Structural basis of function in heterotrimeric G proteins

Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 117-166

  Oldham, William M ^a   Hamm, Heidi E ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA SUBUNIT; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN BETA GAMMA SUBUNIT; GUANOSINE DIPHOSPHATE; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; HYDROLYSIS; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRUCTURAL PROTEOMICS; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

GTP-BINDING PROTEINS; MODELS, MOLECULAR; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY; PROTEIN SUBUNITS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 33750702165     PISSN: 00335835     EISSN: 14698994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033583506004306     Document Type: Review

References (314)

1. ABDULAEV, N. G., NGO, T., CHEN, R., LU, Z. & RIDGE, K. D. (2000). Functionally discrete mimics of light-activated rhodopsin identified through expression of soluble cytoplasmic domains. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 39354-39363.
2. ABDULAEV, N. G., NGO, T., ZHANG, C., DINH, A., BRABAZON, D. M., RIDGE, K. D. & MARINO, J. P. (2005a). Heterotrimeric G-protein α-subunit adopts a 'preactivated' conformation when associated with βγ-subunits. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, 38071-38080.
3. ABDULAEV, N. G., ZHANG, C., DINH, A., NGO, T., BRYAN, P. N., BRABAZON, D. M., MARINO, J. P. & RIDGE, K. D. (2005b). Bacterial expression and one-step purification of an isotope-labeled heterotrimeric G-protein α-subunit. Journal of Biomolecular NMR 32, 31-40.
4. AKGOZ, M., AZPIAZU, I., KALYANARAMAN, V. & GAUTAM, N. (2002). Role of the G protein γ subunit in βγ complex modulation of phospholipase cβ function. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, 19573-19578.
5. ALVES, I. D., SALAMON, Z., VARGA, E., YAMAMURA, H. I., TOLLIN, G. & HRUBY, V. J. (2003). Direct observation of G-protein binding to the human δ-opioid receptor using plasmon-waveguide resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 48890-48897.
6. ALVES, I. D., SALGADO, G. F., SALAMON, Z., BROWN, M. F., TOLLIN, G. & HRUBY, V. J. (2005). Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine enhances rhodopsin photoactivation and transducin binding in a solid supported lipid bilayer as determined using plasmon-waveguide resonance spectroscopy. Biophysical Journal 88, 198-210.
7. ARIS, L., GILCHRIST, A., RENS-DOMIANO, S., MEYER, C., SCHATZ, P. J., DRATZ, E. A. & HAMM, H. E. (2001). Structural requirements for the stabilization of metarhodopsin II by the C terminus of the a subunit of transducin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 2333-2339.
8. ARSHAVSKY, V. & BOWNDS, M. D. (1992). Regulation of deactivation of photoreceptor G protein by its target enzyme and cGMP. Nature 357, 416-417.
9. ASSMANN, S. M. (2005). G proteins go green: a plant G protein signaling FAQ sheet. Science 310, 71-73.
10. AZPIAZU, I., CRUZBLANCA, H., LI, P., LINDER, M., ZHUO, M. & GAUTAM, N. (1999). A G protein γ subunit-specific peptide inhibits muscarinic receptor signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 35305-35308.
11. AZPIAZU, I. & GAUTAM, N. (2001). G protein γ subunit interaction with a receptor regulates receptor-stimulated nucleotide exchange. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 41742-41747.
12. 1b receptor-G protein interactions. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 32071-32077.
13. 1b receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 14963-14971.
14. 4 receptor BLT1 and the G-protein. Journal of Molecular Biology 329, 815-829.
15. β subunits. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 2273-2276.
16. βγ subunits. FASEB Journal 12, 1019-1025.
17. BENNETT, N. & DUPONT, Y. (1985). The G-protein of retinal rod outer segments (transducin). mechanism of interaction with rhodopsin and nucleotides. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, 4156-4168.
18. iα1: a mimic of the ternary product complex of Gα-catalyzed GTP hydrolysis. Structure 4, 1277-1290.
19. sα. Cell 68, 911-922.
20. q/11, its physiologic regulator. Cell 70, 411-418.
21. 13 requires palmitoylation for plasma membrane localization, rho-dependent signaling, and promotion of p115-RhoGEF membrane binding. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 14992-14999.
22. BIGAY, J., FAUROBERT, E., FRANCO, M. & CHABRE, M. (1994). Roles of lipid modifications of transducin subunits in their GDP-dependent association and membrane binding. Biochemistry 33, 14081-14090.
23. BIRNBAUMER, L., POHL, S. L., RODBELL, M. & SUNDBY, F. (1972). The glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclase system in plasma membranes of rat liver. VII. Hormonal stimulation: reversibility and dependence on concentration of free hormone. Journal of Biological Chemistry 247, 2038-2043.
24. BLACKMER, T., LARSEN, E. C., BARTLESON, C., KOWALCHYK, J. A., YOON, E. J., PREININGER, A. M., ALFORD, S., HAMM, H. E. & MARTIN, T. F. (2005). G protein βγ directly regulates SNARE protein fusion machinery for secretory granule exocytosis. Nature Neuroscience 8, 421-425.
25. 2+ entry. Science 292, 293-297.
26. BLAHOS, J., FISCHER, T., BRABET, I., STAUFFER, D., ROVELLI, G., BOCKAERT, J. & PIN, J. P. (2001). A novel site on the Gα-protein that recognizes heptahelical receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 3262-3269.
27. i-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 25765-25769.
28. BORNANCIN, F., PFISTER, C. & CHABRE, M. (1989). The transitory complex between photoexcited rhodopsin and transducin. Reciprocal interaction between the retinal site in rhodopsin and the nucleotide site in transducin. European Journal of Biochemistry 184, 687-698.
29. BOURNE, H. R. (1997). How receptors talk to trimeric G proteins. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 9, 134-142.
30. BUNEMANN, M., FRANK, M. & LOHSE, M. J. (2003). Gi protein activation in intact cells involves subunit rearrangement rather than dissociation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, 16077-16082.
31. 1A receptor in Sf9 cells. Reconstitution of a coupled phenotype by co-expression of mammalian G protein subunits. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 18691-18699.
32. CABRERA, J. L., DE FREITAS, F., SATPAEV, D. K. & SLEPAK, V. Z. (1998). Identification of the Gβ5-RGS7 protein complex in the retina. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 249, 898-902.
33. CABRERA-VERA, T. M., VANHAUWE, J., THOMAS, T. O., MEDKOVA, M., PREININGER, A., MAZZONI, M. R. & HAMM, H. E. (2003). Insights into G protein structure, function, and regulation. Endocrine Reviews 24, 765-781.
34. CAI, K., ITOH, Y. & KHORANA, H. G. (2001). Mapping of contact sites in complex formation between transducin and light-activated rhodopsin by covalent crosslinking: use of a photoactivatable reagent. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98, 4877-4882.
35. 2- adrenergic receptor with guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins in phospholipid vesicles. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261, 3901-3909.
36. CERUSO, M. A., PERIOLE, X. & WEINSTEIN, H. (2004). Molecular dynamics simulations of transducin: interdomain and front to back communication in activation and nucleotide exchange. Journal of Molecular Biology 338, 469-481.
