The Role of Macrophages in the Innate Immune Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Mechanisms and Contrasts

Advances in Microbial Physiology

Volumn 65, Issue , 2014, Pages 125-202

  Cole, Joby ^a   Aberdein, Jody ^a   Jubrail, Jamil ^a   Dockrell, David H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Activation; Antimicrobicidal mechanisms; Macrophages; Pattern recognition receptors; Phagocytosis; Phagolysosomes; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Indexed keywords

PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; CELL METABOLISM; CELL PHAGOCYTOSIS; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; COMPLEMENT DEPOSITION; DNA METHYLATION; EPIGENETICS; GENE CONTROL; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTRACELLULAR KILLING; MACROPHAGE; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MACROPHAGE FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; PINOCYTOSIS; PROMOTER REGION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; ANIMAL; CYTOLOGY; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); POSIBACTERIA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MACROPHAGES; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 84919485199     PISSN: 00652911     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2014.08.004     Document Type: Chapter

References (357)

1. Aberdein J.D., Cole J., Bewley M.A., Marriott H.M., Dockrell D.H. Alveolar macrophages in pulmonary host defence the unrecognized role of apoptosis as a mechanism of intracellular bacterial killing. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2013, 174(2):193-202. 10.1111/cei.12170.
2. Abramson S.L., Gallin J.I. IL-4 inhibits superoxide production by human mononuclear phagocytes. The Journal of Immunology 1990, 144(2):625-630.
3. Abtin A., Jain R., Mitchell A.J., Roediger B., Brzoska A.J., Tikoo S., et al. Perivascular macrophages mediate neutrophil recruitment during bacterial skin infection. Nature Immunology 2014, 15(1):45-53. 10.1038/ni.2769.
4. Aderem A., Underhill D.M. Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages. Annual Review of Immunology 1999, 17:593-623. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.593.
5. Ajami B., Bennett J.L., Krieger C., Mcnagny K.M., Rossi F.M.V. Infiltrating monocytes trigger EAE progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool. Nature Neuroscience 2011, 14(9):1142-1149. 10.1038/nn.2887.
6. Albiger B., Dahlberg S., Sandgren A., Wartha F., Beiter K., Katsuragi H., et al. Toll-like receptor 9 acts at an early stage in host defence against pneumococcal infection. Cellular Microbiology 2007, 9(3):633-644. 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00814.x.
7. Ali F., Lee M.E., Iannelli F., Pozzi G., Mitchell T.J., Read R.C., et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated human macrophage apoptosis after bacterial internalization via complement and Fcgamma receptors correlates with intracellular bacterial load. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003, 188(8):1119-1131. 10.1086/378675.
8. Allavena P., Chieppa M., Monti P., Piemonti L. From pattern recognition receptor to regulator of homeostasis: The double-faced macrophage mannose receptor. Critical Reviews in Immunology 2004, 24(3):179-192.
9. Alonzo F., Benson M.A., Chen J., Novick R.P., Shopsin B., Torres V.J. Staphylococcus aureus leucocidin ED contributes to systemic infection by targeting neutrophils and promoting bacterial growth in vivo. Molecular Microbiology 2012, 83(2):423-435. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07942.x.
10. Alonzo F., Kozhaya L., Rawlings S.A., Reyes-Robles T., Dumont A.L., Myszka D.G., et al. CCR5 is a receptor for Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxin ED. Nature 2013, 493(7430):51-55. 10.1038/nature11724.
11. Alpuche-Aranda C.M., Racoosin E.L., Swanson J.A., Miller S.I. Salmonella stimulate macrophage macropinocytosis and persist within spacious phagosomes. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 1994, 179(2):601-608.
12. Ambarus C., Krausz S., Van Eijk M., Hamann J., Radstake T., Reedquist K., et al. Systematic validation of specific phenotypic markers for in vitro polarized human macrophages. Journal of Immunological Methods 2012, 375(1):196-206.
