Type V protein secretion pathway: The autotransporter story

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

Volumn 68, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 692-744

  Henderson, Ian R ^a   Navarro Garcia, Fernando ^b   Desvaux, Mickaël ^a   Fernandez, Rachel C ^c   Ala'Aldeen, Dlawer ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b DEPARTAMENTO DE FÍSICA   (Mexico)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^d NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADHESIN; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; ESTERASE; NUCLEOPROTEIN; PERTACTIN; SERINE PROTEINASE; SIALIDASE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; VACUOLATING TOXIN;

APOPTOSIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL OUTER MEMBRANE; BACTERIUM ADHERENCE; BORDETELLA; CELL VACUOLE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHLAMYDIA; CYTOPLASM VESICLE; ENERGY TRANSFER; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; GENOME; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN SECRETION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; RICKETTSIA; UNINDEXED SEQUENCE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PHYLOGENY; PROTEIN TRANSPORT;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BORDETELLA; CHLAMYDIA; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; HELICOBACTER; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; NEGIBACTERIA; RICKETTSIA;

EID: 10344232466     PISSN: 10922172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.68.4.692-744.2004     Document Type: Review

References (546)

1. Aguirre, P. M., J. B. Cacho, L. Folgueira, M. Lopez, J. Garcia, and A. C. Velasco. 1990. Rapid fluorescence method for screening Salmonella spp. from enteric differential agars. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:148-149.
2. Ahl, T., and J. Reinholdt. 1991. Detection of immunoglobulin A1 protease-induced Fab alpha fragments on dental plaque bacteria. Infect. Immun. 59:563-539.
3. + T-cell and B-cell stimulating antigen detected by expression cloning. Mol. Microbiol. 37:1094-1105.
4. Aldridge, P., and K. T. Hughes. 2001. How and when are substrates selected for type III secretion? Trends Microbiol. 9:209-214.
5. Al-Hasani, K., I. R. Henderson, H. Sakellaris, K. Rajakumar, T. Grant, J. P. Nataro, R. Robins-Browne, and B. Adler. 2000. The sigA gene which is borne on the she pathogenicity island of Shigella flexneri 2a encodes an exported cytopathic protease involved in intestinal fluid accumulation. Infect. Immun. 68:2457-2463.
6. Al-Hasani, K., K. Rajakumar, D. Bulach, R. Robins-Browne, B. Adler, and H. Sakellaris. 2001. Genetic organization of the she pathogenicity island in Shigella flexneri 2a. Microb. Pathog. 30:1-8.
7. Alm, R. A., J. Bina, B. M. Andrews, P. Doig, R. E. Hancock, and T. J. Trust. 2000. Comparative genomics of Helicobacter pylori: analysis of the outer membrane protein families. Infect. Immun. 68:4155-4168.
8. Alugupalli, K. R., and S. Kalfas. 1997. Characterization of the lactoferrin-dependent inhibition of the adhesion of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens to fibroblasts and to a reconstituted basement membrane. Apmis 105:680-688.
9. Anacker, R. L., R. E. Mann, and C. Gonzales. 1987. Reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii with spotted fever and typhus group rickettsiae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:167-171.
10. Anderson, B. E., G. A. McDonald, D. C. Jones, and R. L. Regnery. 1990. A protective protein antigen of Rickettsia rickettsii has tandemly repeated, near-identical sequences. Infect. Immun. 58:2760-2769.
11. Anderson, D. M., and O. Schneewind. 1997. A mRNA signal for the type III secretion of Yop proteins by Yersinia enterocolitica. Science 278:1140-1143.
12. Antoine, R., S. Alonso, D. Raze, L. Coutte, S. Lesjean, E. Willery, C. Locht, and F. Jacob-Dubuisson. 2000. New virulence-activated and virulence-repressed genes identified by systematic gene inactivation and generation of transcriptional fusions in Bordetella pertussis. J. Bacteriol. 182:5902-5905.
13. Arico, B., S. Nuti, V. Scarlato, and R. Rappuoli. 1993. Adhesion of Bordetella pertussis to eukaryotic cells requires a time-dependent export and maturation of filamentous hemagglutinin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:9204-9208.
14. Atherton, J. C., P. Cao, R. M. Peek, Jr., M. K. Tummuru, M. J. Blaser, and T. L. Cover. 1995. Mosaicism in vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori. Association of specific vacA types with cytotoxin production and peptic ulceration. J. Biol. Chem. 270:17771-17777.
15. Atherton, J. C., T. L. Cover, R. J. Twells, M. R. Morales, C. J. Hawkey, and M. J. Blaser. 1999. Simple and accurate PCR-based system for typing vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:2979-2982.
16. Atherton, J. C., P. M. Sharp, T. L. Cover, G. Gonzalez-Valencia, R. M. Peek, Jr., S. A. Thompson, C. J. Hawkey, and M. J. Blaser. 1999. Vacuolating cytotoxin (vacA) alleles of Helicobacter pylori comprise two geographically widespread types, m1 and m2, and have evolved through limited recombination. Curr. Microbiol. 39:211-218.
17. Bachovchin, W. W., A. G. Plant, G. R. Flentke, M. Lynch, and C. A. Kettner. 1990. Inhibition of IgA1 proteinases from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Hemophilus influenzae by peptide prolyl boronic acids. J. Biol. Chem. 265:3738-3743.
18. Backert, S., Y. Churin, and T. F. Meyer. 2002. Helicobacter pylori type IV secretion, host cell signalling and vaccine development. Keio J. Med. 51 (Suppl. 2):6-14.
19. Barnes, M. G., and A. A. Weiss. 2001. BrkA protein of Bordetella pertussis inhibits the classical pathway of complement after C1 deposition. Infect. Immun. 69:3067-3072.
20. Batey, R. T., R. P. Rambo, L. Lucast, B. Rha, and J. A. Doudna. 2000. Crystal structure of the ribonucleoprotein core of the signal recognition particle. Science 287:1232-1239.
21. Beck, S. C., and T. F. Meyer. 2000. IgA1 protease from Neisseria gonorrhoeae inhibits TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis of human monocytic cells. FEES Lett. 472:287-292.
22. Benjelloun-Touimi, Z., P. J. Sansonetti, and C. Parsot. 1995. SepA, the major extracellular protein of Shigella flexneri: autonomous secretion and involvement in tissue invasion. Mol. Microbiol. 17:123-135.
23. Benjelloun-Touimi, Z., M. S. Tahar, C. Montecucco, P. J. Sansonetti, and C. Parsot. 1998. SepA, the 110 kDa protein secreted by Shigella flexneri: two-domain structure and proteolytic activity. Microbiology 144:1815-1822.
24. Benz, I., and M. A. Schmidt. 1992. AIDA-I, the adhesin involved in diffuse adherence of the diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli strain 2787 (O126:H27), is synthesized via a precursor molecule. Mol. Microbiol. 6:1539-1546.
25. Benz, I., and M. A. Schmidt. 1989. Cloning and expression of an adhesin (AIDA-I) involved in diffuse adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 57:1506-1511.
26. Benz, I., and M. A. Schmidt. 1990. Diffuse adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Res. Microbiol. 141:785-786.
27. Benz, I., and M. A. Schmidt. 1993. Diffuse adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains - processing of AIDA-I. Zentbl. Bakteriol. 278:197-208.
28. Benz, I., and M. A. Schmidt. 2001. Glycosylation with heptose residues mediated by the aah gene product is essential for adherence of the AIDA-I adhesin. Mol. Microbiol. 40:1403-1413.
29. Benz, I., and M. A. Schmidt. 1992. Isolation and serologic characterization of AIDA-I, the adhesin mediating the diffuse adherence phenotype of the diarrhea-associated Escherichia coli strain 2787 (O126:H27). Infect. Immun. 60:13-18.
30. Berman, H. M., T. Battistuz, T. N. Bhat, W. F. Bluhm, P. E. Bourne, K. Burkhardt, Z. Feng, G. L. Gilliland, L. Iype, S. Jain, P. Fagan, J. Marvin, D. Padilla, V. Ravichandran, B. Schneider, N. Thanki, H. Weissig, J. D. Westbrook, and C. Zardecki. 2002. The Protein Data Bank. Acta Crystallogr. Ser. D 58:899-907.
31. Bernardini, M. L., J. Mounier, H. d'Hauteville, M. Coquis-Rondon, and P. J. Sansonetti. 1989. Identification of icsA, a plasmid locus of Shigella flexneri that governs bacterial intra- and intercellular spread through interaction with F-actin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3867-3871.
32. Binet, R., S. Letoffe, J. M. Ghigo, P. Delepelaire, and C. Wandersman. 1997. Protein secretion by Gram-negative bacterial ABC exporters - a review. Gene 192:7-11.
33. Binscheck, T., F. Bartels, H. Bergel, H. Bigalke, S. Yamasaki, T. Hayashi, H. Niemann, and J. Pohlner. 1995. IgA protease from Neisseria gonorrhoeae inhibits exocytosis in bovine chromaffin cells like tetanus toxin. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1770-1774.
34. Bitter, W., M. Koster, M. Latijnhouwers, H. de Cock, and J. Tommassen. 1998. Formation of oligomeric rings by XcpQ and PilQ, which are involved in protein transport across the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol. Microbiol. 27:209-219.
35. Blanc-Potard, A. B., F. Solomon, J. Kayser, and E. A. Groisman. 1999. The SPI-3 pathogenicity island of Salmonella enterica. J. Bacteriol. 181:998-1004.
36. Bleves, S., R. Voulhoux, G. Michel, A. Lazdunski, J. Tommassen, and A. Filloux. 1998. The secretion apparatus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: identification of a fifth pseudopilin, XcpX (GspK family). Mol. Microbiol. 27:31-40.
37. Blocker, A., K. Komoriya, and S. Aizawa. 2003. Type III secretion systems and bacterial flagella: insights into their function from structural similarities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:3027-3030.
38. Boquet, P., V. Ricci, A. Galmiche, and N. C. Gauthier. 2003. Gastric cell apoptosis and H. pylori: has the main function of VacA finally been identified? Trends Microbiol. 11:410-413.
39. Boren, T., P. Falk, K. A. Roth, G. Larson, and S. Normark. 1993. Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium mediated by blood group antigens. Science 262:1892-1895.
40. Boren, T., S. Normark, and P. Falk. 1994. Helicobacter pylori: molecular basis for host recognition and bacterial adherence. Trends Microbiol. 2:221-228.
41. Boschiroli, M. L., S. Ouahrani-Bettache, V. Foulongne, S. Michaux-Charachon, G. Bourg, A. Allardet-Servent, C. Cazevieille, J. P. Lavigne, J. P. Liautard, M. Ramuz, and D. O'Callaghan. 2002. Type IV secretion and Brucella virulence. Vet. Microbiol. 90:341-348.
42. Bouley, J., G. Condemine, and V. E. Shevchik. 2001. The PDZ domain of OutC and the N-terminal region of OutD determine the secretion specificity of the type II out pathway of Erwinia chrysanthemi. J. Mol. Biol. 308:205-219.
43. Bourgeois, A. L., and G. A. Dasch. 1981. The species-specific surface protein antigen of Rickettsia typhi: immunogenicity and protective efficacy in guinea pigs, p. 71-80. In W. Burgdorfer and R. L. Anacker (ed.), Rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.
44. Bradley, P., L. Cowen, M. Menke, J. King, and B. Berer. 2001. BETA-WRAP: successful prediction of parallel beta-helices from primary sequences reveals an association with many microbial pathogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:14819-14824.
45. Brandon, L. D., N. Goehring, A. Janakiraman, A. W. Yan, T. Wu, J. Beckwith, and M. B. Goldberg. 2003. IcsA, a polarly localized autotransporter with an atypical signal peptide, uses the Sec apparatus for secretion, although the Sec apparatus is circumferentially distributed. Mol. Microbiol. 50:45-60.
46. Brandon, L. D., and M. B. Goldberg. 2001. Periplasmic transit and disulfide bond formation of the autotransported Shigella protein IcsA. J. Bacteriol. 183:951-958.
47. Brennan, M. J., Z. M. Li, J. L. Cowell, M. E. Bisher, A. C. Steven, P. Novotny, and C. R. Manclark. 1988. Identification of a 69-kilodalton nonfimbrial protein as an agglutinogen of Bordetella pertussis. Infect. Immun. 56:3189-3195.
48. Brooks, G. F., C. J. Lammel, M. S. Blake, B. Kusecek, and M. Achtman. 1992. Antibodies against IgA1 protease are stimulated both by clinical disease and asymptomatic carriage of serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis. J. Infect. Dis. 166:1316-1321.
49. Brunder, W., H. Schmidt, and H. Karch. 1997. EspP, a novel extracellular serine protease of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 cleaves human coagulation factor V. Mol. Microbiol. 24:767-778.
50. Bulieris, P. V., S. Behrens, O. Holst, and J. H. Kleinschmidt. 2003. Folding and insertion of the outer membrane protein OmpA is assisted by the chaperone Skp and by lipopolysaccharide. J. Biol. Chem. 278:9092-9099.
51. Burns, D. L. 1999. Biochemistry of type IV secretion. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2:25-29.
52. Burns, D. L. 2003. Type IV transporters of pathogenic bacteria. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 6:29-34.
53. Burroni, D., P. Lupetti, C. Pagliaccia, J. M. Reyrat, R. Dallai, R. Rappuoli, and J. L. Telford. 1998. Deletion of the major proteolytic site of the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin does not influence toxin activity but favors assembly of the toxin into hexameric structures. Infect. Immun. 66:5547-5550.
54. Caffrey, P., and P. Owen. 1989. Purification and N-terminal sequence of the alpha subunit of antigen 43, a unique protein complex associated with the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 171:3634-3640.
55. Canizalez-Roman, A., J. Luna, R. Mondragon, and F. Navarro-Garcia. 2001. Abstr. 101st Gen. Mee. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 2001, abstr. B-217, 2001.
56. Canizalez-Roman, A., and F. Navarro-Garcia. 2003. Fodrin CaM-binding domain cleavage by Pet from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli leads to actin cytoskeletal disruption. Mol. Microbiol. 48:947-958.
57. Cao, P., and T. L. Cover. 2002. Two different families of hopQ alleles in Helicobacter pylori. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:4504-4511.
58. Carinato, M. E., P. Collin-Osdoby, X. Yang, T. M. Knox, C. A. Conlin, and C. G. Miller. 1998. The apeE gene of Salmonella typhimurium encodes an outer membrane esterase not present in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 180:3517-3521.
59. Casali, N., M. Konieczny, M. A. Schmidt, and L. W. Riley. 2002. Invasion activity of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptide presented by the Escherichia coli AIDA autotransporter. Infect. Immun. 70:6846-6852.
60. Charles, I., N. Fairweather, D. Pickard, J. Beesley, R. Andersen, G. Dougan, and M. Roberts. 1994. Expression of the Bordetella pertussis P.69 pertactin adhesin in Escherichia coli: fate of the carboxy-terminal domain. Microbiology 140:3301-3308.
61. Charles, I. G., G. Dougan, D. Pickard, S. Chatfield, M. Smith, P. Novotny, P. Morrissey, and N. F. Fairweather. 1989. Molecular cloning and characterization of protective outer membrane protein P.69 from Bordetella pertussis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3554-3558.
62. Charles, I. G., J. L. Li, M. Roberts, K. Beesley, M. Romanos, D. J. Pickard, M. Francis, D. Campbell, G. Dougan; M. J. Brennan, et al. 1991. Identification and characterization of a protective immunodominant B cell epitope of pertactin (P.69) from Bordetella pertussis. Eur. J. Immunol. 21:1147-1153.
63. Charles, M., M. Perez, J. H. Kobil, and M. B. Goldberg. 2001. Polar targeting of Shigella virulence factor IcsA in Enterobacteriacae and Vibrio. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:9871-9876.
64. Cheng, L. W., and O. Schneewind. 2000. Type III machines of Gram-negative bacteria: delivering the goods. Trends Microbiol. 8:214-220.
65. Cherry, J. D., J. Gornbein, U. Heininger, and K. Stehr. 1998. A search for serologic correlates of immunity to Bordetella pertussis cough illnesses. Vaccine 16:1901-1906.