37. CHABRE, M. & LE MAIRE, M. (2005). Monomeric G-protein-coupled receptor as a functional unit. Biochemistry 44, 9395-9403.
38. CHEN, C.A. & MANNING, D. R. (2001). Regulation of G proteins by covalent modification. Oncogene 20, 1643-1652.
39. CHEN, C. K., BURNS, M. E., HE, W., WENSEL, T. G., BAYLOR, D. A. & SIMON, M. I. (2000). Slowed recovery of rod photoresponse in mice lacking the GTPase accelerating protein RGS9-1. Nature 403, 557-560.
40. CHEN, C. K., EVERSOLE-CIRE, P., ZHANG, H., MANCINO, V., CHEN, Y. J., HE, W., WENSEL, T. G. & SIMON, M. I. (2003). Instability of GGL domain-containing RGS proteins in mice lacking the G protein β-subunit Gβ5. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, 6604-6609.
41. CHEN, S., LIN, F. & HAMM, H. E. (2005a). RACK1 Binds to a signal transfer region of Gβγ and inhibits phospholipase C β2 activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, 33445-33452.
42. CHEN, Z., SINGER, W. D., STERNWEIS, P. C. & SPRANG, S. R. (2005b). Structure of the p115RhoGEF rgRGS domain-Gα13/i1 chimera complex suggests convergent evolution of a GTPase activator. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology 12, 191-197.
43. CHERFILS, J. & CHABRE, M. (2003). Activation of G-protein Gα subunits by receptors through Gα-Gβ and Gα-Gγ interactions. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 28, 13-17.
44. q and acceleration is inhibited by Gβγ subunits. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 19639-19643.
45. CIARKOWSKI, J., WITT, M. & ŚLUSARZ, R. (2005). A hypothesis for GPCR activation. Journal of Molecular Modeling 11, 407-415.
46. CLAPHAM, D. E. & NEER, E. J. (1997). G protein βγ subunits. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 37, 167-203.
47. iα1 and the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis. Science 265, 1405-1412.
48. COLEMAN, D. E., LEE, E., MIXON, M. B., LINDER, M. E., BERGHUIS, A. M., GILMAN, A. G. & SPRANG, S. R. (1994b). Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic Studies of Giα1 and mutants of Giα1 in the GTP and GDP-bound states. Journal of Molecular Biology 238, 630-634.
49. 2+: a crystallographic titration experiment. Biochemistry 37, 14376-14385.
50. iα1·GppNHp, autoinhibition in a Gα protein-substrate complex. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 16669-16672.
51. iα. Nature 363, 274-276.
52. sα that alter the fidelity of receptor activation. Molecular Pharmacology 50, 885-890.
53. DAAKA, Y., PITCHER, J. A., RICHARDSON, M., STOFFEL, R. H., ROBISHAW, J. D. & LEFKOWITZ, R. J. (1997). Receptor and Gβγ isoform-specific interactions with G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94, 2180-2185.
54. DAVIS, T. L., BONACCI, T. M., SPRANG, S. R. & SMRCKA, A. V. (2005). Structural and molecular characterization of a preferred protein interaction surface on G protein bc subunits. Biochemistry 44, 10593-10604.
55. q. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, 53643-53652.
56. 3H]palmitic acid and mutation of cysteine-3 prevents this modification. Biochemistry 32, 8057-8061.
57. i subunit requires membrane localization not myristoylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 30898-30903.
58. DELL, E. J., CONNOR, J., CHEN, S., STEBBINS, E. G., SKIBA, N. P., MOCHLY-ROSEN, D. & HAMM, H. E. (2002). The βγ subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins interacts with RACK1 and two other WD repeat proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, 49888-49895.
59. i2 chimeras. Biochemistry 34, 5544-5553.
60. oα protein by deletion of the C terminus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 9998-10002.
61. iα binding site on type V adenylyl cyclase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 25831-25839.
62. DOHLMAN, H. G. (2002). G proteins and pheromone signaling. Annual Review of Physiology 64, 129-152.
63. DOHLMAN, H.G. & THORNER, J. W. (2001). Regulation of G protein-initiated signal transduction in yeast: paradigms and principles. Annual Review of Biochemistry 70, 703-754.
64. DOWNES, G. B. & GAUTAM, N. (1999). The G protein subunit gene families. Genomics 62, 544-552.
65. DRATZ, E. A., FURSTENAU, J. E., LAMBERT, C. G., THIREAULT, D. L., RARICK, H., SCHEPERS, T., PAKHLEVANIANTS, S. & HAMM, H. E. (1993). NMR structure of a receptor-bound G-protein peptide. Nature 363, 276-281.
66. DUNHAM, T. D. & FARRENS, D. L. (1999). Conformational changes in rhodopsin. movement of helix F detected by site-specific chemical labeling and fluorescence spectroscopy. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 1683-1690.
67. EMEIS, D., KUHN, H., REICHERT, J. & HOFMANN, K. P. (1982). Complex formation between metarhodopsin II and GTP-binding protein in bovine photoreceptor membranes leads to a shift of the photoproduct equilibrium. FEBS Letters 143, 29-34.
68. ERNST, O. P., MEYER, C. K., MARIN, E. P., HENKLEIN, P., FU, W. Y., SAKMAR, T. P. & HOFMANN, K. P. (2000). Mutation of the fourth cytoplasmic loop of rhodopsin affects binding of transducin and peptides derived from the carboxyl-terminal sequences of transducin α and γ subunits. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 1937-1943.
69. q. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 23945-23953.
70. q. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 1327-1336.
71. FANELLI, F. & DELL'ORCO, D. (2005). Rhodopsin activation follows precoupling with transducin: inferences from computational analysis. Biochemistry 44, 14695-14700.
72. FARRENS, D. L., ALTENBACH, C., YANG, K., HUBBELL, W. L. & KHORANA, H. G. (1996). Requirement of rigid-body motion of transmembrane helices for light activation of rhodopsin. Science 274, 768-770.
73. FIELDS, T. A. & CASEY, P. J. (1997). Signalling functions and biochemical properties of pertussis toxin-resistant G-proteins. Biochemical Journal 321, 561-571.
74. 1 adenosine receptors in Sf9 cell membranes with recombinant G proteins of defined composition. Molecular Pharmacology 50, 1587-1595.
75. 1 adenosine receptors and G proteins in phospholipid vesicles: βγ-subunit composition influences guanine nucleotide exchange and agonist binding. Biochemistry 36, 16288-16299.
76. Z. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97, 1085-1090.
77. qα subunit. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 636-644.
78. FORD, C. E., SKIBA, N. P., BAE, H., DAAKA, Y., REUVENY, E., SHEKTER, L. R., ROSAL, R., WENG, G., YANG, C. S., IYENGAR, R., MILLER, R. J., JAN, L. Y., LEFKOWITZ, R. J. & HAMM, H. E. (1998). Molecular basis for interactions of G protein βγ subunits with effectors. Science 280, 1271-1274.
79. FOTIADIS, D., LIANG, Y., FILIPEK, S., SAPERSTEIN, D. A., ENGEL, A. & PALCZEWSKI, K. (2003). Atomic-force microscopy: rhodopsin dimers in native disc membranes. Nature 421, 127-128.
