh E, Griffin DE (2004) Differential immune responses to primary measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in Israeli children. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11:913-918
343. Ramaley PA, French N, Kaleebu P, Gilks C, Whitworth J, Hill AV (2002) HIV in Africa (Communication arising): Chemokine-receptor genes and AIDS risk. Nature 417:140
344. Ranque B, Alter A, Mira M, Thuc NV, Thai VH, Huong NT, Ba NN, Khoa PX, Schurr E, Abel L, Alcais A (2007) Genomewide linkage analysis of the granulomatous mitsuda reaction implicates chromosomal regions 2q35 and 17q21. J Infect Dis 196:1248-1252
345. Ranque B, Alter A, Schurr E, Abel L, Alcais A (2008) Leprosy: A paradigm for the study of human genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases. Med Sci 24:491-498
346. Rayner BL, Owen EP, King JA, Soule SG, Vreede H, Opie LH, Marais D, Davidson JS (2003) A new mutation, R563Q, of the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel associated with low-renin, low-aldosterone hypertension. J Hypertens 21:921-926
347. Reed FA, Tishkoff SA (2006) African human diversity, origins and migrations. Curr Opin Genet Dev 16:597-605
348. Remus N, El BJ, Fieschi C, Feinberg J, Quintin T, Chentoufi M, Schurr E, Benslimane A, Casanova JL, Abel L (2004) Association of IL12RB1 polymorphisms with pulmonary tuberculosis in adults in Morocco. J Infect Dis 190:580-587
349. Rennert H, Zeigler-Johnson CM, Addya K, Finley MJ, Walker AH, Spangler E, Leonard DG, Wein A, Malkowicz SB, Rebbeck TR (2005) Association of susceptibility alleles in ELAC2/HPC2, RNASEL/HPC1, and MSR1 with prostate cancer severity in European American and African American men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:949-957
350. Rihet P, Traore Y, Abel L, Aucan C, Traore-Leroux T, Fumoux F (1998) Malaria in humans: Plasmodium falciparum blood infection levels are linked to chromosome 5q31-q33. Am J Hum Genet 63:498-505
351. Rihet P, Flori L, Tall F, Traore AS, Fumoux F (2004) Hemoglobin C is associated with reduced Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia and low risk of mild malaria attack. Hum Mol Genet 13:1-6
352. Robbins C, Torres JB, Hooker S, Bonilla C, Hernandez W, Candreva A, Ahaghotu C, Kittles R, Carpten J (2007) Confirmation study of prostate cancer risk variants at 8q24 in African Americans identifies a novel risk locus. Genome Res 17:1717-1722
353. Robinson M, Williams SM (2004) Role of two angiotensinogen polymorphisms in blood pressure variation. J Hum Hypertens 18:865-869
354. Rossouw M, Nel HJ, Cooke GS, Van Helden PD, Hoal EG (2003) Association between tuberculosis and a polymorphic NFkappaB binding site in the interferon gamma gene. Lancet 361:1871-1872
355. Rotger M, Colombo S, Furrer H, Bleiber G, Buclin T, Lee BL, Keiser O, Biollaz J, Decosterd L, Telenti A (2005) Influence of CYP2B6 polymorphism on plasma and intracellular concentrations and toxicity of efavirenz and nevirapine in HIV-infected patients. Pharmacogenet Genomics 15:1-5
356. Rotger M, Saumoy M, Zhang K, Flepp M, Sahli R, Decosterd L, Telenti A (2007) Partial deletion of CYP2B6 owing to unequal crossover with CYP2B7. Pharmacogenet Genomics 17:885-890
357. Rotimi CN (2004) Inauguration of the African society of human genetics. Nat Genet 36:544
358. Rotimi CN, Cooper RS, Cao G, Ogunbiyi O, Ladipo M, Owoaje E, Ward R (1999) Maximum-likelihood generalized heritability estimate for blood pressure in Nigerian families. Hypertension 33:874-8
359. Rotimi CN, Dunston GM, Berg K, Akinsete O, Amoah A, Owusu S, Acheampong J, Boateng K, Oli J, Okafor G, Onyenekwe B, Osotimehin B, Abbiyesuku F, Johnson T, Fasanmade O, Furbert-Harris P, Kittles R, Vekich M, Adegoke O, Bonney G, Collins F (2001) In search of susceptibility genes for type 2 diabetes in West Africa: The design and results of the first phase of the AADM study. Ann Epidemiol 11:51-58