66. Christie, P. J., and J. P. Vogel. 2000. Bacterial type IV secretion: conjugation systems adapted to deliver effector molecules to host cells. Trends Microbiol. 8:354-360.
67. Citovsky, V., J. Zupan, D. Warnick, and P. Zambtyski. 1992. Nuclear localization of Agrobacterium VirE2 protein in plant cells. Science 256:1802-1805.
68. Clemans, D. L., R. J. Bauer, J. A. Hanson, M. V. Hobbs, J. W. St Geme III, C. F. Marrs, and J. R. Gilsdorf. 2000. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines from human respiratory epithelial cells after stimulation by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Infect. Immun. 68:4430-4440.
69. Cohen, J. J., R. C. Duke, V. A. Fadok, and K. S. Sellins. 1992. Apoptosis and programmed cell death in immunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10:267-293.
70. Collin-Osdoby, P., and C. G. Miller. 1994. Mutations affecting a regulated, membrane-associated esterase in Salmonella lyphimurium LT2. Mol. Gen. Genet. 243:674-680.
71. Conlin, C. A., S. L. Tan, H. Hu, and T. Segar. 2001. The apeE gene of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is induced by phosphate limitation and regulated by phoBR. J. Bacteriol. 183:1784-1786.
72. Cooper, M. D., Z. A. McGee, M. H. Mulks, J. M. Koomey, and T. L. Hindman. 1984. Attachment to and invasion of human fallopian tube mucosa by an IgA1 protease-deficient mutant of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its wild-type parent. J. Infect. Dis. 150:737-744.
73. Cope, L. D., E. R. Lafontaine, C. A. Slaughter, C. A. Hasemann, Jr., C. Aebi, F. W. Henderson, G. H. McCracken, Jr., and E. J. Hansen. 1999. Characterization of the Moraxella catarrhalis uspA1 and uspA2 genes and their encoded products. J. Bacteriol. 181:4026-4034.
74. Cope, L. D., S. E. Thomas, J. L. Latimer, C. A. Slaughter, U. Muller-Eberhard, and E. J. Hansen. 1994. The 100 kDa haem:haemopexin-binding protein of Haemophilus influenzas: structure and localization. Mol. Microbiol. 13:863-873.
75. Cornelis, G. R., and F. Van Gijsegem. 2000. Assembly and function of type III secretory systems. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 54:735-774.
76. Corpet, F., F. Servant, J. Gouzy, and D. Kahn. 2000. ProDom and ProDom-CG: tools for protein domain analysis and whole genome comparisons. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:267-269.
77. Corsaro, D., M. Valassina, and D. Venditti. 2003. Increasing diversity within chlamydiae. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 29:37-78.
78. Cossart, P., and R. Jonquieres. 2000. Sortase, a universal target for therapeutic agents against gram-positive bacteria? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:5013-5015.
79. Cotter, P. A., and V. J. DiRita. 2000. Bacterial virulence gene regulation: an evolutionary perspective. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 54:519-565.
80. Cotter, P. A., and J. F. Miller. 2001. Bordetella, p. 619-674. In E. A. Groisman (ed.), Principles of bacterial pathogenesis. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
81. Coutte, L., S. Alonso, N. Reveneau, E. Willery, B. Quatannens, C. Locht, and F. Jacob-Dubuisson. 2003. Role of adhesin release for mucosal colonization by a bacterial pathogen. J. Exp. Med. 197:735-742.
82. Coutte, L., R. Antoine, H. Drobecq, C. Locht, and F. Jacob-Dubuisson. 2001. Subtilisin-like autotransporter serves as maturation protease in a bacterial secretion pathway. EMBO J. 20:5040-5048.
83. Coutte, L., E. Willery, R. Antoine, H. Drobecq, C. Locht, and F. Jacob-Dubuisson. 2003. Surface anchoring of bacterial subtilisin important for maturation function. Mol. Microbiol. 49:529-539.
84. Cover, T. L., and M. J. Blaser. 1992. Purification and characterization of the vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori. J. Biol. Chem. 267:10570-10575.
85. Cover, T. L., P. I. Hanson, and J. E. Heuser. 1997. Acid-induced dissociation of VacA, the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin, reveals its pattern of assembly. J. Cell Biol. 138:759-769.
86. Cutter, D., K. W. Mason, A. P. Howell, D. L. Fink, B. A. Green, and J. W. St Geme III. 2002. Immunization with Haemophilus influenzae Hap adhesin protects against nasopharyngeal colonization in experimental mice. J. Infect. Dis. 186:1115-1121.
87. Czajkowsky, D. M., H. Iwamoto, T. L. Cover, and Z. Shao. 1999. The vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori forms hexameric pores in lipid bilayers at low pH. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:2001-2006.
88. Danese, P. N., L. A. Pratt, S. L. Dove, and R. Kolter. 2000. The outer membrane protein, antigen 43, mediates cell-to-cell interactions within Escherichia coli biofilms. Mol. Microbiol. 37:424-432.
89. Daniell, S. J., E. Kocsis, E. Morris, S. Knutton, F. P. Booy, and G. Frankel. 2003. 3D structure of EspA filaments from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 49:301-308.
90. Dasch, G. A., A. L. Bourgeois, and F. M. Rollwagen. 1999. The surface protein antigen of Rickettsia typhi: in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice, p. 116-122. In D. Raolt and P. Brouqui (ed.). Rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases at the turn of the third millenium, Elsevier, Paris, France.
91. Davis, J., A. L. Smith, W. R. Hughes, and M. Golomb. 2001. Evolution of an autotransporter: domain shuffling and lateral transfer from pathogenic Haemophilus to Neisseria. J. Bacteriol. 183:4626-4635.
92. de Bernard, M., D. Burroni, E. Papini, R. Rappuoli, J. Telford, and C. Montecucco. 1998. Identification of the Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin domain active in the cell cytosol. Infect. Immun. 66:6014-6016.
93. de Bernard, M., M. Moschioni, G. Napolitani, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 2000. The VacA toxin of Helicobacter pylori identifies a new intermediate filament-interacting protein. EMBO J. 19:48-56.
94. de Bernard, M., E. Papini, V. de Filippis, E. Gottardi, J. Telford, R. Manetti, A. Fontana, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 1995. Low pH activates the vacuolating toxin of Helicobacter pylori, which becomes acid and pepsin resistant. J. Biol. Chem. 270:23937-23940.
95. de Cock, H., K. Brandenburg, A. Wiese, O. Holst, and U. Seydel. 1999. Non-lamellar structure and negative charges of lipopolysaccharides required for efficient folding of outer membrane protein PhoE of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 274:5114-5119.
96. De Gier, J. W., Q. A. Valent, G. Von Heijne, and J. Luirink, 1997. The E. coli SRP: preferences of a targeting factor. FEBS Lett. 408:1-4.
97. Delcour, A. H. 2002. Structure and function of pore-forming beta-barrels from bacteria. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 4:1-10.
98. Deng, W., V. Burland, G. Plunkett, 3rd, A. Boutin, G. F. Mayhew, P. Liss, N. T. Perna, D. J. Rose, B. Mau, S. Zhou, D. C. Schwartz, J. D. Fetherston, L. E. Lindler, R. R. Brubaker, G. V. Plano, S. C. Straley, K. A. McDonough, M. L. Nilles, J. S. Matson, F. R. Blattner, and R. D. Perry. 2002. Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis KIM. J. Bacteriol. 184:4601-4611.
99. Desvaux, M., N. J. Parham, and I. R. Henderson. 2003. Le système de sécrétion de type V chez les bactéries Gram-négatives. Biofutur 237:34-37.
100. Desvaux, M., N. J. Parham, A. Scott-Tucker, and I. R. Henderson. 2004. The general secretory pathway: a general misnomer? Trends Microbiol. 12:306-309.
101. Desvaux, M., N. J. Parham, and I. R. Henderson. 2004. The autotransporter secretion system. Res. Microbiol. 155:53-60.
102. Desvaux, M., N. J. Parham, and I. R. Henderson. 2004. Type V protein secretion: simplicity gone awry? Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 6:111-124.
103. Devenyi, A. G., A. G. Plaut, F. J. Grundy, and A. Wright. 1993. Post-infectious human serum antibodies inhibit IgA1 proteinases by interaction with the cleavage site specificity determinant. Mol. Immunol. 30:1243-1248.
104. Dhermy, D. 1991. The spectrin super-family. Biol. Cell. 71:249-254.
105. Diaz-Montero, C. M., H. M. Feng, P. A. Crocquet-Valdes, and D. H. Walker. 2001. Identification of protective components of two major outer membrane proteins of spotted fever group rickettsiae. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65:371-378.
106. Djafari, S., F. Ebel, C. Deibel, S. Kramer, M. Hudel, and T. Chakraborty. 1997. Characterization of an exported protease from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 25:771-784.
107. Domenighini, M., D. Relman, C. Capiau, S. Falkow, A. Prugnola, V. Scarlato, and R. Rappuoli. 1990. Genetic characterization of Bordetella pertussis filamentous haemaggiutinin: a protein processed from an unusually large precursor. Mol. Microbiol. 4:787-800.
108. Dozois, C. M., M. Dho-Moulin, A. Bree, J. M. Fairbrother, C. Desautels, and R. Curtiss III. 2000. Relationship between the Tsh autotransporter and pathogenicity of avian Escherichia coli and localization and analysis of the Tsh genetic region. Infect. Immun. 68:4145-4154.
109. Driessen, A. J. 2001. SecB, a molecular chaperone with two faces. Trends Microbiol. 9:193-196.
110. Drzeniek, R., W. Scharmann, and E. Balke. 1972. Neuraminidase and N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase of Pasteurella multocida. J. Gen. Microbiol. 72:357-368.
111. Duckely, M., and B. Hohn. 2003. The VirE2 protein of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: the Yin and Yang of T-DNA transfer. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 223:1-6.
112. Durand, E., A. Bernadac, G. Ball, A. Lazdunski, J. N. Sturgis, and A. Filloux. 2003. Type II protein secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the pseudopilus is a multifibrillar and adhesive structure. J. Bacteriol. 185:2749-2758.
113. Dutta, P. R., R. Cappello, F. Navarro-Garcia, and J. P. Nataro. 2002. Functional comparison of serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae. Infect. Immun. 70:7105-7113.
114. Dutta, P. R., B. Q. Sui, and J. P. Nataro. 2003. Structure-function analysis of the enteroaggregative E. coli plasmid encoded toxin autotransporter using scanning linker mutagenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 278:39912-39920.
115. Economou, A. 2002. Bacterial secretome: the assembly manual and operating instructions. Mol. Membr. Biol. 19:159-169.
116. Economou, A. 1999. Following the leader: bacterial protein export through the Sec pathway. Trends Microbiol. 7:315-320.
117. Egile, C., H. d'Hauteville, C. Parsot, and P. J. Sansonetti. 1997. SopA, the outer membrane protease responsible for polar localization of IcsA in Shigella flexneri. Mol. Microbiol. 23:1063-1073.
118. Egile, C., T. P. Loisel, V. Laurent, R. Li, D. Pantaloni, P. J. Sansonetti, and M. F. Carlier. 1999. Activation of the CDC42 effector N-WASP by the Shigella flexneri IcsA protein promotes actin nucleation by Arp2/3 complex and bacterial actin-based motility. J. Cell Biol. 146:1319-1332.
119. Eichler, J., and R. Moll. 2001. The signal recognition particle of Archaea. Trends Microbiol. 9:130-136.
120. Elliott, S. J., V. Sperandio, J. A. Giron, S. Shin, J. L. Mellies, L. Wainwright, S. W. Hutcheson, T. K. McDaniel, and J. B. Kaper. 2000. The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded regulator controls expression of both LEE- and non-LEE-encoded virulence factors in enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 68:6115-6126.
121. Elsinghorst, E. A., and D. J. Kopecko. 1992. Molecular cloning of epithelial cell invasion determinants from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 60:2409-2417.
122. Elsinghorst, E. A., and J. A. Weitz. 1994. Epithelial cell invasion and adherence directed by the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli tib locus is associated with a 104-kilodalton outer membrane protein. Infect. Immun. 62:3463-3471.
123. Emsley, P., I. G. Charles, N. F. Fairweather, and N. W. Isaacs. 1996. Structure of Bordetella pertussis virulence factor P.69 pertactin. Nature 381:90-92.
124. Eslava, C., F. Navarro-Garcia, J. R. Czeczulin, I. R. Henderson, A. Cravioto, and J. P. Nataro. 1998. Pet, an autotransporter enterotoxin from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 66:3155-3163.
125. Eslava, C., J. M. Villaseca, M. R. Morales, A. Navarro, and A. Cravioto. 1993. Abstr. 93rd Gen. Mee. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1993, abstr. B-105, 1993.
126. Everett, K. D., R. M. Bush, and A. A. Andersen. 1999. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49:415-440.
127. Ewanowich, C. A., A. R. Melton, A. A. Weiss, R. K. Sherburne, and M. S. Peppler. 1989. Invasion of HeLa 229 cells by virulent Bordetella pertussis. Infect. Immun. 57:2698-2704.
128. Falk, P., K. A. Roth, T. Boren, T. U. Westblom, J. I. Gordon, and S. Normark. 1993. An in vitro adherence assay reveals that Helicobacter pylori exhibits cell lineage-specific tropism in the human gastric epithelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2035-2039.
129. Falk, P. G., L. Bry, J. Holgersson, and J. I. Gordon. 1995. Expression of a human alpha-1,3/4-fucosyltransferase in the pit cell lineage of FVB/N mouse stomach results in production of Leb-containing glycoconjugates: a potential transgenic mouse model for studying Helicobacter pylori infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:1515-1519.
130. Farizo, K. M., T. Huang, and D. L. Burns. 2000. Importance of holotoxin assembly in Ptl-mediated secretion of pertussis toxin from Bordetella pertussis. Infect. Immun. 68:4049-4054.
131. Fasano, A., F. R. Noriega, D. R. Maneval, Jr., S. Chanasongcram, R. Russell, S. Guandalini, and M. M. Levine. 1995. Shigella enterotoxin 1: an enterotoxin of Shigella flexneri 2a active in rabbit small intestine in vivo and in vitro. J. Clin. Investig 95:2853-2861.
132. Fernandez, R. C., and A. A. Weiss. 1994. Cloning and sequencing of a Bordetella pertussis serum resistance locus. Infect. Immun. 62:4727-4738.
133. Fernandez, R. C., and A. A. Weiss. 1998. Serum resistance in bvg-regulated mutants of Bordetella pertussis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 163:57-63.
134. Fine, D. H., and D. Furgang. 2002. Lactoferrin iron levels affect attachment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to buccal epithelial cells. J. Periodontol. 73:616-623.
135. Fink, D. L., A. Z. Buscher, B. Green, P. Fernsten, and J. W. St Geme, 3rd. 2003. The Haemophilus influence Hap autotransporter mediates microcolony formation and adherence to epithelial cells and extracellular matrix via binding regions in the C-terminal end of the passenger domain. Cell Microbiol. 5:175-186.
136. Fink, D. L., L. D. Cope, E. J. Hansen, and J. W. St Geme III. 2001. The Haemophilia influenzae Hap autotransporter is a chymotrypsin clan serine protease and undergoes autoproteolysis via an intermolecular mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 276:39492-39500.
137. Fink, D. L., B. A. Green, and J. W. St Geme III 2002. The Haemophilus influenzae Hap autotransporter binds to fibronectin, laminin, and collagen IV. Infect. Immun. 70:4902-4907.
138. Fink, D. L., and J. W. St Geme III. 2003. Chromosomal expression of the Haemophilus influenzae Hap autotransporter allows fine-tuned regulation of adhesive potential via inhibition of intermolecular autoproteolysis. J. Bacteriol. 185:1608-1615.
139. Finlay, B. B., and S. Falkow. 1997. Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 61:136-169.
140. Finn, T. M., and D. F. Amsbaugh. 1998. Vag8, a Bordetella pertussis bvg-regulated protein. Infect. Immun. 66:3985-3989.
