BRCA1 gene in breast cancer

Journal of Cellular Physiology

Volumn 196, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 19-41

  Rosen, Eliot M ^a,b   Fan, Saijun ^a,b   Pestell, Richard G ^b   Goldberg, Itzhak D ^a,b  

^a LONG ISLAND JEWISH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BREAST CANCER; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; FEMALE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; MOLECULAR CLONING; ONCOGENE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; BRCA1 PROTEIN; BREAST NEOPLASMS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENES, BRCA1; HUMANS; MUTATION;

EID: 0037946789     PISSN: 00219541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10257     Document Type: Review

References (297)

1. Abbott DW, Thompson ME, Robinson-Benion C, Tomlinson G, Jensen RA, Holt JT. 1999. BRCA1 expression restores radiation resistance in BRCA1-defective cancer cells through enhancement of transcription-coupled DNA repair. J Biol Chem 274:18808-18813.
2. Abel KJ, Xu J, Yin G-Y, Lyons RH, Meisler MH, Weber BL. 1995. Mouse BRCA1: Localization, sequence analysis and identification of evolutionarily conserved domains. Hum Mol Genet 4:2265-2273.
3. Abeliovich D, Kaduri L, Lever I, Weinberg N, Amir G, Sagi M, Zlotogora J, Heching N, Peretz T. 1997. The founder mutations 185delAG and 5382insC in BRCA1 and 6174delT in BRCA2 appear in 60% of ovarian cancer and 30% of early-onset breast cancer patients among Ashkenazi women. Am J Hum Genet 60:505-514.
4. Altiok S, Batt D, Altiok N, Papautsky A, Downward J, Roberts TM, Avraham H. 1999. Heregulin induces phosphorylation of BRCA1 through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinsase/AKT in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 274:32274-32278.
5. Anderson SF, Schlegel BP, Nakajima T, Wolpin ES, Parvin JD. 1998. BRCA1 protein is linked to the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex via RNA helicase A. Nat Genet 19:254-256.
6. Andres JL, Fan S, Turkel GJ, Wang J-A, Twu N-F, Yuan R-Q, Lamszus K, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM. 1998. Regulation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 expression in human breast cancer cells by DNA-damaging agents. Oncogene 16:2229-2241.
7. Aprelikova ON, Fang BS, Meissner EG, Cotter S, Campbell M, Kuthiala A, Besho M, Jensen RA, Liu ET. 1999. BRCA1-associated growth arrest is RB-dependent. PNAS USA 96:11866-11871.
8. Aprelikova O, Pace AJ, Fang B, Koller BH, Liu ET. 2001. BRCA1 is a selective co-activator of 14-3-3 sigma gene transcription in mouse embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 276:25647-25650.
9. Arizti P, Fang L, Park I, Yin Y, Solomon E, Ouchi T, Aaronson SA, Lee SW. 2000. Tumor suppressor p53 is required to modulate BRCA1 expression. Mol Cell Biol 20:7450-7459.
10. Armes JE, Trute L, White D, Southey MC, Hammet F, Tesoriero A, Hutchins AM, Dite GS, McCredie MR, Giles GG, Hopper JL, Venter DJ. 1999. Distinct molecular pathogeneses of early-onset breast cancers in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: A population-based study. Cancer Res 59:2011-2017.
11. Atlas E, Stramwasser M, Whiskin K, Mueller CR. 2000. GA-binding protein alpha/beta is a critical regulator of the BRCA1 promoter. Oncogene 19:1933-1940.
12. Atlas E, Stramwasser M, Mueller CR. 2001. A CREB site in the BRCA1 proximal promoter acts as a constitutive transcriptional element. Oncogene 20:7110-7114.
13. Baer R, Ludwig T. 2002. The BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer, a tumor suppressor complex with ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12:86-91. Review.
14. Baldwin RL, Nemeth E, Tran H, Shvartsman H, Cass I, Narod S, Karlan BY. 2000. BRCA1 promoter region hypermethylation in ovarian carcinoma: A population-based study. Cancer Res 60:5329-5333.
15. Barnes DM, Gillett CE. 1998. Cyclin D1 in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 52:1-15.
16. Basham VM, Lipscombe JM, Ward JM, Gayther SA, Ponder BA, Easton DF, Pharoah PD. 2002. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a population-based study of male breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 4:R2.
17. Beger C, Pierce LN, Kruger M, Marcusson EG, Robbins JM, Welcsh P, Welch PJ, Welte K, King MC, Barber JR, Wong-Staal F. 2001. Identification of Id4 as a regulator of BRCA1 expression by using a ribozyme-library-based inverse genomics approach. PNAS USA 98:130-135.
18. Bell MC, Crowley-Nowick P, Bradlow HL, Sepkovic DW, Schmidt-Grimminger D, Howell P, Mayeaux EJ, Tucker A, Turbat-Herrera EA, Mathis JM. 2000. Placebo-controlled trial of indole-3-carbinol in the treatment of CIN. Gynecol Oncol 78:123-129.
19. Bennett LM, McAllister KA, Malphurs J, Ward T, Collins NK, Seely JC, Gowen LC, Koller BH, Davis BJ, Wiseman RW. 2000. Mice heterozygous for a Brca1 or Brca2 mutation display distinct mammary gland and ovarian phenotypes in response to diethylstilbestrol. Cancer Res 60:3461-3469.
20. Bergman PJ, Harris D. 1997. Radioresistance, chemoresistance, and apoptosis resistance. The past, present, and future. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 27:47-57.
21. Berwistle D, Swift S, Marston NJ, Jackson LE, Crossland S, Crompton MR, Marshall CJ, Ashworth A. 1997. Nuclear location and cell cycle regulation of the BRCA2 protein. Cancer Res 57:5485-5488.
22. Bhattacharya A, Ear US, Koller BH, Weichselbaum RR, Bishop DK. 2000. The breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 is required for subnuclear assembly of Rad51 and survival following treatment with the DNA cross-linking agent cisplatin. J Biol Chem 275:23899-23903.
23. Blagosklonny MV, An WG, Melillo G, Nguyen P, Prepel JB, Neckers LM. 1999. Regulation of BRCA1 by protein degradation. Oncogene 18:6460-6468.
24. Bochar DA, Wang L, Beniya H, Kinev A, Xue Y, Lane WS, Wang W, Kashanchi F, Shiekhattar R. 2000. BRCA1 is associated with a human SWI/SNF-related complex: linking chromatin remodeling to breast cancer. Cell 102:257-265.
25. Bork P, Hofmann K, Bucher P, Bucher P, Neuwald AF, Altschul SF, Koonin EV. 1997. A superfamily of conserved domains in DNA damage-responsive cell cycle checkpoint proteins. FASEB J 11:68-76.
26. Bowman T, Garcia R, Turkson J, Jove R. 2000. STATs in oncogenesis. Oncogene 19:2474-2488. Review.
27. Bradlow HL, Michnovicz J, Telang NT, Osborne MP. 1991. Effects of dietary indole-3-carbinol on estradiol metabolism and spontaneous mammary tumors in mice. Carcinogenesis 12:1571-1574.
28. Bradlow HL, Telang NT, Sepkovic DW, Osborne MP. 1999. Phytochemicals as modulators of cancer risk. Adv Exp Med Biol 472:207-221.
29. Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. 1997. Pathology of familial breast cancer: Differences between breast cancers in carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and sporadic cases. Lancet 349:1505-1510.
30. Brodie SG, Deng CX. 2001. BRCA1-associated tumorigenesis: What have we learned from knockout mice? Trends Genet 17:S18-S22.
31. Brodie SG, Xu X, Qiao W, Li WM, Cao L, Deng CX. 2001. Multiple genetic changes are associated with mammary tumorigenesis in Brca1 conditional knockout mice. Oncogene 20:7514-7523.
32. Brzovic PS, Rajagopal P, Hoyt DW, King MC, Klevit RE. 2001a. Structure of a BRCA1-BARD 1 heterodimeric RING-RING complex. Nat Struct Biol 8:833-837.
33. Brzovic PS, Meza JE, King MC, Klevit RE. 2001b. BRCA1 RING domain cancer-predisposing mutations. Structural consequences and effects on protein-protein interactions. J Biol Chem 276:41399-41406.
34. Budhram-Mahadeo V, Ndisang D, Ward T, Weber BL, Latchman DS. 1999. The Brn-3b POU family transcription factor represses expression of the BRCA-1 anti-oncogene in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 18:6684-6691.
35. Buettner R, Mora LB, Jove R. 2002. Activated STAT signaling in human tumors provides novel molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. Clin Cancer Res 8:945-954. Review.