360. Rotimi CN, Chen G, Adeyemo AA, Furbert-Harris P, Parish-Gause D, Zhou J, Berg K, Adegoke O, Amoah A, Owusu S, Acheampong J, Agyenim-Boateng K, Eghan BA Jr., Oli J, Okafor G, Ofoegbu E, Osotimehin B, Abbiyesuku F, Johnson T, Rufus T, Fasanmade O, Kittles R, Daniel H, Chen Y, Dunston G, Collins FS (2004) A genome-wide search for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in West Africans: The Africa America Diabetes Mellitus (AADM) Study. Diabetes 53:838-841
361. Rotimi CN, Chen G, Adeyemo AA, Jones LS, Agyenim-Boateng K, Eghan BA Jr., Zhou J, Doumatey A, Lashley K, Huang H, Fasanmade O, Akinsola FB, Ezepue F, Amoah A, Akafo S, Chen Y, Oli J, Johnson T (2006) Genomewide scan and fine mapping of quantitative trait loci for intraocular pressure on 5q and 14q in West Africans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:3262-3267
362. Rowe JA, Raza A, Diallo DA, Baby M, Poudiougo B, Coulibaly D, Cockburn IA, Middleton J, Lyke KE, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, Moulds JM (2002) Erythrocyte CR1 expression level does not correlate with a HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphism in Africans; implications for studies on malaria susceptibility. Genes Immun 3:497-500
363. Ruwende C, Khoo SC, Snow RW, Yates SN, Kwiatkowski D, Gupta S, Warn P, Allsopp CE, Gilbert SC, Peschu N (1995) Natural selection of hemi- and heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency in Africa by resistance to severe malaria. Nature 376:246-249
364. Ryan JR, Stoute JA, Amon J, Dunton RF, Mtalib R, Koros J, Owour B, Luckhart S, Wirtz RA, Barnwell JW, Rosenberg R (2006) Evidence for transmission of Plasmodium vivax among a duffy antigen negative population in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75:575-581
365. Saad AA, O'Connor PJ, Mostafa MH, Metwalli NE, Cooper DP, Povey AC, Margison GP (2005) Glutathione S-transferase M1, T1 and P1 polymorphisms and bladder cancer risk in Egyptians. Int J Biol Markers 20:69-72
366. Sabeti P, Usen S, Farhadian S, Jallow M, Doherty T, Newport M, Pinder M, Ward R, Kwiatkowski D (2002a) CD40L association with protection from severe malaria. Genes Immun 3:286-291
367. Sabeti PC, Reich DE, Higgins JM, Levine HZ, Richter DJ, Schaffner SF, Gabriel SB, Platko JV, Patterson NJ, McDonald GJ, Ackerman HC, Campbell SJ, Altshuler D, Cooper R, Kwiatkowski D, Ward R, Lander ES (2002b) Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure. Nature 419:832-837
368. Sabeti PC, Varilly P, Fry B, Lohmueller J, Hostetter E, Cotsapas C, Xie X, Byrne EH, McCarroll SA et al (2007) Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations. Nature 18:913-918
369. Sakuntabhai A, Ndiaye R, Casademont I, Peerapittayamonkol C, Rogier C, Tortevoye P, Tall A, Paul R, Turbpaiboon C, Phimpraphi W, Trape JF, Spiegel A, Heath S, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Dieye A, Julier C (2008) Genetic determination and linkage mapping of Plasmodium falciparum malaria related traits in Senegal. PLoS ONE 3:e2000
370. Salih MA, Ibrahim ME, Blackwell JM, Miller EN, Khalil EA, ElHassan AM, Musa AM, Mohamed HS (2007) IFNG and IFNGR1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Sudan. Genes Immun 8:75-78
371. Sarma AV, Dunn RL, Lange LA, Ray A, Wang Y, Lange EM, Cooney KA (2008) Genetic polymorphisms in CYP17, CYP3A4, CYP19A1, SRD5A2, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 and prostate cancer risk in African-American men: The Flint Men's Health Study. Prostate 68:296-305