141. Finn, T. M., and L. A. Stevens. 1995. Tracheal colonization factor: a Bordetella pertussis secreted virulence determinant. Mol. Microbiol. 16:625-634.
142. Fischer, W., R. Buhrdorf, E. Gerland, and R. Haas. 2001. Outer membrane targeting of passenger proteins by the vacuolating cytotoxin autotransporter of Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 69:6769-6775.
143. Fischer, W., R. Haas, and S. Odenbreit. 2002. Type IV secretion systems in pathogenic bacteria. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 292:159-168.
144. Forsyth, M. H., and T. L. Cover. 1999. Mutational analysis of the vacA promoter provides insight into gene transcription in Helicobacter pylori. J. Bacteriol. 181:2261-2266.
145. Fournier, P. E., V. Roux, and D. Raoult. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of spotted fever group rickettsiae by study of the outer surface protein rOmpA. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:839-549.
146. Francetic, O., and A. P. Pugsley. 1996. The cryptic general secretory pathway (gsp) operon of Escherichia coli K-12 encodes functional proteins. J. Bacteriol. 178:3544-3549.
147. Frankel, G., A. D. Phillips, L. R. Trabulsi, S. Knutton, G. Dougan, and S. Matthews. 2001. Intimin and the host cell - is it bound to end in Tir(s)? Trends Microbiol. 9:214-218.
148. Freudl, R., H. Schwarz, Y. D. Stierhof, K. Gamon, I. Hindennach, and U. Henning. 1986. An outer membrane protein (OmpA) of Escherichia coli K-12 undergoes a conformational change during export. J. Biol. Chem. 261:11355-11361.
149. Fujikawa, A., D. Shirasaka, S. Yamamoto, H. Ota, K. Yahiro, M. Fukada, T. Shintani, A. Wada, N. Aoyama, T. Hirayama. H. Fukamachi, and M. Noda. 2003. Mice deficient in protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z are resistant to gastric ulcer induction by VacA ai Helicobacter pylori. Nat. Genet. 33:375-381.
150. Gabig, M., A. Herman-Antosiewicz, M. Kwiatkowska, M. Los, M. S. Thomas, and G. Wegrzyn. 2002. The cell surface protein Ag43 facilitates phage infection of Escherichia coli in the presence of bile salts and carbohydrates. Microbiology 148:1533-1542.
151. Galmiche, A., J. Rassow, A. Doye, S. Cagnol, J. C. Chambard, S. Contamin, V. de Thillot, I. Just, V. Ricci, E. Solcia, E. Van Obberghen, and P. Boquet. 2000. The N-terminal 34 kDa fragment of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin targets mitochondria and induces cytochrome c release. EMBO J. 19:6361-6370.
152. Garner, J. A., and T. L. Cover. 1996. Binding and internalization of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin by epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 64:4197-4203.
153. Gauthier, A., J. L. Puente, and B. B. Finlay. 2003. Secretin of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli type III secretion system requires components of the type III apparatus for assembly and localization. Infect. Immun. 71:3310-3319.
154. Genevrois, S., L. Steeghs, P. Roholl, J. J. Letesson, and P. van der Ley. 2003. The Omp85 protein of Neissena meningitidis is required for lipid export to the outer membrane. EMBO J. 22:1780-1789.
155. Gentle, I., K. Gabriel, P. Beech, R. Waller, and T. Lithgow. 2004. The Omp85 family of proteins is essential for outer membrane biogenesis in mitochondria and bacteria. J. Cell Biol. 164:19-24.
156. Gentschev, I., G. Dietrich, and W. Goebel. 2002, The E. coli alpha-hemolysin secretion system and its use in vaccine development. Trends Microbiol. 10:39-45.
157. Gerhard, M., N. Lehn, N. Neumayer, T. Boren, R. Rad, W. Schepp, S. Miehlke, M. Classen, and C. Prinz. 1999. Clinical relevance of the Helicobacter pylori gene for blood-group antigen-binding adhesin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:12778-12783.
158. Gerlach, G., F. von Wintzingerode, B. Middendorf, and R. Gross. 2001. Evolutionary trends in the genus Bordetella. Microbes Infect. 3:61-72.
159. Ghiara, P., M. Marchetti, M. J. Blaser, M. K. Tummuru, T. L. Cover, E. D. Segal, L. S. Tompkins, and R. Rappuoli. 1995. Role of the Helicobacter pylori virulence factors vacuolating cytotoxin, CagA, and urease in a mouse model of disease. Infect. Immun. 63:4154-4160.
160. Ghigo, J. M., and C. Wandersman. 1992. Cloning, nucleotide sequence and
161. Gilbert, J. V., A. G. Plaut, B. Longmaid, and M. E. Lamm. 1983. Inhibition of bacterial IgA proteases by human secretory IgA and serum. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 409:625-636.
162. Gilbert, J. V., A. G. Plaut, and A. Wright. 1991. Analysis of the imrnunoglobulin A protease gene of Streptococcus sanguis. Infect. Immun. 59:7-17.
163. Gilmore, R. D., Jr., W. Cieplak, Jr., P. F. Policastro, and T. Hackstadt. 1991. The 120 kilodalton outer membrane protein (rOmp B) of Rickettsia rickettsii is encoded by an unusually long open reading frame: evidence for protein processing from a large precursor. Mol. Microbiol. 5:2361-2370.
164. Godoy, V. G., M. M. Dallas, T. A. Russo, and M. H. Malamy. 1993. A role for Bacteroides fragilis neuraminidase in bacterial growth in two model systems. Infect. Immun. 61:4415-4426.
165. Goldberg, M. B. 2001. Actin-based motility of intracellular microbial pathogens. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65:595-626.
166. Goldberg, M. B., O. Barzu, C. Parsot, and P. J. Sansonetti. 1993. Unipolar localization and ATPase activity of IcsA, a Shigella flexneri protein involved in intracellular movement. J. Bacteriol. 175:2189-2196.
167. Goldberg, M. B., and J. A. Theriot. 1995. Shigella flexneri surface protein IcsA is sufficient to direct actin-based motility. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6572-6576.
168. Gomez-Duarte, O. G., and J. B. Kaper. 1995. A plasmid-encoded regulatory region activates chromosomal eaeA expression in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 63:1767-1776.
169. Gonzalez, C. T., S. K. Maheswaran, and M. P. Murtaugh. 1995. Pasteurella haemotytica serotype 2 contains the gene for a noncapsular serotype 1-specific antigen. Infect. Immun. 63:1340-1348.
170. Gottke, M. U., C. A. Fallone, A. N. Barkun, K. Vogt, V. Loo, M. Trautmann, J. Z. Tong, T. N. Nguyen, T. Fainsilber, H. H. Hahn, J. Korber, A. Lowe, and R. N. Beech. 2000. Genetic variability determinants of Helicobacter pylori: influence of clinical background and geographic origin of isolates. J. Infect. Dis. 181:1674-1681.
171. Gotto, J. W., T. Eckhardt, P. A. Reilly, J. V. Scott, J. L. Cowell, T. N. Metcalf III, K. Mountzouros, J. J. Gibbons, Jr., and M. Siegel. 1993. Biochemical and immunological properties of two forms of pertactin, the 69,000-molecular-weight outer membrane protein of Bordetella pertussis. Infect. Immun. 61:2211-2215.
172. Grass, S., and J. W. St Geme III. 2000. Maturation and secretion of the non-typable Haemophilia influenzae HMW1 adhesin: roles of the N-terminal and C-terminal domains. Mol. Microbiol. 36:55-67.
173. Grimwood, J., L. Olinger, and R. S. Stephens. 2001. Expression of Chlamydia pneumoniae polymorphic membrane protein family genes. Infect. Immun. 69:2383-2389.
174. Guarino, A., M. Bisceglia, R. B. Canani, M. C. Boccia, G. Mallardo, E. Bruzzese, P. Massari, R. Rappuoli, and J. Telford. 1998. Enterotoxic effect of the vacuolating toxin produced by Helicobacter pylori in Caco-2 cells. J. Infect. Dis. 178:1373-1378.
175. Guedin, S., E. Willery, C. Locht, and F. Jacob-Dubuisson. 1998. Evidence that a globular conformation is not compatible with FhaC-mediated secretion of the Bordetella pertussis filamentous haemagglutinin. Mol. Microbiol. 29:763-774.
176. Guedin, S., E. Willery, J. Tommassen, E. Fort, H. Drobecq, C. Locht, and F. Jacob-Dubuisson. 2000. Novel topological features of FhaC, the outer membrane transporter involved in the secretion of the Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin. J. Biol. Chem. 275:30202-30210.
177. Guruge, J. L., P. G. Falk, R. G. Lorenz, M. Dans, H. P. Wirth, M. J. Blaser, D. E. Berg, and J. I. Gordon. 1998. Epithelial attachment alters the outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3925-3930.
178. Guyer, D. M., I. R. Henderson, J. P. Nataro, and H. L. Mobley. 2000. Identification of Sat, an autotransporter toxin produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 38:53-66.
179. Guyer, D. M., S. Radulovic, F. E. Jones, and H. L. Mobley. 2002. Sat, the secreted autotransporter toxin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, is a vacuolating cytotoxin for bladder and kidney epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 70:4539-4546.
180. Haagmans, W., and M. van der Woude. 2000. Phase variation of Ag43 in Escherichia coli: Dam-dependent methylation abrogates OxyR binding and OxyR-mediated repression of transcription. Mol. Microbiol. 35:877-887.
181. Hackstadt, T., R. Messer, W. Cieplak, and M. G. Peacock. 1992. Evidence for proteolytic cleavage of the 120-kilodalton outer membrane protein of rickettsiae: identification of an avirulent mutant deficient in processing. Infect. Immun. 60:159-165.
182. Hadi, H. A., K. G. Wooldridge, K. Robinson, and D. A. Ala'Aldeen. 2001. Identification and characterization of App: an immunogenic autotransporter protein of Neisseria meningitidis. Mol. Microbiol. 41:611-623.
183. Haigh, R., T. Baldwin, S. Knutton, and P. H. Williams. 1995. Carbon dioxide regulated secretion of the EaeB protein of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 129:63-67.
184. Hajishengallis, G., E. Nikolova, and M. W. Russell. 1992. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite by human secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) antibodies to cell surface protein antigen I/II: reversal by IgA1 protease cleavage. Infect. Immun. 60:5057-5064.
185. Halter, R., J. Pohlner, and T. F. Meyer. 1984. IgA protease of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: isolation and characterization of the gene and its extracellular product. EMBO J. 3:1595-1601.
186. Hammerschlag, M. R. 2002. The intracellular life of chlamydiae. Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 13:239-248.
187. Hamstra, H. J., B. Kuipers, D. Schijf-Evers, H. G. Loggen, and J. T. Poolman. 1995. The purification and protective capacity of Bordetella pertussis outer membrane proteins. Vaccine 13:747-752.
188. Hardie, K. R., A. Sevdel, I. Guilvout, and A. P. Pugsley. 1996. The secretin-specific, chaperone-like protein of the general secretory pathway: separation of proteolytic protection and piloting functions. Mol. Microbiol. 22:967-976.
189. Haridas, V., B. G. Darnay, K. Natarajan, R. Heller, and B. B. Aggarwal. 1998. Overexpression of the p80 TNF receptor leads to TNF-dependent apoptosis, nuclear factor-kappa B activation, and c-Jun kinase activation. J. Immunol. 160:3152-3162.
190. Hartford, O., D. McDevitt, and T. J. Foster. 1999. Matrix-binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus: functional analysis of mutant and hybrid molecules. Microbiology 145:2497-2505.
191. Hasman, H., M. A. Schembri, and P. Klemm. 2000. Antigen 43 and type 1 fimbriae determine colony morphology of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 182:1089-1095.
192. Hauck, C. R., and T. F. Meyer. 1997. The lysosomal/phagosomal membrane protein h-lamp-1 is a target of the IgA1 protease of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. FEBS Lett. 405:86-90.
193. Hedges, S. R., M. S. Mayo, L. Kallman, J. Mestecky, E. W. Hook, 3rd, and M. W. Russell. 1998. Evaluation of immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) protease and IgA1 protease-inhibitory activity in human female genital infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect. Immun. 66:5826-5832.
194. Heimer, S. R., D. A. Rasko, C. V. Lockatell, D. E. Johnson, and H. L. Mobley. 2004. Autotransporter genes pic and tsh are associated with Escherichia coli strains that cause acute pyelonephritis and are expressed during urinary tract infection. Infect. Immun. 72:593-597.
195. Henderson, I. R., R. Cappello, and J. P. Nataro. 2000. Autotransporter proteins, evolution and redefining protein secretion. Trends Microbiol. 8:529-532.
196. Henderson, I. R., J. Czeczulin, C. Eslava, F. Noriega, and J. P. Nataro. 1999. Characterization of Pic, a secreted protease of Shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 67:5587-5596.
197. Henderson, I. R., S. Hicks, F. Navarro-Garcia, W. P. Elias, A. D. Philips, and J. P. Nataro. 1999. Involvement of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli plasmid-encoded toxin in causing human intestinal damage. Infect. Immun. 67:5338-5344.
198. Henderson, I. R., and A. C. Lam. 2001. Polymorphic proteins of Chlamydia spp. - autotransporters beyond the Proteobacteria. Trends Microbiol. 9:573-578.
199. Henderson, I. R., M. Meehan, and P. Owen. 1997. Antigen 43, a phase-variable bipartite outer membrane protein, determines colony morphology and autoaggregation in Escherichia coli K-12. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 149:115-120.
200. Henderson, I. R., M. Meehan, and P. Owen. 1997. A novel regulatory mechanism for a novel phase-variable outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 412:349-355.
201. Henderson, I. R., and J. P. Nataro. 2001. Virulence functions of autotransporter proteins. Infect. Immun. 69:1231-1243.
202. Henderson, I. R., J. P. Nataro, J. B. Kaper, T. F. Meyer, S. K. Farrand, D. L. Burns, B. B. Finlay, and J. W. St Geme III. 2000. Renaming protein secretion in the gram-negative bacteria. Trends Microbiol. 8:352.
203. Henderson, I. R., F. Navarro-Garcia, and J. P. Nataro. 1998. The great escape: structure and function of the autotransporter proteins. Trends Microbiol. 6:370-378.
204. Henderson, I. R., and P. Owen. 1999. The major phase-variable outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli structurally resembles the immunoglobulin A1 protease class of exported protein and is regulated by a novel mechanism involving Dam and oxyR. J. Bacteriol. 181:2132-2141.
205. Henderson, I. R., P. Owen, and J. P. Nataro. 1999. Molecular switches - the ON and OFF of bacterial phase variation. Mol. Microbiol. 33:919-932.
206. Hendrixson, D. R., M. L. de la Morena, C. Stathopoulos, and J. W. St Geme III. 1997. Structural determinants of processing and secretion of the Haemphilus influenzae hap protein. Mol. Microbiol. 26:505-518.
207. Hendrixson, D. R., and J. W. St Geme III. 1998. The Haemophilus influenzae Hap serine protease promotes adherence and microcolony formation, potentiated by a soluble host protein. Mol. Cell 2:841-850.
208. Herskovits, A. A., E. S. Bochkareva, and E. Bibi. 2000. New prospects in studying the bacterial signal recognition particle pathway. Mol. Microbiol. 38:927-939.
209. Hewlett, E. L., and S. A. Halperin. 1998. Serological correlates of immunity to Bordetella pertussis. Vaccine 16:1899-1900.
210. Hoiczyk, E., A. Roggenkamp, M. Reichenbecher, A. Lupas, and J. Heesemann. 2000. Structure and sequence analysis of Yersinia YadA and Moraxella UspAs reveal a novel class of adhesins. EMBO J. 19:5989-5999.
211. Hopper, S., B. Vasquez, A. Merz, S. Clary, J. S. Wilbur, and M. So. 2000. Effects of the immunoglobulin A1 protease on Neisseria gonorrhoeae trafficking across polarized T84 epithelial monolayers. Infect. Immun. 68:906911.
212. Howard, E. A., J. R. Zupan, V. Citovsky, and P. C. Zambriyski. 1992. The VirD2 protein of A tumefaciens contains a C-terminal bipartite nuclear localization signal: implications for nuclear uptake of DNA in plant cells. Cell 68:109-118.