36. Buller RE, Lallas TA, Shahin MS, Sood AK, Hatterman-Zogg M, Anderson B, Sorosky JI, Kirby PA. 2001. The p53 mutational spectrum associated with BRCA1 mutant ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7:831-833.
37. Campbell MJ, Gombart AF, Kwok SH, Park S, Koeffler HP. 2000. The anti-proliferative effects of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 on breast and prostate cancer cells are associated with induction of BRCA1 gene expression. Oncogene 19:5091-5097.
38. Cannon-Albright LA, Skolnick MH. 1996. The genetics of familial breast cancer. Semin Oncol 23(1 Suppl 2):1-5.
39. Cantor SB, Bell DW, Ganesan S, Kass EM, Drapkin R, Grossman S, Waher DC, Sgroi DC, Lane WS, Haber DA, Livingston DM. 2001. BACH1, a novel helicase-like protein, interacts directly with BRCA1 and contributes to its DNA repair function. Cell 105:149-160.
40. Carter TH, Liu K, Ralph W, Jr., Chen D, Qi M, Fan S, Fang Y, Rosen EM, Auborn KJ. 2002. Diindolylmethane alters gene expression in human keratinocytes. J Nutr 132:3314-3324.
41. Celeste A, Petersen S, Romanienko PJ, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Chen HT, Sedelnikova OA, Reina-San-Martin B, Coppola V, Meffre E, Difilippantonio MJ, Redon C, Pilch DR, Olaru A, Eckhaus M, Camerini-Otero RD, Tessarollo L, Livak F, Manova K, Bonner WM, Nussenzweig MC, Nussenzweig A. 2002. Genomic instability in mice lacking histone H2AX. Science 296:922-927.
42. WAF1/C1P1 promoter. Oncogene 18:263-268.
43. Chai Y, Chipitsyna G, Cui J, Liao B, Liu S, Aysola K, Yezdani M, Reddy ES, Rao VN. 2001. c-Fos oncogene regulator Elk-1 interacts with BRCA1 splice variants BRCA1a/1b and enhances BRCA1a/1b-mediated growth suppression in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 20:1357-1367.
44. Chan KY, Ozcelik H, Cheung AN, Ngan HY, Khoo US. 2002. Epigenetic factors controlling the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in sporadic ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 62:4151-4156.
45. Chandler J, Hohenstein P, Swing DA, Tessarollo L, Sharan SK. 2001. Human BRCA1 gene rescues the embryonic lethality of Brca1 mutant mice. Genesis 29:72-77.
46. Chapman MS, Verma IM. 1996. Transcriptional activation by BRCA1. Nature 382:678-679.
47. Chappuis PO, Kapusta L, Begin LR, Wong N, Brunet JS, Narod SA, Slingerland J, Foulkes WD. 2000. Germline BRCA1/2 mutations and p27(Kip1) protein levels independently predict outcome after breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 18:4045-4052.
48. Chen J. 2000. Ataxia telangiectasia-related protein is involved in the phosphorylation of BRCA1 following deoxyribonucleic acid damage. Cancer Res 60:5037-5039.
49. Chen Y, Chen CF, Riley DJ, Allred DC, Chen PL, Von Hoff D, Osborne CK, Lee WH. 1995. Aberrant subcellular localization of BRCA1 in breast cancer. Science 270:789-791.
50. Chen Y, Farmer AA, Chen C-F, Jones DC, Chen P-L, Lee W-H. 1996a. BRCA1 is a 200 kDa nuclear phosphoprotein that is expressed and phosphorylated in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Cancer Res 56:3168-3172.
51. Chen CF, Li S, Chen Y, Chen PL, Sharp D, Lee WH. 1996b. The nuclear localization sequences of the BRCA1 protein interact with the importin-alpha subunit of the nuclear transport signal receptor. J Biol Chem 271:32863-32868.
52. Chen J, Silver DP, Walpita D, Cantor SB, Gazdar AF, Tomlinson G, Couch FJ, Weber BL, Ashley T, Livingston DM, Scully R, et al. 1998. Stable interaction between the products of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes in mitotic and meiotic cells. Mol Cell 2:317-32.
53. Chiarle R, Pagano M, Inghirami G. 2001. The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27 and its prognostic role in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 3:91-94.
54. Chiba N, Parvin JD. 2002. The BRCA1 and BARD1 Association with the RNA Polymerase II Holoenzyme. Cancer Res 62:4222-4228.
55. Chinnadurai G. 2002. CtBP, an unconventional transcriptional corepressor in development and oncogenesis. Mol Cell 9:213-224. Review.
56. Cobrinik D. 1996. Regulatory interactions among E2Fs and cell cycle control proteins. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 208:31-61.
57. Connor P, Bertwistle D, Mee PJ, Ross GM, Swift S, Grigorieva E, Tybulewicz VL, Ashworth A. 1997. Tumorigenesis and a DNA repair defect in mice with a truncating Brca2 mutation. Nat Genet 17:423-430.
58. Conzen SD, Gottlob K, Kandel ES, Khanduri P, Wagner AJ, O'Leary M, Hay N. 2000. Induction of cell cycle progression and acceleration of apoptosis are two separable functions of c-Myc: Tranrepression correlates with acceleration of apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 20:6008-6018.
59. Cornelis RS, Neuhausen SL, Johannson O, Arason A, Kelsell D, Ponder BA, Tonin P, Hamann U, Lindblom A, Lalle P, et al. 1995. High allele loss rates at 17q12-q21 in breast and ovarian tumors from BRCA1-linked families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 13:203-210.
60. Cortez D, Wang Y, Qin J, Elledge SJ. 1999. Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks. Science 286:1162-1166.
61. Couch FJ, Farid LM, DeShano ML, Tavtigian SV, Calzone K, Campeau L, Peng Y, Bogden B, Chen Q, Neuhausen S, Shattuck-Eidens D, Godwin AK, Daly M, Radford DM, Sedlacek S, Rommens J, Simard J, Garber J, Merajver S, Weber BL. 1996. BRCA2 germline mutations in male breast cancer cases and breast cancer families. Nat Genet 13:123-125.
62. Cui JQ, Wang H, Reddy ES, Rao VN. 1998. Differential transcript and activation by the N-terminal region of BRCA1 splice variants BRAC1a and BRCA1b. Oncol Rep 5:585-589.
63. Datta SR, Brunet A, Greenberg ME. 1999. Cellular survival: A play in three Akts. Genes Dev 13:2905-2927.
64. de Jong MM, Nolte IM, te Meerman GJ, van der Graaf WT, Oosterwijk JC, Kleibeuker JH, Schaapveld M, de Vries EG. 2002. Genes other than BRCA1 and BRCA2 involved in breast cancer susceptibility. 39:225-242.
65. Deng CX. 2002. Tumor formation in Brac1 conditional mutant mice. Environ Mol Mutagen 39:171-177.
66. Dickler MN, Norton L. 2001. The MORE trial: Multiple outcomes for raloxifene evaluation - Breast cancer as a secondary end point: Implications for prevention. Ann NY Acad Sci 949:134-142.
67. Dickson RB, Stancel GM. 2000. Estrogen receptor-mediated processes in normal and cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 27:135-145. Review.
68. Dickson C, Fantl V, Gillett C, Brookes S, Bartek J, Smith R, Fisher C, Barnes D, Peters G. 1995. Amplification of chromosome band 11q13 and a role for cyclin D1 in human breast cancer. Cancer Lett 90:43-50.
69. Dittmer D, Pati S, Zambetti G, Chu S, Teresky AK, Moore M, Finlay C, Levine AJ. 1993. Gain of function mutations in p53. Nat Genet 4:42-46.
70. Duffy SW, Nixon RM. 2002. Estimates of the likely prophylactic effect of tamoxifen in women with high-risk BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Br J Cancer 86:218-221.
71. Durocher D, Jackson SP. 2001. DNA-PK, ATM and ATR as sensors of DNA damage: Variations on a theme? Curr Opin Cell Biol 13:225-231. Review.
72. Easton DF, Ford D, Bishop DT. 1995. Breast and ovarian cancer incidence in BRCA1-mutation carriers. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Am J Hum Genet 56:265-271.
73. Easton DF, Steele L, Fields P, Ormiston W, Averill D, Daly PA, McManus R, Neuhausen SL, Ford D, Wooster R, Cannon-Albright LA, Stratton MR, Goldgar DE. 1997. Cancer risks in two large breast cancer families linked to BRCA2 on chromosome 13q12-13. Am J Hum Genet 61:120-128.
