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Yang, K.1
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Double cysteine mutants were constructed in a synthetic rhodopsin gene by combining appropriate plasmid fragments from single-cysteine mutants [K. D. Ridge, C. Zhang, H. G. Khorana, ibid. 34, 8804 (1995); K. Yang, D. L Farrens, W. L. Hubbell, H. G. Khorana, ibid. 35, 12464 (1996).
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Ridge, K.D.1
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Double cysteine mutants were constructed in a synthetic rhodopsin gene by combining appropriate plasmid fragments from single-cysteine mutants [K. D. Ridge, C. Zhang, H. G. Khorana, ibid. 34, 8804 (1995); K. Yang, D. L Farrens, W. L. Hubbell, H. G. Khorana, ibid. 35, 12464 (1996).
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10544222550
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note
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Mutant purifications were as described (6, 7), with some modifications. All buffers were argon purged. After harvesting, transfected COS cells were solubilized (4°C for 1 hour) in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.5% DM, 0.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, 3 mM DTT, and 50 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) (pH 6). The cells were then bound to 1D4 antibody beads (4°C for 3 hours; antibody supplied by the National Cell Culture Center, Minneapolis, MN) washed five times with 10 ml of 5 mM MES (pH 6), 0.025% DM, 1 mM EDTA and then washed two times with 5 mM MES (pH 6), 0.05% DM. The samples were eluted in the latter buffer containing 300 μM competing nine-amino acid peptide oligomer and stored at 4°C in the dark. Yields of the expressed mutants were similar to that of the wild-type rhodopsin.
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J. R. Resek, Z. T. Farahbakhsh, W. L. Hubbell, H. G. Khorana, Biochemistry 32, 12025 (1993).
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Resek, J.R.1
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Hubbell, W.L.3
Khorana, H.G.4
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0021187158
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A similar pattern of changes was observed at room temperature, but under these conditions, both changes in spin label mobility (3) and changes in distance affect the spectral amplitudes. 13. Least squares fitting of spectral iineshapes [A. H. Beth et al., J. Biol. Chem. 259, 9717 (1984); Z. T. Farahbakhsh et al., Biochemistry 34, 509 (1995)] and convolution techniques [M. R. Rabenstein and Y. K. Shin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 8239 (1995)] have both been used to obtain interspin distances between pairs of nitroxides in rigid lattices. In the present case, the approach described by Farahbakhsh et al. was used, but the presence of a small population of noninteracting R1 side chains at the native cysteines at positions 167, 185, 222, and 264 limits the determination to an estimate for probable ranges of interspin distances.
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Beth, A.H.1
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0028988412
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A similar pattern of changes was observed at room temperature, but under these conditions, both changes in spin label mobility (3) and changes in distance affect the spectral amplitudes. 13. Least squares fitting of spectral iineshapes [A. H. Beth et al., J. Biol. Chem. 259, 9717 (1984); Z. T. Farahbakhsh et al., Biochemistry 34, 509 (1995)] and convolution techniques [M. R. Rabenstein and Y. K. Shin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 8239 (1995)] have both been used to obtain interspin distances between pairs of nitroxides in rigid lattices. In the present case, the approach described by Farahbakhsh et al. was used, but the presence of a small population of noninteracting R1 side chains at the native cysteines at positions 167, 185, 222, and 264 limits the determination to an estimate for probable ranges of interspin distances.
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Biochemistry
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Farahbakhsh, Z.T.1
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19
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0029115328
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A similar pattern of changes was observed at room temperature, but under these conditions, both changes in spin label mobility (3) and changes in distance affect the spectral amplitudes. 13. Least squares fitting of spectral iineshapes [A. H. Beth et al., J. Biol. Chem. 259, 9717 (1984); Z. T. Farahbakhsh et al., Biochemistry 34, 509 (1995)] and convolution techniques [M. R. Rabenstein and Y. K. Shin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 8239 (1995)] have both been used to obtain interspin distances between pairs of nitroxides in rigid lattices. In the present case, the approach described by Farahbakhsh et al. was used, but the presence of a small population of noninteracting R1 side chains at the native cysteines at positions 167, 185, 222, and 264 limits the determination to an estimate for probable ranges of interspin distances.
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Rabenstein, M.R.1
Shin, Y.K.2
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Disulfide cross-linking probability is apparently strongly dependent on low-frequency conformational fluctuations [C. L. Careaga and J. J. Falke, J. Mol. Biol. 226, 1219 (1992)], whereas distances between nitroxide groups at low temperature are determined in part by the conformation of the nitroxide side chain in the protein. Thus, it is not unexpected that, in particular cases, proximity will be detected by one method but not the other. For 139C-252C, no cross-linking occurred, but nitroxide interactions were detectable.
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Careaga, C.L.1
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unpublished data
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Transducin activation by at least one of the cross-linked mutants (139C-250C) could be restored by treatment with DTT (D. L. Farrens, C. Altenbach, K. Yang, W. L. Hubbell, H. G. Khorana, unpublished data).
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Farrens, D.L.1
Altenbach, C.2
Yang, K.3
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K. Palczewski et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266, 12949 (1991); W. Shi. S. Osawa, C. D. Dickerson, E. R. Weiss. ibid. 270, 2112 (1995); R. L. Thurmond and H. G. Khorana, Biophys. J. 68, A385 (1995).
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10544240471
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note
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Abbreviations for the amino acid residues are as follows: A, Ala; C, Cys; D, Asp; E, Glu; F, Phe; G, Gly; H, His; I. ile; K, Lys; L, Leu; M, Met; N, Asn; P, Pro; Q, Giri; R. Arg; S. Ser; TThr; V, Val; W. Thp; and Y, Tyr.
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33
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0021378043
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V-8 protease from staphylococus aureus cleaves trodpsin in both the native and denatured states [D. J. C. Pappin and J. B. C. Findlay, Biochem. J. 217, 605 (1984); T. A. Nakayama, thesis, Massachusetts institute of Technology (1989)].
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Findlay, J.B.C.2
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thesis, Massachusetts institute of Technology
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V-8 protease from staphylococus aureus cleaves trodpsin in both the native and denatured states [D. J. C. Pappin and J. B. C. Findlay, Biochem. J. 217, 605 (1984); T. A. Nakayama, thesis, Massachusetts institute of Technology (1989)].
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(1989)
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Nakayama, T.A.1
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35
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0014284027
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4. and 160 mM NaCl (oH 7.2). The mixture was incubated at 4°C for 7 min, and the reaction was haited by adding EDTA to a final concentration of 12.5 mM.
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Yang, K.1
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40
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10544220141
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in press
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In thodopsin, a series of nistidine obstructions at the cytopiasmic ends of helices C and G, created high-affinity metal-ion binding saas. Activation of trenducine was biocked when metal was bound to the high-afinity stss, prsurably because of effective cross-linking of hollces O and F, consistant with reads orsented here (S, Sheikh, T. Zvyaga. O. Zyyaga, O. Lichterge, T. Sakinar, H. Boume, Nature, in press).
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Nature
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Sheikh, S.1
Zvyaga, T.2
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41
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0004155427
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in press
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139 mutant gene. Supported by NIH grants EY05216 (W.L.H.) and GM28289 (H.G.K.), NIH National Research Service Award EY06465 (D.L.F.), and the Jules Stein Professorship endowment (W.L.H.).
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Biochemistry
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Altenoacin, C.1
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