Metabolism and genetics of Helicobacter pylori: The genome era

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

Volumn 63, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 642-674

  Marais, Armelle ^a   Mendz, George L ^b   Hazell, Stuart L ^c   Mégraud, Francis ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^b Sch Biochem Molec Genet U   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADHESIN; AMINO ACID; CATALASE; ENZYME; GLUCOSE; LIPID; OXIDOREDUCTASE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENETICS; BACTERIAL METABOLISM; CITRIC ACID CYCLE; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; LIPID METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM; RESPIRATORY CHAIN; RNA TRANSLATION;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); HELICOBACTER; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HELICOBACTER PYLORI 26695; NEGIBACTERIA; PROKARYOTA;

EID: 0032828732     PISSN: 10922172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.63.3.642-674.1999     Document Type: Article

References (308)

1. Alderson, J., C. L. Clayton, and D. J. Kelly. 1997. Investigations into the aerobic respiratory chain of Helicobacter pylori. Gut 41:A7. (Abstract.)
2. Allan, E., P. Mullany, and S. Tabaqchali. 1998. Construction and characterization of a Helicobacter pylori clpB mutant and role of the gene in stress response. J. Bacteriol. 180:426-429.
3. Aim, R. A., L.-S. L. Ling, D. T. Moir, B. L. King, E. D. Brown, P. C. Doig, D. R. Smith, B. Noonan, B. C. Guild, B. L. de Jonge, G. Carmel, P. J. Tummino, A. Caruso, M. Uria-Nickelsen, D. M. Mills, C. Ives, R. Gibson, D. Merberg, S. D. Mills, Q. Jiang, D. E. Taylor, G. F. Vovis, and T. J. Trust. 1999. Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 397:176-180.
4. Apel, I., E. Jacobs, M. Kist, and W. Bredt. 1988. Antibody response of patients against a 120 kDa surface protein of Campylobacter pylori. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. A 268:271-276.
5. Appelmelk, B. J., B. Shiberu, C. Trinks, N. Tapsi, P. Y. Zheng, T. Verboom, J. Maaskant, C. H. Hokke, W. E. C. M. Schiphorst, D. Blanchard, I. M. Simoonssmit, D. H. Vandeneijnden, and C. M. J. E. Vandenbrouckegrauls. 1998. Phase variation in Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 66:70-76.
6. Appelmelk, B. J., I. Simoonssmit, R. Negrini, A. P. Moran, G. O. Aspinall, J. G. Forte, T. Devries, H. Quan, T. Verboom, J. J. Maaskant, P. Ghiara, E. J. Kuipers, E. Bloemena, T. M. Tadema, R. R. Townsend, K. Tyagarajan, J. M. Crothers, M. A. Monteiro, A. Savio, and J. Degraaff. 1996. Potential role of molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide and host Lewis blood group antigens in autoimmunity. Infect. Immun. 64:2031-2040.
7. Aspinall, G. O., M. A. Monteiro, H. Pang, E. J. Walsh, and A. P. Moran. 1996. Lipopolysaccharide of the Helicobacter pylori type strain NCTC 11637 (ATCC 43504): structure of the O antigen chain and core oligosaccharide regions. Biochemistry 35:2489-2497.
8. Atherton, J. 1997. Helicobacter pylori unmasked - the complete genome sequence. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9:1137-1140.
9. Atherton, J., and A. Covacci. 1997. Pathogenic properties of Helicobacter pylori. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 13:20-24.
10. Atherton, J. C., P. Cao, R. M. Peek, M. K. R. Tummuru, M. J. Blaser, and T. L. Cover. 1995. Mosaicism in vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori - association of specific vacA types with cytotoxin production and peptic ulceration. J. Biol. Chem. 270:17771-17777.
11. Atherton, J. C., R. M. Peek, K. T. Tham, T. L. Cover, and M. J. Blaser. 1997. Clinical and pathological importance of heterogeneity in vacA, the vacuolating cytotoxin gene of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 112:92-99.
12. Bachmann, B. J. 1983. Linkage map of Escherichia coli K12, edition 7. Microbiol. Rev. 47:519-522.
13. Bagg, A., and J. B. Neilands. 1987. Molecular mechanism of regulation of siderophore-mediated iron assimilation. Microbiol. Rev. 51:509-518.
14. Baker, P. J., T. Hraba, C. E. Taylor, P. W. Stashak, M. B. Fauntleroy, U. Zähringer, K. Takayama, T. R. Sievert, X. Hronowski, and R. J. Cotter. 1994. Molecular structures that influence the immunomodulatory properties of the lipid A inner core region oligosaccharides of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Infect. Immun. 62:2257-2269.
15. Bauerfeind, P., R. Garner, B. E. Dunn, and H. L. T. Mobley. 1997. Synthesis and activity of Helicobacter pylori urease and catalase at low pH. Gut 40:25-30.
16. Bauerfeind, P., R. M. Garner, and H. L. T. Mobley. 1996. Allelic exchange mutagenesis of nixA in Helicobacter pylori results in reduced nickel transport and urease activity. Infect. Immun. 64:2877-2880.
17. Beier, D., G. Spohn, R. Rappuoli, and V. Scarlato. 1997. Identification and characterization of an operon of Helicobacter pylori that is involved in motility and stress adaptation. J. Bacteriol. 179:4676-4683.
18. Bereswill, S., F. Fassbinder, C. Volzing, A. Covacci, R. Haas, and M. Kist. 1998. Hemolytic properties and riboflavin synthesis of Helicobacter pylori: cloning and functional characterization of the ribBA gene encoding GTP-cyclohydrolase II that confers hemolytic activity to Escherichia coli. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 186:177-187.
19. Bereswill, S., F. Lichte, T. Vey, F. Fassbinder, and M. Kist. 1998. Cloning and characterization of the fur gene from Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 159:193-200.
20. Bereswill, S., U. Waidner, F. Fassbinder, K. Hantke, and M. Kist. 1997. The Helicobacter pylori pfr-gene encoding ferritin inactivates the iron-dependent fur-regulon in Escherichia coli. Gut 41:A7. (Abstract.)
21. Bereswill, S., U. Waidner, S. Odenbreit, F. Lichte, F. Fassbinder, K. Hantke, G. Bode, and M. Kist. 1998. Structural functional and mutational analysis of the pfr gene encoding a ferritin from Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology 144:2505-2516.
22. Berg, D. E., P. Hoffman, B. Appelmeck, and J. Kursters. 1997. The Helicobacter pylori genome sequence: genetic factors for long life in the gastric mucosa. Trends Genet. 13:468-474.
23. Beucher, M., and P. F. Sparling. 1995. Cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the gene encoding FrpB, a major iron-regulated outer membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhea. J. Bacteriol. 177:2041-2049.
24. Bijlsma, J. J. E., M. M. Gerrits, R. Imamdi, C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, and J. G. Kusters. 1998. Urease-positive, acid-sensitive mutants of Helicobacter pylori: urease-independent acid resistance involved in growth at low pH. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 167:309-313.
25. Birkholz, S., U. Knipp, E. Lemma, A. Kroger, and W. Opferkuch. 1994. Fumarate reductase: an immunogenic protein. J. Med. Microbiol. 41:56-62.
26. Blaser, M. J. 1996. Genetic bases for heterogeneity of Helicobacter pylori, p. 33-39. In R. H. Hunt and G. N. J. Tytgat (ed.), Helicobacter pylori-basic mechanisms to clinical cure. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
27. Blaser, M. J. 1998. Helicobacter pylori and gastric diseases. Clin. Rev. 316:1507-1510.
28. Blaser, M. J. 1997. Heterogeneity of Helicobacter pylori. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9:S3-S7.
29. Blaser, M. J., G. I. Perez-perez, H. Kleanous, T. L. Cover, R. M. Peek, P. H. Chyou, G. N. Stemmermann, and A. Nomura. 1995. Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Res. 55:2111-2115.
30. Blattner, F. R., I. G. Plunkett, C. A. Bloch, N. T. Perna, V. Burland, M. Riley, C.-V. J., J. Glasner, C. K. Rode, G. F. Mayhew, J. Gregor, N. W. Davis, H. A. Kirkpatrick, M. A. Goeden, D. J. Rose, B. Mau, and Y. Shao. 1997. The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science 277:1453-1462.
31. Bloch, K. 1970. β-Hydroxydecanoylthioester dehydrase, p. 441-464. In P. D. Boyer (ed.), The enzymes. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.
