The global status of schistosomiasis and its control

Acta Tropica

Volumn 77, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 41-51

  Chitsulo, L ^a   Engels, D ^a   Montresor, A ^a   Savioli, L ^a  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Control; Distribution; Epidemiology; Morbidity; Prevalence; Schistosomiasis

Indexed keywords

ANTISCHISTOSOMAL AGENT;

DISEASE CONTROL; GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SCHISTOSOMIASIS;

ARTICLE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG COST; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; NONHUMAN; PARASITISM; SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI; SCHISTOSOMIASIS;

AFRICA; AMERICAS; ANIMAL; ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN; CHINA; ENVIRONMENT; HUMAN; INCOME; INDIA; IRRIGATION; JAPAN; MEDITERRANEAN REGION; MORBIDITY; POPULATION GROWTH; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTORS; SCHISTOSOMA; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; TURKEY;

EID: 0034706868     PISSN: 0001706X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00122-4     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Adou-Bryn K.D., Allah-Kouadio E., Penali L.K., Ouhon J., Kone M. Prevalence des porteurs d'ouefs de schistosoma haematobium chez des patients hematuriques en Cote d'Ivoire. Med. d'Afrique Noire. 44:1997;440-443.
2. Agrawal, M.C., 1997. Schistosomiasis in India with the possibility of its diagnosis in man (abstract). Sixth International Symposium on Schistosomiasis, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 19-24 October.
3. Almeda J., Corachan M., Sousa A., Ascaso C., Carvalho J.M., Rollinson D., Southgate V.R. Schistosomiasis in the Republic of Sao Tome and Principe: human studies. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88:1994;406-409.
4. Brinkmann U.K., Werler C., Traore M., Korte R. The National Schistosomiasis Control Programme in Mali, objectives, organization, results. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 39:1988;157-161.
5. Brinkmann U.K., Werler C., Traore M., Korte R. The costs of schistosomiasis control in a Sahelian country. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 39:1988;175-181.
6. Bukenya G.B., Nsungwa J.L. Schistosomiasis mansoni and paddy-rice growing in Uganda: an emerging new problem. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 88:1994;379-384.
7. Chandiwana S.K. Spatial heterogeneity in patterns of human schistosomiasis infection in the Zimbabwean highveld. Cent. Afr. J. Med. 34:1988;212-221.
8. Chen M.G. Schistosomiasis control program in the People's Republic of China: a review. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 20:1989;511-517.
9. Corachan M., Ruiz L., Valls M.E., Gascon J. Schistosomiasis in the Dogon country (Mali). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 47:1992;6-9.
10. Davis A. Antischistosomal drugs and clinical practice. Jordan P., Webbe G., Sturrock R.F. Human Schistosomiasis. 1993;367-404 CAB International, Wallingford.
11. De Clerq D., Rollinson D., Diarra A., Sacko M., Coulibaly G., Landoure A., Traore M., Southgate V.R., Kaukas A., Vercruysse J. Schistosomiasis in Dogon country, Mali: identification and prevalence of the species responsible for infection in the local community. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88:1994;653-656.
12. Dhunputh J. Progress in the control of schistosomiasis in Mauritius. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med Hyg. 88:1994;507-509.
13. Doumenge J., Mott K.E., Cheung C., Villenave D., Chapuis O., Perrin M.F., Reaud-Thomas G. Centre d'Etude de Geographie Tropicale/WHO Atlas of the Global Distribution of Schistosomiasis. 1987;400 Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, Bordeaux.
14. Elias E., Daffalla A., Lassen J.M., Madsen H., Christensen N.O. Schistosoma haematobium infection patterns in the Rahad Irrigation Scheme, Sudan. Acta Trop. 58:1994;115-125.
15. El-Katsha S., Watts S. the public health implications of the increasing predominance of Schistosoma mansoni in Egypt: a pilot study in the Nile delta. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 98:1995;136-140.
16. El-Sayed H.F., Rizkalla N.H., Mehanna S., Abaza S.M., Winch P.J. Prevalence and epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infection in two areas of Egypt recently reclaimed from the desert. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52:1995;194-198.
17. Esrey S.A., Potash J.B., Roberts L., Shiff C. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bull. WHO. 69:1991;609-621.