80. FOTIADIS, D., LIANG, Y., FILIPEK, S., SAPERSTEIN, D. A., ENGEL, A. & PALCZEWSKI, K. (2004). The G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin in the native membrane. FEBS Letters 564, 281-288.
81. i- specific region. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, 24584-24590.
82. FREDRIKSSON, R. & SCHIÖTH, H. B. (2005). The repertoire of G-protein-coupled receptors in fully sequenced genomes. Molecular Pharmacology 67, 1414-1425.
83. 187 result in loss of GTPase activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264, 21907-21914.
84. FUKADA, Y., MATSUDA, T., KOKAME, K., TAKAO, T., SHIMONISHI, Y., AKINO, T. & YOSHIZAWA, T. (1994). Effects of carboxyl methylation of photoreceptor G protein γ-subunit in visual transduction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 5163-5170.
85. FUNG, B. K. (1983). Characterization of transducin from bovine retinal rod outer segments. I. Separation and reconstitution of the subunits. Journal of Biological Chemistry 258, 10495-10502.
86. i1: only the myristoylated protein is a substrate for palmitoylation. Biochemical Journal 303, 697-700.
87. GALES, C., REBOIS, R. V., HOGUE, M., TRIEU, P., BREIT, A., HEBERT, T. E. & BOUVIER, M. (2005). Real-time monitoring of receptor and G-protein interactions in living cells. Nature Methods 2, 177-184.
88. i2 polypeptide, a G protein α subunit, is required for its signaling and transformation functions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89, 9695-9699.
89. GARRITSEN, A. & SIMONDS, W. F. (1994). Multiple domains of G protein β confer subunit specificity in βγ interaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 24418-24423.
90. GARRITSEN, A., VAN GALEN, P. J. & SIMONDS, W. F. (1993). The N-terminal coiled-coil domain of β is essential for γ association: a model for G-protein βγ subunit interaction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90, 7706-7710.
91. GAUDET, R., BOHM, A. & SIGLER, P. B. (1996). Crystal structure at 2·4 Å resolution of the complex of transducin βγ and its regulator, phosducin. Cell 87, 577-588.
92. GAUDET, R., SAVAGE, J. R., MCLAUGHLIN, J. N., WILLARDSON, B. M. & SIGLER, P. B. (1999). A molecular mechanism for the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of heterotrimeric G proteins by phosducin. Molecular Cell 3, 649-660.
93. GERACHSHENKO, T., BLACKMER, T., YOON, E. J., BARTLESON, C., HAMM, H. E. & ALFORD, S. (2005). Gβγ acts at the C terminus of SNAP-25 to mediate presynaptic inhibition. Nature Neuroscience 8, 597-605.
94. GETHER, U. (2000). Uncovering molecular mechanisms involved in activation of G protein-coupled receptors. Endocrine Reviews 21, 90-113.
95. GETHER, U., ASMAR, F., MEINILD, A. K. & RASMUSSEN, S. G. (2002). Structural basis for activation of G-protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacology and Toxicology 91, 304-312.
96. s-mediated cAMP accumulation and calcium mobilization by dopamine D2S receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 9238-9245.
97. 2 adrenergic receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98, 5997-6002.
98. GILCHRIST, R. L., RYU, K. S., JI, I. & JI, T. H. (1996). The luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor has distinct transmembrane conductors for cAMP and inositol phosphate signals. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 19283-19287.
99. zα. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 26008-26013.
100. GOLDBERG, J. (1998). Structural basis for activation of ARF GTPase: mechanisms of guanine nucleotide exchange and GTP-myristoyl switching. Cell 95, 237-248.
101. GRAF, R., MATTERA, R., CODINA, J., EVANS, T., HO, Y. K., ESTES, M. K. & BIRNBAUMER, L. (1992). Studies on the interaction of a subunits of GTP-binding proteins with βγ dimers. European Journal of Biochemistry 210, 609-619.
102. sα impair receptor-mediated activation by altering receptor and guanine nucleotide binding. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 15053-15060.
103. sα in which substitutions decrease receptormediated activation and increase receptor a.nity. Molecular Pharmacology 57, 1081-1092.
104. z is correlated with an inhibition of palmitoylation and membrane attachment, but has no affect on phosphorylation by protein kinase C. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 4571-4576.
105. HAMM, H. E. (1998). The many faces of G protein signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 669-672.
106. HAMM, H. E. & BOWNDS, M. D. (1986). Protein complement of rod outer segments of frog retina. Biochemistry 25, 4512-4523.
107. HAMM, H. E., DERETIC, D., ARENDT, A., HARGRAVE, P. A., KOENIG, B. & HOFMANN, K. P. (1988). Site of G protein binding to rhodopsin mapped with synthetic peptides from the α subunit. Science 241, 832-835.
108. HAMM, H. E., DERETIC, D., HOFMANN, K. P., SCHLEICHER, A. & KOHL, B. (1987). Mechanism of action of monoclonal antibodies that block the light activation of the guanyl nucleotide-binding protein, transducin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262, 10831-10838.
109. HATLEY, M. E., LOCKLESS, S. W., GIBSON, S. K., GILMAN, A. G. & RANGANATHAN, R. (2003). Allosteric determinants in guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, 14445-14450.
110. HEBERT, T. E., GALES, C. & REBOIS, R. V. (2006). Detecting and imaging protein-protein interactions during G protein-mediated signal transduction in vivo and in situ by using fluorescence-based techniques. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 45, 85-109.
111. HECK, M. & HOFMANN, K. P. (2001). Maximal rate and nucleotide dependence of rhodopsin-catalyzed transducin activation. initial rate analysis based on a double displacement mechanism. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 10000-10009.
112. HEDIN, K. E., DUERSON, K. & CLAPHAM, D. E. (1993). Specificity of receptor-G protein interactions: searching for the structure behind the signal. Cellular Signalling 5, 505-518.
113. qα. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 496-504.
114. 2+ channels by G-protein βγ subunits. Nature 380, 258-262.
115. HERRMANN, R., HECK, M., HENKLEIN, P., KLEUSS, C., HOFMANN, K. P. & ERNST, O. P. (2004). Sequence of interactions in receptor-G protein coupling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, 24283-24290.
116. HEYDORN, A., WARD, R. J., JORGENSEN, R., ROSENKILDE, M. M., FRIMURER, T. M., MILLIGAN, G. & KOSTENIS, E. (2004). Identification of a novel site within G protein α subunits important for specificity of receptor-G protein interaction. Molecular Pharmacology 66, 250-259.
117. HEYDUK, T. (2002). Measuring protein conformational changes by FRET/LRET. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 13, 292-296.
118. 2+ and the βγ-subunit complex on the interactions of guanine nucleotides with G proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262, 762-766.
119. HIGGINS, J. B. & CASEY, P. J. (1994). In vitro processing of recombinant G protein γ subunits. Requirements for assembly of an active βγ complex. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 9067-9073.
120. HIGGINS, J. B. & CASEY, P. J. (1996). The role of prenylation in G-protein assembly and function. Cellular Signalling 8, 433-437.
121. HILSER, V. J. & FREIRE, E. (1996). Structure-based calculation of the equilibrium folding pathway of proteins. Correlation with hydrogen exchange protection factors. Journal of Molecular Biology 262, 756-772.