13. Ambrose C.T. The Osler slide, a demonstration of phagocytosis from 1876: Reports of phagocytosis before Metchnikoff's 1880 paper. Cellular Immunology 2006, 240(1):1-4. 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.05.008.
14. Anderson C.F., Mosser D.M. A novel phenotype for an activated macrophage: The type 2 activated macrophage. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2002, 72(1):101-106.
15. Andisi V.F., Hinojosa C.A., De Jong A., Kuipers O.P., Orihuela C.J., Bijlsma J.J. Pneumococcal gene complex involved in resistance to extracellular oxidative stress. Infection and Immunity 2012, 80(3):1037-1049. 10.1128/IAI.05563-11.
16. Antonini J.M., Lawryk N.J., Murthy G.G., Brain J.D. Effect of welding fume solubility on lung macrophage viability and function in vitro. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A 1999, 58(6):343-363.
17. Antonini J.M., Leonard S.S., Roberts J.R., Solano-Lopez C., Young S.H., Shi X., et al. Effect of stainless steel manual metal arc welding fume on free radical production, DNA damage, and apoptosis induction. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2005, 279(1-2):17-23. 10.1007/s11010-005-8211-6.
18. Aronoff D.M., Canetti C., Peters-Golden M. Prostaglandin E2 inhibits alveolar macrophage phagocytosis through an E-prostanoid 2 receptor-mediated increase in intracellular cyclic AMP. Journal of Immunology 2004, 173(1):559-565.
19. Aronoff D.M., Canetti C., Serezani C.H., Luo M., Peters-Golden M. Cutting edge: Macrophage inhibition by cyclic AMP (cAMP): Differential roles of protein kinase A and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP-1. Journal of Immunology 2005, 174(2):595-599.
20. Arredouani M.S., Palecanda A., Koziel H., Huang Y.C., Imrich A., Sulahian T.H., et al. MARCO is the major binding receptor for unopsonized particles and bacteria on human alveolar macrophages. Journal of Immunology 2005, 175(9):6058-6064.
21. Arredouani M.S., Yang Z., Imrich A., Ning Y., Qin G., Kobzik L. The macrophage scavenger receptor SR-AI/II and lung defense against pneumococci and particles. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2006, 35(4):474-478. 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0128OC.
22. Arredouani M., Yang Z., Ning Y., Qin G., Soininen R., Tryggvason K., et al. The scavenger receptor MARCO is required for lung defense against pneumococcal pneumonia and inhaled particles. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2004, 200(2):267-272. 10.1084/jem.20040731.
23. Aschoff L. Das reticulo-endotheliale system. Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde 1924, 1-118. Springer, Berlin. F. Kraus, E. Meyer, O. Minkowski, F. Müller, H. Sahli, A. Schittenhelm, A. Czerny, O. Heubner, L. Langstein (Eds.).
24. Baxt L.A., Garza-Mayers A.C., Goldberg M.B. Bacterial subversion of host innate immune pathways. Science 2013, 340(6133):697-701. 10.1126/science.1235771.
25. Beiter K., Wartha F., Albiger B., Normark S., Zychlinsky A., Henriques-Normark B. An endonuclease allows Streptococcus pneumoniae to escape from neutrophil extracellular traps. Current Biology 2006, 16(4):401-407. 10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.056.
26. Benoit M., Desnues B., Mege J.L. Macrophage polarization in bacterial infections. The Journal of Immunology 2008, 181(6):3733-3739.
27. Benton K.A., Everson M.P., Briles D.E. A pneumolysin-negative mutant of Streptococcus pneumoniae causes chronic bacteremia rather than acute sepsis in mice. Infection and Immunity 1995, 63(2):448-455.
28. Berger S.L. The complex language of chromatin regulation during transcription. Nature 2007, 447(7143):407-412.
29. Bermpohl D., Halle A., Freyer D., Dagand E., Braun J.S., Bechmann I., et al. Bacterial programmed cell death of cerebral endothelial cells involves dual death pathways. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005, 115(6):1607-1615. 10.1172/JCI23223.