372. Saunders MA, Hammer MF, Nachman MW (2002) Nucleotide variability at G6pd and the signature of malarial selection in humans. Genetics 162:1849-1861
373. Schim van der Loeff (2007) In: Volberding P, Sande MA, Lange J, Greene WC, Gallant JE (eds) Global HIV/AIDS medicine. Elsevier, Amsterdam
374. Schumacher FR, Feigelson HS, Cox DG, Haiman CA, Albanes D, Buring J, Calle EE, Chanock SJ, Colditz GA, Diver WR, Dunning AM, Freedman ML, Gaziano JM, Giovannucci E, Hankinson SE, Hayes RB, Henderson BE, Hoover RN, Kaaks R, Key T, Kolonel LN, Kraft P, Le Marchand L, Ma J, Pike MC, Riboli E, Stampfer MJ, Stram DO, Thomas G, Thun MJ, Travis R, Virtamo J, Andriole G, Gelmann E, Willett WC, Hunter DJ (2007) A common 8q24 variant in prostate and breast cancer from a large nested case-control study. Cancer Res 67:2951-2956
375. Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Malaspina P, Torroni A, Sellitto D, Arredi B, Destro-Bisol G, De Stefano G, Rickards O, Martinez-Labarga C, Modiano D, Biondi G, Moral P, Olckers A, Wallace DC, Novelletto A (1999) Combined use of biallelic and microsatellite Y-chromosome polymorphisms to infer affinities among African populations. Am J Hum Genet 65:829-846
376. Sgaier SK, Jha P, Mony P, Kurpad A, Lakshmi V, Kumar R, Ganguly NK (2007) Public health. Biobanks in developing countries: Needs and feasibility. Science 318:1074-1075
377. Shand RL, Gelmann EP (2006) Molecular biology of prostate-cancer pathogenesis. Curr Opin Urol 16:123-131
378. Shi YP, Nahlen BL, Kariuki S, Urdahl KB, McElroy PD, Roberts JM, Lal AA (2001) Fcgamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism is associated with protection of infants against high-density Plasmodium falciparum infection. VII. Asembo Bay Cohort Project. J Infect Dis 184:107-111
379. Shimoda K, van Deursen J, Sangster MY, Sarawar SR, Carson RT, Tripp RA, Chu C, Quelle FW, Nosaka T, Vignali DA, Doherty PC, Grosveld G, Paul WE, Ihle JN (1996) Lack of IL-4-induced Th2 response and IgE class switching in mice with disrupted Stat6 gene. Nature 380:630-633
380. Siber GR, Santosham M, Reid GR, Thompson C, Meido-Hill J, Morell A, de Lange G, Ketcham JK, Callahan EH (1990) Impaired antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide and low IgG2 and IgG4 concentrations in Apache children. N Engl J Med 323:1387-1392
381. Sile S, Gillani NB, Velez DR, Vanoye CG, Yu C, Byrne LM, Gainer JV, Brown NJ, Williams SM, George AL Jr. (2007) Functional BSND variants in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 20:1176-1182
382. Single RM, Martin MP, Gao X, Meyer D, Yeager M, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, Carrington M (2007) Global diversity and evidence for coevolution of KIR and HLA. Nat Genet 39:1114-1119
383. Sirugo G, van der Loeff SLM, Sam O, Nyan O, Pinder M, Hill AV, Kwiatkowski D, Prentice A, de Toma C, Cann HM, Diatta M, Jallow M, Morgan G, Clarke M, Corrah T, Whittle H, McAdam K (2004) A national DNA bank in The Gambia, West Africa, and genomic research in developing countries. Nat Genet 36:785-786
384. Sistonen J, Sajantila A, Lao O, Corander J, Barbujani G, Fuselli S (2007) CYP2D6 worldwide genetic variation shows high frequency of altered activity variants and no continental structure. Pharmacogenet Genomics 17:93-101
385. Sleijffers A, Yucesoy B, Kashon M, Garssen J, De Gruijl FR, Boland GJ, van Hattum J, Luster MI, van Loveren H (2003) Cytokine polymorphisms play a role in susceptibility to ultraviolet B-induced modulation of immune responses after hepatitis B vaccination. J Immunol 170:3423-3428
386. Snoussi K, Mahfoudh W, Bouaouina N, Ahmed SB, Helal AN, Chouchane L (2006) Genetic variation in IL-8 associated with increased risk and poor prognosis of breast carcinoma. Hum Immunol 67:13-21