122. z is required for receptor recognition, whereas its α4/β6 loop is essential for inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Molecular Pharmacology 58, 993-1000.
123. HOFFMANN, C., GAIETTA, G., BUNEMANN, M., ADAMS, S. R., OBERDORFF-MAASS, S., BEHR, B., VILARDAGA, J. P., TSIEN, R. Y., ELLISMAN, M. H. & LOHSE, M. J. (2005). A FlAsH-based FRET approach to determine G protein-coupled receptor activation in living cells. Nature Methods 2, 171-176.
124. HOFMANN, K. P. & REICHERT, J. (1985). Chemical probing of the light-induced interaction between rhodopsin and G-protein. near-infrared light-scattering and sulfhydryl modifications. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, 7990-7995.
125. HOU, Y., AZPIAZU, I., SMRCKA, A. & GAUTAM, N. (2000). Selective role of G protein γ subunits in receptor interaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 38961-38964.
126. HOU, Y., CHANG, V., CAPPER, A. B., TAUSSIG, R. & GAUTAM, N. (2001). G protein β subunit types differentially interact with a muscarinic receptor but not adenylyl cyclase type II or phospholipase C-β2/3. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 19982-19988.
127. HUBBELL, W. L., ALTENBACH, C., HUBBELL, C. M. & KHORANA, H. G. (2003). Rhodopsin structure, dynamics, and activation: a perspective from crystallography, site-directed spin labeling, sulfhydryl reactivity, and disulfide cross-linking. Advances in Protein Chemistry 63, 243-290.
128. HUBBELL, W. L., CAFISO, D. S. & ALTENBACH, C. (2000). Identifying conformational changes with site-directed spin labeling. Nature Structural Biology 7, 735-739.
129. sα by palmitate and the βγ subunit. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93, 14592-14597.
130. IIRI, T., FARFEL, Z. & BOURNE, H. R. (1998). G-protein diseases furnish a model for the turn-on switch. Nature 394, 35-38.
131. sα in patients with gain and loss of endocrine function. Nature 371, 164-168.
132. IKEDA, S. R. (1996). Voltage-dependent modulation of N-type calcium channels by G-protein βγ subunits. Nature 380, 255-258.
133. βγ interactions with PH domains and Ras-MAPK signaling pathways. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 20, 151-156.
134. INIGUEZ-LLUHI, J. A., SIMON, M. I., ROBISHAW, J. D. & GILMAN, A. G. (1992). G protein βγ subunits synthesized in Sf9 cells. Functional characterization and the significance of prenylation of γ. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 23409-23417.
135. ITOH, Y., CAI, K. & KHORANA, H. G. (2001). Mapping of contact sites in complex formation between light-activated rhodopsin and transducin by covalent cross-linking: use of a chemically preactivated reagent. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98, 4883-4887.
136. JANETOPOULOS, C., JIN, T. & DEVREOTES, P. (2001). Receptor-mediated activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins in living cells. Science 291, 2408-2411.
137. JANZ, J.M. & FARRENS, D. L. (2004). Rhodopsin activation exposes a key hydrophobic binding site for the transducin α-subunit C terminus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, 29767-29773.
138. JAVITCH, J. A. (2004). The ants go marching two by two: oligomeric structure of G-protein-coupled receptors. Molecular Pharmacology 66, 1077-1082.
139. JIAN, X., CLARK, W. A., KOWALAK, J., MARKEY, S. P., SIMONDS, W. F. & NORTHUP, J. K. (2001). Gβγ affnity for bovine rhodopsin is determined by the carboxyl-terminal sequences of the γ subunit. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 48518-48525.
140. JIAN, X., SAINZ, E., CLARK, W. A., JENSEN, R. T., BATTEY, J. F. & NORTHUP, J. K. (1999). The bombesin receptor subtypes have distinct G protein specificities. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 11573-11581.
141. i1 bound to a GDP-selective peptide provides insight into guanine nucleotide exchange. Structure 13, 1069-1080.
142. JONES, M. B., SIDEROVSKI, D. P. & HOOKS, S. B. (2004). The Gβγ dimer as a novel source of selectivity in G-protein signaling: GGL-ing at convention. Molecular Interventions 4, 200-214.
143. KATZ, A., WU, D. & SIMON, M. I. (1992). Subunits βγ of heterotrimeric G protein activate β2 isoform of phospholipase C. Nature 360, 686-689.
144. KENAKIN, T. (2003). Ligand-selective receptor conformations revisited: the promise and the problem. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 24, 346-354.
145. KIMPLE, R. J., KIMPLE, M. E., BETTS, L., SONDEK, J. & SIDEROVSKI, D. P. (2002). Structural determinants for GoLoco-induced inhibition of nucleotide release by Gα subunits. Nature 416, 878-881.
146. KISSELEV, O. & GAUTAM, N. (1993). Specific interaction with rhodopsin is dependent on the γ subunit type in a G protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 24519-24522.
147. KISSELEV, O., PRONIN, A., ERMOLAEVA, M. & GAUTAM, N. (1995). Receptor-G protein coupling is established by a potential conformational switch in the βγ complex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92, 9102-9106.
148. KISSELEV, O. G. & DOWNS, M. A. (2003). Rhodopsin controls a conformational switch on the transducin γ subunit. Structure 11, 367-373.
149. KISSELEV, O. G., ERMOLAEVA, M. V. & GAUTAM, N. (1994). A farnesylated domain in the G protein γ subunit is a specific determinant of receptor coupling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 21399-21402.
150. KISSELEV, O. G., KAO, J., PONDER, J. W., FANN, Y. C., GAUTAM, N. & MARSHALL, G. R. (1998). Light-activated rhodopsin induces structural binding motif in G protein α subunit. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95, 4270-4275.
151. KISSELEV, O. G., MEYER, C. K., HECK, M., ERNST, O. P. & HOFMANN, K. P. (1999). Signal transfer from rhodopsin to the G-protein: evidence for a two-site sequential fit mechanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96, 4898-4903.
152. KOENIG, B. W., KONTAXIS, G., MITCHELL, D. C., LOUIS, J. M., LITMAN, B. J. & BAX, A. (2002). Structure and orientation of a G protein fragment in the receptor bound state from residual dipolar couplings. Journal of Molecular Biology 322, 441-461.
153. KONIG, B., ARENDT, A., MCDOWELL, J. H., KAHLERT, M., HARGRAVE, P. A. & HOFMANN, K. P. (1989). Three cytoplasmic loops of rhodopsin interact with transducin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 86, 6878-6882.
154. q subunits. Biochemistry 36, 1487-1495.
155. q is critical for constraining the selectivity of receptor coupling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 19107-19110.
156. q coupling selectivity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 23675-23681.
157. KOSTENIS, E., MARTINI, L., ELLIS, J., WALDHOER, M., HEYDORN, A., ROSENKILDE, M. M., NORREGAARD, P. K., JORGENSEN, R., WHISTLER, J. L. & MILLIGAN, G. (2005). A highly conserved glycine within linker I and the extreme C terminus of G protein α subunits interact cooperatively in switching G protein-coupled receptor-to-effector specificity. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 313, 78-87.