32. Böck, A., and G. Sawers. 1996. Fermentation, p. 262-282. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik. W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
33. Bode, G., Q. Song, R. Barth, and G. Adler. 1997. Phospholipase C activity of Helicobacter pylori is not associated with the prevalence of the cagA gene. Gut 41:A14. (Abstract.)
34. Bono, H., H. Ogata, S. Goto, and M. Kanehisa. 1998. Reconstruction of amino acid biosynthesis pathways from the complete genome sequence. Genome Res. 8:203-210.
35. Boren, T., P. Falk, K. A. Roth, G. Larson, and S. Normark. 1993. Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2035-2039.
36. Bucca, G., G. Ferina, A. M. Puglia, and C. P. Smith. 1995. The dnaK operon of Streptomyces coelicolor encodes a novel heat-shock protein which binds to the promoter region of the operon. Mol. Microbiol. 17:663-674.
37. 2 for growth. Microbiology 141:3113-3118.
38. Burns, B. P., S. L. Hazell, and G. L. Mendz. 1997. Regulatory characteristics of a class A aspartate carbomoyl transferase from Helicobacter pylori. Gut 41:A21. (Abstract.)
39. Burns, B. P., G. L. Mendz, and S. L. Hazell. 1993. Characterization of the glucose transport in Helicobacter pylori. Acta Gastroenterol. Belg. 56:44.
40. Cashel, M., D. R. Gentry, V. J. Herdanez, and D. Vinella. 1996. The stringent response, p. 1458-1496. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
41. Cassels, R., B. Oliva, and D. Knowels. 1995. Occurrence of the regulatory nucleotides ppGpp and pppGpp following induction of the stringent response in Staphylococci. J. Bacteriol. 177:5161-5165.
42. Censini, S., C. Lange, Z. Y. Xiang, J. E. Crabtree, P. Ghiara, M. Borodovsky, R. Rappuoli, and A. Covacci. 1996. cag, a pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, encodes type I-specific and disease-associated virulence factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:14648-14653.
43. Chalk, P. A., A. D. Roberts, and W. M. Blows. 1994. Metabolism of pyruvate and glucose by intact cells of Helicobacter pylori studied by C-13 NMR spectroscopy. Microbiology 140:2085-2092.
44. Chang, H. T., S. W. Marcelli, A. A. Daivson, P. A. Chalk, R. K. Poole, and R. J. Miles. 1995. Kinetics of substrate oxidation by whole cells and cell membranes of Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 129:33-38.
45. + strains of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 58:588-590.
46. Clayton, C. L., M. J. Pallen, H. Kleanthous, and S. Tabaqchali. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of two genes from Helicobacter pylori encoding for urease subunits. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:362.
47. Clyne, M., and B. Drumm. 1997. Adherence of Helicobacter pylori to gastric mucosa. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 11:243-248.
48. Clyne, M., A. Labigne, and B. Drumm. 1995. Helicobacter pylori requires an acidic environment to survive in presence of urea. Infect. Immun. 63:1669-1673.
49. Colbeau, A., S. Elsen, M. Tomiyama, N. A. Zorin, B. Dimon, and P. M. Vignais. 1998. Rhodobacter capsulatus HypF is involved in regulation of hydrogenase synthesis through the HupUV proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 251: 65-71.
50. Colbeau, A., P. Richaud, F. J. Caballero, C. Elster, C. Delphin, R. L. Smith, J. Chabert, and P. M. Vignais. 1993. Organization of the genes necessary for hydrogenase expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Sequence analysis and identification of two hyp regulatory mutants. Mol. Microbiol. 8:15-29.
51. Cole, S. P., D. Cirillo, M. F. Kagnoff, D. G. Guiney, and L. Eckmann. 1997. Coccoid and spiral Helicobacter pylori differ in their abilities to adhere to gastric epithelial cells and induce interleukin-8 secretion. Infect. Immun. 65:843-846.
52. Corthesy-Theulaz, I. E., G. E. Bergonzelli, H. Henry, D. Bachmann, D. F. Schorderet, A. L. Blum, and L. N. Ornston. 1997. Cloning and characterization of Helicobacter pylori succinyl CoA:acetoacetate CoA-transferase, a novel prokaryotic member of the CoA-transferase family. J. Biol. Chem. 272:25659-25667.
53. Courcoux, P., C. Freland, Y. Piemond, J. L. Fauchère, and A. Labigne. 1990. Polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequencing as a method for distinguishing between different strains of Helicobacter pylori. Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig. 78:29.
54. Courillon-Mallet, A., J. M. Launet, A. M. Roucayrol, J. Callebert, J. P. Edmond, F. Tabuteau, and D. Cattan. 1995. Helicobacter pylori infection: physiopathologic implication of N-α-methyl histamine. Gastroenterology 108:959-966.
55. Covacci, A. 1996. Mobilis in mobile: unexpected flexibility and quantum leaps in the Helicobacter pylori genome, p. 40-49. In R. H. Hunt and G. N. J. Tytgat (ed.), Helicobacter pylori - basic mechanisms to clinical cure. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
56. Covacci, A., S. Censini, M. Bugnoli, R. Petracca, D. Burroni, G. Macchia, A. Massone, E. Papini, Z. Xiang, N. Figura, and R. Rappuoli. 1993. Molecular characterization of the 128 kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5791-5795.
57. Cover, T. L. 1996. The vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 20:241-246.
58. Cover, T. L., and M. J. Blaser. 1992. Purification and characterization of the vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori. J. Biol. Chem. 267:10570-10575.
59. Cover, T. L., C. P. Dooley, and M. J. Blaser. 1990. Characterization of human serologic response to proteins in Helicobacter pylori broth culture supernatants with vacuolizing cytotoxin activity. Infect. Immun. 58:603-610.
60. Cover, T. L., M. K. R. Tumuru, P. Cao, S. A. Thompson, and M. J. Blaser. 1994. Divergence of genetic sequences for the vacuolating cytotoxin among Helicobacter pylori strains. J. Biol. Chem. 269:10566-10573.
61. Crabtree, J. E., N. Figura, J. D. Taylor, M. Bugnoli, D. Armellini, and D. S. Tomkins. 1992. Expression of 120-kilodalton protein and cytotoxicity among Helicobacter pylori. J. Clin. Pathol. 45:733-736.
62. Cronan, J. E. 1996. Two-carbons and fatty acids as carbon sources, p. 343-357. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
63. Cronan, J. E., and C. O. Rock. 1996. Biosynthesis of membrane lipids, p. 612-636. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
64. Curnow, A. W., M. Ibba, and D. Soll. 1996. tRNA-dependent asparagine formation. Nature 382:589-590.
65. Cussac, V., R. L. Ferrero, and A. Labigne. 1992. Expression of Helicobacter pylori urease genes in Escherichia coli grown under nitrogen-limiting conditions. J. Bacteriol. 74:2466-2473.
66. Davies, G. R., N. Banatvala, C. E. Collins, M. T. Sheaff, Y. Abdi, L. Clements, and D. S. Hampton. 1994. Relationship between infective load of Helicobacter pylori and reactive oxygen metabolite production in antral mucosa. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 29:419-424.
67. Dhaenens, L., F. Szczebara, and M. O. Husson. 1997. Identification, characterization, and immunogenicity of the lactoferrin-binding protein from Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 65:514-518.
68. Dross, L. J., V. Geisler, R. Lenger, F. Theis, T. Krafft, F. Fahrenholz, E. Kojro, A. Duchene, D. Tripier, and K. Juvenal. 1992. The quinone-reactive, Ni/Fe-hydrogenase of Wolinella succinogenes. Eur. J. Biochem. 206:93-102.
69. Dunn, B. E., N. B. Vakil, B. G. Schneider, M. M. Miller, J. B. Zitzer, T. Peutz, and S. H. Phadnis. 1997. Localization of Helicobacter pylori urease and heat shock protein in human gastric biopsies. Infect. Immun. 65:1181-1188.
70. Earhart, C. F. 1996. Uptake and metabolism of iron and molybdenum, p. 1075-1090. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
71. Eaton, K. A. 1989. Campylobacter pylori virulence factors in gnotobiotic piglets. Infect. Immun. 59:2470-2475.
72. Eaton, K. A. 1992. Motility as a factor in the colonization of gnotobiotic piglets by Helicobacter pylori. J. Med. Microbiol. 37:123-127.