387. Soborg C, Andersen AB, Range N, Malenganisho W, Friis H, Magnussen P, Temu MM, Changalucha J, Madsen HO, Garred P (2007) Influence of candidate susceptibility genes on tuberculosis in a high endemic region. Mol Immunol 44:2213-2220
388. St Sauver JL, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Jacobsen SJ, Vierkant RA, Schaid DJ, Pankratz VS, Green EM, Poland GA (2002) Associations between human leukocyte antigen homozygosity and antibody levels to measles vaccine. J Infect Dis 185:1545-1549
389. St Sauver JL, Dhiman N, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Jacobsen SJ, Poland GA (2005) Extinction of the human leukocyte antigen homozygosity effect after two doses of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Hum Immunol 66:788-798
390. Stanton T, Boxall S, Bennett A, Kaleebu P, Watera C, Whitworth J, French N, Dawes R, Hill AV, Bodmer W, Beverley PC, Tchilian EZ (2004) CD45 variant alleles: Possibly increased frequency of a novel exon 4 CD45 polymorphism in HIV seropositive Ugandans. Immunogenetics 56:107-110
391. Stein CM, Zalwango S, Chiunda AB, Millard C, Leontiev DV, Horvath AL, Cartier KC, Chervenak K, Boom WH, Elston RC, Mugerwa RD, Whalen CC, Iyengar SK (2007) Linkage and association analysis of candidate genes for TB and TNFalpha cytokine expression: Evidence for association with IFNGR1, IL-10, and TNF receptor 1 genes. Hum Genet 121:663-673
392. Steyn K, Sliwa K, Hawken S, Commerford P, Onen C, Damasceno A, Ounpuu S, Yusuf S (2005) Risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in Africa: The INTERHEART Africa study. Circulation 112:3554-3561
393. Tanara G, Falugi C, Cesario A, Margaritora S, Russo P, Cosimi A (2003) TP53 codon 72 polymorphism does not affect risk of cervical cancer in patients from The Gambia. Int J Biol Markers 18:280-283
394. Tang J, Tang S, Lobashevsky E, Myracle AD, Fideli U, Aldrovandi G, Allen S, Musonda R, Kaslow RA (2002) Favorable and unfavorable HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Zambians predominantly infected with clade C human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 76:8276-8284
395. Tang J, Penman-Aguilar A, Lobashevsky E, Allen S, Kaslow RA (2004a) HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles and haplotypes in Zambian couples and their associations with heterosexual transmission of HIV type 1. J Infect Dis 189:1696-1704
396. Tang J, Tang S, Lobashevsky E, Zulu I, Aldrovandi G, Allen S, Kaslow RA (2004b) HLA allele sharing and HIV type 1 viremia in seroconverting Zambians with known transmitting partners. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 20:19-25
397. Thathy V, Moulds JM, Guyah B, Otieno W, Stoute JA (2005) Complement receptor 1 polymorphisms associated with resistance to severe malaria in Kenya. Malar J 4:54
398. Thursz M (2001) MHC and the viral hepatitides. QJM 94:287-291
399. Thursz MR, Kwiatkowski D, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Thomas HC, Hill AV (1995) Association between an MHC class II allele and clearance of hepatitis B virus in the Gambia. N Engl J Med 332:1065-1069
400. Thye T, Browne EN, Chinbuah MA, Gyapong J, Osei I, Owusu-Dabo E, Niemann S, Rusch-Gerdes S, Horstmann RD, Meyer CG (2006) No associations of human pulmonary tuberculosis with Sp110 variants. J Med Genet 43:e32
401. Tiago AD, Badenhorst D, Nkeh B, Candy GP, Brooksbank R, Sareli P, Libhaber E, Samani NJ, Woodiwiss AJ, Norton GR (2003) Impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene variants on the severity of hypertension in patients with newly diagnosed hypertension. Am J Hypertens 16:1006-1010