74. Eisinger F, Stoppa Lyonnet D, Longy M, Kerangueven F, Noguchi T, Bailly C, Vincent-Salomon A, Jacquemier J, Birnbaum D, Sobol H. 1996. Germ line mutation of BRCA1 affects the histoprognostic grade in hereditary breast cancer. Cancer Res 56:471-474.
75. Esteller M, Silva JM, Dominguez G, Bonilla F, Matias-Guiu X, Lerma E, Bussaglia E, Prat J, Harkes IC, Repasky EA, Gabrielson E, Schutte M, Baylin SB, Herman JG. 2000. Promoter hypermethylation and BRCA1 inactivation in sporadic breast and ovarian tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:564-569.
76. Fabbro M, Rodriguez JA, Baer R, Henderson BR. 2002. BARD1 induces BRCA1 intranuclear foci formation by increasing RING-dependent BRCA1 nuclear import and inhibiting BRCA1 nuclear export. J Biol Chem 277:21315-21324.
77. Fan S, Twu N-F, Wang J-A, Yuan RQ, Andres J, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM. 1998a. Down-regulation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in human ovarian cancer cells exposed to adriamycin and UV radiation. Int J Cancer 77:600-609.
78. Fan S, Wang J-A, Yuan R-Q, Ma YX, Meng Q, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM. 1998b. BRCA1 as a human prostate tumor suppressor: Modulation of proliferation, damage responses, and expression of regulatory proteins. Oncogene 16:3069-3083.
79. Fan S, Wang J-A, Meng Q, Yuan R-Q, Ma YX, Erdos MR, Pestell RG, Yuan F, Auborn KJ, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM. 1999a. BRCA1 inhibits estrogen receptor signaling in transfected cells. Science 284:1354-1356.
80. Fan S, Wang J-A, Yuan R-Q, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM. 1999b. Coordinate down-regulation of BRCA1, BRCA2, Rad51, and p300 during the response to damage in human prostate cancer cell lines. Prostate 40:37-49.
81. Fan S, Yuan R-Q, Ma Y-X, Meng Q, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM. 2000. Advances in Brief. Alcohol stimulates estrogen receptor signaling in human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 60:5635-5639.
82. Fan S, Wang J-A, Ma YX, Yuan R-Q, Meng Q, Erdos MR, Pestell RG, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM. 2001a. Role of direct interaction in BRCA1 inhibition of estrogen receptor activity. Oncogene 20:77-87.
83. Fan S, Yuan R-Q, MA Y-X, Meng Q, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM. 2001b. Mutant BRCA1 genes antagonize phenotype of wild-type BRCA1. Oncogene 20:8215-8235.
84. Fan S, Yuan R-Q, Ma Y-X, Xiong J, Meng Q, Erdos M, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM. 2001c. Functional role of the BRCA1 LXCXE motif in Regulation of RB family protein expression and cellular chemosensitivity, but not RB protein binding. Oncogene 20:4827-4841.
85. Fan S, Wang J-A, Ma YX, Yuan R-Q, Meng Q, Erdos MR, Pestell RG, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM. 2002a. p300 modulates BRCA1 inhibition of estrogen receptor activity. Cancer Res 62:141-151.
86. Fan W, Jin S, Tong T, Zhao H, Fan F, Antinore MJ, Rajasekaran B, Wu M, Zhan Q. 2002b. BRCA1 regulates GADD45 through its interactions with the OCT-1 and CAAT motifs. J Biol Chem 277:8061-8067.
87. Kip1 is haplo-insufficient for tumour suppression. Nature 396:177-180.
88. Fitzgerald MG, MacDonald DJ, Krainer M, Hoover I, O'Neil E, Unsal H, Silva-Arrieto S, Finkelstein DM, Beer-Romero P, Englert C, Sgroi DC, Smith BL, Younger JW, Garber JE, Duda RB, Mayzel KA, Isselbacher KJ, Friend SH, Haber DA. 1996. Germ-line BRCA1 mutations in Jewish and non-Jewish women with early-onset breast cancer. N Engl J Med 334:143-149.
89. Ford D, Easton DF, Bishop DT, Narod SA, Goldgar DE. 1994. Risks of cancer in BRCA1-mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Lancet 343:692-695.
90. Ford D, Easton DF, Peto J. 1995. Estimates of the gene frequency of BRCA1 and its contribution to breast and ovarian cancer incidence. Am J Hum Genet 57:1457-1462.
91. Friedman LS, Ostermeyer EA, Szabo CI, Dowd P, Lynch ED, Rowell SE, King MC. 1994. Confirmation of BRCA1 by analysis of germline mutations linked to breast and ovarian cancer in ten families. Nat Genet 8:399-404.
92. Fung SM, Ramsay G, Katzen AL. 2002. Mutations in Drosophila myb lead to centrosome amplification and genomic instability. Development 129:347-359.
93. Futreal PA, Liu Q, Shattuck-Eidens D, Cochran C, Harshman K, Tavtigian S, Bennett LM, Haugen-Strano A, Swensen J, Miki Y, et al. 1994. BRCA1 mutations in primary breast and ovarian carcinomas. Science 266:120-122.
94. Gao B, Shen X, Kunos G, Meng Q, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM, Fan S. 2001. Constitutive activation of JAK-STAT3 signaling by BRCA1 in human prostate cancer cells. FEBS Lett 488:179-184.
95. Garcia-Higuera I, Taniguchi T, Ganesan S, Meyn MS, Timmers C, Hejna J, Grompe M, D'Andrea AD. 2001. Interaction of the Fanconi anemia proteins and BRCA1 in a common pathway. Mol Cell 7:249-262.
96. Gatei M, Zhou BB, Hobson K, Scott S, Young D, Khanna KK. 2001. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and ATM and Rad3 related kinase mediate phosphorylation of Brca1 at distinct and overlapping sites. In vivo assessment using phospho-specific antibodies. J Biol Chem 276:17276-17280.
97. Gayther SA, Warren W, Mazoyer S, et al. 1995. Germline mutations of the BRCA1 gene in breast, ovarian cancer families: Evidence for a genotype/phenotype correlation. Nat Genet 11:428-433.
98. Gayther SA, Mangion J, Russell P, Russell PA, Harrington PA, Chiano M, Seal S, Hamoudi R, van Rensburg EJ, Dunning AM, et al. 1997. Variation of risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with different germline mutations of the BRCA2 gene. Nat Genet 15:103-105.
99. Gowen LC, Johnson BL, Latour AM, Sulik KK, Koller BH. 1996. BRCA1 deficiency results in early embryonic lethality characterized by neuroepithelial abnormalities. Nat Genet 12:191-194.
100. Gowen LC, Avrutskaya AV, Latour AM, Koller BH, Leadon SA. 1998. BRCA1 required for transcription-coupled repair of oxidative DNA damage. Science 281:1009-1012.
101. Greenblatt MS, Chappuis PO, Bond JP, Hamel N, Foulkes WD. 2001. TP53 mutations in breast cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 germ-line mutations: Distinctive spectrum and structural distribution. Cancer Res 61:4092-4097.
102. Greene MH. 1997. Genetics of breast cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 72:54-65.
103. Grushko TA, Blackwood MA, Schumm PL, Hagos FG, Adeyanju MO, Feldman MD, Sanders MO, Weber BL, Olopade OI. 2002. Molecular-cytogenetic analysis of HER-2/neu gene in BRCA1-associated breast cancers. Cancer Res 62:1481-1488.
104. Gudas JM, Nguyen H, Li T, Cowan KH. 1995. Hormone-dependent regulation of BRCA1 in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 55:4561-4565.
105. Gudas JM, Li T, Nguyen H, Jensen D, Rauscher FJ 3rd, Cowan KH. 1996. Cell cycle regulation of BRCA1 messenger RNA in human breast epithelial cells. Cell Growth Differen 7:717-723.
106. Hakem R, de la Pomba JL, Sirard C, Mo R, Woo M, Hakem A, Wakeham A, Potter J, Reitman A, Billia F, Firpo E, Hui CE, Roberts J, Rossant J, Mak TW. 1996. The tumor suppressor gene Brca1 is required for embryonic cellular proliferation in the mouse. Cell 85:1009-1023.
107. 5-6 early embryonic lethality by p53 or p21 null mutation. Nat Genet 16:296-302.
108. Hall JM, Lee MK. 1990. Linkage of early onset familial breast cancer to chromosome 17q21. Science 250:1684-1689.
109. Hanstein B, Eckner R, DiRenzo J, Halachmi S, Liu H, Searcy B, Kurokawa R, Brown M. 1996. p300 is a component of an estrogen receptor coactivator complex. PNAS USA 93:11540-11545.