73. Eck, M., B. Schmausser, R. Haas, A. Greiner, S. Czub, and H. K. Muller Hermelink. 1997. MALT-type lymphoma of the stomach is associated with Helicobacter pylori strains expressing the CagA protein. Gastroenterology 112:1482-1486.
74. Evans, D. G., D. J. J. Evans, J. J. Moulds, and D. Y. Graham. 1988. N-Acetylneuraminyl-lactose-binding fibrillar hemagglutinin of Campylobacter pylori: a putative colonization factor antigen. Infect. Immun. 56:2896-2906.
75. Evans, D. G., R. K. Karjalainen, D. J. J. Evans, D. Y. Graham, and C. H. Lee. 1993. Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a gene encoding an adhesin subunit protein of Helicobacter pylori. J. Bacteriol. 175:674-683.
76. Evans, D. J. J., D. G. Evans, H. C. Lampert, and H. Nakano. 1995. Identification of four new prokaryotic bacterioferritins, from Helicobacter pylori, Anabaena variabilis, Bacillus subtilis, and Treponema pallidum, by analysis sequence. Gene 153:123-127.
77. Fauchère, J. L., and M. Blaser. 1990. Adherence of Helicobacter pylori cells and their surface components to HeLa cell membranes. Microb. Pathog. 9:427-439.
78. Ferrero, R. L., and A. Lee. 1991. The importance of urease in acid protection for the gastric colonising bacteria Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter felis sp. nov. Microbiol. Ecol. Health 4:121-134.
79. Figura, N., P. Guglielmetti, A. Rossolini, A. Barben, G. Cusi, R. Musmanno, M. Russi, and S. Quaranta. 1989. Cytotoxin production by Campylobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with peptic ulcers and from patients with chronic gastritis only. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:225-226.
80. Finel, M. 1998. Does NADH play a central role in energy metabolism in Helicobacter pylori? Trends Biochem. Sci. 23:412-414.
81. Fita, I., and M. G. Rossman. 1985. The NADPH binding site on beef liver catalase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:1604-1608.
82. Fleischmann, R. D., M. D. Adams, O. White, R. A. Clayton, E. F. Kirkness, A. R. Kerlavage, C. J. Bult, J. F. Tomb, B. A. Dougherty, J. M. Merrick, K. McKenney, G. Sutton, W. FitzHugh, C. Fields, J. D. Gocayne, J. Scott, R. Shirley, L. I. Liu, A. Glodek, J. M. Kelley, J. F. Weidman, C. A. Phillips, T. Spriggs, E. Hedblom, M. D. Cotton, T. R. Utterback, M. C. Hanna, D. T. Nguyen, D. M. Saudeck, R. C. Brandon, L. D. Fine, J. L. Fritchman, J. L. Fuhrmann, N. S. M. Geoghagen, C. L. Gnehm, L. A. McDonald, K. V. Small, C. M. Fraser, H. O. Smith, and J. C. Venter. 1995. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science 269:496-512.
83. Forman, D., P. Webb, and J. Parsonnet. 1994. H. pylori and gastric cancer. Lancet 34:243-244.
84. Forsyth, M. H., J. C. Atherton, M. J. Blaser, and T. L. Cover. 1998. Heterogeneity in levels of vacuolating cytotoxin gene (vacA) transcription among Helicobacter pylori strains. Infect. Immun. 66:3088-3094.
85. Fraenkel, D. G., and S. R. Levisohn. 1967. Glucose, and gluconate metabolism in an Escherichia coli mutant lacking phosphoglucose isomerase. J. Bacteriol. 93:1571-1578.
86. Fraser, C. M., J. D. Gocayne, O. White, M. D. Adams, R. A. Clayton, R. D. Fleischmann, C. J. Bult, A. R. Kerlavage, G. Sutton, J. M. Kelley, J. L. Fritchman, J. F. Weidman, K. V. Small, M. Sandusky, J. Fuhrman, D. Nguyen, R. T. Utterback, D. M. Saudeck, C. A. Phillips, J. M. Merrick, J. F. Tomb, B. A. Dougherty, K. F. Bott, P. C. Hu, T. S. Lucier, S. N. Peterson, H. O. Smith, C. A. Hutchinson III, and J. C. Venter. 1995. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 270:397-403.
87. Frazier, B. A., J. D. Pgeifer, D. G. Russel, P. Klak, A. N. Olsen, M. Hammar, T. U. Westblom, and S. T. Normark. 1993. Paracrystalline inclusions of a novel ferritin containing non-heme iron, produced by the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori: evidence for a third class of ferritins. J. Bacteriol. 175:966-972.
88. Fredrick, K. L., and J. D. Helmann. 1994. Dual chemotaxis signaling pathways in Bacillus sublilis: a sigma D-dependent gene encodes a novel protein with both CheW and CheY homologous domain. J. Bacteriol. 176:2727-2735.
89. Fulkerson, J. F., R. M. Garner, and H. L. T. Mobley. 1997. Structure and function of the NixA nickel transport protein of Helicobacter pylori. Gut 41:A107. (Abstract.)
90. Garcia-Arata, M. I., R. Canton, L. de Rafael, D. Boixeda, C. Martin de Argila, J. P. Gisberg, L. Moreno, and F. Baquero. 1997. Epidemiological usefulness of the polymorphism in the gene ureC of Helicobacter pylori. Gut 41:A41. (Abstract.)
91. Garner, R. M., J. Fulkerson, and H. L. T. Mobley. 1998. Helicobacter pylori glutamine synthetase lacks features associated with transcriptional and posttranslational regulation. Infect. Immun. 66:1839-1847.
92. Ge, Z. M., Q. Jiang, M. S. Kalisiak, and D. E. Taylor. 1997. Cloning and functional characterization of Helicobacter pylori fumarate reductase operon comprising three structural genes coding for subunits C, A and B. Gene 204:227-234.
93. Ge, Z. M., and D. E. Taylor. 1997. The Helicobacter pylori gene encoding phosphatidylserine synthase: sequence, expression, and insertional mutagenesis. J. Bacteriol. 179:4970-4976.
94. Geis, G., S. Suerbaum, B. Forsthoff, B. Leying, and W. Opferkuch. 1993. Ultrastructure and biochemical studies of the flagellar sheath of Helicobacter pylori. J. Med. Microbiol. 38:371-377.
95. Gennis, R. B., and V. Stewart. 1996. Respiration, p. 217-261. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
96. Ghiara, P., M. Marchetti, M. J. Blaser, M. K. R. Tummuru, T. L. Cover, E. D. Segal, L. S. Tompkins, and R. Rappuoli. 1995. Role of the Helicobacter pylori virulence factors vacuolating cytotoxin, CagA, and urease in a mouse model of disease. Infect. Immun. 63:4154-4160.
97. Gilbert, J. V., J. Ramakrishna, F. W. Sunderman, A. Wright, and A. G. Plaut. 1995. Protein Hpn: cloning and characterization of a histidine-rich metal-binding polypeptide in Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae. Infect. Immun. 63:2682-2688.
98. Glansdorff, N. 1996. Biosynthesis of arginine and polyamines, p. 408-433. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
99. Go, M. F., K. Y. Chan, J. Versalovic, T. Koeuth, D. Y. Graham, and J. R. Lupski. 1995. Cluster analysis of Helicobacter pylori genomic DNA fingerprints suggests gastroduodenal disease-specific associations. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 30:640-646.
100. Go, M. F., L. Cissell, and D. Y. Graham. 1998. Helicobacter pylori plasmids: epidemiology in different geographical regions, p. 4. In R. H. Hunt and G. N. J. Tytgat (ed.), Helicobacter pylori - basic mechanisms to clinical cure. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
101. Go, M. F., V. Kapur, D. Y. Graham, and J. M. Musser. 1996. Population genetic analysis of Helicobacter pylori by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis: extensive allelic diversity and recombinational population structure. J. Bacteriol. 178:3934-3938.
102. Goffeau, A., B. G. Barrell, and H. Bussey. 1996. Life with 6000 genes. Science 274:546-567.
103. Goldfine, H. 1972. Comparative aspects of bacterial lipids. Adv. Microbiol. Physiol. 8:1-58.
104. Goldfine, H. 1982. Lipids of prokaryotes - structure and distribution. Curr. Top. Membr. Transp. 17:2-44.
105. Goodwin, A., D. Kersulyte, G. Sisson, S. J. O. V. van Zanten, D. E. Berg, and P. S. Hoffman. 1998. Metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori is due to null mutations in a gene (rdxA) that encodes an oxygen-insensitive NADPH nitroreductase. Mol. Microbiol. 28:383-393.