213. Hsia, R. C., Y. Pannekoek, E. Ingerowski, and P. M. Bavoil. 1997. Type III secretion genes identify a putative virulence locus of Chlamydia. Mol. Microbiol. 25:351-359.
214. Hueck, C. J. 1998. Type III protein secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:379-433.
215. Ilver, D., A. Arnqvist, J. Ogren, I. M. Frick, D. Kersulyte, E. T. Incecik, D. E. Berg, A. Covacci, L. Engstrand, and T. Boren. 1998. Helicobacter pylori adhesin binding fucosylated histo-blood group antigens revealed by retagging. Science 279:373-377.
216. Ito, Y. T. Azuma, S. Ito, H. Miyaji, M. Hirai, Y. Yamazaki, F. Sato, T. Kato, Y. Kobli, and M. Kuriyama. 1997. Analysis and typing of the vacA gene from cagA-positive strains of Helicobacter pylori isolated in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:1710-1714.
217. Iwamoto, H., D. M. Czajkowsky, T. L. Cover, G. Szabo, and Z. Shao. 1999. VacA from Helicobacter pylori: a hexameric chloride channel. FEBS Lett. 450:101-104.
218. Jacob-Dubuisson, F., R. Antoine, and C. Locht. 2000. Autotransporter proteins, evolution and redefining protein secretion: response. Trends Microbiol. 8:533-534.
219. Jacob-Dubuisson, F., C. Buisine, E. Willery, G. Renauld-Mongenie, and C. Locht. 1997. Lack of functional complementation between Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin and Proteus mirabilis HpmA hemolysin secretion machineries. J. Bacteriol. 179:775-783.
220. Jacob-Dubuisson, F., C. El-Hamel, N. Saint, S. Guedin, E. Willery, G. Molle, and C. Locht. 1999. Channel formation by FhaC, the outer membrane protein involved in the secretion of the Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin. J. Biol. Chem. 274:37731-37735.
221. Jacob-Dubuisson, F., C. Locht, and R. Antoine. 2001. Two-partner secretion in Gram-negative bacteria: a thrifty, specific pathway for large virulence proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 40:306-313.
222. Jaeger, K. E., S. Ransac, B. W. Dijkstra, C. Colson, M. van Heuvel, and O. Misset. 1994. Bacterial Lipases. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 15:29-63.
223. Jahnig, F. 1990. Structure predictions of membrane proteins are not that bad. Trends Biochem. Sci. 15:93-95.
224. Jarchau, T., T. Chakraborty, F. Garcia, and W. Goebel. 1994. Selection for transport competence of C-terminal polypeptides derived from Escherichia coli hemolysin: the shortest peptide capable of autonomous HlyB/HlyD-dependent secretion comprises the C-terminal 62 amino acids of HlyA. Mol. Gen. Genet. 245:53-60.
225. Jarvis, G. A., and J. M. Griffiss. 1991. Human IgA1 blockade of IgG-initiated lysis of Neisseria meningitidis is a function of antigen-binding fragment binding to the polysaccharide capsule. J. Immunol. 147:1962-1967.
226. Jarvis, K. G., J. A. Giron, A. E. Jerse, T. K. McDaniel, M. S. Donnenberg, and J. B. Kaper. 1995. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli contains a putative type III secretion system necessary for the export of proteins involved in attaching and effacing lesion formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:7996-8000.
227. Jenkins, J., and R. Pickersgill. 2001. The architecture of parallel beta-helices and related folds. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 77:111-175.
228. Johannsen, D. B., D. M. Johnston, H. O. Koymen, M. S. Cohen, and J. G. Cannon. 1999. A Neisseria gonorrhoeae immunoglobulin A1 protease mutant is infectious in the human challenge model of urethral infection. Infect. Immun. 67:3009-3013.
229. Jose, J., R. Bernhardt, and F. Hannemann. 2002. Cellular surface display of dimeric Adx and whole cell P450-mediated steroid synthesis on E. coli. J. Biotechnol. 95:257-268.
230. Jose, J., R. Bernhardt, and F. Hannemann. 2001. Functional display of active bovine adrenodoxin on the surface of E. coli by chemical incorporation of the [2Fe-2S] cluster. Chembiochem 2:695-701.
231. Jose, J., F. Jahnig, and T. F. Meyer. 1995. Common structural features of IgA1 protease-like outer membrane protein autotransporters. Mol. Microbiol. 18:378-380.
232. Jose, J., J. Kramer, T. Klauser, J. Pohlner, and T. F. Meyer. 1996. Absence of periplasmic DsbA oxidoreductase facilitates export of cysteine-containing passenger proteins to the Escherichia coli cell surface via the Iga beta autotransporter pathway. Gene 178:107-110.
233. Kajava, A. V., N. Cheng, R. Cleaver, M. Kessel, M. N. Simon, E. Willery, F. Jacob-Dubuisson, C. Locht, and A. C. Steven. 2001. Beta-helix model for the filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin of Bordetella pertussis and related bacterial secretory proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 42:279-292.
234. Kalman, S., W. Mitchell, R. Marathe, C. Lammel, J. Fan, R. W. Hyman, L. Olinger, J. Grimwood, R. W. Davis, and R. S. Stephens. 1999. Comparative genomes of Chlamydia pneumoniae and C. trachomatis. Nat. Genet. 21:385-389.
235. Kang, H. W., I. G. Wirawan, and M. Kojima. 1992. Isolation and genetic analysis of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens avirulent mutant with a chromosomal mutation produced by transposon mutagenesis. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 56:1924-1928.
236. Kawai, E., A. Idei, H. Kumura, K. Shimazaki, H. Akatsuka, and K. Omori. 1999. The ABC-exporter genes involved in the lipase secretion are clustered with the genes for lipase, alkaline protease, and serine protease homologues in Pseudomonas fluorescens no. 33. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1446:377-382.
237. Kenny, B., and B. B. Finlay. 1995. Protein secretion by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is essential for transducing signals to epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:7991-7995.
238. Kerr, J. R., and R. C. Matthews. 2000. Bordetella pertussis infection: pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and the role of protective immunity. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 19:77-88.
239. Kidd, M., A. J. Lastovica, J. C. Atherton, and J. A. Louw. 1999. Heterogeneity in the Helicobacter pylori vacA and cagA genes: association with gastroduodenal disease in South Africa? Gut 45:499-502.
240. Kilian, M., J. Mestecky, R. Kulhavy, M. Tomana, and W. T. Butler. 1980. IgA1 proteases from Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus sanguis: comparative immunochemical studies. J. Immunol. 124:2596-2600.
241. Kilian, M., J. Mestecky, and M. W. Russell. 1988. Defense mechanisms involving Fc-dependent functions of immunoglobulin A and their subversion by bacterial immunoglobulin A proteases. Microbiol. Rev. 52:296-303.
242. Kilian, M., J. Mestecky, and R. E. Schrohenloher. 1979. Pathogenic species of the genus Haemophilus and Streptococcus pneumoniae produce immunoglobulin A1 protease. Infect. Immun. 26:143-149.
243. Kilian, M., and B. Thomsen. 1983. Antigenic heterogeneity of immunoglobulin A1 proteases from encapsulated and non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae. Infect. Immun. 42:126-132.
244. Kilian, M., B. Thomsen, T. E. Petersen, and H. Bleeg. 1983. Molecular biology of Haemophilus influenzae IgA1 proteases. Mol. Immunol. 20:1051-1058.
245. Kim, J., and D. A. Kendall. 2000. Sec-dependent protein export and the involvement of the molecular chaperone SecB. Cell Stress Chaperones 5:267-275.
246. King, A. J., G. Berbers, H. F. van Oirschot, P. Hoogerhout, K. Knipping, and F. R. Mooi. 2001: Role of the polymorphic region 1 of the Bordetella pertussis protein pertactin in immunity. Microbiology 147:2885-2895.
247. Kingsley, R. A., A. D. Humphries, E. H. Weening, M. R. De Zoete, S. Winter, A. Papaconstantinopoulou, G. Dougan, and A. J. Baumler. 2003. Molecular and phenotypic analysis of the CS54 island of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium: identification of intestinal colonization and persistence determinants. Infect. Immun. 71:629-640.
248. Kingsley, R. A., R. L. Santos, A. M. Keestra, L. G. Adams, and A. J. Baumler. 2002. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium ShdA is an outer membrane fibronectin-binding protein that is expressed in the intestine. Mol. Microbiol. 43:895-905.
249. Kingsley, R. A., K. van Amsterdam, N. Kramer, and A. J. Baumler. 2000. The shdA gene is restricted to serotypes of Salmonella enterica subspecies I and contributes to efficient and prolonged fecal shedding. Infect. Immun. 68:2720-2727.
250. Kjaergaard, K., M. A. Schembri, H. Hasman, and P. Klemm. 2000. Antigen 43 from Escherichia coli induces inter- and intraspecies cell aggregation and changes in colony morphology of Pseudomonas fluorescens. J. Bacteriol. 182:4789-4796.
251. Kjaergaard, K., M. A. Schembri, C. Ramos, S. Molin, and P. Klemm. 2000. Antigen 43 facilitates formation of multispecies biofilms. Environ. Microbiol. 2:695-702.
252. Klauser, T., J. Kramer, K. Otzelberger, J. Pohlner, and T. F. Meyer. 1993. Characterization of the Neisseria Iga beta-core. The essential unit for outer membrane targeting and extracellular protein secretion. J. Mol. Biol. 234:579-593.
253. Klauser, T., J. Pohlner, and T. F. Meyer. 1990. Extracellular transport of cholera toxin B subunit using Neisseria IgA protease beta-domain: conformation-dependent outer membrane translocation. EMBO J. 9:1991-1999.
254. Klauser, T., J. Pohlner, and T. F. Meyer. 1992. Selective extracellular release of cholera toxin B subunit by Escherichia coli: dissection of Neisseria Iga beta-mediated outer membrane transport. EMBO J. 11:2327-2335.
255. Knutton, S., I. Rosenshine, M. J. Pallen, I. Nisan, B. C. Neves, C. Bain, C. Wolff, G. Dougan, and G. Frankel. 1998. A novel EspA-associated surface organelle of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli involved in protein translocation into epithelial cells. EMBO J. 17:2166-2176.
256. Kocks, C., J. B. Marchand, E. Gouin, H. d'Hauteville, P. J. Sansonetti, M. F. Carlier, and P. Cossart. 1995. The unrelated surface proteins ActA of Listeria monocytogenes and IcsA of Shigella flexneri are sufficient to confer actin-based motility on Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli respectively. Mol. Microbiol. 18:413-423.
257. Koebnik, R., K. P. Locher, and P. Van Gelder. 2000. Structure and function of bacterial outer membrane proteins: barrels in a nutshell. Mol. Microbiol. 37:239-253.
258. Konieczny, M. P., M. Suhr, A. Noll, I. B. Autenrieth, and M. A. Schmidt. 2000. Cell surface presentation of recombinant (poly-) peptides including functional T-cell epitopes by the AIDA autotransporter system. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 27:321-332.
259. Konninger, U. W., S. Hobbie, R. Benz, and V. Braun. 1999. The haemolysin-secreting Sh1B protein of the outer membrane of Serratia marcescens: determination of surface-exposed residues and formation of ion-permeable pores by Sh1B mutants in artificial lipid bilayer membranes. Mol. Microbiol. 32:1212-1225.
260. Kornfeld, S. J., and A. G. Plaut. 1981. Secretory immunity and the bacterial IgA proteases. Rev. Infect. Dis. 3:521-534.
261. Koronakis, E., C. Hughes, I. Milisav, and V. Koronakis. 1995. Protein exporter function and in vitro ATPase activity are correlated in ABCdomain mutants of HlyB. Mol. Microbiol. 16:87-96.
262. Koronakis, V., C. Hughes, and E. Koronakis. 1991. Energetically distinct early and late stages of HlyB/HlyD-dependent secretion across both Escherichia coli membranes. EMBO J. 10:3263-3272.
263. Koronakis, V., A. Sharff, E. Koronakis, B. Luisi, and C. Hughes. 2000. Crystal structure of the bacterial membrane protein TolC central to multidrug efflux and protein export. Nature 405:914-919.
264. Koster, M., W. Bitter, and J. Tommassen. 2000. Protein secretion mechanisms in Gram-negative bacteria. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 290:325-331.
265. Kotloff, K. L., F. Noriega, G. A. Losonsky, M. B. Sztein, S. S. Wasserman, J. P. Nataro, and M. M. Levine. 1996. Safety, immunogenicity, and transmissibility in humans of CVD 1203, a live oral Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidate attenuated by deletions in aroA and virG. Infect. Immun. 64:4542-4548.
266. Koukolikova-Nicola, Z., and B. Hohn. 1993. How does the T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens find its way into the plant cell nucleus? Biochimie 75:635-638.
267. Kramer, U., K. Rizos, H. Apfel, I. B. Autenrieth, and C. T. Lattemann. 2003. Autodisplay: development of an efficacious system for surface display of antigenic determinants in Salmonella vaccine strains. Infect. Immun. 71:1944-1952.
268. Krem, M. M., and E. Di Cera. 2001. Molecular markers of serine protease evolution. EMBO J. 20:3036-3045.
269. Kubori, T., Y. Matsushima, D. Nakamura, J. Uralil, M. Lara-Tejero, A. Sukhan, J. E. Galan, and S. I. Aizawa. 1998. Supramolecular structure of the Salmonella typhimurium type III protein secretion system. Science 280:602-605.
270. Kuo, C. H., and W. C. Wang. 2003. Binding and internalization of Helicobacterpylori VacA via cellular lipid rafts in epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 303:640-644.
271. Laarmann, S., and M. A. Schmidt. 2003. The Escherichia coli AIDA autotransporter adhesin recognizes an integral membrane glycoprotein as receptor. Microbiology 149:1871-1882.
272. Ladant, D., and A. Ullmann. 1999. Bordelella pertussis adenylate cyclase: a toxin with multiple talents. Trends Microbiol. 7:172-176.
273. Lafontaine, E. R., L. D. Cope, C. Aebi, J. L. Latimer, G. H. McCracken, Jr., and E. J. Hansen. 2000. The UspA1 protein and a second type of UspA2 protein mediate adherence of Moraxella catarrhalis to human epithelial cells in vitro. J. Bacteriol. 182:1364-1373.
274. Lai, E. M., and C. I. Kado. 2000. The T-pilus of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Trends Microbiol. 8:361-369.
275. Lambert-Buisine, C., E. Willery, C. Locht, and F. Jacob-Dubuisson. 1998. N-terminal characterization of the Bordetella pertussis filamentous haemagglutinin. Mol. Microbiol. 28:1283-1293.
276. Lattemann, C. T., J. Maurer, E. Gerland, and T. F. Meyer. 2000. Autodisplay: functional display of active beta-lactamase on the surface of Escherichia coli by the AIDA-I autotransporter. J. Bacteriol. 182:3726-3733.
277. Lawley, T. D., W. A. Klimke, M. J. Gubbins, and L. S. Frost. 2003. F factor conjugation is a true type IV secretion system. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 224:1-15.
278. Leininger, E., C. A. Ewanowich, A. Bhargava, M. S. Peppler, J. G. Kenimer, and M. J. Brennan. 1992. Comparative roles of the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence present in the Bordetella pertussis adhesins pertactin and filamentous hemagglutinin. Infect. Immun. 60:2380-2385.
279. Leininger, E., M. Roberts, J. G. Kenimer, I. G. Charles, N. Fairweather, P. Novotny, and M. J. Brennan. 1991. Pertactin, an Arg-Gly-Asp-containing Bordetella pertussis surface protein that promotes adherence of mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:345-349.
280. Letley, D. P., and J. C. Atherton. 2000. Natural diversity in the N terminus of the mature vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori determines cytotoxin activity. J. Bacteriol. 182:3278-3280.
281. Letley, D. P., A. Lastovica, J. A. Louw, C. J. Hawkey, and J. C. Atherton. 1999. Allelic diversity of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin gene in South Africa: rarity of the vacA sla genotype and natural occurrence of an s2/ml allele. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:1203-1205.