110. Harkin DP, Bean JM, Miklos D, Song YH, Truong VB, Englert C, Christians FC, Ellisen LW, Maheswaran S, Oliner JD, Haber DA. 1999. Induction of GADD45 and JNK/SAPK-dependent apoptosis following inducible expression of BRCA1. Cell 97:575-586.
111. Harper JW. 1997. Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. Cancer Surv 29:91-107.
112. Harris JR, Lippman ME, Veronesi U, Willett W. 1992. Breast cancer. N Engl J Med 327:319-328, 390-398, 473-480.
113. Hartman AR, Ford JM. 2002. BRCA1 induces DNA damage recognition factors and enhances nucleotide excision repair. Nat Genet 32:180-184.
114. Hashizume R, Fukuda M, Maeda I, Nishikawa H, Oyake D, Yabuki Y, Ogata H, Ohta T. 2001. The RING heterodimer BRCA1-BARD1 is a ubiquitin ligase inactivated by a breast cancer-derived mutation. J Biol Chem 276:14537-14540.
115. Haupt Y, Rowan S, Shaulian E, Vousden KH, Oren M. 1995. Induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by transactivation deficient p53. Genes Dev 9:2170-2183.
116. Hedenfalk I, Duggan D, Chen Y, Radmacher M, Bittner M, Simon R, Meltzer P, Gusterson B, Esteller M, Kallioniemi OP, Wilfond B, Borg A, Trent J. 2001. Gene-expression profiles in hereditary breast cancer. N Engl J Med 344:539-548.
117. Hirai I, Wang HG. 2002. A role of the C-terminal region of human Rad9 (hRad9) in nuclear transport of the hRad9 checkpoint complex. J Biol Chem 277:25722-25727.
118. Holt JT, Thompson ME, Szabo C, Robinson-Benion C, Arteaga CL, King MC, Jensen RA. 1996. Growth retardation and tumor inhibition by BRCA1. Nat Genet 12:298-302.
119. Hsu LC, White RL. 1998. BRCA1 is associated with the centrosome during mitosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:12983-12988.
120. Hsu LC, Doan TP, White RL. 2001. Identification of a gamma-tubulin-binding domain in BRCA1. Cancer Res 61:7713-7718.
121. Hu YF, Li R. 2002. JunB potentiates function of BRCA1 activation domain 1 (AD1) through a coiled-coil-mediated interaction. Genes Dev 16:1509-1517.
122. Hu YF, Miyake T, Ye Q, Li R. 2000. Characterization of a novel trans-activation domain of BRCA1 that functions in concert with the BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domain. J Biol Chem 275:40910-40915.
123. Huber LJ, Yang TW, Sarkisian CJ, Master SR, Deng CX, Chodosh LA. 2001. Impaired DNA damage response in cells expressing an exon 11-deleted murine Brca1 variant that localizes to nuclear foci. Mol Cell Biol 21:4005-4015.
124. Hubert A, Peretz T, Manor O, Kaduri L, Wienberg N, Lerer I, Sagi M, Abeliovich D. 1999. The Jewish Ashkenazi founder mutations in the BRCA1/BRCA2 genes are not found at an increased frequecy in Ashkenaxi patients with prostate cancer. Am J Hum Genet 65:921-924.
125. Hutchinson J, Jin J, Cardiff RD, Woodgett JR, Muller WJ. 2001. Activation of Akt (protein kinase B) in mammary epithelium provides a critical cell survival signal required for tumor progression. Mol Cell Biol 21:2203-2212.
126. Jeffy BD, Schultz EU, Selmin O, Gudas JM, Bowden GT, Romagnolo D. 1999. Inhibition of BRCA-1 expression by benzo[a]pyrene and its diol epoxide. Mol Carcinog 26:100-118.
127. Jeffy BD, Chirnomas RB, Chen EJ, Gudas JM, Romagnolo DF. 2002. Activation of the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor pathway is not sufficient for transcriptional repression of BRCA-1: Requirements for metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene to 7r, 8t-dihydroxy-9t,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene. Cancer Res 62:113-121.
128. Jensen RA, Thompson ME, Jetton TL, Szabo CI, van der Meer R, Helov B, Tranick SR, Page DC, King MC, Halt JT. 1996. BRCA1 is secreted and exhibits properties of a granin. Nat Genet 12:303-308.
129. Jensen DE, Proctor M, Marquis ST, Gardner HP, Ha SI, Chodosh LA, Ishov AM, Tommerup N, Vissing H, Sekido Y, Minna J, Borodovsky A, Schultz DC, Wilkinson KD, Maul GG, Barlev N, Berger SL, Prendergast GC, Rauscher FJ III. 1998. BAP1: A novel ubiquitin hydrolase which binds to the BRCA1 RING finger and enhances BRCA1-mediated cell growth suppression. Oncogene 16:1097-1112.
130. Jin Y, Xu XL, Yang M-CW, Wei F, Ayi TC, Bowcock AM, Baer R. 1997. Cell cycle-dependent colocalization of BARD1 and BRCA1 in discrete nuclear domains. PNAS USA 94:12075-12080.
131. Jin L, Qi M, Chen DZ, Anderson A, Yang GY, Arbeit IM, Auborn KI. 1999. Indole-3-carbinol prevents cervical cancer in human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16) transgenic mice. Cancer Res 59:3991-3997.
132. Jin S, Zhao H, Fan F, Blanck P, Fan W, Colchagie AB, Fornace AJ, Jr., Zhan Q. 2000a. BRCA1 activation of the GADD45 promoter. Oncogene 19:4050-4057.
133. Jin S, Antinore MJ, Lung FD, Dong X, Zhao H, Fan F, Colchagie AB, Blanck P, Roller PP, Fornace AJ, Jr., Zhan Q. 2000b. The GADD45 inhibition of Cdc2 kinase correlates with GADD45-mediated growth suppression. J Biol Chem 275:16602-16608.
134. Johannsson OT, Idvall I, Anderson C, Borg A, Barkardottir RB, Egilsson V, Olsson H. 1997. Tumor biological features of BRCA1-induced breast and ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 33:362-371.
135. Karp SE, Tonin PN, Begin LR, Martinez JJ, Zhang JC, Pollak MN, Foulkes WD. 1997. Influence of BRCA1 mutations on nuclear grade and estrogen status of breast carcinoma in Ashenazi Jewish women. Cancer 80:435-441.
136. Kastan MB, Zhan Q, el-Deiry WS, Carrier F, Jacks T, Walsh WV, Plunkett BS, Vogelstein B, Fornace AJ, Jr. 1992. A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in ataxia-telangiectasia. Cell 71:587-97.
137. Kauraniemi P, Hedenfalk I, Persson K, Duggan DJ, Tanner M, Johannsson O, Olsson H, Trent JM, Isola J, Borg A. 2000. MYB oncogene amplification in hereditary BRCA1 breast cancer. Cancer Res 60:5323-5328.
138. King MC, Wieand S, Hale K, Lee M, Walsh T, Owens K, Tait J, Ford L, Dunn BK, Costantino J, Wickerham L, Wolmark N, Fisher B. 2001. National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project. Tamoxifen and breast cancer incidence among women with inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP-P1) Breast Cancer Prevention Trial. JAMA 286:2251-2256.
139. Kleiman FE, Manley JL. 1999. Functional interaction of BRCA1-associated BARD1 with polyadenylation factor CstF-50. Science 285:1576-1579.
140. Kojima T, Tanaka T, Mori H. 1994. Chemoprevention of spontaneous endometrial cancer in female donryu rats by indole-3-carbinol. Cancer Res 54:1446-1449.
141. Koonin VF, Altschul SF, Bork P. 1996. BRCA1 protein products: Functional motifs. Nat Genet 13:266-267.
142. Lakhani SR, Van De Vijver MJ, Jacquemier J, Anderson TJ, Osin PP, McGuffog L, Easton DF. 2002. The pathology of familial breast cancer: Predictive value of immunohistochemical markers estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER-2, and p53 in patients with mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. J Clin Oncol 20:2310-2318.
143. Lane TF, Deng C, Elson A, Lyu MS, Kozak CA, Leder P. 1995. Expression of Brca1 is associated with terminal differentiation of ectodermally and mesodermally derived tissues in mice. Genes Dev 9:2712-2722.
144. Lane TF, Lin C, Brown MA, Solomon E, Leder P. 2000. Gene replacement with the human BRCA1 locus: Tissue specific expression and rescue of embryonic lethality in mice. Oncogene 19:4085-4090.