158. q subunits displaying promiscuous receptor coupling properties. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 17886-17892.
159. KOVOOR, A., CHEN, C. K., HE, W., WENSEL, T. G., SIMON, M. I. & LESTER, H. A. (2000). Co-expression of Gβ5 enhances the function of two Gγ subunit-like domain-containing regulators of G protein signaling proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 3397-3402.
160. 12/13 proteins. Biochemistry 45, 167-174.
161. KRISTIANSEN, K. (2004). Molecular mechanisms of ligand binding, signaling, and regulation within the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors: molecular modeling and mutagenesis approaches to receptor structure and function. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 103, 21-80.
162. LAMBRIGHT, D. G., NOEL, J. P., HAMM, H. E. & SIGLER, P. B. (1994). Structural determinants for activation of the α-subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein. Nature 369, 621-628.
163. LAMBRIGHT, D. G., SONDEK, J., BOHM, A., SKIBA, N. P., HAMM, H. E. & SIGLER, P. B. (1996). The 2·0 Å crystal structure of a heterotrimeric G protein. Nature 379, 311-319.
164. s and stimulate adenylyl cyclase in human pituitary tumours. Nature 340, 692-696.
165. LEE, C., MURAKAMI, T. & SIMONDS, W. F. (1995a). Identification of a discrete region of the G protein γ subunit conferring selectivity in βγ complex formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 8779-8784.
166. α16 contribute to the specificity of activation by the C5a receptor. Molecular Pharmacology 47, 218-223.
167. LEVAY, K., CABRERA, J. L., SATPAEV, D. K. & SLEPAK, V. Z. (1999). Gβ5 prevents the RGS7-Gαo interaction through binding to a distinct Gγ-like domain found in RGS7 and other RGS proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96, 2503-2507.
168. LI, J., EDWARDS, P. C., BURGHAMMER, M., VILLA, C. & SCHERTLER, G. F. (2004). Structure of bovine rhodopsin in a trigonal crystal form. Journal of Molecular Biology 343, 1409-1438.
169. LI, Y., STERNWEIS, P. M., CHARNECKI, S., SMITH, T. F., GILMAN, A. G., NEER, E. J. & KOZASA, T. (1998). Sites for Gα binding on the G protein β subunit overlap with sites for regulation of phospholipase Cβ and adenylyl cyclase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 16265-16272.
170. LIANG, Y., FOTIADIS, D., FILIPEK, S., SAPERSTEIN, D. A., PALCZEWSKI, K. & ENGEL, A. (2003). Organization of the G protein-coupled receptors rhodopsin and opsin in native membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 21655-21662.
171. αβγ binding surfaces support a model of the G protein-receptor complex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93, 7507-7511.
172. LICHTARGE, O., BOURNE, H. R. & COHEN, F. E. (1996b). An evolutionary trace method defines binding surfaces common to protein families. Journal of Molecular Biology 257, 342-358.
173. LIEBMAN, P. A. & SITARAMAYYA, A. (1984). Role of G-protein-receptor interaction in amplified phosphodiesterase activation of retinal rods. Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide and Protein Phosphorylation Research 17, 215-225.
174. 1A receptors. Biochemistry 40, 10532-10541.
175. oα increases its affnity for βγ. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 4654-4659.
176. 2 subunit at receptors and effectors. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 34429-34436.
177. LIU, J., CONKLIN, B. R., BLIN, N., YUN, J. & WESS, J. (1995). Identification of a receptor/G-protein contact site critical for signaling specificity and G-protein activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92, 11642-11646.
178. LIU, W., CLARK, W. A., SHARMA, P. & NORTHUP, J.K. (1998). Mechanism of allosteric regulation of the rod cGMP phosphodiesterase activity by the helical domain of transducin α subunit. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 34284-34292.
179. LIU, Y., ARSHAVSKY, V. Y. & RUOHO, A. E. (1999). Interaction sites of the C-terminal region of the cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitory subunit with the GDP-bound transducin α-subunit. Biochemical Journal 337, 281-288.
180. LOCKLESS, S. W. & RANGANATHAN, R. (1999). Evolutionarily conserved pathways of energetic connectivity in protein families. Science 286, 295-299.
181. LODOWSKI, D. T., PITCHER, J. A., CAPEL, W. D., LEFKOWITZ, R. J. & TESMER, J. J. (2003). Keeping G proteins at bay: a complex between G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and Gβγ. Science 300, 1256-1262.
182. LOEW, A., HO, Y. K., BLUNDELL, T. & BAX, B. (1998). Phosducin induces a structural change in transducin βγ. Structure 6, 1007-1019.
183. + channel in heart. Nature 325, 321-326.
184. LYONS, J., LANDIS, C. A., HARSH, G., VALLAR, L., GRUNEWALD, K., FEICHTINGER, H., DUH, Q. Y., CLARK, O. H., KAWASAKI, E., BOURNE, H. R. & MCCORMICK, F. (1990). Two G protein oncogenes in human endocrine tumors. Science 249, 655-659.
185. 2+ entry in rat portal vein myocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 5261-5268.
186. MAJUMDAR, S., RAMACHANDRAN, S. & CERIONE, R.A. (2004). Perturbing the linker regions of the α-subunit of transducin: a new class of constitutively active GTP-binding proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, 40137-40145.
187. MAKINO, E. R., HANDY, J. W., LI, T. & ARSHAVSKY, V. Y. (1999). The GTPase activating factor for transducin in rod photoreceptors is the complex between RGS9 and type 5 G protein β subunit. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96, 1947-1952.
188. MANSOOR, S. E., MCHAOURAB, H. S. & FARRENS, D. L. (1999). Determination of protein secondary structure and solvent accessibility using site-directed fluorescence labeling. Studies of T4 lysozyme using the fluorescent probe monobromobimane. Biochemistry 38, 16383-16393.
189. MARIN, E. P., KRISHNA, A. G., ARCHAMBAULT, V., SIMUNI, E., FU, W. Y. & SAKMAR, T. P. (2001a). The function of interdomain interactions in controlling nucleotide exchange rates in transducin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 23873-23880.
190. MARIN, E. P., KRISHNA, A. G. & SAKMAR, T. P. (2001b). Rapid activation of transducin by mutations distant from the nucleotide-binding site. evidence for a mechanistic model of receptor-catalyzed nucleotide exchange by G proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 27400-27405.
191. MARIN, E. P., KRISHNA, A. G. & SAKMAR, T. P. (2002). Disruption of the α5 helix of transducin impairs rhodopsin-catalyzed nucleotide exchange. Biochemistry 41, 6988-6994.
192. MARIN, E. P., KRISHNA, A. G., ZVYAGA, T. A., ISELE, J., SIEBERT, F. & SAKMAR, T. P. (2000). The amino terminus of the fourth cytoplasmic loop of rhodopsin modulates rhodopsin-transducin interaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 1930-1936.
193. MARKBY, D. W., ONRUST, R. & BOURNE, H. R. (1993). Separate GTP binding and GTPase activating domains of a Gα subunit. Science 262, 1895-1901.
194. MARTIN, E. L., RENS-DOMIANO, S., SCHATZ, P. J. & HAMM, H. E. (1996). Potent peptide analogues of a G protein receptor-binding region obtained with a combinatorial library. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 361-366.