30. Bestebroer J., Poppelier M.J., Ulfman L.H., Lenting P.J., Denis C.V., Van Kessel K.P., et al. Staphylococcal superantigen-like 5 binds PSGL-1 and inhibits P-selectin-mediated neutrophil rolling. Blood 2007, 109(7):2936-2943. 10.1182/blood-2006-06-015461.
31. Bewley M.A., Marriott H.M., Tulone C., Francis S.E., Mitchell T.J., Read R.C., et al. A cardinal role for cathepsin d in co-ordinating the host-mediated apoptosis of macrophages and killing of pneumococci. PLoS Pathogens 2011, 7(1):e1001262. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001262.
32. Bewley M.A., Naughton M., Preston J., Mitchell A., Holmes A., Marriott H.M., et al. Pneumolysin activates macrophage lysosomal membrane permeabilization and executes apoptosis by distinct mechanisms without membrane pore formation. MBio 2014, in press.
33. Bewley M.A., Pham T.K., Marriott H.M., Noirel J., Chu H.P., Ow S.Y., et al. Proteomic evaluation and validation of cathepsin D regulated proteins in macrophages exposed to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 2011, 10(6). M111 008193. 10.1074/mcp.M111.008193.
34. Biggar W.D., Buron S., Holmes B. Bactericidal mechanisms in rabbit alveolar macrophages: Evidence against peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide bactericidal mechanisms. Infection and Immunity 1976, 14(1):6-10.
35. Bistoni F., Vecchiarelli A., Cenci E., Puccetti P., Marconi P., Cassone A. Evidence for macrophage-mediated protection against lethal Candida albicans infection. Infection and Immunity 1986, 51(2):668-674.
36. Blanchet C., Jouvion G., Fitting C., Cavaillon J.M., Adib-Conquy M. Protective or deleterious role of scavenger receptors SR-A and CD36 on host resistance to Staphylococcus aureus depends on the site of infection. PLoS One 2014, 9(1):e87927. 10.1371/journal.pone.0087927.
37. Bogaert D., De Groot R., Hermans P.W. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: The key to pneumococcal disease. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2004, 4(3):144-154. 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00938-7.
38. Bosedasgupta S., Pieters J. Inflammatory stimuli reprogram macrophage phagocytosis to macropinocytosis for the rapid elimination of pathogens. PLoS Pathogens 2014, 10(1). 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003879.
39. Branger J., Knapp S., Weijer S., Leemans J.C., Pater J.M., Speelman P., et al. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in gram-positive and gram-negative pneumonia in mice. Infection and Immunity 2004, 72(2):788-794.
40. Braun J.S., Sublett J.E., Freyer D., Mitchell T.J., Cleveland J.L., Tuomanen E.I., et al. Pneumococcal pneumolysin and H(2)O(2) mediate brain cell apoptosis during meningitis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2002, 109(1):19-27. 10.1172/JCI12035.
41. Brinkmann V., Reichard U., Goosmann C., Fauler B., Uhlemann Y., Weiss D.S., et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science 2004, 303(5663):1532-1535. 10.1126/science.1092385.
42. Brouwer M.C., De Gans J., Heckenberg S.G., Zwinderman A.H., Van Der Poll T., Van De Beek D. Host genetic susceptibility to pneumococcal and meningococcal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2009, 9(1):31-44. 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70261-5.
43. Brown K.E., Brunt E.M., Heinecke J.W. Immunohistochemical detection of myeloperoxidase and its oxidation products in Kupffer cells of human liver. The American Journal of Pathology 2001, 159(6):2081-2088. 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63059-3.
44. Brown J.S., Hussell T., Gilliland S.M., Holden D.W., Paton J.C., Ehrenstein M.R., et al. The classical pathway is the dominant complement pathway required for innate immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002, 99(26):16969-16974. 10.1073/pnas.012669199.
45. Bruhns P., Iannascoli B., England P., Mancardi D.A., Fernandez N., Jorieux S., et al. Specificity and affinity of human Fcgamma receptors and their polymorphic variants for human IgG subclasses. Blood 2009, 113(16):3716-3725. 10.1182/blood-2008-09-179754.