145. Langston AA, Stanford JL, Wicklund KG, Thompson JD, Blazej RG, Ostrander EA. 1996. Germ-line BRCA1 mutations in selected men with prostate cancer [letter]. Am J Hum Genet 58:881-884.
146. Larson JS, Tonkinson JL, Lai MT. 1997. A BRCA1 mutant alters G2-M cell cycle control in human mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 57:3351-3355.
147. Leadon SA, Avrutskaya AV. 1997. Differential involvement of the human mismatch repair proteins, hMLH1 and hMSH2, in transcription-coupled repair. Cancer Res 57:3784-3791.
148. Leadon SA, Avrutskaya AV. 1998. Requirement for DNA mismatch repair proteins in the transcription-coupled repair of thymine glycols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat Res 407:177-187.
149. Lee WY, Jin YT, Chang TW, Lin PW, Su IJ. 1999. Immunolocalization of BRCA1 protein in normal breast tissue and sporadic invasive ductal carcinomas: A correlation with other biological parameters. Histopathology 34:106-112.
150. Lee JS, Collins KM, Brown AL, Lee CH, Chung JH. 2000. hCds1-mediated phosphorylation of BRCA1 regulates the DNA damage response. Nature 404:201-204.
151. Levine AJ. 1997. p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth. Cell 88:293-299.
152. Li S, Ting NS, Zheng L, Chen PL, Ziv Y, Shiloh Y, Lee EY, Lee WH. 2000. Functional link of BRCA1 and ataxia telangiectasia gene product in DNA damage response. Nature 406:210-215.
153. Li H, Lee TH, Avraham H. 2002. A novel tricomplex of BRCA1, Nmi, and c-Myc inhibits c-Myc-induced human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (hTERT) promoter activity in breast cancer. J Biol Chem 277:20965-20973.
154. Liao DJ, Dickson RB. 2000. c-Myc in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 7:143-164.
155. Liu CY, Fleskin-Nikitin A, Li S, Zeng Y, Lee WH. 1996. Inactivation of the mouse Brca1 gene leads to failure in the morphogenesis of the egg cylinder in early post implantation development. Genes Dev 10:1835-1843.
156. Lohrisch C, Piccart M. 2001. An overview of HER2. Semin Oncol 28(6 Suppl 18):3-11.
157. Lorick KL, Jensen JP, Fang S, Ong AM, Hatakeyama S, Weissman AM. 1999. RING fingers mediate ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2)-dependent ubiquitination. PNAS USA 96:11364-11369.
158. Ludwig T, Chapman DL, Papaiocannou VE, Efstratiadis A. 1997. Targeted mutations of breast cancer susceptibility gene homologs in mice: Lethal phenotypes of Brca1, Brca2, Brca1/Brca2, Brca1/p53, Brca2/p53 nullizygous embryos. Genes Dev 11:1226-1241.
159. Luking A, Stahl U, Schmidt U. 1998. The protein family of RNA helicases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 33:259-296. Review.
160. Ma YX, Fan S, Xiong J, Yuan RQ, Meng Q, Goldberg ID, Fuqua SA, Pestell RG, Rosen EM. 2003. Role of BRCA1 in heat shock response. Oncogene 22:10-27.
161. MacLachlan TK, Dash BC, Dicker DT, El-Deiry WS. 2000. Repression of BRCA1 through a feedback loop involving p53. J Biol Chem 275:31869-1875.
162. MacLachlan TK, Takimoto R, El-Deiry WS. 2002. BRCA1 directs a selective p53-dependent transcriptional response towards growth arrest and DNA repair targets. Mol Cell Biol 22:4280-4292.
163. Magdinier F, Billard LM, Wittmann G, Frappart L, Benchaib M, Lenoir GM, Guerin JF, Dante R. 2000. Regional methylation of the 5′ end CpG island of BRCA1 is associated with reduced gene expression in human somatic cells. FASEB J 14:1585-1594.
164. Marks JR, Huper G, Vaughn JP, Davis PL, Norris J, McDonnell DP, Wiseman RW, Futreal PA, Iglehart JD. 1997. BRCA1 is not directly responsive to estrogen. Oncogene 14:115-121.
165. Marquis ST, Rajan JV, Wynshaw-Boris A, Xu J, Yin GY, Abel KJ, Weber BL, Chodosh LA. 1995. The developmental pattern of Brca1 expression implies a role in differentiation of the breast and other tissues. Nat Genet 11:17-26.
166. McGowan CH. 2002. Checking in on Cds1 (Chk2). A checkpoint kinase and tumor suppressor. Bioessays 24:502-511. Review.
167. Melo J, Toczyski D. 2002. A unified view of the DNA-damage checkpoint. Curr Opin Cell Biol 14:237-245. Review.
168. Meng Q, Gao B, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM, Fan S. 2000a. Stimulation of cell invasion and migration by alcohol in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 273:448-453.
169. Meng Q, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM, Fan S. 2000b. Inhibitory effects of indole-3-carbinol on invasion and migration in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 63:147-152.
170. Meng Q, Mei Q, Chen D-Z, Yuan R, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM, Auborn K, Fan S. 2000c. Suppression of breast cancer invasion and migration mediated by indole-3-carbinol: Associated with up-regulation of BRCA1 and E-cadherin/catenin complexes. J Molecular Med 78:155-165.
171. Meng Q, Yuan F, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM, Auborn K, Fan S. 2000d. Indole-3-carbinol is a negative regulator of estrogen receptor-α signaling in human tumor cells. J Nutr 130:2927-2931.
172. Menssen A, Hermeking H. 2002. Characterization of the c-MYC-regulated transcriptome by SAGE: Identification and analysis of c-MYC target genes. PNAS USA 99:6274-6279.
173. Michnovicz JJ, Bradlow HL. 1990. Induction of estradiol metabolism by dietary indole-3-carbinol in humans. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:947-949.
174. Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, Futreal PA, Harshman K, Tavtigian S, Liu Q, Cichran C, Bennett LM, Ding W, et al. 1994. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 266:66-71.
175. Milner J, Ponder B, Hughes-Davies L, Seltmann M, Kouzarides T. 1997. Transcriptional activation functions in BRCA2 [letter]. Nature 386:772-773.
176. Monteiro AN, August A, Hanafusa H. 1996. Evidence for a transcription activation function of BRCA1 C-terminal region. PNAS USA 93:13595-13599.
177. Moynahan ME, Chiu JW, Koller BH, Jasin M. 1999. Brca1 controls homology-directed DNA repair. Mol Cell 4:511-518.
178. Moynahan ME, Cui TY, Jasin M. 2001. Homology-directed DNA repair, mitomycin-c resistance, and chromosome stability is restored with correction of a Brca1 mutation. Cancer Res 61:4842-4850.
179. Mullan PB, Quinn JE, Gilmore PM, McWilliams S, Andrews H, Gervin C, McCabe N, McKenna S, White P, Song YH, Maheswaran S, Liu E, Haber DA, Johnston PG, Harkin DP. 2001. BRCA1 and GADD45 mediated G2/M cell cycle arrest in response to antimicrotubule agents. Oncogene 20:6123-6131.
180. Narod SA, Ford D, Devilee P, Barkardottir RB, Lynch HT, Smith SA, Ponder BA, Weber BL, Garber JE, Birch JM, et al. 1995. Evaluation of genetic heterogeneity in 145 breast-ovarian cancer families. Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Am J Hum Genet 56:254-264.
181. Nass SJ, Dickson RB. 1997. Defining a role for c-Myc in breast tumorigenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 44:1-22.
182. Nastiuk KL, Mansukhumi M, Terry MB, Kularatne P, Rubin MA, Melamed J, Gammon MD, Ittmann M, Krolewski JJ. 1999. Common mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 do not contribute to early prostate cancer in Jewish men. Prostate 40:172-177.
183. Neuhausen SL, Marshall CJ. 1994. Loss of heterozygosity in familial tumors from three BRCA1-linked kindreds. Cancer Res 54:6069-6072.
184. O'Brien KA, Lemke SJ, Cocke KS, Rao RN, Beckmann RP. 1999. Casein kinase 2 binds to and phosphorylates BRCA1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 260:658-664.
185. Osin P, Gusterson BA, Philp E, Waller J, Bartek J, Peto J, Crook T. 1998. Predicted anti-oestrogen resistance in BRCA-associated familial breast cancers. Eur J Cancer 34:1683-1686.
186. Ouchi T, Lee SW, Ouchi M, Aaronson SA, Horvath CM. 2000. Collaboration of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and BRCA1 in differential regulation of IFN-gamma target genes. PNAS USA 97:5208-5213.