18. Fundacao Nacional do Saude (FNS), 1997. Schistosomiasis in Brazil, unpublished report.
19. Giboda M., Malek E., Correra R. Human schistosomiasis in Puerto Rico: reduced prevalence rate and absence of Biomphalaria glabrata. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 57:1997;564-568.
20. Gryseels B. The relevance of schistosomiasis for public health. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 40:1989;134-142.
21. Gryseels B., Polderman A. Morbidity due to Schistosomiasis mansoni, and its control in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitol. Today. 7:1991;244-248.
22. Guyatt H., Evans D., Lengeler C., Tanner M. Controlling schistosomiasis: the cost-effectiveness of alternative delivery strategies. Health Policy Plann. 9:1994;385-395.
23. Hunter J.M., Rey L., Chu K.Y., Adekolu-John E.O., Mott K.E. Parasitic Diseases in Water Resources Development: the Need for Intersectoral Negotiation. 1993;1993 World Health Organization, Geneva.
24. Iarotski L.S., Davis A. The schistosomiasis problem in the world: results of a WHO questionnaire survey. Bull. WHO. 59:1981;115-127.
25. Jobin W.R. Cost of snail control. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 28:1979;142-154.
26. Kabatereine N.B., Ariho C., Christensen N.O. Schistosoma mansoni in Pachwach, Nebbi District, Uganda, 40 years after Nelson. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 43:1992;162-166.
27. Kabatereine N.B., Odongo-Aginya E.I., Lwako T.L. Schistosoma mansoni along Lake Albert, Kibale District, Uganda. East Afr. Med. J. 73:1996;502-504.
28. Kay B. Vector-borne disease implications and their control. Waterlines. 9:1990;3-6.
29. Kloetzel K. Some personal views on the control of schistosomiasis mansoni. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro). 87((Suppl. IV)):1992;221-226.
30. Korte R., Schmidt-Ehry B., Kielmann A.A., Brinkmann U.K. Cost and effectiveness of different approaches to schistosomiasis control in Africa. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 37:1986;149-152.
31. Liese B. The organization of schistosomiasis control programmes. Parasitol. Today. 2:1986;339-345.
32. Liese B.H., Sachdeva P.S., Cochrane D.G. Organizing and Managing Tropical Disease Control Programs: Lessons of Success. World Bank Technical Paper no. 159. 1991;The World Bank, Washington, DC.
33. Machado P.A. The Brazilian Program for schistosomiasis control, 1975-1979. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31:1982;76-86.
34. Mao S., Shao B. Schistosomiasis control in the People's Republic of China. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31:1982;92-99.
35. Massoud J., Arfaa F., Farahmandian I., Ardalan A., Mansoorian A. Progress in the national schistosomiasis control programme of Iran. Bull. WHO. 60:1982;577-582.
36. McCullough F.S., Gayral Ph., Duncan J., Christie J.D. Molluscicides in schistosomiasis control. Bull WHO. 18:1980;681-689.
37. Mobarak, A.B., 1982. The schistosomiasis problem in Egypt. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31, 87-91.
38. Montresor A., Urbani C., Camara B., Bha A.B., Albonico M., Savioli L. Enquete preliminaire a la mise en place d'un programme de sante scolaire en Guinee. Med. Trop. 57:1997;294-298.
39. Ndhlovu, P., Chimbari, M., Ndamba. J., Chandiwana, S.K., 1992. National Schistosomiasis Survey. Blair Research Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe.
40. Ndir, O., Faye, O. Dieng, Y. Dieng, T., Diallo, S., 1996. Enquete nationale sur la bilharziose au Senegal. Service de parasitologie, Faculte de Medecine, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar.
41. N'Goran E.K., Diabate S., Utzinger J., Sellin B. Changes in human schistosomiasis levels after the construction of large hydroelectric dams in central Cote d'Ivoire. Bull. WHO. 75:1997;541-545.
42. Picquet M., Vercruysse J., Shaw D., Diop M., Ly A. Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni in northern Senegal. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92:1998;90-93.
43. Ratard R.C., Kouemeni L.E., Ekani Bessala M.M., Ndamkou C.N., Greer G.J., Spilbury J., Cline B.L. Human schistosomiasis in Cameroon, I. Distribution of schistosomiasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 42:1990;561-572.
44. Ratard R.C., Kouemeni L.E., Ekani Bessala M.M., Ndamkou C.N. Estimation of the number of cases of schistosomiasis in a country: the example of Cameroon. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 86:1992;274-276.
45. Reich, M.R., 1998. International strategies for tropical disease treatments: experiences with praziquantel. Harvard University, Boston, MA, pp. 94.