402. Tibazarwa K, Ntyintyane L, Sliwa K, Gerntholtz T, Carrington M, Wilkinson D, Stewart S (2008) A time bomb of cardiovascular risk factors in South Africa: Results from the Heart of Soweto Study "Heart Awareness Days". Int J Cardiol (in press)
403. Timmann C, Evans JA, Konig IR, Kleensang A, Ruschendorf F, Lenzen J, Sievertsen J, Becker C, Enuameh Y, Kwakye KO, Opoku E, Browne EN, Ziegler A, Nurnberg P, Horstmann RD (2007) Genome-wide linkage analysis of malaria infection intensity and mild disease. PLoS Genet 3:e48
404. Tishkoff SA, Kidd KK (2004) Implications of biogeography of human populations for 'race' and medicine. Nat Genet 36:S21-S27
405. Tishkoff SA, Williams SM (2002) Genetic analysis of African populations: human evolution and complex disease. Nat Rev Genet 3:611-621
406. Tishkoff SA, Verrelli BC (2003a) Patterns of human genetic diversity: implications for human evolutionary history and disease. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 4:293-340
407. Tishkoff SA, Verrelli BC (2003b) Role of evolutionary history on haplotype block structure in the human genome: Implications for disease mapping. Curr Opin Genet Dev 13:569-575
408. Tishkoff SA, Dietzsch E, Speed W, Pakstis AJ, Kidd JR, Cheung K, Bonne-Tamir B, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Moral P, Krings M (1996) Global patterns of linkage disequilibrium at the CD4 locus and modern human origins. Science 271:1380-1387
409. Tishkoff SA, Goldman A, Calafell F, Speed WC, Deinard AS, Bonne-Tamir B, Kidd JR, Pakstis AJ, Jenkins T, Kidd KK (1998) A global haplotype analysis of the myotonic dystrophy locus: Implications for the evolution of modern humans and for the origin of myotonic dystrophy mutations. Am J Hum Genet 62:1389-1402
410. Tishkoff SA, Pakstis AJ, Stoneking M, Kidd JR, Detro-Bisol G, Sanjantila A, Lu RB, Deinard AS, Sirugo G, Jenkins T, Kidd KK, Clark AG (2000) Short tandem-repeat polymorphism/alu haplotype variation at the PLAT locus: Implications for modern human origins. Am J Hum Genet 67:901-925
411. Tishkoff SA, Varkonyi R, Cahinhinan N, Abbes S, Argyropoulos G, Stro-Bisol G, Drousiotou A, Dangerfield B, Lefranc G, Loiselet J, Piro A, Stoneking M, Tagarelli A, Tagarelli G, Touma EH, Williams SM, Clark
412. Tishkoff SA, Gonder MK, Hirbo JB, Mortensen HM, Powell K, Knight A, Mountain JL (2003) The genetic history of linguistically diverse Tanzanian populations: A multilocus analysis. American Association of Physical Anthropology, Tempe
413. Tishkoff SA, Gonder MK, Henn BM, Mortensen H, Knight A, Gignoux C, Fernandopulle N, Lema G, Nyambo TB, Ramakrishnan U, Reed FA, Mountain JL (2007a) History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation. Mol Biol Evol 24:2180-2195
414. Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Ranciaro A, Voight BF, Babbitt CC, Silverman JS, Powell K, Mortensen HM, Hirbo JB, Osman M, Ibrahim M, Omar SA, Lema G, Nyambo TB, Ghori J, Bumpstead S, Pritchard JK, Wray GA, Deloukas P (2007b) Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe. Nat Genet 39:31-40
415. Torcia MG, Santarlasci V, Cosmi L, Clemente A, Maggi L, Mangano VD, Verra F, Bancone G, Nebie I, Sirima BS, Liotta F, Frosali F, Angeli R, Severini C, Sannella AR, Bonini P, Lucibello M, Maggi E, Garaci E, Coluzzi M, Cozzolino F, Annunziato F, Romagnani S, Modiano D (2008) Functional deficit of T regulatory cells in Fulani, an ethnic group with low susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:646-651
416. Tornesello ML, Waddell KM, Duraturo ML, Biryahwaho B, Downing R, Lucas SB, Giani U, Buonaguro L, Buonaguro FM (2005) TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and risk of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in Uganda. Cancer Detect Prev 29:501-508