187. Ouichi T, Monteiro AN, August A, Aaronson SA, Hanafusa H. 1998. BRCA1 regulates p53-dependent gene expression. PNAS USA 95:2302-2306.
188. Pao GM, Janknecht R, Ruffner H, Hunter T, Verma IM. 2000. CBP/p300 interact with and function as transcriptional coactivators of BRCA1. PNAS USA 97:1020-1025.
189. Parker MG. 1998. Transcriptional activation by estrogen receptors. Biochem Soc Symp 45-50.
190. Pastink A, Eeken JC, Lohman PH. 2001. Genomic integrity and the repair of double-strand DNA breaks. Mutat Res 480-481:37-50. Review.
191. Paull TT, Cortez D, Bowers B, Elledge SJ, Gellert M. 2001. Direct DNA binding by Brca1. PNAS USA 9:6086-6091.
192. Pavelic ZP, Pavelic L, Lower EE, Gapany M, Gapany S, Barker EA, Preisler HD. 1992. c-myc, c-erbB-2, and Ki-67 expression in normal breast tissue and in invasive and noninvasive breast carcinoma. Cancer Res 52:2597-2602.
193. Peto J, Collins N, Barfoot R, Seal S, Warren W, Rahman N, Easton DF, Evans C, Deacon J, Stratton MR. 1999. Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in patients with early-onset breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:943-949.
194. Phillips KW, Goldsworthy SM, Bennett LM, Brownlee HA, Wiseman RW, Davis BJ. 1997. Brca1 is expressed independently of hormonal stimulation in the mouse ovary. Lab Invest 76:419-425.
195. Pierce AJ, Hu P, Han M, Ellis N, Jasin M. 2001. Ku DNA end-binding protein modulates homologous repair of double-strand breaks in mammalian cells. Genes Dev 15:3237-3242.
196. Rajah JV, Wang M, Marquis ST, Chodosh LA. 1996. Brca2 is coordinately regulated with Brca1 during proliferation and differentiation in mammalian epithelial cells. PNAS USA 93:3078-3083.
197. Rajan JV, Marquis ST, Gardner HP, Chodosh LD. 1997. Developmental expression of Brca2 colocalizes with Brca1 and is associated with proliferation and differentiation in multiple tissues. Dev Biol 184:385-401.
198. Rao VN, Shao N, Ahmad M, Reddy ES. 1996. Antisense RNA to putative tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 transforms mouse fibroblasts. Oncogene 12:523-528.
199. Rice JC, Futscher BW. 2000. Transcriptional repression of BRCA1 by aberrant cytosine methylation, histone hypoacetylation and chromatin condensation of the BRCA1 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res 28:3233-3239.
200. Rice JC, Ozcelik H, Maxeiner P, Andrulis I, Futscher BW. 2000. Methylation of the BRCA1 promoter is associated with decreased BRCA1 mRNA levels in clinical breast cancer specimens. Carcinogenesis 21:1761-1765.
201. Roa B, Boyd AA, Volcik K, Richards CS. 1996. Ashkenazi Jewish population frequencies for common mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Nat Genet 14:188-190.
202. Rodriguez JA, Henderson BR. 2000. Identification of a functional nuclear export sequence in BRCA1. J Biol Chem 275:38589-38596.
203. Rosen CA, Woodson GE, Thompson JW, Hengesteg AP, Bradlow HL. 1998. Preliminary results of the use of indole-3-carbinol for recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118:810-815.
204. Rowell S, Newman B, Boyd J, King MC. 1994. Inherited predisposition to breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Am J Hum Genet 55:861-865.
205. Ruffner H, Jiang W, Craig AG, Hunter T, Verma IM. 1999. BRCA1 is phosphorylated at serine 1497 in vivo at a cyclin-dependent kinase 2 phosphorylation site. Mol Cell Biol 19:4843-4854.
206. Ruffner H, Joazeiro CA, Hemmati D, Hunter T, Verma IM. 2001. Cancer-predisposing mutations within the RING domain of BRCA1: Loss of ubiquitin protein ligase activity and protection from radiation hypersensitivity. PNAS USA 98:5134-5139.
207. Runnebaum IB, Nagarajan M, Bowman M, Soto D, Sukumar S. 1991. Mutations in p53 as potential molecular markers for breast cancer. PNAS USA 88:10657-10661.
208. Saurin AJ, Borden KLB, Boddy MN, Freemont PS. 1996. Does this have a familiar RING? Trends Biochem Sci 21:208-214.
209. Schlegel BP, Green VJ, Ladias JA, Parvin JD. 2000a. BRCA1 interaction with RNA polymerase II reveals a role for hRPB2 and hRPB10alpha in activated transcription. PNAS USA 97:3148-3153.
210. Scully R, Ganesan S, Brown M, De Caprio JA, Cannistra SA, Feunteun J, Schnitt S, Livingston DM. 1996. Location of BRCA1 in human breast and ovarian cell lines. Science 272:123-125.
211. Scully R, Anderson SF, Chao DM, Wei W, Ye L, Young RA, Livingston DM, Parvin JD. 1997a. BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. PNAS USA 94:5605-5610.
212. Scully R, Chen J, Plug A, Xiao Y, Weaver D, Feunteun J, Ashley T, Livingston DM. 1997b. Association of BRCA1 with Rad51 in mitotic and meiotic cells. Cell 88:265-275.
213. Scully R, Chen J, Ochs RL, Keegan K, Hoekstra M, Feunteun J, Livingston DM. 1997c. Dynamic changes of BRCA1 subnuclear location and phosphorylation state are initiated by DNA damage. Cell 90:425-435.
214. Sewalt RG, Gunster MJ, van der Vlag J, Satijn DP, Otte AP. 1999. C-Terminal binding protein is a transcriptional repressor that interacts with a specific class of vertebrate Polycomb proteins. Mol Cell Biol 19:777-787.
215. Shao N, Chai YL, Shyam E, Reddy P, Rao VN. 1996. Induction of apoptosis by tumor suppressor protein BRCA1. Oncogene 13:1-7.
216. Sharan SK, Morimatsu M, Albrecht U, Lim DS, Regel E, Dinh C, Sands A, Eichele G, Hasty P, Bradley A. 1997. Embryo lethality and radiation hypersensitivity mediated by Rad51 in mice lacking Brca2. Nature 386:804-810.
217. Shaulian E, Zauberman A, Ginsberg D, Oren M. 1992. Identification of a minimal transforming domain of p53: Negative dominance through abrogation of sequence-specific binding. Mol Cell Biol 12:5581-5592.
218. Sheikh MS, Hollander MC, Fornance AJ, Jr. 2000. Role of Gadd45 in apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 59:43-45. Review.
219. Sherr CJ. 1993. Mammalian G1 cyclins. Cell 73:1059-1065.
220. Shertzer HG, Senft AP. 2000. The micronutrient indole-3-carbinol: Implications for disease and chemoprevention. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 17:159-88.
221. Shiloh Y. 2001. ATM and ATR: Networking cellular responses to DNA damage. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11:71-77. Review.
222. Shinohara A, Ogawa H, Ogawa T. 1992. Rad51 protein involved in repair and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a RecA-like protein. Cell 69:457-470.
223. Siddique H, Zou JP, Rao VN, Reddy ES. 1998. The BRCA2 is a histone acetyltransferase. Oncogene 16:2283-2285.
224. Sigurdsson S, Thorlacius S, Tomasson J, Tryggvadottir L, Benediktsdottir K, Eyfjord JE, Jonsson E. 1997. BRCA2 mutation in Icelandic prostate cancer patients. J Mol Med 75:758-761.
225. Smith TM, Lee MK, Szabo CI, Jerome N, McEuen M, Taylor M, Hood L, King MC. 1996. Complete genomic sequence and analysis of 117 kb of human DNA containing the gene BRCA1. Genome Res 6:1029-1049.
226. WAF1/CIP1. Nature 389:187-190.
227. Somasundaram K, MacLachlan TK, Burns TF, Sgagias M, Cowan KH, Weber BL, El-Deiry WS. 1999. BRCA1 signals ARF-dependent stabilization and coactivation of p53. Oncogene 18:6605-6614.
228. Spillman MA, Bowcock AM. 1996. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mRNA levels are coordinately elevated in human breast cancer cells in response to estrogen. Oncogene 13:1639-1645.
229. Spyratos F, Andrieu C, Vidaud D, Briffod M, Vidaud M, Lidereau R, Bieche I. 2000. CCND1 mRNA overexpression is highly related to estrogen receptor positivity but not to proliferative markers in primary breast cancer. Int J Biol Markers 15:210-214.