46. Bubeck Wardenburg J., Bae T., Otto M., Deleo F.R., Schneewind O. Poring over pores: Alpha-hemolysin and Panton-Valentine leukocidin in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Nature Medicine 2007, 13(12):1405-1406. 10.1038/nm1207-1405.
47. Bucci C., Parton R.G., Mather I.H., Stunnenberg H., Simons K., Hoflack B., et al. The small GTPase rab5 functions as a regulatory factor in the early endocytic pathway. Cell 1992, 70(5):715-728.
48. Buchmeier N.A., Schreiber R.D. Requirement of endogenous interferon-gamma production for resolution of Listeria monocytogenes infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1985, 82(21):7404-7408.
49. Burnett D., Crocker J., Stockley R.A. Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase activity in sputum and immunohistologic identification of cathepsin B in alveolar macrophages. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 1983, 128(5):915-919.
50. Canetti C., Aronoff D.M., Choe M., Flamand N., Wettlaufer S., Toews G.B., et al. Differential regulation by leukotrienes and calcium of Fc gamma receptor-induced phagocytosis and Syk activation in dendritic cells versus macrophages. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2006, 79(6):1234-1241. 10.1189/jlb.0705374.
51. Cao H., Wolff R.G., Meltzer M.S., Crawford R.M. Differential regulation of class II MHC determinants on macrophages by IFN-gamma and IL-4. The Journal of Immunology 1989, 143(11):3524-3531.
52. Cellier M.F., Courville P., Campion C. Nramp1 phagocyte intracellular metal withdrawal defense. Microbes and Infection 2007, 9(14-15):1662-1670. 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.09.006.
53. Chambers H.F., Deleo F.R. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 2009, 7(9):629-641. 10.1038/nrmicro2200.
54. Chang S., Sievert D.M., Hageman J.C., Boulton M.L., Tenover F.C., Downes F.P., et al. Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. The New England Journal of Medicine 2003, 348(14):1342-1347. 10.1056/NEJMoa025025.
55. Chapman S.J., Khor C.C., Vannberg F.O., Frodsham A., Walley A., Maskell N.A., et al. IkappaB genetic polymorphisms and invasive pneumococcal disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2007, 176(2):181-187. 10.1164/rccm.200702-169OC.
56. Chen G., Shaw M.H., Kim Y.G., Nunez G. NOD-like receptors: Role in innate immunity and inflammatory disease. Annual Review of Pathology 2009, 4:365-398. 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092239.
57. Chorro L., Sarde A., Li M., Woollard K.J., Chambon P., Malissen B., et al. Langerhans cell (LC) proliferation mediates neonatal development, homeostasis, and inflammation-associated expansion of the epidermal LC network. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2009, 206(13):3089-3100. 10.1084/jem.20091586.
58. Chow O.A., Von Kockritz-Blickwede M., Bright A.T., Hensler M.E., Zinkernagel A.S., Cogen A.L., et al. Statins enhance formation of phagocyte extracellular traps. Cell Host & Microbe 2010, 8(5):445-454. 10.1016/j.chom.2010.10.005.
59. Clark R.A. Oxidative inactivation of pneumolysin by the myeloperoxidase system and stimulated human neutrophils. The Journal of Immunology 1986, 136(12):4617-4622.
60. Clark I.A., Allison A.C., Cox F.E. Protection of mice against babesia, and plasmodium with BCG. Nature 1976, 259(5541):309-311. 10.1038/259309a0.
61. Clatworthy M.R., Smith K.G. FcgammaRIIb balances efficient pathogen clearance and the cytokine-mediated consequences of sepsis. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2004, 199(5):717-723. 10.1084/jem.20032197.
62. Coggon D., Inskip H., Winter P., Pannett B. Lobar pneumonia: An occupational disease in welders. Lancet 1994, 344(8914):41-43.