106. Grant, K. A., and S. F. Park. 1995. Molecular characterization of katA from Campylobacter jejuni and generation of a catalase-deficient mutant of Campylobacter coli by interspecific allelic exchange. Microbiology 141: 1369-1376.
107. Greene, R. C. 1996. Biosynthesis of methionine, p. 542-560. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichla coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
108. Haas, R., T. Meyer, and J. van Putten. 1993. Aflagellated mutants of Helicobacter pylori generated by genetic transformation of naturally competent strains using transposon shuttle mutagenesis. Mol. Microbiol. 8:753-760.
109. Hancock, R. E. W., R. Alm, J. Bina, and T. Trust. 1998. Helicobacter pylon: a surprisingly conserved bacterium. Nat. Biotechnol. 16:216-217.
110. Haque, M., Y. Hirai, K. Yokota, and K. Oguma. 1995. Lipid profiles of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae grown in serum-supplemented and serum-free media. Acta Med. Okayama 49:205-211.
111. Hazell, S. L., R. H. Andrews, H. M. Mitchell, and G. Daskalopoulous. 1997. Genetic relationship among isolates of Helicobacter pylori: evidence for the existence of a Helicobacter pylori species-complex. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 150:27-32.
112. Hazell, S. L., D. J. J. Evans, and D. Y. Graham. 1991. Helicobacter pylori catalase. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137:57-61.
113. Hazell, S. L., A. Lee, and W. Hennessy. 1986. Campylobacter pyloridis and gastritis: association with intercellular spaces and adaptation to an environment of mucus as important factors in colonization of the gastric epithelium. J. Infect. Dis. 153:658-663.
114. Hazell, S. L., and G. L. Mendz. 1997. How Helicobacter pylori works: an overview of the metabolism of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2:1-12.
115. Hendricks, J. K., and H. L. T. Mobley. 1997. Helicobacter pylori ABC transporter: effect of allelic exchange mutagenesis on urease activity. J. Bacteriol. 179:5892-5902.
116. Hernandez, V. J., and H. Bremer. 1991. E. coli ppGpp synthetase II activity requires SpoT. J. Biol. Chem. 266:5991-5999.
117. Hessey, S. J., J. Spencer. J. I. Wyatt, G. Sobala, B. J. Rathbone, A. T. R. Axon, and M. F. Dixon. 1990. Bacterial adhesion and disease activity in Helicobacter associated chronic gastritis. Gut 31:134-138.
118. Heuermann, D., and R. Haas. 1995. Genetic organization of a small cryptic plasmid of Helicobacter pylori. Gene 165:17-24.
119. Hirai, Y., M. Haque, T. Yoshida, K. Yokota, T. Yasuda, and K. Oguma. 1995. Unique cholesteryl glucosides in Helicobacter pylori: composition and structural analysis. J. Bacteriol. 177:5327-5333.
120. Hirschl, A. M., M. Richter, A. Makristathis, P. Prückl, B. Willinger, K. Schütze, and M. L. Rotter. 1994. Single and multiple strain colonization in patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis: detection by macrorestriction DNA analysis. J. Infect. Dis. 170:473-475.
121. Hoffman, P. S., A. Goodwin, J. Johnsen, K. Magee, S. J. O. Veldhuyzen, and S. J. O. V. Vanzanten. 1996. Metabolic activities of metronidazole-sensitive and -resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori: repression of pyruvate oxidoreductase and expression of isocitrate lyase activity correlate with resistance. J. Bacteriol. 178:4822-4829.
122. Hofreuter, D., S. Odenbreit, G. Henke, and R. Haas. 1998. Natural competence for DNA transformation in Helicobacter pylori: identification and genetic characterization of the comB locus. Mol. Microbiol. 28:1027-1038.
123. Holmes, E. M., and G. L. Mendz. 1998. Metabolic fate of arginine, an essential amino acid requirement for Helicobacter pylori, p. 193-196. In E. J. Lastovica, D. G. Newell, and E. E. Lastovica (ed.), Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and related organisms. Institute of Child Health, Cape Town, South Africa.
124. Höök-Nikanne, J., D. Berg, R. Peek, D. Kersulyte, M. Tummuru, and M. Blaser. 1998. DNA sequence conservation and diversity in transposable element IS605 of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 3:79-85.
125. Hu, L., P. Foxall, R. Russell, and H. Mobley. 1992. Purification of recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease apoenzyme encoded by ureA and ureB. Infect. Immun. 60:2657-2666.
126. Hughes, N. J., C. L. Clayton, P. A. Chalk, and D. J. Kelly. 1998. The porCDAB and oorDABC genes encode distinct pyruvate:flavodoxin and 2-oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductases which mediate electron transport to NADP. J. Bacteriol. 180:1119-1128.
127. Husson, A. M., D. Legrand, G. Spik, and H. Ledere. 1993. Iron acquisition by Helicobacter pylori: importance of human lactoferrin. Infect. Immun. 61:2694-2697.
128. Illingworth, D. S., K. S. Walter, P. L. Griffiths, and R. Barclay. 1993. Siderophore production and iron-regulated envelope proteins of Helicobacter pylori. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Int. Med. Microbiol. 280:113-119.
129. Ito, Y., T. Azuma, S. Ito, H. Miyaji, M. Hirai, Y. Yamazaki, F. Sato, T. Kato, Y. Kohli, and M. Kuriyama. 1997. Analysis and typing of the vacA gene from cagA-positive strains of Helicobacter pylori isolated in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:1710-1714.
130. Jackson, C. J., D. J. Kelly, and C. L. Clayton. 1995. The cloning and characterization of chemotaxis genes in Helicobacter pylori. Gut 37:A71. (Abstract.)
131. Jenkins, L. S., and W. D. Nunn. 1997. Regulation of the ato operon by the atoC gene in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 169:2096-2102.
132. Jiang, Q., K. Hiratsuka, and D. E. Taylor. 1996. Variability of gene order in different Helicobacter pylori strains contributes to genome diversity. Mol. Microbiol. 20:833-842.
133. Johensans, C., A. Labigne, and S. Suerbaum. 1995. Comparative ultrastructural and functional studies of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae flagellin mutants: both flagellin subunits, FlaA and FlaB, are necessary for full motility in Helicobacter species. J. Bacteriol. 177:3010-3020.
134. Johensans, C., A. Labigne, and S. Suerbaum. 1995. Reporter gene analyses show that expression of both H. pylori flagellins is dependent on the growth phase. Gut 41:A246. (Abstract.)
135. Jones, A. C., R. P. H. Logan, S. Foynes, A. Cockayne, B. W. Wren, and C. W. Penn. 1997. A flagellar sheath protein of Helicobacter pylori is identical to HpaA, a putative N-acetylneuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin, but is not an adhesin for AGS cells. J. Bacteriol. 179:5643-5647.
136. Jorgensen, M., G. Daskalopoulos, V. Warburton, H. M. Mitchell, and S. L. Hazell. 1996. Multiple strain colonization and metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients-from sequential and multiple biopsy specimens. J. infect. Dis. 174:631-635.
137. Kadner, R. J. 1996. Cytoplasmic membrane, p. 58-87. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
138. Kajie, S., R. Ideta, I. Yamato, and Y. Anraku. 1991. Molecular cloning and DNA sequence of dniR, a gene affecting anaerobic expression of the Escherichia coli hexaheme nitrite reductase. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 67:205-211.
139. Kammler, M., C. Schon, and K. Hantke. 1993. Characterization of the ferrous iron uptake system of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 175:6212-6219.
140. Kansau, I., F. Guillain, J. M. Thiberge, and A. Labigne. 1996. Nickel binding and immunological properties of the C-terminal domain of the Helicobacter pylori GroES homologue (HspA). Mol. Microbiol. 22:1013-1023.
141. Kansau, I, J. Raymond, E. Bingen, P. Courcoux, N. Kalach, M. Bergeret, N. Braimi, C. Dupont, and A. Labigne. 1996. Genotyping of Helicobacter pylori isolates by sequencing of PCR products and comparison with the RAPD technique. Res. Microbiol. 147:661-669.
142. Karita, M., and M. J. Blaser. 1998. Acid-tolerance response in Helicobacter pylori and differences between cagA(+) and cagA(-) strains. J. Infect. Dis. 178:213-219.