282. Letoffe, S., P. Delepelaire, and C. Wandersman. 1996. Protein secretion in gram-negative bacteria: assembly of the three components of ABC protein-mediated exporters is ordered and promoted by substrate binding. EMBO J. 15:5804-5811.
283. Lett, M. C., C. Sasakawa, N. Okada, T. Sakai, S. Makino, M. Yamada, K. Komatsu, and M. Yoshikawa. 1989. virG, a plasmid-coded virulence gene of Shigella flexneri: identification of the virG protein and determination of the complete coding sequence. J. Bacteriol. 171:353-359.
284. Leyton, D. L., J. Sloan, R. E. Hill, S. Doughty, and E. L. Hartland. 2003. Transfer region of pO113 from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: similarity with R64 and identification of a novel plasmid-encoded autotransporter, EpeA. Infect. Immun. 71:6307-6319.
285. Li, H., I. Kalies, B. Mellgard, and H. F. Helander. 1998. A rat model of chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. Studies of epithelial cell turnover and gastric ulcer healing. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 33:370-378.
286. Li, H., and D. H. Walker. 1998. rOmpA is a critical protein for the adhesion of Rickettsia rickettsii to host cells. Microb. Pathog. 24:289-298.
287. Li, L. J., G. Dougan, P. Novotny, and I. G. Charles. 1991. P. 70 pertactin, an outer-membrane protein from Bordetella parapertussis: cloning, nucleotide sequence and surface expression in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 5:409-417.
288. Lin, L., P. Ayala, J. Larson, M. Mulks, M. Fukuda, S. R. Carlsson, C. Enns, and M. So. 1997. The Neisseria type 2 IgA1 protease cleaves LAMP1 and promotes survival of bacteria within epithelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 24:1083-1094.
289. Lin, W., K. J. Fullner, R. Clayton, J. A. Sexton, M. B. Rogers, K. E. Calia, S. B. Calderwood, C. Fraser, and J. J. Mekalanos. 1999. Identification of a Vibrio cholerae RTX toxin gene cluster that is tightly linked to the cholera toxin prophage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:1071-1076.
290. Lindeberg, M., G. P. Salmond, and A. Collmer. 1996. Complementation of deletion mutations in a cloned functional cluster of Erwinia chrysanthemi out genes with Erwinia carotovora out homologues reveals OutC and OurD as candidate gatekeepers of species-specific secretion of proteins via the type II pathway. Mol. Microbiol. 20:175-190.
291. Lindenthal, C., and E. A. Elsinghorst. 2001. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli TibA glycoprotein adheres to human intestine epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 69:52-57.
292. Lindenthal, C., and E. A. Elsinghorst. 1999. Identification of a glycoprotein produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 67:4084-4091.
293. Liu, M., R. Deora, S. R. Doulatov, M. Gingery, F. A. Eiserling, A. Preston, D. J. Maskell, R. W. Simons, P. A. Cotter, J. Parkhill, and J. F. Miller. 2002. Reverse transcriptase-mediated tropism switching in Bordetella bacteriophage. Science 295:2091-2094.
294. Lloyd, S. A., A. Forsberg, H. Wolf-Watz, and M. S. Francis. 2001. Targeting exported substrates to the Yersinia TTSS: different functions for different signals? Trends Microbiol. 9:367-371.
295. Lloyd, S. A., M. Norman, R. Rosqvist, and H. Wolf-Watz. 2001. Yersinia YopE is targeted for type III secretion by N-terminal, not mRNA, signals. Mol. Microbiol. 39:520-531.
296. Lo, R. Y. 2001. Genetic analysis of virulence factors of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica A1. Vet. Microbiol. 83:23-35.
297. Lo, R. Y., C. A. Strathdee, P. E. Shewen, and B. J. Cooney. 1991. Molecular studies of Ssal, a serotype-specific antigen of Pasteurella haemolytica A1. Infect. Immun. 59:3398-3406.
298. Locht, C., R. Antoine, and F. Jacob-Dubuisson. 2001. Bordetella pertussis, molecular pathogenesis under multiple aspects. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 4:82-89.
299. Lomholt, H., K. Poulsen, D. A. Caugant, and M. Kilian. 1992. Molecular polymorphism and epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis immunoglobulin A1 proteases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2120-2124.
300. Lomholt, H., K. Poulsen, and M. Kilian. 1995. Comparative characterization of the iga gene encoding IgA1 protease in Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae. Mol. Microbiol. 15:495-506.
301. Lomholt, H., L. van Alphen, and M. Kilian. 1993. Antigenic variation of immunoglobulin A1 proteases among sequential isolates of Haemophilus influenzae from healthy children and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Infect. Immun. 61:4575-4581.
302. Lorenzen, D. R., F. Dux, U. Wolk, A. Tsirpouchtsidis, G. Haas, and T. F. Meyer. 1999. Immunoglobulin A1 protease, an exoenzyme of pathogenic neisseriae, is a potent inducer of proinflammatory cytokines. J. Exp. Med. 190:1049-1058.
303. Loveless, B. J., and M. H. Saier, Jr. 1997. A novel family of channel-forming, autotransporting, bacterial virulence factors. Mol. Membr. Biol. 14:113-123.
304. Lupetti, P., J. E. Heuser, R. Manetti, P. Massari, S. Lanzavecchia, P. L. Bellon, R. Dallai, R. Rappuoli, and J. L. Telford. 1996. Oligomeric and subunit structure of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin. J. Cell Biol. 133:801-807.
305. Ma, B., C. J. Tsai, and R. Nussinov. 2000. Binding and folding: in search of intramolecular chaperone-like building block fragments. Protein Eng. 13: 617-627.
306. Ma, Q., Y. Zhai, J. C. Schneider, T. M. Ramseier, and M. H. Saier. 2003. Protein secretion systems of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. fluorescens. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1611:223-233.
307. Macnab, R. M. 1999. The bacterial flagellum: reversible rotary propeller and type III export apparatus. J. Bacteriol. 181:7149-7153.
308. Mahdavi, J., B. Sonden, M. Hurtig, F. O. Olfat, L. Forsberg, N. Roche, J. Angstrom, T. Larsson, S. Teneberg, K. A. Karlsson, S. Altraja, T. Wadstrom, D. Kersulyte, D. E. Berg, A. Dubois, C. Petersson, K. E. Magnusson, T. Norberg, F. Lindh, B. B. Lundskog, A. Arnqvist, L. Hammarstrom, and T. Boren. 2002. Helicobacter pylori SabA adhesin in persistent infection and chronic inflammation. Science 297:573-578.
309. Makino, S., C. Sasakawa, K. Kamata, T. Kurata, and M. Yoshikawa. 1986. A genetic determinant required for continuous reinfection of adjacent cells on large plasmid in S. flexneri 2a. Cell 46:551-555.
310. Malaisse, W. J., M. Svoboda, S. P. Dufrane, F. Malaisse-Lagae, and J. Christophe. 1984. Effect of Bordetella pertussis toxin on ADP-ribosylation of membrane proteins, adenylate cyclase activity and insulin release in rat pancreatic islets. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 124:190-196.
311. Manjarrez-Hernandez, H. A., S. Gavilanes-Parra, E. Chavez-Berrocal, A. Navarro-Ocana, and A. Cravioto. 2000. Antigen detection in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli using secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies isolated from human breast milk. Infect. Immun. 68:5030-5036.
312. Mansa, B., and M. Kilian. 1986. Retained antigen-binding activity of Fab alpha fragments of human monoclonal immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) cleaved by IgA1 protease. Infect. Immun. 52:171-174.
313. Marais, A., G. L. Mendz, S. L. Hazell, and F. Megraud. 1999. Metabolism and genetics of Helicobacter pylori: the genome era. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:642-674.
314. Marchler-Bauer, A., J. B. Anderson, C. DeWeese-Scott, N. D. Fedorova, L. Y. Geer, S. He, D. I. Hurwitz, J. D. Jackson, A. R. Jacobs, C. J. Lanczycki, C. A. Liebert, C. Liu, T. Madej, G. H. Marchler, R. Mazumder, A. N. Nikolskaya, A. R. Panchenko, B. S. Rao, B. A. Shoemaker, V. Simonyan, J. S. Song, P. A. Thiessen, S. Vasudevan, Y. Wang, R. A. Yamashita, J. J. Yin, and S. H. Bryant. 2003. CDD: a curated Entrez database of conserved domain alignments. Nucleic Acids Res. 31:383-387.
315. Martoglio, B., and B. Dobberstein. 1998. Signal sequences: more than just greasy peptides. Trends Cell Biol. 8:410-415.
316. Maurer, J., J. Jose, and T. F. Meyer. 1997. Autodisplay: one-component system for efficient surface display and release of soluble recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 179:794-804.
317. Maurer, J., J. Jose, and T. F. Meyer. 1999. Characterization of the essential transport function of the AIDA-I autotransporter and evidence supporting structural predictions. J. Bacteriol. 181:7014-7020.
318. Maurer, J. J., T. P. Brown, W. L. Steffens, and S. G. Thayer. 1998. The occurrence of ambient temperature-regulated adhesins, curli, and the temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin tsh among avian Escherichia coli. Avian Dis. 42:106-118.
319. Mazmanian, S. K., H. Ton-That, and O. Schneewind. 2001. Sortase-catalysed anchoring of surface proteins to the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus. Mol. Microbiol. 40:1049-1057.
320. McClain, M. S., P. Cao, and T. L. Cover. 2001. Amino-terminal hydrophobic region of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) mediates transmembrane protein dimerization. Infect. Immun. 69:1181-1184.
321. McClain, M. S., W. Schraw, V. Ricci, P. Boquet, and T. L. Cover. 2000. Acid activation of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) results in toxin internalization by eukaryotic cells. Mol. Microbiol. 37:433-442.
322. McDonald, G. A., R. L. Anacker, and K. Garjian. 1987. Cloned gene of Rickettsia rickettsii surface antigen: candidate vaccine for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Science 235:83-85.
323. Mehta, S. K., A. G. Plaut, N. J. Calvanico, and T. B. Tomasi, Jr. 1973. Human immunoglobulin A: production of an Fc fragment by an enteric microbial proteolytic enzyme. J. Immunol. 111:1274-1276.
324. Mellies, J. L., F. Navarro-Garcia, I. Okeke, J. Frederickson, J. P. Nataro, and J. B. Kaper. 2001. espC pathogenicity island of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli encodes an enterotoxin. Infect. Immun. 69:315-324.
325. Messner, P. 1997. Bacterial glycoproteins. Glycoconj. J. 14:3-11.
326. Michiels, T., P. Wattiau, R. Brasseur, J. M. Ruysschaert, and G. Cornelis. 1990. Secretion of Yop proteins by yersiniae. Infect. Immun. 58:2840-2849.
327. Miller, C. G., C. Heiman, and C. Yen. 1976. Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium deficient in an endoprotease. J. Bacteriol. 127:490-497.
328. Miyazaki, H., N. Yanagida, S. Horinouchi, and T. Beppu. 1989. Characterization of the precursor of Serratia marcescens serine protease and COOH-terminal processing of the precursor during its excretion through the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 171:6566-6572.
329. Mizan, S., A. Henk, A. Stallings, M. Maier, and M. D. Lee. 2000. Cloning and characterization of sialidases with 2-6′ and 2-3′ sialyl lactose specificity from Pasteurella multocida. J. Bacteriol. 182:6874-6883.
330. Mizushima, T., T. Sugiyama, Y. Komatsu, J. Ishizuka, M. Kato, and M. Asaka. 2001. Clinical relevance of the babA2 genotype of Helicobacter pylori in Japanese clinical isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:2463-2465.
331. Moens, S., and J. Vanderleyden. 1997. Glycoproteins in prokaryotes. Arch. Microbiol. 168:169-175.
332. Molinari, M., C. Galli, M. de Bernard, N. Norais, J. M. Ruysschaert, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 1998. The acid activation of Helicobacter pylori toxin VacA: structural and membrane binding studies. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 248:334-340.
333. Molinari, M., C. Galli, N. Norais, J. L. Telford, R. Rappuoli, J. P. Luzio, and C. Montecucco. 1997. Vacuoles induced by Helicobacter pylori toxin contain both late endosomal and lysosomal markers. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 25339-25344.
334. Molinari, M., M. Salio, C. Galli, N. Norais, R. Rappuoli, A. Lanzavecchia, and C. Montecucco. 1998. Selective inhibition of Ii-dependent antigen presentation by Helicobacter pylori toxin VacA. J. Exp. Med. 187:135-140.
335. Montecucco, C., and M. de Bernard. 2003. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori. Microbes Infect. 5:715-721.
336. Mooi, F. R., H. van Oirschot, K. Heuvelman, H. G. van der Heide, W. Gaastra, and R. J. Willems. 1998. Polymorphism in the Bordetella pertussis virulence factors P. 69/pertactin and pertussis toxin in The Netherlands: temporal trends and evidence for vaccine-driven evolution. Infect. Immun. 66:670-675.
337. Moormann, C., I. Benz, and M. A. Schmidt. 2002. Functional substitution of the TibC protein of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains for the autotransporter adhesin heptosyltransferase of the AIDA system. Infect. Immun. 70:2264-2270.
338. Mori, H., and K. Ito. 2001. The Sec protein-translocation pathway. Trends Microbiol. 9:494-500.
339. Morona, R., and L. Van Den Bosch. 2003. Lipopolysaccharide O antigen chains mask IcsA (VirG) in Shigella flexneri. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 221:173-180.
340. Mortensen, S. B., and M. Kilian. 1984. A rapid method for the detection and quantitation of IgA protease activity by macrobore gel-permeation chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 296:257-262.
341. Moss, S. F., and S. Sood. 2003. Helicobacter pylori. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 16:445-451.
342. Mulks, M. H., and A. G. Plaut. 1978. IgA protease production as a characteristic distinguishing pathogenic from harmless neisseriaceae. N. Engl. J. Med. 299:973-976.
343. Mulks, M. H., A. G. Plaut, H. A. Feldman, and B. Frangione. 1980. IgA proteases of two distinct specificities are released by Neisseria meningitidis. J. Exp. Med. 152:1442-1447.
344. Mundy, R., L. Petrovska, K. Smollett, N. Simpson, R. K. Wilson, J. Yu, X. Tu, I. Rosenshine, S. Clare, G. Dougan, and G. Frankel. 2004. Identification of a novel Citrobacter rodentium type III secreted protein, EspI, and roles of this and other secreted proteins in infection. Infect. Immun. 72:2288-2302.
345. Narayanan, S. K., T. G. Nagaraja, M. M. Chengappa, and G. C. Stewart. 2002. Leukotoxins of gram-negative bacteria. Vet. Microbiol. 84:337-356.
346. Nataro, J. P., and J. B. Kaper. 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11:142-201.
347. Navarro-Garcia, F., A. Canizalez-Roman, J. Luna, C. Sears, and J. P. Nataro. 2001. Plasmid-encoded toxin of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is internalized by epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 69:1053-1060.
348. Navarro-Garcia, F., A. Canizalez-Roman, B. Q. Sui, J. P. Nataro, and Y. Azamar. 2004. The serine protease motif of EspC from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli produces epithelial damage by a mechanism different from that of Pet toxin from enteroaggregative E. coli. Infect. Immun. 72:3609-3621.
349. Navarro-Garcia, F., C. Eslava, J. M. Villaseca, R. Lopez-Revilla, J. R. Czeczulin, S. Srinivas, J. P. Nataro, and A. Cravioto. 1998. In vitro effects of a high-molecular-weight heat-labile enterotoxin from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 66:3149-3154.
350. Navarro-Garcia, F., C. Sears, C. Eslava, A. Cravioto, and J. P. Nataro. 1999. Cytoskeletal effects induced by Pet, the serine protease enterotoxin of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 67:2184-2192.
351. Nguyen, V. Q., R. M. Caprioli, and T. L. Cover. 2001. Carboxy-terminal proteolytic processing of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin. Infect. Immun. 69:543-546.
352. Nielsen, H., S. Brunak, and G. von Heijne. 1999. Machine learning approaches for the prediction of signal peptides and other protein sorting signals. Protein Eng. 12:3-9.