417. Tosh K, Campbell SJ, Fielding K, Sillah J, Bah B, Gustafson P, Manneh K, Lisse I, Sirugo G, Bennett S, Aaby P, McAdam KP, Bah-Sow O, Lienhardt C, Kramnik I, Hill AV (2006) Variants in the SP110 gene are associated with genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:10364-10368
418. Tournamille C, Colin Y, Cartron JP, Le Van Kim C (1995) Disruption of a GATA motif in the Duffy gene promoter abolishes erythroid gene expression in Duffy-negative individuals. Nat Genet 10:224-228
419. Troudi W, Uhrhammer N, Sibille C, Dahan C, Mahfoudh W, Bouchlaka Souissi C, Jalabert T, Chouchane L, Bignon YJ, Ben Ayed F, Ben Ammar Elgaaied A (2007) Contribution of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to breast cancer in Tunisia. J Hum Genet 52:915-920
420. Ukaejiofo EO, Nubila T (2006) Association between ABO, Rhesus blood group systems and haemoglobin genotype among confirmed HIV/AIDS-TB co-infected patients in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. West Afr J Med 25:61-64
421. Uko GP, Lu LY, Asuquo MA, Fici D, Mahan S, Awdeh Z, Udim ER, Ding W, Umana U, Adewole T, Fraser PA (1999) HLA-DRB1 leprogenic motifs in nigerian population groups. Clin Exp Immunol 118:56-62
422. Unwin N, Setel P, Rashid S, Mugusi F, Mbanya JC, Kitange H, Hayes L, Edwards R, Aspray T, Alberti KG (2001) Noncommunicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: Where do they feature in the health research agenda? Bull World Health Organ 79:947-953
423. Vafa M, Maiga B, Berzins K, Hayano M, Bereczky S, Dolo A, Daou M, Arama C, Kouriba B, Farnert A, Doumbo OK, Troye-Blomberg M (2007) Associations between the IL-4-590 T allele and Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in asymptomatic Fulani of Mali. Microbes Infect 9:1043-1048
424. Van der Sande MA, Ceesay SM, Milligan PJ, Nyan OA, Banya WA, Prentice A, McAdam KP, Walraven GE (2001) Obesity and undernutrition and cardiovascular risk factors in rural and urban Gambian communities. Am J Public Health 91:1641-1644
425. van der Werf MJ, de Vlas SJ, Brooker S, Looman CW, Nagelkerke NJ, Habbema JD, Engels D (2003) Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Trop 86:125-139
426. van Eden W, de Vries RR, Stanford JL, Rook GA (1983) HLA-DR3 associated genetic control of response to multiple skin tests with new tuberculins. Clin Exp Immunol 52:287-292
427. van Loveren H, Van Amsterdam JG, Vandebriel RJ, Kimman TG, Rumke HC, Steerenberg PS, Vos JG (2001) Vaccine-induced antibody responses as parameters of the influence of endogenous and environmental factors. Environ Health Perspect 109:757-764
428. Vannberg FO, Chapman SJ, Khor CC, Tosh K, Floyd S, Jackson-Sillah D, Crampin A, Sichali L, Bah B, Gustafson P, Aaby P, McAdam KP, Bah-Sow O, Lienhardt C, Sirugo G, Fine P, Hill AV (2008) CD209 genetic polymorphism and tuberculosis disease. PLoS ONE 3:e1388
429. Verra F, Luoni G, Calissano C, Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann P, Perlmann H, Arca B, Sirima BS, Konate A, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D (2004) IL4-589C/T polymorphism and IgE levels in severe malaria. Acta Trop 90:205-209
430. Verrelli BC, McDonald JH, Argyropoulos G, stro-Bisol G, Froment A, Drousiotou A, Lefranc G, Helal AN, Loiselet J, Tishkoff SA (2002) Evidence for balancing selection from nucleotide sequence analyses of human G6PD. Am J Hum Genet 71:1112-1128
431. Wadelius M, Pirmohamed M (2006) Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: Current status and future challenges. Pharmacogenomics J 7:99-111