195. MAZZONI, M. R. & HAMM, H. E. (1996). Interaction of transducin with light-activated rhodopsin protects it from proteolytic digestion by trypsin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 30034-30040.
196. MCCABE, J. B. & BERTHIAUME, L. G. (1999). Functional roles for fatty acylated amino-terminal domains in subcellular localization. Molecular Biology of the Cell 10, 3771-3786.
197. MCCUDDEN, C. R., HAINS, M. D., KIMPLE, R. J., SIDEROVSKI, D. P. & WILLARD, F. S. (2005). G-protein signaling: back to the future. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 62, 551-577.
198. MCHAOURAB, H. S., LIETZOW, M. A., HIDEG, K. & HUBBELL, W. L. (1996). Motion of spin-labeled side chains in T4 lysozyme. Correlation with protein structure and dynamics. Biochemistry 35, 7692-7704.
199. 1-adrenergic and A2a adenosine receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 15801-15809.
200. MCLAUGHLIN, J. N., SHEN, L., HOLINSTAT, M., BROOKS, J. D., DIBENEDETTO, E. & HAMM, H. E. (2005). Functional selectivity of G protein signaling by agonist peptides and thrombin for the protease-activated receptor-1. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, 25048-25059.
201. i1 following dissociation from Gβγ subunit and activation. Biochemistry 41, 9962-9972.
202. MILLIGAN, G. (2004). G protein-coupled receptor dimerization: function and ligand pharmacology. Molecular Pharmacology 66, 1-7.
203. iα1 induced by GTP hydrolysis. Science 270, 954-960.
204. z requires two signals. Molecular Biology of the Cell 9, 1-14.
205. 1 cannabinoid receptor-Gi protein interactions. Molecular Pharmacology 67, 2016-2024.
206. q promoted by receptor and GTPase-activating proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96, 9539-9544.
207. MUMBY, S. M., HEUKEROTH, R. O., GORDON, J.I. & GILMAN, A. G. (1990). G-protein α-subunit expression, myristoylation, and membrane association in COS cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 87, 728-732.
208. MUMBY, S. M., KLEUSS, C. & GILMAN, A. G. (1994). Receptor regulation of G-protein palmitoylation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91, 2800-2804.
209. MURAMATSU, T. & SUWA, M. (2006). Statistical analysis and prediction of functional residues effective for GPCR-G-protein coupling selectivity. Protein Engineering Design and Selection 19, 277-283.
210. MYUNG, C. S., LIM, W. K., DEFILIPPO, J., YASUDA, H., NEUBIG, R. & GARRISON, J. C. (2005). Regions in the G protein γ subunit important for interaction with receptors and effectors. Molecular Pharmacology 69, 877-887.
211. MYUNG, C. S., YASUDA, H., LIU, W. W., HARDEN, T. K. & GARRISON, J. C. (1999). Role of isoprenoid lipids on the heterotrimeric G protein γ subunit in determining effector activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 16595-16603.
212. NANOFF, C., KOPPENSTEINER, R., YANG, Q., FUERST, E., AHORN, H. & FREISSMUTH, M. (2006). The carboxyl terminus of the Gα-subunit is the latch for triggered activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. Molecular Pharmacology 69, 397-405.
213. NATOCHIN, M., GASIMOV, K. G., MOUSSAIF, M. & ARTEMYEV, N. O. (2003). Rhodopsin determinants for transducin activation: a gain-of-function approach. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 37574-37581.
214. NATOCHIN, M., MOUSSAIF, M. & ARTEMYEV, N. O. (2001). Probing the mechanism of rhodopsin-catalyzed transducin activation. Journal of Neurochemistry 77, 202-210.
215. sα containing C-terminal residues of transducin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 2669-2675.
216. NEER, E. J. (1995). Heterotrimeric G proteins: organizers of transmembrane Signals. Cell 80, 249-257.
217. NIKIFOROVICH, G. V. & MARSHALL, G. R. (2003). Three-dimensional model for meta-II rhodopsin, an activated G-protein-coupled receptor. Biochemistry 42, 9110-9120.
218. NOEL, J. P., HAMM, H. E. & SIGLER, P. B. (1993). The 2·2 Å crystal structure of transducin-α complexed with GTPγS. Nature 366, 654-663.
219. OKADA, T., FUJIYOSHI, Y., SILOW, M., NAVARRO, J., LANDAU, E. M. & SHICHIDA, Y. (2002). Functional role of internal water molecules in rhodopsin revealed by X-ray crystallography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99, 5982-5987.
220. OKADA, T., SUGIHARA, M., BONDAR, A. N., ELSTNER, M., ENTEL, P. & BUSS, V. (2004). The retinal conformation and its environment in rhodopsin in light of a new 2·2 Å crystal structure. Journal of Molecular Biology 342, 571-583.
221. OLDHAM, W. M., VAN EPS, N., PREININGER, A. M., HUBBELL, W. L. & HAMM, H. E. (in press). Mechanism of the receptor-catalyzed activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology.
222. OLIVEIRA, L., PAIVA, A. C. & VRIEND, G. (1999). A low resolution model for the interaction of G proteins with G protein-coupled receptors. Protein Engineering 12, 1087-1095.
223. ONRUST, R., HERZMARK, P., CHI, P., GARCIA, P. D., LICHTARGE, O., KINGSLEY, C. & BOURNE, H. R. (1997). Receptor and βγ binding sites in the α subunit of the retinal G protein transducin. Science 275, 381-384.
224. tα on rhodopsin and guanine nucleotide binding. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 31052-31058.
225. OTA, N. & AGARD, D. A. (2005). Intramolecular signaling pathways revealed by modeling anisotropic thermal diffusion. Journal of Molecular Biology 351, 345-354.
226. PALCZEWSKI, K., KUMASAKA, T., HORI, T., BEHNKE, C. A., MOTOSHIMA, H., FOX, B. A., LE TRONG, I., TELLER, D. C., OKADA, T., STENKAMP, R. E., YAMAMOTO, M. & MIYANO, M. (2000). Crystal structure of rhodopsin: a G protein-coupled receptor. Science 289, 739-745.
227. PAN, H., LEE, J. C. & HILSER, V. J. (2000). Binding sites in Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase communicate by modulating the conformational ensemble. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97, 12020-12025.
228. PANCHENKO, M. P., SAXENA, K., LI, Y., CHARNECKI, S., STERNWEIS, P. M., SMITH, T. F., GILMAN, A. G., KOZASA, T. & NEER, E. J. (1998). Sites important for PLCβ2 activation by the G protein βγ subunit map to the sides of the β propeller structure. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 28298-28304.
229. PANNIER, M., VEIT, S., GODT, A., JESCHKE, G. & SPIESS, H. W. (2000). Dead-time free measurement of dipole-dipole interactions between electron spins. Journal of Magnetic Resonance 142, 331-340.
230. PEREIRA, R. & CERIONE, R. A. (2005). A switch 3 point mutation in the α subunit of transducin yields a unique dominant-negative inhibitor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, 35696-35703.
231. PEREZ, D. M., HWA, J., GAIVIN, R., MATHUR, M., BROWN, F. & GRAHAM, R. M. (1996). Constitutive activation of a single effector pathway: evidence for multiple activation states of a G protein-coupled receptor. Molecular Pharmacology 49, 112-122.