353. Niessner, A., C. Kaun, G. Zorn, W. Speidl, Z. Turel, G. Christiansen, A. S. Pedersen, S. Birkelund, S. Simon, A. Georgopoulos, W. Graninger, R. de Martin, J. Lipp, B. R. Binder, G. Maurer, K. Huber, and J. Wojta. 2003. Polymorphic membrane protein (PMP) 20 and PMP 21 of Chlamydia pneumoniae induce proinflammatory mediators in human endothelial cells in vitro by activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway. J. Infect. Dis. 188: 108-113.
354. Niewerth, U., A. Frey, T. Voss, C. Le Bouguenec, G. Baljer, S. Franke, and M. A. Schmidt. 2001. The AIDA autotransporter system is associated with F18 and stx2e in Escherichia coli isolates from pigs diagnosed with edema disease and postweaning diarrhea. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8:143-149.
355. Nikaido, H. 1994. Porins and specific diffusion channels in bacterial outer membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 269:3905-3908.
356. Nummelin, H., M. C. Merckel, J. C. Leo, H. Lankinen, M. Skurnik, and A. Goldman. 2004. The Yersinia adhesin YadA collagen-binding domain structure is a novel left-handed parallel beta-roll. EMBO J. 23:701-711.
357. Odenbreit, S., G. Faller, and R. Haas. 2002. Role of the AlpAB proteins and lipopolysaccharide in adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric tissue. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 292:247-256.
358. Odenbreit, S., M. Till, D. Hofreuter, G. Faller, and R. Haas. 1999. Genetic and functional characterization of the alpAB gene locus essential for the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric tissue. Mol. Microbiol. 31:1537-1548.
359. Ogura, K., S. Maeda, M. Nakao, T. Watanabe, M. Tada, T. Kyutoku, H. Yoshida, Y. Sniratori, and M. Omata. 2000. Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori responsible for gastric diseases in Mongolian gerbil. J. Exp. Med. 192:1601-1610.
360. Ohnishi, Y., T. Beppu, and S. Horinouchi. 1997. Two genes encoding serine protease homologues in Serratia marcescens and characterization of their products in Escherichia coli. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 121:902-913.
361. Ohnishi, Y., and S. Horinouchi. 1996. Extracellular production of a Serratia marcescens serine protease in Escherichia coli. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60:1551-1558.
362. Ohnishi, Y., M. Nishiyama, S. Horinouchi, and T. Beppu. 1994. Involvement of the COOH-terminal pro-sequence of Serratia marcescens serine protease in the folding of the mature enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 269:32800-32806.
363. Oliver, D. C., and R. C. Fernandez. 2001. Antibodies to BrkA augment killing of Bordetella penussis. Vaccine 20:235-241.
364. Oliver, D. C., G. Huang, and R. C. Fernandez. 2003. Identification of secretion determinants of the Bordetella pertussis BrkA autotransporter. J. Bacteriol. 185:489-195.
365. Oliver, D. C., G. Huang, E. Nodel, S. Pleasance, and R. C. Fernandez. 2003. A conserved region within the Bordetella penussis autotransporter BrkA is necessary for folding of its passenger domain. Mol. Microbiol. 47:1367-1383.
366. Oomen, C. J., P. Van Ulsen, P. Van Gelder, M. Feijen, J. Tommassen, and P. Gros. 2004. Structure of the translocator domain of a bacterial autotransporter. EMBO J. 23:1257-1266.
367. O'Toole, P. W., J. W. Austin, and T. J. Trust. 1994. Identification and molecular characterization of a major ring-forming surface protein from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter mustelae. Mol. Microbiol. 11:349-361.
368. Otto, B. R., S. J. van Dooren, C. M. Dozois, J. Luirink, and B. Oudega. 2002. Escherichia coli hemoglobin protease autotransporter contributes to synergistic abscess formation and heme-dependent growth of Bacteroides fragilis. Infect. Immun. 70:5-10.
369. Otto, B. R., S. J. van Dooren, J. H. Nuijens, J. Luirink, and B. Oudega. 1998. Characterization of a hemoglobin protease secreted by the pathogenic Escherichia coli strain EB1. J. Exp. Med. 188:1091-1103.
370. Owen, P., P. Caffrey, and L. G. Josefsson. 1987. Identification and partial characterization of a novel bipartite protein antigen associated with the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 169:3770-3777.
371. Owen, P., and H. R. Kaback. 1979. Antigenic architecture of membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 18:1422-1426.
372. Owen, P., and H. R. Kaback. 1978. Molecular structure of membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:3148-3152.
373. Owen, P., M. Meehan, H. de Loughry-Doherty, and I. Henderson. 1996. Phase-variable outer membrane proteins in Escherichia coli. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 16:63-76.
374. Padilla, P. I., A. Wada, K. Yahiro, M. Kimura, T. Niidome, H. Aoyagi, A. Kumatori, M. Anami, T. Hayashi, J. Fujisawa, H. Saito, J. Moss, and T. Hirayama. 2000. Morphologic differentiation of HL-60 cells is associated with appearance of RPTPbeta and induction of Helicobacter pylori VacA sensitivity. J. Biol. Chem. 275:15200-15206.
375. Pagliaccia, C., M. de Bernard, P. Lupetti, X. Ji, D. Burroni, T. L. Cover, E. Papini, R. Rappuoli, J. L. Telford, and J. M. Reyrat. 1998. The m2 form of the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin has cell type-specific vacuolating activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:10212-10217.
376. Pai, R., T. L. Cover, and A. S. Tarnawski. 1999. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) disorganizes the cytoskeletal architecture of gastric epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 262:245-250.
377. Pallen, M. J., R. R. Chaudhuri, and I. R. Henderson. 2003. Genomic analysis of secretion systems. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 6:519-527.
378. Palmen, R., A. J. Driessen, and K. J. Hellingwerf. 1994. Bioenergetic aspects of the translocation of macromolecules across bacterial membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1183:417-151.
379. Pan, Z. J., D. E. Berg, R. W. van der Hulst, W. W. Su, A. Raudonikiene, S. D. Xiao, J. Dankert, G. N. Tytgat, and A. van der Ende. 1998. Prevalence of vacuolating cytotoxin production and distribution of distinct vacA alleles in Helicobacter pylori from China. J. Infect. Dis. 178:220-226.
380. Papini, E., B. Satin, N. Norais, M. de Bernard, J. L. Telford, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 1998. Selective increase of the permeability of polarized epithelial cell monolayers by Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin. J. Clin. Investig. 102:813-820.
381. Parham, N. J., U. Srinivasan, M. Desvaux, B. Foxman, C. F. Marrs, and I. R. Henderson. 2004. PicU, a second serine protease autotransporter of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 230:73-83.
382. Parkhill, J., M. Sebaihia, A. Preston, L. D. Murphy, N. Thomson, D. E. Harris, M. T. Holden, C. M. Churcher, S. D. Bentley, K. L. Mungall, A. M. Cerdeno-Tarraga, L. Temple, K. James, B. Harris, M. A. Quail, M. Achtman, R. Atkin, S. Baker, D. Basham, N. Bason, I. Cherevach, T. Chillingworth, M. Collins, A. Cronin, P. Davis, J. Doggett, T. Feltwell, A. Goble, N. Hamlin, H. Hauser, S. Holroyd, K. Jagels, S. Leather, S. Moule, H. Norberczak, S. O'Neil, D. Ormond, C. Price, E. Rabbinowitsch, S. Rutter, M. Sanders, D. Saunders, K. Seeger, S. Sharp, M. Simmonds, J. Skelton, R. Squares, S. Squares, K. Stevens, L. Unwin, S. Whitehead, B. G. Barrel!, and D. J. Maskell. 2003. Comparative analysis of the genome sequences of Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Nat. Genet. 35:32-40.
383. Parkhill, J., B. W. Wren, N. R. Thomson, R. W. Titball, M. T. Holden, M. B. Prentice, M. Sebaihia, K. D. James, C. Churcher, K. L. Mungall, S. Baker, D. Basham, S. D. Bentley, K. Brooks, A. M. Cerdeno-Tarraga, T. Chillingworth, A. Cronin, R. M. Davies, P. Davis, G. Dougan, T. Feltwell, N. Hamlin, S. Holroyd, K. Jagels, A. V. Karlyshev, S. Leather, S. Moule, P. C. Oyston, M. Quail, K. Rutherford, M. Simmonds, J. Skelton, K. Stevens, S. Whitehead, and B. G. Barrell. 2001. Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. Nature 413:523-527.
384. Parreira, V. R., and C. L. Gyles. 2003. A novel pathogenicity island integrated adjacent to the thrW tRNA gene of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli encodes a vacuolating autotransporter toxin. Infect. Immun. 71:5087-5096.
385. Patel, S. K., J. Dotson, K. P. Allen, and J. M. Fleckenstein. 2004. Identification and molecular characterization of EatA, an autotransporter protein of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 72:1786-1794.
386. Pearson, M. M., E. R. Lafontaine, N. J. Wagner, J. W. St Geme III and E. J. Hansen. 2002. A hag mutant of Moraxella catarrhalis strain O35E is deficient in hemagglutination, autoagglutination, and immunoglobulin D-binding activities. Infect. Immun. 70:4523-4533.
387. Pedersen, A. S., G. Christiansen, and S. Birkelund. 2001. Differential expression of Pmp10 in cell culture infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae CWL029. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 203:153-159.
388. Peek, R. M., Jr., M. J. Blaser, D. J. Mays, M. H. Forsyth, T. L. Cover, S. Y. Song, U. Krishna, and J. A. Pietenpol. 1999. Helicobacter pylori strain-specific genotypes and modulation of the gastric epithelial cell cycle. Cancer Res. 59:6124-6131.
389. + Helicobacter pylori strains. Lab. Investig. 73:760-770.
390. Pepe, J. C., and S. Lory. 1998. Amino acid substitutions in PilD, a bifunctional enzyme of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Effect on leader peptidase and N-methyltransferase activities in vitro and in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 273:19120-19129.
391. Peterson, J. H., C. A. Woolhead, and H. D. Bernstein. 2003. Basic amino acids in a distinct subset of signal peptides promote interaction with the signal recognition particle. J. Biol. Chem. 278:46155-46162.
392. Pethe, K., M. Aumercier, E. Fort, C. Gatot, C. Locht, and F. D. Menozzi. 2000. Characterization of the heparin-binding site of the mycobacterial heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin. J. Biol. Chem. 275:14273-14280.
393. Phadnis, S. H., D. Ilver, L. Janzon, S. Normark, and T. U. Westblom. 1994. Pathological significance and molecular characterization of the vacuolating toxin gene of Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 62:1557-1565.
394. Pizza, M., V. Scarlato, V. Masignani, M. M. Giuliani, B. Arico, M. Comanducci, G. T. Jennings, L. Baldi, E. Bartolini, B. Capecchi, C. L. Galeotti, E. Luzzi, R. Manetti, E. Marchetti, M. Mora, S. Nuti, G. Ratti, L. Santini, S. Savino, M. Scarselli, E. Storni, P. Zuo, M. Broeker, E. Hundt, B. Knapp, E. Blair, T. Mason, H. Tettelin, D. W. Hood, A. C. Jeffries, N. J. Saunders, D. M. Granoff, J. C. Venter, E. R. Moxon, G. Grandi, and R. Rappuoli. 2000. Identification of vaccine candidates against serogroup B meningococcus by whole-genome sequencing. Science 287:1816-1820.
395. Plano, G. V., J. B. Day, and F. Ferracci. 2001. Type III export: new uses for an old pathway. Mol. Microbiol. 40:284-293.
396. Plaut, A. G. 1983. The IgA1 proteases of pathogenic bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 37:603-622.
397. Plaut, A. G. 1978. Microbial IgA proteases. N. Engl. J. Med. 298:1459-1463.
398. Plaut, A. G., J. V. Gilbert, M. S. Artenstein, and J. D. Capra. 1975. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis: extracellular enzyme cleaves human immunoglobulin A. Science 190:1103-1105.
399. - cells. J. Infect. Dis. 166:43-52.
400. Plaut, A. G., R. Wistar, Jr., and J. D. Capra. 1974. Differential susceptibility of human IgA immunoglobulins to streptococcal IgA protease. J. Clin. Investig. 54:1295-1300.
401. Pohlner, J., R. Halter, K. Beyreuther, and T. F. Meyer. 1987. Gene structure and extracellular secretion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae IgA protease. Nature 325:458-462.
402. Pohlner, J., U. Langenberg, U. Wolk, S. C. Beck, and T. F. Meyer. 1995. Uptake and nuclear transport of Neisseria IgA1 protease-associated alpha-proteins in human cells. Mol. Microbiol. 17:1073-1083.
403. Policastro, P. F., and T. Hackstadt. 1994. Differential activity of Rickettsia rickettsii opmA and ompB promoter regions in a heterologous reporter gene system. Microbiology 140:2941-2919.
404. Possot, O. M., M. Gerard-Vincent, and A. P. Pugsley. 1999. Membrane association and multimerization of secreton component pulC. J. Bacteriol. 181:4004-4011.
405. Possot, O. M., G. Vignon, N. Bomchil, F. Ebel, and A. P. Pugsley. 2000. Multiple interactions between pullulanase secretion components involved in stabilization and cytoplasmic membrane association of PulE. J. Bacteriol. 182:2142-2152.
406. Poulsen, K., J. Reinholdt, C. Jespersgaard, K. Boye, T. A. Brown, M. Hauge, and M. Kilian. 1998. A comprehensive genetic study of streptococcal immunoglobulin A1 proteases: evidence for recombination within and between species. Infect. Immun. 66:181-190.
407. Pride, D. T., R. J. Meinersmann, and M. J. Blaser. 2001. Allelic variation within Helicobacter pylori babA and babB. Infect. Immun. 69:1160-1171.
408. Prinz, C., N. Hafsi, and P. Voland. 2003. Helicobacter pylori virulence factors and the host immune response: implications for therapeutic vaccination. Trends Microbiol. 11:134-138.
409. Provence, D. L., and R. Curtiss III. 1994. Isolation and characterization of a gene involved in hemagglutination by an avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Infect. Immun. 62:1369-1380.
410. Purdy, G. E., M. Hong, and S. M. Payne. 2002. Shigella flexneri DegP facilitates IcsA surface expression and is required for efficient intercellular spread. Infect. Immun. 70:6355-6364.
411. Qiu, J., D. R. Hendrixson, E. N. Baker, T. F. Murphy, J. W. St Geme III, and A. G. Plaut. 1998. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:12641-12646.
412. Rajakumar, K., C. Sasakawa, and B. Adler. 1997. Use of a novel approach, termed island probing, identifies the Shigella flexneri she pathogenicity island which encodes a homolog of the immunoglobulin A protease-like family of proteins. Infect. Immun. 65:4606-4614.
413. Randall, L. L., and S. J. Hardy. 2002. SecB, one small chaperone in the complex milieu of the cell. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 59:1617-1623.
414. Renauld-Mongenie, G., J. Cornette, N. Mielcarek, F. D. Menozzi, and C. Locht. 1996. Distinct roles of the N-terminal and C-terminal precursor domains in the biogenesis of the Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin. J. Bacteriol. 178:1053-1060.
415. Reyrat, J. M., S. Lanzavecchia, P. Lupetti, M. de Bernard, C. Pagliaccia, V. Pelicic, M. Charrel, C. Ulivieri, N. Norais, X. Ji, V. Cabiaux, E. Papini, R. Rappuoli, and J. L. Telford. 1999. 3D imaging of the 58 kDa cell binding subunit of the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin. J. Mol. Biol. 290:459-470.
416. Ricci, V., A. Galmiche, A. Doye, V. Neccni, E. Solcia, and P. Boquet. 2000. High cell sensitivity to Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin depends on a GPI-anchored protein and is not blocked by inhibition of the clathrin-mediated pathway of endocytosis. Mol. Biol. Cell 11:3897-3909.
417. Robbins, J. R., D. Monack, S. J. McCallum, A. Vegas, E. Pham, M. B. Goldberg, and J. A. Theriot. 2001. The making of a gradient: IcsA (VirG) polarity in Shigella flexneri. Mol. Microbiol. 41:861-872.