143. Kashihara, W., T. Ogawa, Y. Suda, T. Hayashi, S. Kusumoto, T. Tamura, and T. Shimoyama. 1997. Chemical structure and immunobiological activities of lipid A from Helicobacter pylori LPS in comparison with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Escherichia coli lipids As. Gut 41:A8. (Abstract.)
144. Kersulyte, D., N. Akopyants, S. Clifton, B. Roe, and D. Berg. 1998. Novel sequence organization and insertion specificity of IS605 and IS606: chimaeric transposable elements of Helicobacter pylori. Gene 223:175-186.
145. Kleanthous, H., C. L. Clayton, and S. Tabaqchali. 1991. Characterization of a plasmid from Helicobacter pylori encoding a replication protein common to plasmids in gram-negative bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 5:2377-2389.
146. Kolsto, A. B. 1997. Dynamic bacterial genome organization. Mol. Microbiol. 24:241-248.
147. Kovach, M. E., K. J. Hughes, K. D. Everiss, and K. M. Peterson. 1994. Identification of a ToxR-activated gene, tagE, that lies within the accessory colonization factor gene cluster of Vibrio cholerae. Gene 148:91-95.
148. Kowalczykowski, S. C., D. A. Dixon, A. K. Eggleston, S. D. Lander, and W. M. Rebrauer. 1994. Biochemistry of homologous recombination in Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Rev. 58:401-465.
149. Kredich, N. M. 1996. Biosynthesis of cysteine, p. 514-523. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
150. Krishnamurthy, P., M. Parlow, J. B. Zitzer, N. B. Vakil, H. L. T. Mobley, M. Levy, S. H. Phadnis, and B. E. Dunn. 1998. Helicobacter pylori containing only cytoplasmic urease is susceptible to acid. Infect. Immun. 66:5060-5066.
151. Kruger, A., V. Geisler, E. Lemma, F. Theis, and R. Lenger. 1992. Bacterial fumarate respiration. Arch. Microbiol. 158:311-314.
152. Kursters, J. G., M. M. Gerrits, J. A. G. VanStrijp, and C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls. 1997. Coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori are the morphologic manifestation of cell death. Infect. Immun. 65:3672-3679.
153. Labigne, A., and H. de Reuse. 1996. Determinants of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity. Infect. Agents Dis. 5:191-202.
154. Lee, A., J. Fox, and S. Hazell. 1993. Pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori: a perspective. Infect. Immun. 61:1601-1610.
155. Lee, A., and H. Mitchell. 1994. Basic bacteriology of H. pylori colonization factors, p. 59-72. In R. H. Hunt and G. N. T. Tytgat (ed.), Basic mechanisms to clinical cure. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
156. Leisinger, T. 1996. Biosynthesis of proline, p. 434-441. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
157. Leunk, H., M. A. Fergusson, D. R. Morgan, D. E. Low, and A. E. Simor. 1990. Antibody to cytotoxin in infection by Helicobacter pylori. J. Clin. Microbiol. 6:1181-1184.
158. Leunk, R. D., P. T. Johnson, B. C. David, W. J. Kraft, and D. R. Morgan. 1988. Cytotoxic activity in broth-culture filtrates of Campylobacter pylori. J. Med. Microbiol. 26:93-99.
159. Leying, H., S. Suerbaum, G. Geis, and R. Hass. 1992. Cloning and genetic characterization of a Helicobacter pylori flagellin gene. Mol. Microbiol. 6:2863-2874.
160. Lichtenberger, L. M., S. L. Hazell, J. J. Romero, and D. Y. Graham. 1990. Helicobacter pylori hydrolysis of artificial phospholipid monolayers: insight into a potential mechanism of mucosal injury. Gastroenterology 98:A78. (Abstract.)
161. Lingwood, C. A., M. Hueska, and A. Kuskis. 1992. The glycerolipid receptor of Helicobacter pylori (and exoenzyme S) is phosphatidylethanolamine. Infect. Immun. 60:2470-2474.
162. Lingwood, C. A., G. Wasfy, H. Han, and M. Huesca. 1993. Receptor affinity purification of a lipid-binding adhesion from Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 61:2474-2478.
163. Liver, D., A. Arnqvist, J. Ögren, I. M. Frick, D. Kersulyte, E. T. Incecik, D. E. Berg, A. Covacci, L. Engstrand, and T. Boren. 1998. Helicobacter pylori adhesin binding fucosylated histo-blood group antigens revealed by retagging. Science 279:373-377.
164. Macnab, R. M. 1996. Chemotaxis, p. 1103-1129. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
165. Macnab, R. M. 1996. Flagella and motility, p. 123-145. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
166. Maier, R. J., C. Fu, J. Gilbert, F. Moshiri, J. Olson, and A. G. Plaut. 1996. Hydrogen uptake hydrogenase in Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 141:71-76.
167. Manos, J., T. Kolesnikow, and S. L. Hazell. 1998. An investigation of the molecular basis of the spontaneous occurrence of a catalase-negative phenotype in Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 4:1-7.
168. Marais, A., J. Bové, and J. Renaudin. 1996. Characterization of the recA gene regions of Spiroplasma citri and Spiroplasma melliferum. J. Bacteriol. 178:7003-7009.
169. Marais, A., J. Bové, and J. Renaudin. 1996. Spiroplasma citri virus SpV1-derived cloning vector: Deletion formation by illegitimate and homologous recombination in a spiroplasmal host strain which probably lacks a functional recA gene. J. Bacteriol. 178:862-870.
170. Marcelli, S. W., H. T. Chang, T. Chapman, P. A. Chalk, R. J. Miles, and R. K. Poole. 1996. The respiratory chain of Helicobacter pylori: identification of cytochromes and the effects of oxygen on cytochrome and menaquinone levels. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 138:59-64.
171. Marians, K. J. 1996. Replication fork propagation, p. 749-763. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
172. Marshall, B. J., L. Barret, C. Prakash, R. McCallum, and R. Guerrant. 1990. Urea protects Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori from the bactericidal effect of acid. Gastroenterology 99:269-276.
173. McGowan, C., A. Necheva, T. Cover, and M. Blaser. 1997. Acid-induced expression of oxidative stress protein homologs in H. pylori. Gut 41:A18.
174. 0-ATPase from Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 65:2640-2647.
175. McGowan, C. C., T. L. Cover, and M. J. Blaser. 1996. Helicobacter pylori and gastric acid: biological and therapeutic implications. Gastroenterology 110:926-938.
176. McGowan, C. C., A. Necheva, S. A. Thompson, T. L. Cover, and M. J. Blaser. 1998. Acid-induced expression of an LPS-associated gene in Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 30:19-31.
177. McGuigan, J. 1996. Helicobacter pylori: the versatile pathogen. Dig. Dis. Sci. 14:289-303.
178. Mégraud, F. 1996. Helicobacter pylori: bacterial factors and interaction with the epithelial cells. Yale J. Biol. Med. 69:35-37.
179. Mégraud, F., and H. Lamouliatte. 1992. Helicobacter pylori and duodenal ulcer. Dig. Dis. Sci. 37:769-772.
180. Melchers, K., T. Weitzenegger, A. Buhmann, W. Steinhilber, G. Sachs, and K. P. Schafer. 1996. Cloning and membrane topology of a P-type ATPase from Helicobacter pylori. J. Biol. Chem. 271:446-457.
181. Mendz, G. L., B. P. Burns, and S. L. Hazell. 1995. The glucose transporters of Helicobacter pylori. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1244:269-276.
182. Mendz, G. L., and S. L. Hazell. 1995. Aminoacid utilization by Helicobacter pylori. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 27:1085-1093.
183. Mendz, G. L., and S. L. Hazell. 1991. Evidence for a pentose phosphate pathway in Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 84:331-336.
184. Mendz, G. L., and S. L. Hazell. 1993. Fumarate catabolism in Helicobacter pylori. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 31:325-332.
185. Mendz, G. L., and S. L. Hazell. 1994. Glucose metabolism by Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology 140:2179-2180.
186. Mendz, G. L., and S. L. Hazell. 1996. The urea cycle at Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology 142:2959-2967.
187. Mendz, G. L., S. L. Hazell, and B. P. Burns. 1994. The Entner-Doudoroff pathway in Helicobacter pylori. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 312:349-356.
188. Mendz, G. L., S. L. Hazell, and B. P. Burns. 1993. Glucose utilization and lactate production by Helicobacter pylori. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139:3023-3028.
189. Mendz, G. L., S. L. Hazell, and S. Srinivasan. 1995. Fumarate reductase: a target for therapeutic intervention against Helicobacter pylori. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 321:153-159.