230. Streuwing JP, Abeliovich XX, Peretz T, Avishai N, Kaback MM, Collins FS, Brody LC. 1995. The carrier frequency of the BRCA1 185delAG mutation is approximately 1 percent in Ashkenazi Jewish individuals. Nat Genet 11:198-200.
231. Streuwing JP, Hartge P, Wacholder S, Baker SM, Berlin M, McAdams M, Timmerman MM, Brody LC, Tucker MA. 1997. The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews. New Engl J Med 336:1401-1408.
232. Suen TC, Goss PE. 2001. Identification of a novel transcriptional repressor element located in the first intron of the human BRCA1 gene. Oncogene 20:440-450.
233. Sum EY, Peng B, Yu X, Chen J, Byrne J, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. 2002. The LIM domain protein LMO4 interacts with the cofactor CtIP and the tumor suppressor BRCA1 and inhibits BRCA1 activity. J Biol Chem 277:7849-7856.
234. Suzuki A, de la Pompa JL, Hakem R, Elia A, Yoshida R, Mo R, Nishina H, Chuang T, Wakeham A, Itie A, Koo W, Billia P, Ho A, Fukumoto M, Hui CC, Mak TW. 1997. Brca2 is required for embryonic cellular proliferation in the mouse. Genes Dev 11:1242-1252.
235. Takimoto R, MacLachlan TK, Dicker DT, Niitsu Y, Mori T, el-Deiry WS. 2002. BRCA1 transcriptionally regulates damaged DNA binding protein (DDB2) in the DNA repair response following UV-irradiation. Cancer Biol Ther 1:177-186.
236. Tavtigian SV, Simard J, Rommens J, Couch F, Shattuck-Eidens D, Neuhausen S, Merajver S, Thorlacius S, Offit K, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Belanger C, Bell R, Berry S, Bogden R, Chen Q, Davis T, Dumont M, Frye C, Hattier T, Jammulapati S, Janecki T, Jiang P, Kehrer R, Leblanc JF, Goldgar DE, et al. 1996. The complete BRCA2 gene and mutations in chromosome 13q-linked kindreds. Nat Genet 12:333-337.
237. Taylor J, Lymboura M, Pace PE, A'hern RP, Desai AJ, Shousha S, Coombes RC, Ali S. 1998. An important role for BRCA1 in breast cancer progression is indicated by its loss in a large proportion of non-familial breast cancers. Int J Cancer 79:334-342.
238. Thai TH, Du F, Tsan JT, Jin Y, Phung A, Spillman MA, Massa HF, Muller CY, Ashfaq R, Mathis JM, Miller DS, Trask BJ, Baer R, Bowcock AM. 1998. Mutations in the BRCA1-associated RING domain (BARD1) gene in primary breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers. Hum Mol Genet 7:195-202.
239. Thakur S, Zhang HB, Peng Y, Le H, Carroll B, Ward T, Yao J, Farid LM, Couch FJ, Wilson B, Weber BL. 1997. Localization of BRCA1 and a splice variant identifies the nuclear localization signal. Mol Cell Biol 17:444-452.
240. Thomas JE, Smith M, Rubinfeld B, Gutowski M, Beckmann RP, Polakis P. 1996. Subcellular localization and analysis of apparent 180-kDa and 220-kDa proteins of the breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA1. J Biol Chem 271:28630-29635.
241. Thomas JE, Smith M, Tonkinson JL, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P. 1997. Induction of phosphorylation on BRCA1 during the cell cycle and after DNA damage. Cell Growth Differ 8:801-809.
242. Thompson ME, Jensen RA, Obermiller PS, Page DL, Holt JT. 1995. Decreased expression of BRCA1 accelerates growth and is often present during sporadic breast cancer progression. Nat Genet 9:444-450.
243. Thorlacius S, Tryggvadottir L, Olafsdottir GH, Jonasson JG, Ogmundsdottir HM, Tulinius H, Eyfjord JE. 1995. Linkage to BRCA2 region in hereditary male breast cancer. Lancet 346:544-545.
244. Thorlacius S, Olafsdottir G, Tryggvadottir L, et al. 1996. A single BRCA2 mutation in male and female breast cancer families from Iceland with varied cancer phenotypes. Nat Genet 13:117-119.
245. Tibbetts RS, Cortez D, Brumbaugh KM, Scully R, Livingston D, Elledge SJ, Abraham RT. 2000. Functional interactions between BRCA1 and the checkpoint kinase ATR during genotoxic stress. Genes Dev 14:2989-3002.
246. Tirkkonen M, Johannson O, Agnarsson BA, Neuhausen S, Jonasson JG, Tavtigian SV, Tulinius H, Ogmundsdottir HM, Eyfjord JE. 1997. Distinct somatic genetic changes associated with tumor progression in carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germ-line mutations. Cancer Res 57:1222-1227.
247. Torres-Ramos CA, Yoder BL, Burgers PM, Burgers PM, Prakash S, Prakash L. 1996. Requirement of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in RAD6-dependent postreplicational DNA repair. PNAS USA 93:9676-9681.
248. Tran H, Brunet A, Grenier JM, Datta SR, Fornace AJ, Jr., DiStefano PS, Chiang LW, Greenberg ME. 2002. DNA repair pathway stimulated by the forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a through the Gadd45 protein. Science 296:530-534.
249. Tutt A, Gabriel A, Bertwistle D, Connor F, Paterson H, Peacock J, Ross G, Ashworth A. 1999. Absence of Brca2 causes genome instability by chromosome breakage and loss associated with centrosome amplification. Curr Biol 9:1107-1110.
250. van den Berg J, Johannson O, Hakansson S, Olsson H, Borg A. 1996. Allelic loss at chromosome 13q12-q13 is associated with poor prognosis in familial and sporadic breast cancer. Br J Cancer 74:1615-1619.
251. van't Veer LJ, Dai H, van de Vijver MJ, He YD, Hart AA, Mao M, Peterse HL, van der Kooy K, Marton MJ, Witteveen AT, Schreiber GJ, Kerkhoven RM, Roberts C, Linsley PS, Bernards R, Friend SH. 2002. Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 415:530-536.
252. Vaughn JP, Cirisano FD, Huper G, Berchuck A, Futreal PA, Marks JR, Iglehart JD. 1996a. Cell cycle control of BRCA2. Cancer Res 56:4590-4594.
253. Vaughn JP, Davis PL, Jarboe MD, Huper G, Evans DC, Wiseman RW, Berchuck D, Iglehart JD, Futreal PA, Marks J. 1996b. BRCA1 expression is induced before DNA synthesis in both normal and tumor-derived breast cells. Cell Growth Differ 7:711-715.
254. Vaziri SA, Tubbs RR, Darlington G, Casey G. 2001. Absence of CCND1 gene amplification in breast tumours of BRCA1 mutation carriers. Mol Pathol 54:259-263.
255. Venkitaraman AR. 2002. Cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cell 108:171-182. Review.
256. Wang XW, Vermeulen W, Coursen JD, Gibson M, Lupold SE, Forrester K, Xu G, Elmore L, Yeh H, Hoeijmakers JH, Harris CC. 1996. The XPB and XPD DNA helicases are components of the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway. Genes Dev 10:1219-1232.
257. Wang H, Shao N, Ding OM, Cui J, Reddy ES, Rao VN. 1997. BRCA1 proteins are transported to the nucleus in the absence of serum and splice variants BRCA1a, BRCA1b are phosphoproteins that associate with E2F, cyclins, and cyclin-dependent kinases. Oncogene 15:143-147.
258. Wang Q, Zhang H, Kajino K, Greene MI. 1999. BRCA1 binds c-Myc and inhibits its transcritional and transforming activity in cells. Oncogene 17:1939-1948, 1998. 1356.
259. Wang Y, Cortez D, Yazdi P, Neff N, Elledge SJ, Qin J. 2000a. BASC, a super complex of BRCA1-associated proteins involved in the recognition and repair of aberrant DNA structures. Genes Dev 14:927-939.
260. Wang H, Zeng ZC, Bui TA, DiBiase SJ, Qin W, Xia F, Powell SN, Iliakis G. 2001a. Nonhomologous end-joining of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-stranded breaks in human tumor cells deficient in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Cancer Res 61:270-277.
261. Wang Q, Zhang H, Guerrette S, Chen J, Mazurek A, Wilson T, Slupianek A, Skorski T, Fishel R, Greene MI. 2001d. Adenosine nucleotide modulates the physical interaction between hMSH2 and BRCA1. Oncogene 20:4640-4649.