418. Roberts, M., N. F. Fairweather, E. Leininger, D. Pickard, E. L. Hewlett, A. Robinson, C. Hayward, G. Dougan, and I. G. Charles. 1991. Construction and characterization of Bordetella pertussis mutants lacking the vir-regulated P.69 outer membrane protein. Mol. Microbiol. 5:1393-1404.
419. Robinson, C., and A. Bolhuis. 2001. Protein targeting by the twin-arginine translocation pathway. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:350-356.
420. Rocha, E. P., O. Pradillon, H. Bui, C. Sayada, and E. Denamur. 2002. A new family of highly variable proteins in the Chlamydophila pneumoniae genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 30:4351-4360.
421. Roche, A., J. McFadden, and P. Owen. 2001. Antigen 43, the major phasevariable protein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane, can exist as a family of proteins encoded by multiple alleles. Microbiology 147:161-169.
422. Roggenkamp, A., N. Ackermann, C. A. Jacobi, K. Truelzsch, H. Hoffmann, and J. Heesemann. 2003. Molecular analysis of transport and oligomerization of the Yersinia enterocolitica adhesin YadA. J. Bacteriol. 185:3735-3744.
423. Rose, J. E., D. H. Meyer, and P. M. Fives-Taylor. 2003. Aae, an autotransporter involved in adhesion of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 71:2384-2393.
424. Roux, V., P. E. Fournier, and D. Raoult. 1996. Differentiation of spotted fever group rickettsiae by sequencing and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA of the gene encoding the protein rOmpA. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:2058-2065.
425. Rudi, J., C. Kolb, M. Maiwald, D. Kuck, A. Sieg, P. R. Galle, and W. Stremmel. 1998. Diversity of Helicobacter pylori vacA and cagA genes and relationship to VacA and CagA protein expression, cytotoxin production, and associated diseases. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:944-948.
426. Russell, M. W., J. Reinholdt, and M. Kilian. 1989. Anti-inflammatory activity of human IgA antibodies and their Fab alpha fragments: inhibition of IgG-mediated complement activation. Eur. J. Immunol. 19:2243-2249.
427. Salvadori, M. R., T. Yano, H. E. Carvalho, V. R. Parreira, and C. L. Gyles. 2001. Vacuolating cytotoxin produced by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Avian Dis. 45:43-51.
428. Sandkvist, M. 2001. Biology of type II secretion. Mol. Microbiol. 40:271-283.
429. Sandkvist, M. 2001. Type II secretion and pathogenesis. Infect. Immun. 69: 3523-3535.
430. Sandkvist, M., M. Bagdasarian, S. P. Howard, and V. J. DiRita. 1995. Interaction between the autokinase EpsE and EpsL in the cytoplasmic membrane is required for extracellular secretion in Vibrio cholerae. EMBO J. 14:1664-1673.
431. Sandt, C. H., and C. W. Hill. 2000. Four different genes responsible for nonimmune immunoglobulin-binding activities within a single strain of Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 68:2205-2214.
432. Sansonetti, P. J., J. Arondel, A. Fontaine, H. d'Hauteville, and M. L. Bernardini. 1991. OmpB (osmo-regulation) and icsA (cell-to-cell spread) mutants of Shigella flexneri: vaccine candidates and probes to study the pathogenesis of shigellosis. Vaccine 9:416-422.
433. Saraste, M., P. R. Sibbald, and A. Wittinghofer. 1990. The P-loop - a common motif in ATP- and OTP-binding proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 15:430-434.
434. Sargent, F. 2001. A marriage of bacteriology with cell biology results in twin arginines. Trends Microbiol. 9:196-198.
435. Scaletsky, I. C., M. Z. Pedroso, C. A. Oliva, R. L. Carvalho, M. B. Morais, and U. Fagundes-Neto. 1999. A localized adherence-like pattern as a second pattern of adherence of classic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells that is associated with infantile diarrhea. Infect. Immun. 67:3410-3415.
436. Scaletsky, I. C., M. Z. Pedroso, and R. M. Silva. 1999. Phenotypic and genetic features of Escherichia coli strains showing simultaneous expression of localized and diffuse adherence. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 23: 181-188.
437. Schembri, M. A., and P. Klemm. 2001. Coordinate gene regulation by fimbriae-induced signal transduction. EMBO J. 20:3074-3081.
438. Schiavo, G., F. Benfenati, B. Poulain, O. Rossetto, P. Polverino de Laureto, B. R. DasGupta, and C. Montecucco. 1992. Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature 359:832-835.
439. Schiebel, E., H. Schwarz, and V. Braun. 1989. Subcellular location and unique secretion of the hemolysin of Serratia marcescens. J. Biol. Chem. 264:16311-16320.
440. Schmidt, H., W. L. Zhang, U. Hemmrich, S. Jelacic, W. Blunder, P. I. Tarr, U. Dobrindt, J. Hacker, and H. Karch. 2001. Identification and characterization of a novel genomic island integrated at selC in locus of enterocyte effacement-negative, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 69:6863-6873.
441. Schonherr, R., R. Tsolis, T. Focareta, and V. Braun. 1993. Amino acid replacements in the Serratia marcescens haemolysin ShIA define sites involved in activation and secretion. Mol. Microbiol. 9:1229-1237.
442. Schraw, W., Y. Li, M. S. McClain, F. G. van der Goot, and T. L. Cover. 2002. Association of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin (VacA) with lipid rafts. J. Biol. Chem. 277:34642-34650.
443. Schulein, R., and C. Dehlo. 2002. The VirB/VirD4 type IV secretion system of Bartonella is essential for establishing intraerythrocytic infection. Mol. Microbiol. 46:1053-1067.
444. Schulz, G. E. 2002. The structure of bacterial outer membrane proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1565:308-317.
445. Serruto, D., J. Adu-Bobie, M. Scarselli, D. Veggi, M. Pizza, R. Rappuoli, and B. Arico. 2003. Neisseria meningitidis App: a new adhesin with autocatalytic serine protease activity. Mol. Microbiol. 48:323-334.
446. Seto, K., Y. Hayashi-Kuwabara, T. Yoneta, H. Suda, and H. Tamaki. 1998. Vacuolation induced by cytotoxin from Helicobacter pylori is mediated by the EGF receptor in HeLa cells. FEBS Lett. 431:347-350.
447. Seubert, A., R. Schulein, and C. Dehio. 2002. Bacterial persistence within erythrocytes: a unique pathogenic strategy of Bartonella spp. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 291:555-560.
448. Sexton, J. A., and J. P. Vogel. 2002. Type IVB secretion by intracellular pathogens. Traffic 3:178-185.
449. Shannon, J. L., and R. C. Fernandez. 1999. The C-terminal domain of the Bordetella pertussis autotransporter BrkA forms a pore in lipid bilayer membranes. J. Bacteriol. 181:5838-5842.
450. Sharff, A., C. Fanutti, J. Shi, C. Calladine, and B. Luisi. 2001. The role of the TolC family in protein transport and multidrug efflux. From stereochemical certainty to mechanistic hypothesis. Eur. J. Biochem. 268:5011-5026.
451. Shere, K. D., S. Sallustio, A. Manessis, T. G. D'Aversa, and M. B. Goldberg. 1997. Disruption of IcsP, the major Shigella protease that cleaves IcsA, accelerates actin-based motility. Mol. Microbiol. 25:451-462.
452. Shikata, S., K. Shimada, H. Kataoka, S. Horinouchi, and T. Beppu. 1992. Detection of large COOH-terminal domains processed from the precursor of Serratia marcescens serine protease in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 111:627-632.
453. Shimada, K., Y. Ohnishi, S. Horinouchi, and T. Beppu. 1994. Extracellular transport of pseudoazurin of Alcaligenes faecalis in Escherichia coli using the COOH-terminal domain of Serratia marcescens serine protease. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 116:327-334.
454. Shoberg, R. J., and M. H. Mulks. 1991. Proteolysis of bacterial membrane proteins by Neisseria gonorrhoeae type 2 immunoglobulin A1 protease. Infect. Immun. 59:2535-2541.
455. Sijbrandi, R., M. L. Urbanus, C. M. ten Hagen-Jongman, H. D. Bernstein, B. Oudega, B. R. Otto, and J. Luirink. 2003. Signal recognition particle (SRP)-mediated targeting and Sec-dependent translocation of an extracellular Escherichia coli protein. J. Biol. Chem. 278:4654-4659.
456. Simpson, A. J., F. C. Reinach, P. Arruda, F. A. Abreu, M. Acencio, R. Alvarenga, L. M. Alves, J. E. Araya, G. S. Bala, C. S. Baptista, M. H. Barros, E. D. Bonaccorsi, S. Bordin, J. M. Bove, M. R. Briones, M. R. Bueno, A. A. Camargo, L. E. Camargo, D. M. Carraro, H. Carrer, N. B. Colauto, C. Colombo, F. F. Costa, M. C. Costa, C. M. Costa-Neto, L. L. Coutinho, M. Cristofani, E. Dias-Neto, C. Docena, H. El-Dorry, A. P. Facincani, A. J. Ferreira, V. C. Ferreira, J. A. Ferro, J. S. Fraga, S. C. Franca, M. C. Franco, M. Frohme, L. R. Furlan, M. Garnier, G. H. Goldman, M. H. Goldman, S. L. Gomes, A. Gruber, P. L. Ho, J. D. Hoheisel, M. L. Junqueira, E. L. Kemper, J. P. Kitajima, J. E. Krieger, E. E. Kuramae, F. Laigret, M. R. Lambais, L. C. Leite, E. G. Lemos, M. V. Lemos, S. A. Lopes, C. R. Lopes, J. A. Machado, M. A. Machado, A. M. Madeira, H. M. Madeira, C. L. Marino, M. V. Marques, E. A. Martins, E. M. Martins, A. Y. Matsukuma, C. F. Menck, E. C. Miracca, C. Y. Miyaki, C. B. Monteriro-Vitorello, D. H. Moon, M. A. Nagai, A. L. Nascimento, L. E. Netto, A. Nhani, Jr., F. G. Nobrega, L. R. Nunes, M. A. Oliveira, M. C. de Oliveira, R. C. de Oliveira, D. A. Palmieri, A. Paris, B. R. Peixoto, G. A. Pereira, H. A. Pereira, Jr., J. B. Pesquero, R. B. Quaggio, P. G. Roberto, V. Rodrigues, M. R. A. J. de, V. E. de Rosa, Jr., R. G. de Sa, R. V. Santelli, H. E. Sawasaki, A. C. da Silva, A. M. da Silva, F. R. da Silva, W. A. da Silva, Jr., J. F. da Silveira, et al. 2000. The genome sequence of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. The Xylella fastidiosa Consortium of the Organization for Nucleotide Sequencing and Analysis. Nature 406:151-157.
457. Sleytr, U. B., and P. Messner. 1983. Crystalline surface layers on bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 37:311-339.
458. Smoot, D. T., J. H. Resau, M. H. Earlington, M. Simpson, and T. L. Cover. 1996. Effects of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin on primary cultures of human gastric epithelial cells. Gut 39:795-799.
459. Stathopoulos, C., D. R. Hendrixson, D. G. Thanassi, S. J. Hultgren, J. W. St Geme III, and R. Curtiss III. 2000. Secretion of virulence determinants by the general secretory pathway in gram-negative pathogens: an evolving story. Microbes Infect. 2:1061-1072.
460. Stathopoulos, C., D. L. Provence, and R. Curtiss, 3rd. 1999. Characterization of the avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli hemagglutinin Tsh, a member of the immunoglobulin A protease-type family of autotransporters. Infect. Immun. 67:772-781.
461. Stein, M., B. Kenny, M. A. Stein, and B. B. Finlay. 1996. Characterization of EspC, a 110-kilodalton protein secreted by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli which is homologous to members of the immunoglobulin A protease-like family of secreted proteins. J. Bacteriol. 178:6546-6554.
462. Steinbacher, S., U. Baxa, S. Miller, A. Weintraub, R. Seckler, and R. Huber. 1996. Crystal structure of phage P22 tailspike protein complexed with Salmonella sp. O-antigen receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10584-10588.
463. Steinhauer, J., R. Agha, T. Pham, A. W. Varga, and M. B. Goldberg. 1999. The unipolar Shigella surface protein IcsA is targeted directly to the bacterial old pole: IcsP cleavage of IcsA occurs over the entire bacterial surface. Mol. Microbiol. 32:367-377.
464. Stephens, R. S., S. Kalman, C. Lammel, J. Fan, R. Marathe, L. Aravind, W. Mitchell, L. Olinger, R. L. Tatusov, Q. Zhao, E. V. Koonin, and R. W. Davis. 1998. Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans: Chlamydia trachomatis. Science 282:754-759.
465. St Geme, J. W., III, and D. Cutter. 2000. The Haemophilia influenzae Hia adhesin is an autotransporter protein that remains uncleaved at the C terminus and fully cell associated. J. Bacteriol. 182:6005-6013.
466. St Geme, J. W., III, M. L. de la Morena, and S. Falkow. 1994. A Haemophilus influenzae IgA protease-like protein promotes intimate interaction with human epithelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 14:217-233.
467. St Geme, J. W., III, and S. Grass. 1998. Secretion of the Haemophilus influenzae HMW1 and HMW2 adhesins involves a periplasmic intermediate and requires the HMWB and HMWC proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 27:617-630.
468. Storsaeter, J., H. O. Hallander, L. Gustafsson, and P. Olin. 1998. Levels of anti-pertussis antibodies related to protection after household exposure to Bordetella pertussis. Vaccine 16:1907-1916.
469. Stothard, D. R., G. A. Toth, and B. E. Batteiger. 2003. Polymorphic membrane protein H has evolved in parallel with the three disease-causing groups of Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect. Immun. 71:1200-1208.
470. Struyve, M., M. Moons, and J. Tommassen. 1991. Carboxy-terminal phenylalanine is essential for the correct assembly of a bacterial outer membrane protein. J. Mol. Biol. 218:141-148.
471. Suerbaum, S., J. M. Smith, K. Bapumia, G. Morelli, N. H. Smith, E. Kunstmann, I. Dyrek, and M. Achtman. 1998. Free recombination within Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:12619-12624.
472. Suhr, M., I. Benz, and M. A. Schmidt. 1996. Processing of the AIDA-I precursor: removal of AIDAc and evidence for the outer membrane anchoring as a beta-barrel structure. Mol. Microbiol. 22:31-42.
473. Sui, B. Q., P. R. Dutta, and J. P. Nataro. 2003. Intracellular expression of the plasmid-encoded toxin from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 71:5364-5370.
474. Surana, N. K., D. Cutter, S. J. Barenkamp, and J. W. St Geme, 3rd. 2004. The Haemophilus influenzae Hia autotransporter contains an unusually short trimeric translocator domain. J. Biol. Chem. 279:14679-14685.
475. Suzuki, T., M. C. Lett, and C. Sasakawa. 1995. Extracellular transport of VirG protein in Shigella. J. Biol. Chem. 270:30874-30880.
476. Szabady, R., and H. Bernstein. 2003. Abstr. 103rd Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 2003, abstr. B-426, 2003.
477. Szabo, I., S. Brutsche, F. Tombola, M. Moschioni, B. Satin, J. L. Telford, R. Rappuoli, C. Montecucco, E. Papini, and M. Zoratti. 1999. Formation of anion-selective channels in the cell plasma membrane by the toxin VacA of Helicobacter pylori is required for its biological activity. EMBO J. 18:5517-5527.
478. Takizawa, N., and Y. Murooka. 1985. Cloning of the pullulanase gene and overproduction of pullulanase in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella aerogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:294-298.
479. Tamm, A., A. M. Tarkkanen, T. K. Korhonen, P. Kuusela, P. Toivanen, and M. Skurnik. 1993. Hydrophobic domains affect the collagen-binding specificity and surface polymerization as well as the virulence potential of the YadA protein of Yersinia enterocolitica. Mol. Microbiol. 10:995-1011.
480. Tamm, L. K., A. Arora, and J. H. Kleinschmidt. 2001. Structure and assembly of beta-barrel membrane proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 276:32399-32402.