190. Mendz, G. L., S. L. Hazell, and L. Vangorkom. 1994. Pyruvate metabolism in Helicobacter pylori. Arch. Microbiol. 162:187-192.
191. Mendz, G. L., E. M. Holmes, and R. L. Ferrero. 1998. In situ characterization of Helicobacter pylori arginase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1388:465-477.
192. Mendz, G. L., B. M. Jimenez, S. L. Hazell, A. M. Gero, and W. J. O'Sullivan. 1994. De novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides by Helicobacter pylori. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 77:1-8.
193. Mendz, G. L., B. M. Jimenez, S. L. Hazell, A. M. Gero, and W. J. O'Sullivan. 1994. Salvage synthesis of purine nucleotides by Helicobacter pylori. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 77:674-681.
194. Mendz, G. L., A. J. Shepley, S. L. Hazell, and M. A. Smith. 1997. Purine metabolism and the microaerophily of Helicobacter pylori. Arch. Microbiol. 168:448-456.
195. Messer, W., and C. Weigel. 1996. Initiation of chromosome, p. 1579-1601. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Esctierichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology. 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
196. Meyer-Rosberg, K., D. R. Scott, D. Rex, K. Melchers, and G. Sachs. 1996. The effect of environmental pH on the proton motive force of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 111:886-900.
197. Miller, J. F., and J. J. Mekalanos. 1988. A novel suicide vector and its use in construction of insertion mutations: osmoregulation of outer membrane proteins and virulence determinants in Vibrio cholerae requires toxR. J. Bacteriol. 170:2575-2583.
198. Miller, J. F., J. J. Mekalanos, and S. Falkow. 1989. Coordinate regulation and sensory transduction in the control of bacterial virulence. Science 243:916-922.
199. Minnis, J. A., T. E. Taylor, J. E. Knesek, W. L. Peterson, and S. A. McIntire. 1995. Characterization of a 3.5-kbp plasmid from Helicobacter pylori. Plasmid 34:22-36.
200. Mitchell, H. M., Y. Y. Li, P. J. Hu, Q. Liu, M. Chen, G. G. Du, Z. J. Wang, A. Lee, and S. L. Hazell. 1992. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Southern China: identification of early childhood as the critical period for acquisition. J. Infect. Dis. 166:149-153.
201. Mobley, H. 1996. Defining Helicobacter pylori as a pathogen: strain heterogeneity and virulence. Am. J. Med. 100:2S-11S.
202. Mobley, H., L. Hu, and P. Foxall. 1991. Helicobacter pylori urease: properties and role in pathogenesis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 187:39-46.
203. Mobley, H. L. T. 1997. Helicobacter pylori factors associated with disease development. Gastroenterology 113:S21-S28.
204. Mobley, H. L. T., and P. A. Foxall. 1994. H. pylori urease, p. 41-58. In R. H. Hunt and G. N. T. Tytgat (ed.), Helicobacter pylori - basic mechanisms to clinical cure. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
205. Mobley, H. L. T., M. D. Island, and R. P. Hausinger. 1995. Molecular biology of microbial ureases. Microbiol. Rev. 59:451-480.
206. Moore, R. A, B. Beckthold, S. Wong, A. Kureishi, and L. E. Bryan. 1995. Nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene and characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants of Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:107-111.
207. Moran, A. P. 1996. Pathogenic properties of Helicobacter pylori. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 31:22-31.
208. Moran, A. P. 1995. Structure-bioactivity relationships of bacterial endotoxins. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 14:47-83.
209. Moran, A. P., B. Lindner, and E. J. Walsh. 1997. Structural characterization of the lipid a component of Helicobacter pylori rough- and smooth-form lipopolysaccharides. J. Bacteriol. 179:6453-6463.
210. Morgan, D. R., F. Freedman, C. E. Depew, and W. G. Kraft. 1987. Growth of Campylobacter in liquid media. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:2123-2125.
211. Nagata, K., S. Tsukita, T. Tamura, and N. Sone. 1996. A cb-type cytochrome-c oxidase terminates the respiratory chain in Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology 142:1757-1763.
212. Nakamura, H., H. Yoshiyama, H. Takeuchi, T. Mizote, K. Okita, and T. Nakazawa. 1998. Urease plays an important role in the chemotactic motility of Helicobacter pylori in aviscous environment. Infect. Immun. 66:4832-4837.
213. Nalini, S., B. S. Ramakrishna, A. Mohanty, and K. A. Balasubramanian. 1992. Hydroxyl radical formation in human gastric juice. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7:497-501.
214. Namavar, F., M. Sparrius, E. C. I. Veerman, B. J. Appelmelk, and C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls. 1998. Neutrophil-activating protein mediates adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to sulfated carbohydrates on high-molecular-weight salivary mucin. Infect. Immun. 66:444-447.
215. Nedenskov, P. 1994. Nutritional requirements for growth of Helicobacter pylori. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3450-3453.
216. Neidlands, J. B. 1982. Microbial envelope proteins related to iron. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 36:285-309.
217. Neman-Simha, V., and F. Mégraud. 1988. In vitro model for Campylobacter pylori adherence properties. Infect. Immun. 56:3329-3333.
218. Neuhard, J., and R. A. Kelln. 1996. Biosynthesis and conversion of pyrimidines, p. 580-599. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
219. Niimura, Y., and V. Massey. 1996. Reaction mechanism of Amphibacillus xylanus NADH oxidase alkylhydroperoxide reductase flavoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 271:30459-30464.
220. Niimura, Y., L. B. Poole, and V. Massey. 1995. Amphibacillus xylanus NADH oxidase and Salmonella typhimurium alkyl-hydroperoxide reductase flavoprotein components show extremely high scavenging activity for both alkyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of S. typhimurium alkyl-hydroperoxide reductase 22 kDa protein component. J. Biol. Chem. 270:25645-25650.
221. Nygaard, P. 1993. Purine and pyrimide salvage pathways, p. 359-378. In A. L. Sonenshein (ed.), Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria: biochemistry, physiology, and molecular genetics. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
222. Odenbreit, S., M. Till, and R. Haas. 1996. Optimized BlaM-transposon shuttle mutagenesis of Helicobacter pylori allows the identification of novel genetic loci involved in bacterial virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 20:361-373.
223. Odenbreit, S., M. Till, D. Hofreuter, and R. Haas. 1997. Outer membrane proteins AlpA and AlpB are involved in H. pylori binding to epithelial cells. Gut 41:A107.
224. Odenbreit, S., B. Wieland, and R. Haas. 1996. Cloning and genetic characterization of Helicobacter pylori catalase and construction of a catalase-deficient mutant strain. J. Bacteriol. 178:6960-6967.
225. Olson, E. R. 1993. Influence of pH on bacterial gene expression. Mol. Microbiol. 8:5-14.
226. O'Toole, P. W., M. Kostrzynska, and T. J. Trust. 1994. Non-motile mutants of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae defective in flagellar hook production. Mol. Microbiol. 14:691-703.
227. Ottlecz, A., J. J. Romero, S. L. Hazell, D. Y. Graham, and L. M. Lichtenberger. 1993. Phospholipase activity of Helicobacter pylori and its inhibition by bismuth salts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 38:2071-2080.
228. Oudbier, J. H., W. Langenberg, E. A. J. Rauws, and C. Bruin-Moch. 1990. Genotypical variation of Campylobacter pylori from gastric mucosa. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:559-565.
229. Pan, Z.-J., D. E. Berg, R. W. M. van der Hulst, W.-W. Su, A. Raudonikiene, S.-D. Xiao, J. Dankert, G. N. J. Tytgat, and A. van der Ende. 1998. Prevalence of vacuolating cytotoxin production and distribution of distinct vacA alleles in Helicobacter pylori from China. J. Infect. Dis. 178:220-226.
230. Parsonnet, J., S. Hansen, L. Rodriguez, A. B. Gelb, R. A. Warnke, E. Jellum, N. Orentreich, J. H. Vogelman, and G. D. Friedman. 1994. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 330:1267-1271.
231. Patte, J. C. 1996. Biosynthesis of threonine and lysine, p. 528-541. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
232. Peek, R. M., S. A. Thompson, J. C. Atherton, M. J. Blaser, and G. G. Miller. 1996. Expression of iceA, a novel ulcer associated Helicobacter pylori gene is induced by contact with gastric epithelial cells and is associated with enhanced mucosal IL-8. Gut 39:A71.