262. Weaver Z, Montagna C, Xu X, Howard T, Gadina M, Brodie SG, Deng CX, Ried T. 2002. Mammary tumors in mice conditionally mutant for Brca1 exhibit gross genomic instability and centrosome amplification yet display a recurring distribution of genomic imbalances that is similar to human breast cancer. Oncogene 21:5097-5107.
263. Weinberg RA. 1995. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 81:323-330.
264. Weinert TA, Hartwell LH. 1988. The RAD9 gene controls the cell cycle response to DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 241:317-322.
265. Wertz IE, Hanley MR. 1996. Diverse molecular provocation of cell death. Trends Biochem Sci 21:359-364.
266. Wilkens EP, Freije D, Xu J, Nusskern DR, Suzuki H, Isaacs SD, Wiley K, Bujnovsky P, Meyers DA, Walsh PC, Isaacs WB. 1999. No evidence for a role of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish families with hereditary prostate cancer. Prostate 39:280-284.
267. Williams RS, Green R, Glover JN. 2001. Crystal structure of the BRCT repeat region from the breast cancer-associated protein BRCA1. Nat Struct Biol 8:838-842.
268. Williamson EA, Dadmanesh F, Koeffler HP. 2002. BRCA1 transactivates the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). Oncogene 21:3199-3206.
269. Wilson CA, Payton MN, Elliott ES, Buaas FW, Cajulis EE, Grosshans D, Ramos L, Reese DM, Slamon DJ, Calzone FJ. 1997. Differential subcellular local but in expression, and biological toxicity of BRCA1 and the splice variant BRCA1-delta 116-149. Oncogene 14:1-16.
270. Wilson CA, Ramos L, Villasenor MR, Anders KH, Press MF, Clarke K, Karlan B, Chen JJ, Scully R, Livingston D, Zuch RH, Kanter MH, Cohen S, Calzone FJ, Slamon DJ. 1999. Localization of human BRCA1 and its loss in high-grade, non-inherited breast carcinomas. Nat Genet 21:236-240.
271. Wong AKC, Pero R, Ormonde PA, Tavtigian SV, Bartel PL. 1997. Rad51 interacts with the evolutionarily conserved BRC motifs in the human breast cancer susceptibility gene brca2. J Biol Chem 272:31941-31944.
272. Wooster R, Bignell G, Lancaster J, Swift S, Seal S, Mangion J, Collins N, Gregory S, Gumbs C, Micklem G. 1995. Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature 378:789-792.
273. Wu LC, Wang ZW, Tsan JT, Spillman MA, Phung A, Xu XL, Yang MC, Hwang LY, Bowcock AM, Baer R. 1996. Identification of a RING protein that can interact in vivo with the BRCA1 gene product. Nat Genet 14:430-440.
274. Wu X, Petrini JH, Heine WF, Weaver DT, Livingston DM, Chen J. 2000. Independence of R/M/N focus formation and the presence of intact BRCA1. Science 289:11.
275. Wu-Baer F, Baer R. 2001. Effect of DNA damage on a BRCA1 complex. Nature 414:36.
276. Xia F, Taghian DG, DeFrank JS, Zeng ZC, Willers H, Iliakis G, Powell SN. 2001. Deficiency of human BRCA2 leads to impaired homologous recombination but maintains normal nonhomologous end joining. PNAS USA 98:8644-8649.
277. Xiao Q, Claassen G, Shi J, Adachi S, Sedivy J, Hann SR. 1998. Transactivation-defective c-MycS retains the ability to regulate proliferation and apoptosis. Genes Dev 12:3803-3808.
278. Xu CF, Brown MA, Chambers JA, Griffiths B, Nicolai H, Solomon E. 1995. Distinct transcription start sites generate two forms of BRCA1 mRNA. Hum Mol Genet 4:2259-2264.
279. Xu X, Wagner K-U, Larson D, Weaver Z, Li C, Ried T, Hennighausen L, Wynshaw-Boris A, Deng C-X. 1999a. Conditional mutation of Brca1 in mammary epithelial cells results in blunted ductal morphogenesis and tumour formation. Nat Genet 22:37-43.
280. Xu X, Weaver Z, Linke SP, Li C, Gotay J, Wang XW, Harris CC, Ried T, Deng CX. 1999b. Centrosome amplification and a defective G2-M cell cycle checkpoint induce genetic instability in BRCA1 exon 11 isoform-deficient cells. Mol Cell 3:389-395.
281. Xu B, Kim St, Kastan MB. 2001a. Involvement of Brca1 in S-phase and G(2)-phase checkpoints after ionizing irradiation. Mol Cell Biol 21:3445-3450.
282. Xu X, Qiao W, Linke SP, Cao L, Li WM, Furth PA, Harris CC, Deng CX. 2001b. Genetic interactions between tumor suppressors Brca1 and p53 in apoptosis, cell cycle and tumorigenesis. Nat Genet 28:266-271.
283. Xu B, O'Donnell AH, Kim ST, Kastan MB. 2002. Phosphorylation of Serine 1387 in Brca1 is specifically required for the Atm-mediated S-phase checkpoint after ionizing irradiation. Cancer Res 62:4588-4591.
284. Yan Y, Haas JP, Kim M, Sgagias MK, Cowan KH. 2002. BRCA1-induced apoptosis involves inactivation of ERK1/2 activities. J Biol Chem 277:33422-33430.
285. Yang Q, Sakurai T, Mori I, Yoshimura G, Nakamura M, Nakamura Y, Suzuma T, Tamaki T, Umemura T, Kakudo K. 2001. Prognostic significance of BRCA1 expression in Japanese sporadic breast carcinomas. Cancer 92:54-60.
286. Yarden RI, Brody LC. 1998. BRCA1 interacts with components of the histone deacetylase complex. PNAS USA 96:4983-4988.
287. Yarden RI, Pardo-Reoyo S, Sgagias M, Cowan KH, Brody LC. 2002. BRCA1 regulates the G2/M checkpoint by activating Chk1 kinase upon DNA damage. Nat Genet 30:285-289.
288. Ye Q, Hu YF, Zhong H, Nye AC, Belmont AS, Li R. 2001. BRCA1-induced large-scale chromatin unfolding and allele-specific effects of cancer-predisposing mutations. J Cell Biol 155:911-921.
289. Yeh S, Hu Yc, Rahman M, Lin HK, Hsu CL, Ting HJ, Kang HY, Chang C. 2000. Increase of androgen-induced cell death and androgen receptor transactivation by BRCA1 in prostate cancer cells. PNAS USA 97:11256-11261.
290. Yoshida K, Komatsu K, Wang HG, Kufe D. 2002. c-Abl tyrosine kinase regulates the human Rad9 checkpoint protein in response to DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol 22:3292-3300.
291. Yu X, Wu LC, Bowcock AM, Aronheim A, Baer R. 1998. The C-terminal (BRCT) domains of BRCA1 interact in vivo with CtIP, a protein implicated in the CtBP pathway of transcriptional repression. J Biol Chem 273:25388-25392.
292. Zafonte BT, Hulit J, Amanatullah DF, Albanese C, Wang C, Rosen E, Reutens A, Sparano JA, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG. 2000. Cell-cycle dysregulation in breast cancer: breast cancer therapies targeting the cell cycle. Front Biosci 5:D938-D961. Review.
293. Zhan Q, Lord KA, Alamo I, Jr., Hollander MC, Carrier F, Ron D, Kohn KW, Hoffman B, Liebermann DA, Fornace AJ, Jr. 1994. The gadd and MyD genes define a novel set of mammalian genes encoding acidic proteins that synergistically suppress cell growth. Mol Cell Biol 14:2361-71.
294. Zhang H, Somasundaram K, Peng Y, Tian H, Zhang H, Bi D, Weber BL, El-Deiry WS. 1998. BRCA1 physically associates with p53 and stimulates it transcriptional activity. Oncogene 16:1713-1721.
295. Zheng L, Pan H, Li S, Flesken-Nikitin A, Chen PL, Boyer TG, Lee WH. 2000. Sequence-specific transcriptional corepressor function for BRCA1 through a novel zinc finger protein, ZBRK1. Mol Cell 6:757-768.
296. Zheng L, Annab LA, Afshari CA, Lee WH, Boyer TG. 2001. BRCA1 mediates ligand-independent transcriptional repression of the estrogen receptor. PNAS USA 98:9587-9592.
297. Zhong Q, Chen CF, Li S, Chen Y, Wang CC, Xiao J, Chen PL, Sharp ZD, Lee WH. 1999. Association of BRCA1 with the hRad50-hMre11-p95 complex and the DNA damage response. Science 285:747-750.