46. Rohde R. Schistosomiasis control: an estimation of costs. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 40:1989;240-244.
47. Santos A.T. The present status of schistosomiasis in the Philippines. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 15:1984;439-445.
48. Savioli L., Dixon H., Kimusku U.M., Mott K.E. Control of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium on Pemba Island; selective population chemotherapy of school children with haematuria to identify high-risk localities. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83:1989;803-810.
49. Savioli, L. 1997. Travel Report, Saudi Arabia, 25 October-7 November.
50. Savioli L., Renganathan E., Montresor A., Davis A., Behbehani K. Control of schistosomiasis - a global picture. Parasitol. Today. 13:1997;444-448.
51. Schutte C.H.J., Fripp P.J., Evans A.C. An assessment of the schistosomiasis situation in the Republic of South Africa. South Afr. J. Epidemiol. Infect. 10:1995;37-43.
52. Schutte C.H.J., Evans A.C., Pammenter M.D., Cooppan R.M., Pretorius S.J., Joubert P.H., Gouws E., Jooste P.L., Badenhorst C.J., Joubert J.J. Epidemiology and control of Schistosomiasis mansoni on the Cuando River floodplain of East Caprivi, Namibia. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 89:1995;631-644.
53. Sornmani S., Kitikoon V., Harinasuta C., Pathammavong O. Epidemiological study of Schistosoma japonica on Khong Island, southern Laos. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 2:1971;365-374.
54. Southgate V.R. Schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin: before and after the construction of the dams at Diama, Senegal and Manantali, Mali and future prospects. J. Helminthol. 71:1997;125-132.
55. Sturrock R. The parasites and their life cycle. Jordan P., Webbe G., Sturrock R.F. Human Schistosomiasis. 1993;1-32 CAB International, Wallingford.
56. Tanaka H., Tsuji M. From discovery to eradication of schistosomiasis in Japan: 1847-1996. Int. J. Parasitol. 27:1997;1465-1480.
57. Taylor P., Makura O. Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 79:1985;287-299.
58. Teesdale C.H., Chitsulo L. Schistosomiasis in Malawi - a review. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 36:1985;1-6.
59. Traore M., Maude G.H., Bradley D.J. Schistosomiasis haematobia in Mali: prevalence rate in school-age children as index of endemicity in the community. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 3:1998;214-221.
60. Tsang V.C.W., Hillyer G.V., Noh J., Vivas-Gonzalez B., Ahn L., Pilcher J.B., Hightower A.W., Deseda C., Feliciano de Melecio C. Geographic clustering and seroprevalence of schistosomiasis in Puerto Rico (1995). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56:1997;107-112.
61. Urbani C., Toure A., Hamed A.O., Albanico M., Kane I., Cheikna D., Hamed N.O., Montresor A., Savioli L. Parasitoses intestinales et schistomiases dans la vallee du fleuve Senegal en Republic. Med. Trop. 57:1997;157-160.
62. Utroska, J.A. Chen, M.G., Dixon, H. Yoon, S. Helling-Borda, M. Hogerzeil, H.V., Mott, K.E., 1989. An estimate of global needs for praziquantel within schistosomiasis control programmes. WHO, Geneva (WHO/SCHISTO/89.102).
63. Vennervald B.J., Ouma J.H., Butterworth A.E. Morbidity in schistosomiasis: assessment, mechanisms and control. Parasitol. Today. 14:1998;385-390.
64. Wilmott, S. (Ed.), 1987. Report of an independent evaluation mission on the National Bilharzia Control Programme in Egypt, 1985, Trans. R. Soc. Trop Med. Hyg. (Suppl.) 81, 1-87.
65. World Bank, 1997. World Development Report. Washington, DC.
66. World Bank, 1993. World Development Report. Investing in Health. World Development Indicators, Washington, DC.
67. World Health Organization (WHO), 1985. The control of schistosomiasis (WHO Technical Report Series, no. 728). Report of the WHO Expert Committee, Geneva.
68. World Health Organizations (WHO) 1991. Schistosomiasis can be controlled: now who can afford it. WHO Features, Geneva, October, N0.161.
69. World Health Organization (WHO) 1993a. The control of schistosomiasis (WHO Technical Report Series, no. 830). Second report of the WHO Expert Committee, Geneva.
70. World Health Organization (WHO) 1993b. Report on the Regional Workshop on comprehensive approaches for schistosomiasis control. EMRO, Alexandria, Egypt, 6-10 June, WHO-EM/PDP/29-E/L.
71. World Health Organization (WHO) 1997. Division of Control of Tropical Diseases. Progress Report, 1996, Geneva.
72. Yokogawa M. Programme of schistosomiasis control in Japan. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 7:1976;322-329.