233. Pesci, E., and C. Pickett. 1994. Genetic organization and enzymatic activity of a superoxide dismutase from the microaerophilic human pathogen, Helicobacter pylori. Gene 143:111-116.
234. Peterson, S. N., C. C. Bailey, J. S. Jensen, M. B. Borre, E. S. King, K. F. Bott, and C. A. Hutchinson. 1995. Characterization of repetitive DNA in the Mycoplasma genitalium genome: possible role in the generation of antigenic variation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:11829-11833.
235. Phadnis, S. H., D. Ilver, L. Janzon, S. Normark, and T. U. Westblom. 1994. Pathological significance and molecular characterization of the vacuolating toxin gene of Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 62:1557-1565.
236. Phadnis, S. H., M. H. Parlow, M. Levy, D. Ilver, C. M. Caulkins, J. B. Connors, and B. E. Dunn. 1996. Surface localization of Helicobacter pylori urease and a heat shock protein homolog requires bacterial autolysis. Infect. Immun. 64:905-912.
237. Pitson, S. M., G. L. Mendz, S. Srinivasan, and S. L. Hazell. 1999. The tricarboxylic acid cycle of Helicobacter pylori. Eur. J. Biochem. 260:258-267.
238. Pittard, A. J. 1996. Biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids, p. 458-484. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
239. Pittman, M. S., C. J. Jackson, D. J. Kelly, and C. L. Clayton. 1997. Novel chemotaxis like genes in Helicobacter pylori: characterization of CheY and CheF, a homologue of the myxobacterial FRZE protein. Gut 41:A15. (Abstract.)
240. Poole, K., Q. Zhao, S. Neshat, D. E. Heinrichs, and C. R. Dean. 1996. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa tonB gene encodes a novel TonB protein. Microbiology 146:1449-1458.
241. Poole, L. B. 1996. Flavin-dependent alkyl hydroperoxide reductase from Salmonella typhimurium. 1. Purification and enzymatic activities of overexpressed AHPF and AHPC proteins. Biochemistry 35:56-64.
242. Radcliff, F. J., S. L. Hazell, T. Kolesnikow, C. Doidge, and A. Lee. 1997. Catalase, a novel antigen for Helicobacter pylori vaccination. Infect. Immun. 65:4668-4674.
243. Rautelin, H., W. Tee, K. Seppala, and T. U. Kosumen. 1994. Ribotyping patterns and emergence of metronidazole resistance in paired clinical samples of Helicobacter pylori. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1079-1082.
244. Reitzer, L. J. 1996. Ammonia assimilation and the biosynthesis of glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, asparagine, L-alanine, and D-alanine, p. 391-407. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
245. Rektorschek, M., D. Weeks, G. Sachs, and K. Melchers. 1998. Influence of pH on metabolism and urease activity of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 115:628-641.
246. Reynolds, D. J., and C. W. Penn. 1994. Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori growth in a defined medium and determination of its amino acid requirement. Microbiology 140:2649-2656.
247. Richardson, J. P., and J. Greenblatt. 1996. Control of RNA chain elongation and termination, p. 822-848. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
248. Richardson, P. T., and S. F. Park. 1995. Enterochelin acquisition in Campylobacter coli: characterization of components of a binding-protein-dependent transport system. Microbiology 141:3181-3191.
249. Ritchings, B., E. Almira, S. Lory, and R. Ramphal. 1995. Cloning and phenotypic characterization of the fleS and fleR, new response regulators in Pseudomonas aeruginosa which regulate motility and adhesion to mucin. Infect. Immun. 63:4868-4876.
250. Roberts, R. J., and D. Macelis. 1998. Rebase-restriction enzymes and methylases. Nucleic Acids Res. 26:338-350.
251. Rock, C. O., and J. J. E. Cronan. 1982. Regulation of bacterial membrane lipids synthesis. Curr. Top. Membr. Transp. 17:209-233.
252. Sachs, G., K. Meyer-Rosberg, D. R. Scott, and K. Melchers. 1996. Acid, protons and Helicobacter pylori. Yale J. Biol. Med. 69:301-316.
253. Salmela, K. S., R. P. Roine, T. Koivisto, J. Höök-Nikanne, T. U. Kosunen, and M. Salaspuro. 1993. Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori alcohol dehydrogenase. Gastroenterology 105:325-330.
254. Saunders, N. J., J. F. Peden, D. W. Hood, and E. R. Moxon. 1998. Simple sequence repeats in the Helicobacter pylori genome. Mol. Microbiol. 27: 1091-1098.
255. Schmitt, W., and R. Haas. 1994. Genetic analysis of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin: structural similarities with the IgA protease type of exported protein. Mol. Microbiol. 12:307-319.
256. Schmitt, W., S. Odenbreit, D. Heuermann, and R. Haas. 1995. Cloning of the Helicobacter pylori recA gene and functional characterization of its product. Mol. Gen. Genet. 248:563-572.
257. Schmitz, A., C. Josenhans, and S. Suerbaum. 1997. Cloning and characterization of the Helicobacter pylori flbA gene, which codes for a membrane protein involved in coordinated expression of flagellar genes. J. Bacteriol. 179:987-997.
258. Segal, E. D., and L. S. Tompkins. 1993. Identification and characterization of a Helicobacter pylori hemolysin. Infect. Agents Dis. 2:178-182.
259. Sherbrune, R., and D. E. Taylor. 1995. Helicobacter pylori expresses a complex surface carbohydrate, Lewis X. Infect. Immun. 63:4564-4565.
260. Simor, A. E., B. Shames, B. Drumm, P. Sherman, D. E. Low, and J. L. Penner. 1990. Typing of Campylobacter pylori by bacterial DNA restriction endonuclease analysis and determination of plasmid profile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:83-86.
261. Skouloubris, S., A. Labigne, and H. De Reuse. 1997. Identification and characterization of an aliphatic amidase in Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 25:989-998.
262. Skouloubris, S., J. M. Thiberge, A. Labigne, and H. De Reuse. 1998. The Helicobacter pylori UreI protein is not involved in urease activity but is essential for bacterial survival in vivo. Infect. Immun. 66:4517-4521.
263. Slonczewski, J. L., and J. W. Foster. 1996. pH-regulated genes and survival at extreme pH, p. 1539-1549. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
264. Smith, M. A., and D. I. Edwards. 1997. Oxygen scavenging, NADH oxidase and metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 39:347-353.
265. Song, Q., B. Haller, R. Schmid, G. Adler, and G. Bode. 1997. PCR detection of Helicobacter pylori in the dental plaque with different primers. Gut 41:A38. (Abstract.)
266. Spiegelhalder, C., B. Gerstenecker, A. Kersten, E. Schiltz, and M. Kist. 1993. Purification of Helicobacter pylori superoxide dismutase and cloning and sequencing of the gene. Infect. Immun. 61:5315-5325.
267. Srinivasan, S., G. L. Mendz, and S. L. Hazell. 1994. The Krebs' cycle of Helicobacter pylori. Aust. Microbiol. 15:A97.
268. Staudenmaier, H., B. Van Hove, Z. Yaraghi, and V. Braun. 1989. Nucleotide sequences of the fecBCDE genes and locations of the proteins suggest a periplasmic-binding-protein-dependent transport mechanism for iron(III) dicitrate in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 171:2626-2633.
269. Stauffer, G. V. 1996. Biosynthesis of serine and glycine and one-carbon units, p. 506-513. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
270. Strauch, M. A., H. Zalkin, and A. I. Aronson. 1988. Characterization of the glutamyl-tRNA (Gln)-to-glutaminyl-tRNA (Gln) amidotransferase reaction of Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 170:916-920.
271. Strobel, S., S. Bereswill, P. Balig, P. Allgaier, H.-G. Sonntag, and M. Kist. 1998. Identification and analysis of a new vacA genotype variant of Helicobacter pylori in different patient groups in Germany. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:1285-1289.
272. Suda, Y., T. Ogawa, W. Kashihara, M. Oikawa, T. Shimoyama, T. Hayashi, T. Tamura, and S. Kusumoto. 1997. Chemical structure of lipid A from Helicobacter pylori strain 206-1 lipopolysaccharide. J. Biochem. 121:1129-1133.
273. Suerbaum, S., C. Josenhans, and A. Labigne. 1993. Cloning and genetic characterization of the Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae flaB flagellin genes and construction of H. pylori flaA- and flaB-negative mutants by electroporation-mediated allelic exchange. J. Bacteriol. 175:3278-3288.