432. Wagner TM, Hirtenlehner K, Shen P, Moeslinger R, Muhr D, Fleischmann E, Concin H, Doeller W, Haid A, Lang AH, Mayer P, Petru E, Ropp E, Langbauer G, Kubista E, Scheiner O, Underhill P, Mountain J, Stierer M, Zielinski C, Oefner P (1999) Global sequence diversity of BRCA2: analysis of 71 breast cancer families and 95 control individuals of worldwide populations. Hum Mol Genet 8:413-423
433. Wallace C, Fitness J, Hennig B, Sichali L, Mwaungulu L, Ponnighaus JM, Warndorff DK, Clayton D, Fine PE, Hill AV (2004) Linkage analysis of susceptibility to leprosy type using an IBD regression method. Genes Immun 5:221-225
434. Wallace TA, Prueitt RL, Yi M, Howe TM, Gillespie JW, Yfantis HG, Stephens RM, Caporaso NE, Loffredo CA, Ambs S (2008) Tumor immunobiological differences in prostate cancer between African-American and European-American men. Cancer Res 68:927-936
435. Walley AJ, Aucan C, Kwiatkowski D, Hill AV (2004) Interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms and susceptibility to clinical malaria in a Gambian case-control study. Eur J Hum Genet 12:132-138
436. Wambua S, Mwangi TW, Kortok M, Uyoga SM, Macharia AW, Mwacharo JK, Weatherall DJ, Snow RW, Marsh K, Williams TN (2006) The effect of alpha + -thalassaemia on the incidence of malaria and other diseases in children living on the coast of Kenya. PLoS Med 3:e158
437. Willcox M, Bjorkman A, Brohult J (1983) Falciparum malaria and beta-thalassaemia trait in northern Liberia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 77:335-347
438. Wang C, Tang J, Song W, Lobashevsky E, Wilson CM, Kaslow RA (2004) HLA and cytokine gene polymorphisms are independently associated with responses to hepatitis B vaccination. Hepatology 39:978-988
439. Webb JLA (2005) Malaria and the Peopling of Early Tropical Africa. J World History 16:270-291
440. Wennerholm A, Johansson I, Hidestrand M, Bertilsson L, Gustafsson LL, Ingelman-Sundberg M (2001) Characterization of the CYP2D6*29 allele commonly present in a black Tanzanian population causing reduced catalytic activity. Pharmacogenetics 11:417-427
441. White TD, Asfaw B, DeGusta D, Gilbert H, Richards GD, Suwa G, Howell FC (2003) Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 12:742-747
442. Wiertsema SP, Veenhoven RH, Walraven V, Uiterwaal CS, Schilder AG, Rijkers GT, Sanders EA (2006) Pneumococcal vaccine efficacy for mucosal pneumococcal infections depends on Fcgamma receptor IIa polymorphism. Vaccine 24:792-797
443. Wiertsema SP, Baynam G, Khoo SK, Veenhoven RH, van Heerbeek N, Zhang G, Laing IA, Rijkers GT, Goldblatt J, Sanders EA, Le Souef PN (2007) Impact of genetic variants in IL-4, IL-4 RA and IL-13 on the anti-pneumococcal antibody response. Vaccine 25:306-313
444. Williams TN, Maitland K, Bennett S, Ganczakowski M, Peto TE, Newbold CI, Bowden DK, Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB (1996) High incidence of malaria in alpha-thalassaemic children. Nature 10:522-525
445. Williams SM, Addy JH, Phillips JA3, Dai M, Kpodonu J, Afful J, Jackson H, Joseph K, Eason F, Murray MM, Epperson P, Aduonum A, Wong LJ, Jose PA, Felder RA (2000) Combinations of variations in multiple genes are associated with hypertension. Hypertension 36:2-6
446. Williams SM, Ritchie MD, Phillips JA, Dawson E, Prince M, Dzhura E, Willis A, Semenya A, Summar M, White BC, Addy JH, Kpodonu J, Wong L-J, Felder RA, Jose PA, Moore JH (2004) Multilocus analysis of hypertension: a hierarchical approach. Human Heredity 57:28-38
447. Williams TN, Wambua S, Uyoga S, Macharia A, Mwacharo JK, Newton CR, Maitland K (2005a) Both heterozygous and homozygous alpha + thalassemias protect against severe and fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria on the coast of Kenya. Blood 106:368-371
448. Williams TN, Mwangi TW, Wambua S, Peto TE, Weatherall DJ, Gupta S, Recker M, Penman BS, Uyoga S, Macharia A, Mwacharo JK, Snow RW, Marsh K (2005b) Negative epistasis between the malaria-protective effects of alpha + -thalassemia and the sickle cell trait. Nat Genet 37:1253-1257