232. PEREZ, D. M. & KARNIK, S. S. (2005). Multiple signaling states of G-protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacological Reviews 57, 147-161.
233. PHILLIPS, W. J., WONG, S. C. & CERIONE, R. A. (1992). Rhodopsin/transducin interactions. II. Influence of the transducin-βγ subunit complex on the coupling of the transducin-α subunit to rhodopsin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 17040-17046.
234. PITCHER, J. A., INGLESE, J., HIGGINS, J. B., ARRIZA, J. L., CASEY, P. J., KIM, C., BENOVIC, J. L., KWATRA, M. M., CARON, M. G. & LEFKOWITZ, R. J. (1992). Role of βγ subunits of G proteins in targeting the β-adrenergic receptor kinase to membrane-bound receptors. Science 257, 1264-1267.
235. iα1 as an approximation of the receptor-bound state. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 21752-21758.
236. i1 subunits in solution. Biochemistry 42, 7931-7941.
237. PRONIN, A. N. & GAUTAM, N. (1992). Interaction between G-protein β and γ subunit types is selective. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89, 6220-6224.
238. RABENSTEIN, M. D. & SHIN, Y. K. (1995). Determination of the distance between two spin labels attached to a macromolecule. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92, 8239-8243.
239. RARICK, H. M., ARTEMYEV, N. O. & HAMM, H. E. (1992). A site on rod G protein α subunit that mediates effector activation. Science 256, 1031-1033.
240. iα1. Biochemistry 36, 15660-15669.
241. REMMERS, A. E., ENGEL, C., LIU, M. & NEUBIG, R. R. (1999). Interdomain interactions regulate GDP release from heterotrimeric G proteins. Biochemistry 38, 13795-13800.
242. REUVENY, E., SLESINGER, P. A., INGLESE, J., MORALES, J. M., INIGUEZ-LLUHI, J. A., LEFKOWITZ, R. J., BOURNE, H. R., JAN, Y. N. & JAN, L. Y. (1994). Activation of the cloned muscarinic potassium channel by G protein βγ subunits. Nature 370, 143-146.
243. i heterotrimers of different βγ subunit composition in Sf9 insect cell Membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 13525-13533.
244. RIDGE, K. D., ABDULAEV, N. G., ZHANG, C., NGO, T., BRABAZON, D. M. & MARINO, J. P. (2006). Conformational changes associated with receptor stimulated guanine nucleotide exchange in a heterotrimeric G-protein α-subunit: NMR analysis of GTPγS-bound states. Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, 7635-7648.
245. 12 family. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 26, 146-154.
246. 125I-glucagon. Journal of Biological Chemistry 246, 1872-1876.
247. RONDARD, P., IIRI, T., SRINIVASAN, S., MENG, E., FUJITA, T. & BOURNE, H. R. (2001). Mutant G protein α subunit activated by Gβγ: A model for receptor activation? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98, 6150-6155.
248. ROSS, E. M. & WILKIE, T. M. (2000). GTPase-activating proteins for heterotrimeric G proteins: regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) and RGS-like proteins. Annual Review of Biochemistry 69, 795-827.
249. RUIZ-VELASCO, V. & IKEDA, S. R. (2000). Multiple G-protein βγ combinations produce voltage-dependent inhibition of N-type calcium channels in rat superior cervical ganglion neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 20, 2183-2191.
250. SALAMON, Z., WANG, Y., SOULAGES, J. L., BROWN, M. F. & TOLLIN, G. (1996). Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy studies of membrane proteins: transducin binding and activation by rhodopsin monitored in thin membrane films. Biophysical Journal 71, 283-294.
251. SATO, M., BLUMER, J. B., SIMON, V. & LANIER, S. M. (2006). Accessory proteins for G proteins: partners in signaling. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 46, 151-187.
252. SCHLEICHER, A. & HOFMANN, K. P. (1987). Kinetic study on the equilibrium between membrane-bound and free photoreceptor G-protein. Journal of Membrane Biology 95, 271-281.
253. SCHMIDT, C. J., THOMAS, T. C., LEVINE, M. A. & NEER, E. J. (1992). Specificity of G protein β and γ subunit interactions. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 13807-13810.
254. SCHOLICH, K., MULLENIX, J. B., WITTPOTH, C., POPPLETON, H. M., PIERRE, S. C., LINDORFER, M. A., GARRISON, J. C. & PATEL, T. B. (1999). Facilitation of signal onset and termination by adenylyl cyclase. Science 283, 1328-1331.
255. sα mutant in a patient with Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy uncouples cell surface receptors from adenylyl cyclase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 25387-25391.
256. SEITZ, H. R., HECK, M., HOFMANN, K. P., ALT, T., PELLAUD, J. & SEELIG, A. (1999). Molecular determinants of the reversible membrane anchorage of the G-protein transducin. Biochemistry 38, 7950-7960.
257. SHAHINIAN, S. & SILVIUS, J. R. (1995). Doubly-lipid-modified protein sequence motifs exhibit long-lived anchorage to lipid bilayer membranes. Biochemistry 34, 3813-3822.
258. SHEIKH, S. P., ZVYAGA, T. A., LICHTARGE, O., SAKMAR, T. P. & BOURNE, H. R. (1996). Rhodopsin activation blocked by metal-ion-binding sites linking transmembrane helices C and F. Nature 383, 347-350.
259. SIMON, M. I., STRATHMANN, M. P. & GAUTAM, N. (1991). Diversity of G proteins in signal transduction. Science 252, 802-808.
260. i1 chimeras. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 413-424.
261. SKIBA, N. P., HOPP, J. A. & ARSHAVSKY, V. Y. (2000). The effector enzyme regulates the duration of G protein signaling in vertebrate photoreceptors by increasing the affnity between transducin and RGS protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 32716-32720.
262. t determines specific interaction with regulator of G protein signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 8770-8778.
263. SLEP, K. C., KERCHER, M. A., HE, W., COWAN, C. W., WENSEL, T. G. & SIGLER, P. B. (2001). Structural determinants for regulation of phosphodiesterase by a G protein at 2·0 Å. Nature 409, 1071-1077.
264. SLESSAREVA, J. E., MA, H., DEPREE, K. M., FLOOD, L. A., BAE, H., CABRERA-VERA, T. M., HAMM, H. E. & GRABER, S. G. (2003). Closely related G-protein-coupled receptors use multiple and distinct domains on G-protein α-subunits for selective coupling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 50530-50536.
265. SLUSARZ, R. & CIARKOWSKI, J. (2004). Interaction of class A G protein-coupled receptors with G proteins. Acta Biochimica Polonica 51, 129-136.
266. SMOTRYS, J. E. & LINDER, M. E. (2004). Palmitoylation of intracellular signaling proteins: regulation and function. Annual Review of Biochemistry 73, 559-587.
267. β5 subunits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95, 13307-13312.
268. SONDEK, J., BOHM, A., LAMBRIGHT, D. G., HAMM, H. E. & SIGLER, P. B. (1996). Crystal structure of a G-protein βγ dimer at 2·1 Å resolution. Nature 379, 369-374.