274. Suerbaum, S., J. M. Thilberg, I. Kansau, R. L. Ferrero, and A. Labigne. 1994. Helicobacter pylori hspA-hspB heat shock gene cluster: nucleotide sequence, expression, putative function and immunogenicity. Mol. Microbiol. 14:959-974.
275. Tatusov, R. L., A. R. Mushegian, P. Bork, N. P. Brown, W. S. Hayes, M. Borodovsky, K. E. Rudd, and E. V. Koonin. 1996. Metabolism and evolution of Haemophilus influenzae deduced from a whole-genome comparison with Escherichia coli. Curr. Biol. 6:279-291.
276. Taylor, N. S., J. G. Fox, N. S. Akopyants, D. E. Berg, N. Thompson, B. Shames, L. Van, E. Fontham, F. Janney, F. M. Hunter, and P. Correa. 1995. Long-term colonization with single multiple strains of Helicobacter pylori assessed by DNA fingerprinting. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:918-923.
277. Tee, W., J. R. Lambert, and B. Dwyer. 1995. Cytotoxin production by Helicobacter pylori from patients with upper gastrointestinal tract disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1203-1205.
278. Telford, J. L., P. Ghiara, M. Dell'Orco, M. Comanducci, D. Burroni, M. Bugnoli, M. F. Tecce, and R. Rappuoli. 1994. Gene structure of the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin and evidence of its role in gastric disease. J. Exp. Med. 179:1653-1658.
279. Thompson, S. A., R. L. Latch, and M. J. Blaser. 1998. Molecular characterization of the Helicobacter pylori uvrB gene. Gene 209:113-122.
280. Tomb, J. F., O. White, A. R. Kerlavage, R. A. Clayton, G. G. Sutton, R. D. Fleishmann, K. A. Ketchum, H. P. Klenk, S. Gill, B. A. Dougherty, K. Nelson, J. Quackenbuch, L. Zhou, E. F. Kirkness, S. Peterson, B. Loftus, D. Richardson, R. Dodson, H. G. Khalk, A. Glodek, K. McKenney, L. M. Fitzgerald, M. Lee, M. D. Adams, E. K. Hickey, D. E. Berg, I. D. Gocayne, C. Fujii, C. Bwoman, L. Watthey, E. Wallin, W. S. Hayes, M. Borodovsky, P. D. Karp, H. O. Smith, C. M. Fraser, and J. C. Venter. 1997. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 388:539-547.
281. Tummuru, M. K. R., T. L. Cover, and M. J. Blaser. 1993. Cloning and expression of a high-molecular-mass major antigen of Helicobacter pylori: evidence of linkage to cytotoxin production. Infect. Immun. 61:1799-1309.
282. Tummuru, M. K. R., T. L. Cover, and M. J. Blaser. 1994. Mutations in the cytotoxin associated cagA gene does not affect the vacuolating cytotoxin activity of Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 62:2609-2613.
283. Tummuru, M. K. R., S. A. Sharma, and M. J. Blaser. 1995. Helicobacter pylori picB, a homologue of the Bordetella pertussis toxin secretion protein, is required for induction of IL-8 in gastric epithelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 18:867-876.
284. Umbarger, H. E. 1996. Biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids, p. 442-457. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
285. van der Ende, A., E. A. J. Rauws, M. Feller, C. J. J. Mulder, G. N. J. Tytgat, and J. Dankert. 1996. Heterogeneous Helicobacter pylori isolates from members of a family with a history of peptic ulcer disease. Gastroenterology 111:638-647.
286. van Doom, L. J., C. Figueiredo, F. Carneiro, R. Sanna, S. Pena, P. Midolo, and M. J. Blaser. 1997. Worldwide heterogeneity of the Helicobacter pylori vacA gene. Gut 41:A34. (Abstract.)
287. van Doom, L.-J., C. Figueiredo, R. Sanna, S. Pena, P. Midolo, E. K. W. Ng, J. C. Atherton, M. J. Blaser, and W. G. V. Quint. 1998. Expanding allelic diversity of Helicobacter pylori vacA. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:2597-2603.
288. Velayudhan, J., N. J. Hughes, S. C. Andrews, C. L. Clayton, and D. J. Kelly. 1997. Iron acquisition in H. pylori - characterization of tbpA, fecA, feoB, and exbB homologues. Gut 41:A109. (Abstract.)
289. Wang, Y., K. P. Roos, and D. E. Taylor. 1993. Transformation of Helicobacter pylori by chromosomal metronidazole resistance and by a plasmid with a selectable chloramphenicol resistance marker. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139:2485-2493.
290. Warren, J. R., and B. Marshall. 1983. Unified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet i:1273-1275.
291. Weitkamp, H. J. H., G. I. Perez-Perez, G. Bode, P. Malfertheiner, and M. J. Blaser. 1993. Identification and characterization of Helicobacter pylori phospholipase C activity. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. Virol. Parasitol. Infect. Dis. 280:11-27.
292. Wetherall, B. L., P. J. McDonald, and A. M. Johnson. 1992. Partial characterization of a cell-free hemolytic factor produced by Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Microbiol. Immunol. 4:123-128.
293. Williams, C. L., T. Preston, M. Hossack, C. Slater, and K. E. L. Mccoll. 1996. Helicobacter pylori utilises urea for amino acid synthesis. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 13:87-94.
294. Winans, S. C., D. L. Burns, and P. J. Christie. 1996. Adaptation of conjugal system for the export of pathogenic macromolecules. Trends Microbiol. 13: 87-94.
295. Winkler, M. E. 1996. Biosynthesis of histidine, p. 485-505. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
296. Wirth, H. P., M. Q. Yang, M. Karita, and M. J. Blaser. 1996. Expression of the human cell surface glycoconjugates Lewis X and Lewis Y by Helicobacter pylori isolates is related to cagA status. Infect. Immun. 64:4598-4605.
297. Wolle, K., A. Leodolter, P. Malfertheiner, and W. Kanig. 1997. Genomic diversity of urease gene among Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from one geographical area. Gut 41:A40. (Abstract.)
298. Worku, M., R. L. Sidebotham, B. W. Wren, and Q. N. Karim. 1997. Chemotaxis of H. pylori in presence of human plasma. Gut 41:A25. (Abstract.)
299. Worst, D. J., M. M. Gerrits, C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, and J. G. Kusters. 1998. Helicobacter pylori ribBA-mediated riboflavin production is involved in iron acquisition. J. Bacteriol. 180:1473-1479.
300. Worst, D. J., B. R. Otto, and J. Degraaff. 1995. Iron-repressible outer membrane proteins of Helicobacter pylori involved in heme uptake. Infect. Immun. 63:4161-4165.
301. Xiao, H., M. Kalman, K. Ikhihara, S. Zemel, G. Glaser, and M. Cashel. 1991. Residual guanosine 3',5'-bipyrophosphate synthetic activity in relA null mutants can be eliminated by spoT null mutation. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 5980-5990.
302. Yagi, T., S. Di Bernardo, and A. Matsuno-Yagi. 1998. Procaryotic complex I (NDH-1), an overview. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1364:125-133.
303. Yeoman, K. H., M. J. Delgado, M. Wexler, J. A. Downie, and A. W. Johnston. 1997. High affinity iron acquisition in Rhizobium leguminosarum requires the cycHJKL operon and the feuPQ gene products, which belong to the family of two component transcriptional regulators. Microbiology 143: 127-134.
304. Yogev, D., R. Rosengarten, R. Watson-McKnown, and K. Wise. 1991. Molecular basis of Mycoplasma surface antigenic variation: a novel set of divergent genes undergo spontaneous mutation of periodic coding regions and 5′ regulatory sequences. EMBO J. 10:4069-4079.
305. Yoshiyama, H., H. Nakamura, T. Mizote, and T. Nakazawa. 1997. Chemotaxis of Helicobacter pylori in a viscous environment is urease dependent. Gut 41:A23. (Abstract.)
306. Zakharova, N., P. Hoffman, D. E. Berg, and K, Severinov. 1998. The largest subunits of RNA polymerase from gastric helicobacters are tethered. J. Biol. Chem. 273:19371-19374.
307. Zalkin, H., and P. Nygaard. 1996. Biosynthesis of purine nucleotides, p. 561-579. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
308. Ziebarth, D., B. Spiegelhalder, and H. Bartsch. 1997. N-nitrosation of medicinal drugs catalysed by bacteria from human saliva and gastro-intestinal tract, including Helicobacter pylori. Carcinogenesis 18:383-389.