481. Tamura, M., K. Nogimori, S. Murai, M. Yajima, K. Ito, T. Katada, M. Ui, and S. Ishii. 1982. Subunit structure of islet-activating protein, pertussis toxin, in conformity with the A-B model. Biochemistry 21:5516-5522.
482. Tan, M. W., L. G. Rahme, J. A. Sternberg, R. G. Tompkins, and F. M. Ausubel. 1999. Pseudomonas aeruginosa killing of Caenorhabditis elegans used to identify P. aeruginosa virulence factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:2408-2413.
483. Tanzer, R. J., D. Longbottom, and T. P. Hatch. 2001. Identification of polymorphic outer membrane proteins of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC. Infect. Immun. 69:2428-2434.
484. Telford, J. L., P. Ghiara, M. Dell'Orco, M. Comanducci, D. Burroni, M. Bugnoli, M. F. Tecce, S. Censini, A. Covacci, Z. Xiang, et al. 1994. Gene structure of the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin and evidence of its key role in gastric disease. J. Exp. Med. 179:1653-1658.
485. Thanabalu, T., E. Koronakis, C. Hughes, and V. Koronakis. 1998. Substrate-induced assembly of a contiguous channel for protein export from E. coli: reversible bridging of an inner-membrane translocase to an outer membrane exit pore. EMBO J. 17:6487-6496.
486. Thanassi, D. G. 2002. Ushers and secretins: channels for the secretion of folded proteins across the bacterial outer membrane. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 4:11-20.
487. Thanassi, D. G., E. T. Saulino, M. J. Lombardo, R. Roth, J. Heuser, and S. J. Hultgren. 1998. The PapC usher forms an oligomeric channel: implications for pilus biogenesis across the outer membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3146-3151.
488. Thomas, J. D., P. J. Reeves, and G. P. Salmond. 1997. The general secretion pathway of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora: analysis of the membrane topology of OutC and OutF. Microbiology 143:713-720.
489. Timpe, J. M., M. M. Holm, S. L. Vanlerberg, V. Basrur, and E. R. Lafontaine. 2003. Identification of a Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane protein exhibiting both adhesin and lipolytic activities. Infect. Immun. 71: 4341-4350.
490. Tomb, J. F., O. White, A. R. Kerlavage, R. A. Clayton, G. G. Sutton, R. D. Fleischmann, K. A. Ketchum, H. P. Klenk, S. Gill, B. A. Dougherty, K. Nelson, J. Quackenbush, L. Zhou, E. F. Kirkness, S. Peterson, B. Loftus, D. Richardson, R. Dodson, H. G. Khalak, A. Glodek, K. McKenney, L. M. Fitzegerald, N. Lee, M. D. Adams, J. C. Venter, et al. 1997. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 388:539-547.
491. Tombola, F., L. Morbiato, G. Del Giudice, R. Rappuoli, M. Zoratti, and E. Papini. 2001. The Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin is a urea permease that promotes urea diffusion across epithelia. J. Clin. Investig. 108:929-937.
492. Tong, H. H., L. E. Blue, M. A. James, and T. F. DeMaria. 2000. Evaluation of the virulence of a Streptococcus pneumoniae neuraminidase-deficient mutant in nasopharyngeal colonization and development of otitis media in the chinchilla model. Infect. Immun. 68:921-924.
493. Torres, A. G., N. T. Perna, V. Burland, A. Ruknudin, F. R. Blattner, and J. B. Kaper. 2002. Characterization of Cah, a calcium-binding and heat-extractable autotransporter protein of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 45:951-966.
494. Turk, D. C. 1984. The pathogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae. J. Med. Microbiol. 18:1-16.
495. Turner, D. P., K. G. Wooldridge, and D. A. Ala'Aldeen. 2002. Autotransported serine protease A of Neisseria meningitidis: an immunogenic, surface-exposed outer membrane, and secreted protein. Infect. Immun. 70: 4447-4461.
496. Uchiyama, T. 1999. Role of major surface antigens of Rickettsia japonica in the attachment to host cells, p. 182-188. In D. Raoult and P. Brouqui (ed.), Rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases at the turn of the third millenium. Elsevier, Paris, France.
497. Ulbrandt, N. D., J. A. Newitt, and H. D. Bernstein. 1997. The E. coli signal recognition particle is required for the insertion of a subset of inner membrane proteins. Cell 88:187-196.
498. Uphoff, T. S., and R. A. Welch. 1990. Nucleotide sequencing of the Proteus mirabilis calcium-independent hemolysin genes (hpmA and hpmB) reveals sequence similarity with the Serratia marcescens hemolysin genes (shlA and shlB). J. Bacteriol. 172:1206-1216.
499. Valls, M., S. Atrian, V. de Lorenzo, and L. A. Fernandez, 2000. Engineering a mouse metallothionein on the cell surface of Ralstonia eutropha CH34 for immobilization of heavy metals in soil. Nat. Biotechnol. 18:661-665.
500. Valls, M., V. de Lorenzo, R. Gonzalez-Duarte, and S. Atrian. 2000. Engineering outer-membrane proteins in Pseudomonas putida for enhanced heavy-metal bioadsorption. J. Inorg. Biochem. 79:219-223.
501. Vandahl, B. B., A. S. Pedersen, K. Gevaert, A. Holm, J. Vandekerckhove, G. Christiansen, and S. Birkelund. 2002. The expression, processing and localization of polymorphic membrane proteins in Chlamydia pneumoniae strain CWL029. BMC Microbiol. 2:36.
502. van den Berg, B. M., H. Beekhuizen, R. J. Willems, F. R. Mooi, and R. van Furth. 1999. Role of Bordetella pertussis virulence factors in adherence to epithelial cell lines derived from the human respiratory tract. Infect. Immun. 67:1056-1062.
503. Van den Bosch, L., and R. Morona. 2003. The actin-based motility defect of a Shigella flexneri rmlD rough LPS mutant is not due to loss of IcsA polarity. Microb. Pathog. 35:11-18.
504. van der Voort, E. R., H. van Dijken, B. Kuipers, J. van der Biezen, P. van der Ley, J. Meylis, I. Claassen, and J. Poolman. 1997. Human B- and T-cell responses after immunization with a hexavalent PorA meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine. Infect. Immun. 65:5184-5190.
505. van der Zee, A., H. Groenendijk, M. Peeters, and F. R. Mooi. 1996. The differentiation of Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica from humans and animals as determined by DNA polymorphism mediated by two different insertion sequence elements suggests their phylogenetic relationship. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46:640-647.
506. van Doorn, L. J., C. Figueiredo, R. Sanna, S. Pena, P. Midolo, E. K. Ng, J. C. Atherton, M. J. Blaser, and W. G. Quint. 1998. Expanding allelic diversity of Helicobacter pylori vacA. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:2597-2603.
507. Van Gelder, P., F. Dumas, I. Bartoldus, N. Saint, A. Prilipov, M. Winterhalter, Y. Wang, A. Philippsen, J. P. Rosenbusch, and T. Schirmer. 2002. Sugar transport through maltoporin of Escherichia coli: role of the greasy slide. J. Bacteriol. 184:2994-2999.
508. van Ulsen, P., L. van Alphen, J. ten Hove, F. Fransen, P. van der Ley, and J. Tommassen. 2003. A neisserial autotransporter NalP modulating the processing of other autotransporters. Mol. Microbiol. 50:1017-1030.
509. van Wely, K. H., J. Swaving, R. Freudl, and A. J. Driessen. 2001. Translocation of proteins across the cell envelope of Gram-positive bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 25:437-454.
510. Veiga, E., V. de Lorenzo, and L. A. Fernandez. 1999. Probing secretion and translocation of a beta-autotransporter using a reporter single-chain Fv as a cognate passenger domain. Mol. Microbiol. 33:1232-1243.
511. Veiga, E., V. de Lorenzo, and L. A. Fernandez. 2004. Structural tolerance of bacterial autotransporters for folded passenger protein domains. Mol. Microbiol. 52:1069-1080.
512. Veiga, E., E. Sugawara, H. Nikaido, V. de Lorenzo, and L. A. Fernandez. 2002. Export of autotransported proteins proceeds through an oligomeric ring shaped by C-terminal domains. EMBO J. 21:2122-2131.
513. Villaseca, J. M., F. Navarro-Garcia, G. Mendoza-Hernandez, J. P. Nataro, A. Cravioto, and C. Eslava. 2000. Pet toxin from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli produces cellular damage associated with fodrin disruption. Infect. Immun. 68:5920-5927.
514. Vinion-Dubiel, A. D., M. S. McClain, D. M. Czajkowsky, H. Iwamoto, D. Ye, P. Cao, W. Schraw, G. Szabo, S. R. Blanke, Z. Shao, and T. L. Cover. 1999. A dominant negative mutant of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin (VacA) inhibits VacA-induced cell vacuolation. J. Biol. Chem. 274:37736-37742.
515. von Wintzingerode, F., A. Schattke, R. A. Siddiqui, U. Rosick, U. B. Gobel, and R. Gross. 2001. Bordetella petrii sp. nov., isolated from an anaerobic bioreactor, and emended description of the genus Bordetella. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51:1257-1265.
516. Voulhoux, R., G. Ball, B. Ize, M. L. Vasil, A. Lazdunski, L. F. Wu, and A. Filloux. 2001. Involvement of the twin-arginine translocation system in protein secretion via the type II pathway. EMBO J. 20:6735-6741.
517. Voulhoux, R., M. P. Bos, J. Geurtsen, M. Mols, and J. Tommassen. 2003. Role of a highly conserved bacterial protein in outer membrane protein assembly. Science 299:262-265.
518. Voulhoux, R., and J. Tommassen. 2004. Omp85, an evolutionarily conserved bacterial protein involved in outer-membrane-protein assembly. Res. Microbiol. 155:129-135.
519. Vretou, E., P. Giannikopoulou, D. Longbottom, and E. Psarrou. 2003. Antigenic organization of the N-terminal part of the polymorphic outer membrane proteins 90, 91A, and 91B of Chlamydophila abortus. Infect. Immun. 71:3240-3250.
520. Vretou, E., P. Giannikopoulou, and E. Psarrou. 2001. Polymorphic outer-membrane proteins of Chlamydophila abortus are glycosylated. Microbiology 147:3303-3310.
521. Waldron, D. E., P. Owen, and C. J. Dorman. 2002. Competitive interaction of the OxyR DNA-binding protein and the Dam methylase at the antigen 43 gene regulatory region in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 44:509-520.
522. Walker, J. E., M. Saraste, M. J. Runswick, and N. J. Gay. 1982. Distantly related sequences in the alpha- and beta-subunits of ATP synthase, myosin, kinases and other ATP-requiring enzymes and a common nucleotide binding fold. EMBO J. 1:945-951.
523. Wang, H., and B. C. Dowds. 1993. Phase variation in Xenorhabdus luminescens: cloning and sequencing of the lipase gene and analysis of its expression in primary and secondary phases of the bacterium. J. Bacteriol. 175: 1665-1673.
524. Wang, H. J., C. H. Kuo, A. A. Yeh, P. C. Chang, and W. C. Wang. 1998. Vacuolating toxin production in clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori with different vacA genotypes. J. Infect. Dis. 178:207-212.
525. Weel, J. F., R. W. van der Hulst, Y. Gerrits, P. Roorda, M. Feller, J. Dankert, G. N. Tytgat, and A. van der Ende. 1996. The interrelationship between cytotoxin-associated gene A, vacuolating cytotoxin, and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. J. Infect. Dis. 173:1171-1175.
526. Wegrzyn, G., and M. S. Thomas. 2002. Modulation of the susceptibility of intestinal bacteria to bacteriophages in response to Ag43 phase variation - a hypothesis. Med. Sci. Monit. 8:HY15-HY18.
527. Wehrl, W., V. Brinkmann, P. R. Jungblut, T. F. Meyer, and A. J. Szczepek. 2004. From the inside out - processing of the chlamydial autotransporter PmpD and its role in bacterial adhesion and activation of human host cells. Mol. Microbiol. 51:319-334.
528. Weiss, A. A., and M. S. Goodwin. 1989. Lethal infection by Bordetella pertussis mutants in the infant mouse model. Infect. Immun. 57:3757-3764.
529. Weiss, A. A., and E. L. Hewlett. 1986. Virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 40:661-686.
530. Welch, R. A., V. Burland, G. Plunkett, 3rd, P. Redford, P. Roesch, D. Rasko, E. L. Buckles, S. R. Liou, A. Boutin, J. Hackett, D. Stroud, G. F. Mayhew, D. J. Rose, S. Zhou, D. C. Schwartz, N. T. Perna, H. L. Mobley, M. S. Donnenberg, and F. R. Blattner. 2002. Extensive mosaic structure revealed by the complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:17020-17024.
531. Weldon, S. K., D. A. Mosier, K. R. Simons, R. C. Craven, and A. W. Confer. 1994. Identification of a potentially important antigen of Pasteurella haemolytica. Vet. Microbiol. 40:283-291.
532. Weller, S. J., G. D. Baldridge, U. G. Munderloh, H. Noda, J. Simser, and T. J. Kurtti. 1998. Phylogenetic placement of rickettsiae from the ticks Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes scapularis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:1305-1317.
533. Wilhelm, S., J. Tommassen, and K. E. Jaeger. 1999. A novel lipolytic enzyme located in the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 181:6977-6986.
534. Williamson, M. P. 1994. The structure and function of proline-rich regions in proteins. Biochem. J. 297:249-260.
535. Yahiro, K., T. Niidome, M. Kimura, T. Hatakeyama, H. Aoyagi, H. Kurazono, K. Imagawa, A. Wada, J. Moss, and T. Hirayama. 1999. Activation of Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin by alkaline or acid conditions increases its binding to a 250-kDa receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase beta. J. Biol. Chem. 274:36693-36699.
536. Yamaoka, Y., T. Kodama, O. Gutierrez, J. G. Kim, K. Kashima, and D. Y. Graham. 1999. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori iceA, cagA, and vacA status and clinical outcome: studies in four different countries. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:2274-2279.
537. Yanagida, N., T. Uozumi, and T. Beppu. 1986. Specific excretion of Serratia marcescens protease through the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 166:937-944.
538. Ye, D., and S. R. Blanke. 2000. Mutational analysis of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin amino terminus: identification of amino acids essential for cellular vacuolation. Infect. Immun. 68:4354-4357.
539. Ye, D., D. C. Willhite, and S. R. Blanke. 1999. Identification of the minimal intracellular vacuolating domain of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin. J. Biol. Chem. 274:9277-9282.
540. Yen, M. R., C. R. Peabody, S. M. Partovi, Y. Zhai, Y. H. Tseng, and M. H. Saier. 2002. Protein-translocating outer membrane porins of Gram-negative bacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1562:6-31.
541. Yeo, H. J., S. E. Cotter, S. Laarmann, T. Juehne, J. W. St Geme, and G. Waksman. 2004. Structural basis for host recognition by the Haemophilus influenzas Hia autotransporter. EMBO J. 23:1245-1256.
542. Yuk, M. H., U. Heininger, G. Martinez de Tejada, and J. F. Miller. 1998. Human but not ovine isolates of Bordetella parapertussis are highly clonal as determined by PCR-based RAPD fingerprinting. Infection 26:270-273.
543. Zhai, Y., and M. H. Saier, Jr. 2001. A web-based program (WHAT) for the simultaneous prediction of hydropathy, amphipathicity, secondary structure and transmembrane topology for a single protein sequence. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 3:501-502.
544. Zhai, Y., and M. H. Saier, Jr. 2001. A web-based program for the prediction of average hydropathy, average amphipathicity and average similarity of multiply aligned homologous proteins. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 3:285-286.
545. Zierler, M. K., and J. E. Galan. 1995. Contact with cultured epithelial cells stimulates secretion of Salmonella typhimurium invasion protein InvJ. Infect. Immun. 63:4024-4028.
546. Zink, S. D., L. Pedersen, N. P. Cianciotto, and Y. Abu-Kwaik. 2002. The Dot/Icm type IV secretion system of Legionella pneumophila is essential for the induction of apoptosis in human macrophages. Infect. Immun. 70:1657-1663.