269. -. Nature 372, 276-279.
270. SPIEGELBERG, B. D. & HAMM, H. E. (2005). G βγ binds histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) and inhibits its transcriptional co-repression activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, 41769-41776.
271. SPRANG, S. R. (1997). G protein mechanisms: insights from structural analysis. Annual Review of Biochemistry 66, 639-678.
272. STEPHENS, L., SMRCKA, A., COOKE, F. T., JACKSON, T. R., STERNWEIS, P. C. & HAWKINS, P. T. (1994). A novel phosphoinositide 3 kinase activity in myeloid-derived cells is activated by G protein βγ subunits. Cell 77, 83-93.
273. SULLIVAN, K. A., MILLER, R. T., MASTERS, S. B., BEIDERMAN, B., HEIDEMAN, W. & BOURNE, H. R. (1987). Identification of receptor contact site involved in receptor-G protein coupling. Nature 330, 758-760.
274. sα with the cytosolic domains of mammalian adenylyl cyclase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 22265-22271.
275. sα. Science 278, 1943-1947.
276. TAKIDA, S. & WEDEGAERTNER, P. B. (2003). Heterotrimer formation, together with isoprenylation, is required for plasma membrane targeting of Gβγ. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 17284-17290.
277. TALL, G. G. & GILMAN, A. G. (2005). Resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 8 A catalyzes release of Gαi-GTP and nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA) from NuMA/LGN/Gαi-GDP complexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102, 16584-16589.
278. TALL, G. G., KRUMINS, A. M. & GILMAN, A. G. (2003). Mammalian Ric-8A (Synembryn) is a heterotrimeric Gα protein guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 8356-8362.
279. TANG, W. J. & GILMAN, A. G. (1991). Type-specific regulation of adenylyl cyclase by G protein βγ subunits. Science 254, 1500-1503.
280. iα. Science 261, 218-221.
281. 2 adrenergic receptor third intracellular loop peptide to Gβ and the amino terminus of Gα. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 27618-27624.
282. TAYLOR, J. M., JACOB-MOSIER, G. G., LAWTON, R. G., VANDORT, M. & NEUBIG, R. R. (1996). Receptor and membrane interaction sites on Gβ. A receptor-derived peptide binds to the carboxyl terminus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 27, 3336-3339.
283. TELLER, D. C., OKADA, T., BEHNKE, C. A., PALCZEWSKI, K. & STENKAMP, R. E. (2001). Advances in determination of a high-resolution three-dimensional structure of rhodopsin, a model of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Biochemistry 40, 7761-7772.
284. iα1: stabilization of the transition state for GTP hydrolysis. Cell 89, 251-261.
285. TESMER, J. J., DESSAUER, C. W., SUNAHARA, R. K., MURRAY, L. D., JOHNSON, R. A., GILMAN, A. G. & SPRANG, S. R. (2000). Molecular basis for P-site inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Biochemistry 39, 14464-14471.
286. sα·GTPγS. Science 278, 1907-1916.
287. TESMER, J. J., SUNAHARA, R. K., JOHNSON, R. A., GOSSELIN, G., GILMAN, A. G. & SPRANG, S. R. (1999). Two-metalion catalysis in adenylyl cyclase. Science 285, 756-760.
288. q-GRK2-Gβγ complex. Science 310, 1686-1690.
289. THOMAS, C. J., DU, X., LI, P., WANG, Y., ROSS, E. M. & SPRANG, S. R. (2004). Uncoupling conformational change from GTP hydrolysis in a heterotrimeric G protein α-subunit. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101, 7560-7565.
290. o subunit: mutation of conserved cysteines identifies a subunit contact surface and alters GDP affinity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90, 10295-10298.
291. z GAP and other RGS proteins by palmitoylation of G protein α subunits. Science 278, 1132-1135.
292. UEDA, N., INIGUEZ-LLUHI, J. A., LEE, E., SMRCKA, A. V., ROBISHAW, J. D. & GILMAN, A. G. (1994). G protein βγ subunits. simplified purification and properties of novel isoforms. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 4388-4395.
293. VAN DOP, C., TSUBOKAWA, M., BOURNE, H. R. & RAMACHANDRAN, J. (1984). Amino acid sequence of retinal transducin at the site ADP-ribosylated by cholera toxin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 259, 696-698.
294. 13. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, 54283-54290.
295. 2. Cell 83, 1047-1058.
296. z GTPase-activating protein subfamily. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 26014-26025.
297. WANG, J., FROST, J. A., COBB, M. H. & ROSS, E. M. (1999). Reciprocal signaling between heterotrimeric G proteins and the p21-stimulated protein kinase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 31641-31647.
298. WARNER, D. R. & WEINSTEIN, L. S. (1999). A mutation in the heterotrimeric stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding protein α-subunit with impaired receptor-mediated activation because of elevated GTPase activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96, 4268-4272.
299. sα in a patient with Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy impairs GDP binding and receptor
300. 5 is specifically expressed in the vertebrate retina. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 28154-28160.
301. WATSON, A. J., KATZ, A. & SIMON, M. I. (1994). A fifth member of the mammalian G-protein β-subunit family. Expression in brain and activation of the β2 isotype of phospholipase C. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 22150-22156.
302. sα. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 25001-25008.
303. WEINSTEIN, L. S., SHENKER, A., GEJMAN, P. V., MERINO, M. J., FRIEDMAN, E. & SPIEGEL, A. M. (1991). Activating mutations of the stimulatory G protein in the McCune-Albright syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 325, 1688-1695.
304. WESS, J. (1997). G-protein-coupled receptors: molecular mechanisms involved in receptor activation and selectivity of G-protein recognition. FASEB Journal 11, 346-354.
305. WESS, J. (1998). Molecular basis of receptor/G-protein-coupling selectivity. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 80, 231-264.
306. WEST JR., R. E., MOSS, J., VAUGHAN, M., LIU, T. & LIU, T. Y. (1985). Pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of transducin. Cysteine 347 is the ADP-ribose acceptor site. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, 14428-14430.
307. WILLARD, F. S., KIMPLE, R. J. & SIDEROVSKI, D. P. (2004). Return of the GDI: the GoLoco motif in cell division. Annual Review of Biochemistry 73, 925-951.
308. z signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 9667-9675.
309. 2a-adrenoceptor but not interactions with the βγ complex. Biochemistry 36, 10620-10629.
310. 11α with receptors and phosphoinositidase C: the contribution of G-protein palmitoylation and membrane association. FEBS Letters 407, 257-260.
311. YASUDA, H., LINDORFER, M. A., WOODFORK, K. A., FLETCHER, J. E. & GARRISON, J. C. (1996). Role of the prenyl group on the G protein G subunit in coupling trimeric G proteins to A1 adenosine receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 18588-18595.
312. 5 subunit interactions with α subunits and effectors. Biochemistry 39, 11340-11347.
313. ZHANG, F. L. & CASEY, P. J. (1996). Protein prenylation: molecular mechanisms and functional consequences. Annual Review of Biochemistry 65, 241-269.
314. ZHANG, S., COSO, O. A., LEE, C., GUTKIND, J. S. & SIMONDS, W. F. (1996). Selective activation of effector pathways by brain-specific G protein b5. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 33575-33579.