449. Williams SM, Stocki S, Jiang L, Brew K, Gordon S, Vaughan DE, Brown NJ, Poku KA, Moore JH (2007) A population-based study in Ghana to investigate inter-individual variation in plasma t-PA and PAI-1. Ethn Dis 17:492-497
450. Woodiwiss AJ, Nkeh B, Samani NJ, Badenhorst D, Maseko M, Tiago AD, Candy GP, Libhaber E, Sareli P, Brooksbank R, Norton GR (2006) Functional variants of the angiotensinogen gene determine antihypertensive responses to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in subjects of African origin. J Hypertens 24:1057-1064
451. Yasar U, Aklillu E, Canaparo R, Sandberg M, Sayi J, Roh HK, Wennerholm A (2002) Analysis of CYP2C9*5 in Caucasian, Oriental and black-African populations. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 58:555-558
452. Yeager M, Orr N, Hayes RB, Jacobs KB, Kraft P, Wacholder S, Minichiello MJ, Fearnhead P, Yu K, Chatterjee N, Wang Z, Welch R, Staats BJ, Calle EE, Feigelson HS, Thun MJ, Rodriguez C, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Weinstein S, Schumacher FR, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O, Valeri A, Andriole GL, Gelmann EP, Tucker M, Gerhard DS, Fraumeni JF Jr, Hoover R, Hunter DJ, Chanock SJ, Thomas G (2007) Genome-wide association study of prostate cancer identifies a second risk locus at 8q24. Nat Genet 39:645-649
453. Yee AM, Phan HM, Zuniga R, Salmon JE, Musher DM (2000) Association between Fc gamma RIIa-R131 allotype and bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 30:25-28
454. Yucesoy B, Sleijffers A, Kashon M, Garssen J, De Gruijl FR, Boland GJ, van Hattum J, Simeonova PP, Luster MI, van Loveren H (2002) IL-1beta gene polymorphisms influence hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine 20:3193-3196
455. Zaahl MG, Warnich L, Victor TC, Kotze MJ (2005) Association of functional polymorphisms of SLC11A1 with risk of esophageal cancer in the South African colored population. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 159:48-52
456. Zabaleta J, Lin HY, Sierra RA, Hall MC, Clark PE, Sartor OA, Hu JJ, Ochoa AC (2008) Interactions of cytokine gene polymorphisms in prostate cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 29:573-8
457. Zeigler-Johnson CM, Walker AH, Mancke B, Spangler E, Jalloh M, McBride S, Deitz A, Malkowicz SB, Ofori-Adjei D, Gueye SM, Rebbeck TR (2002) Ethnic differences in the frequency of prostate cancer susceptibility alleles at SRD5A2 and CYP3A4. Hum Hered 54:13-21
458. Zheng SL, Sun J, Wiklund F, Smith S, Stattin P, Li G, Adami HO, Hsu FC, Zhu Y, Bälter K, Kader AK, Turner AR, Liu W, Bleecker ER, Meyers DA, Duggan D, Carpten JD, Chang BL, Isaacs WB, Xu J, Grönberg H (2008) Cumulative association of five genetic variants with prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 358:910-919
459. Zijenah LS, Hartogensis WE, Katzenstein DA, Tobaiwa O, Mutswangwa J, Mason PR, Louie LG (2002) Association of high HIV-1 RNA levels and homozygosity at HLA class II DRB1 in adults coinfected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe. Hum Immunol 63:1026-1032
460. Zimmerman PA, Fitness J, Moulds JM, McNamara DT, Kasehagen LJ, Rowe JA, Hill AV (2003) CR1 Knops blood group alleles are not associated with severe malaria in the Gambia. Genes Immun 4:368-373
461. Zouali H, Hani EH, Philippi A, Vionnet N, Beckmann JS, Demenais F, Froguel P (1997) A susceptibility locus for early-onset non-insulin dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus maps to chromosome 20q, proximal to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. Hum Mol Genet 6:1401-1408