63. Cohn Z.A., Benson B. The differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes morphology, cytochemistry, and biochemistry. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 1965, 121(1):153-170. 10.1084/jem.121.1.153.
64. Colino J., Snapper C.M. Two distinct mechanisms for induction of dendritic cell apoptosis in response to intact Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Journal of Immunology 2003, 171(5):2354-2365.
65. Corey G.R. Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: Definitions and treatment. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009, 48(Suppl. 4):S254-S259. 10.1086/598186.
66. Correa R.G., Milutinovic S., Reed J.C. Roles of NOD1 (NLRC1) and NOD2 (NLRC2) in innate immunity and inflammatory diseases. Bioscience Reports 2012, 32(6):597-608. 10.1042/BSR20120055.
67. Cosgrove S.E., Sakoulas G., Perencevich E.N., Schwaber M.J., Karchmer A.W., Carmeli Y. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: A meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003, 36(1):53-59. 10.1086/345476.
68. Daigneault M., De Silva T.I., Bewley M.A., Preston J.A., Marriott H.M., Mitchell A.M., et al. Monocytes regulate the mechanism of T-cell death by inducing Fas-mediated apoptosis during bacterial infection. PLoS Pathogens 2012, 8(7):e1002814. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002814.
69. Daigneault M., Preston J.A., Marriott H.M., Whyte M.K., Dockrell D.H. The identification of markers of macrophage differentiation in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. PLoS One 2010, 5(1):e8668. 10.1371/journal.pone.0008668.
70. Dalton D.K., Pitts-Meek S., Keshav S., Figari I.S., Bradley A., Stewart T.A. Multiple defects of immune cell function in mice with disrupted interferon-gamma genes. Science 1993, 259(5102):1739-1742.
71. Davies L.C., Rosas M., Smith P.J., Fraser D.J., Jones S.A., Taylor P.R. A quantifiable proliferative burst of tissue macrophages restores homeostatic macrophage populations after acute inflammation. European Journal of Immunology 2011, 41(8):2155-2164. 10.1002/eji.201141817.
72. Davis K.M., Nakamura S., Weiser J.N. Nod2 sensing of lysozyme-digested peptidoglycan promotes macrophage recruitment and clearance of S. pneumoniae colonization in mice. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2011, 121(9):3666-3676. 10.1172/JCI57761.
73. Degnan B.A., Palmer J.M., Robson T., Jones C.E., Fischer M., Glanville M., et al. Inhibition of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation by Streptococcus pyogenes cell extract is associated with arginine deiminase activity. Infection and Immunity 1998, 66(7):3050-3058.
74. de Haas C.J., Veldkamp K.E., Peschel A., Weerkamp F., Van Wamel W.J., Heezius E.C., et al. Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial antiinflammatory agent. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2004, 199(5):687-695. 10.1084/jem.20031636.
75. Deisenhofer J. Crystallographic refinement and atomic models of a human Fc fragment and its complex with fragment B of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus at 2.9- and 2.8-A resolution. Biochemistry 1981, 20(9):2361-2370.
76. de Kraker M.E., Davey P.G., Grundmann H. Mortality and hospital stay associated with resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteremia: Estimating the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. PLoS Medicine 2011, 8(10):e1001104. BURDEN Study Group. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001104.
77. Dela Cruz C.S., Liu W., He C.H., Jacoby A., Gornitzky A., Ma B., et al. Chitinase 3-like-1 promotes Streptococcus pneumoniae killing and augments host tolerance to lung antibacterial responses. Cell Host & Microbe 2012, 12(1):34-46. 10.1016/j.chom.2012.05.017.
78. Deleo F.R., Allen L.A., Apicella M., Nauseef W.M. NADPH oxidase activation and assembly during phagocytosis. The Journal of Immunology 1999, 163(12):6732-6740.
79. Deleo F.R., Otto M., Kreiswirth B.N., Chambers H.F. Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2010, 375(9725):1557-1568. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61999-1.
80. Deloid G.M., Sulahian T.H., Imrich A., Kobzik L. Heterogeneity in macrophage phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus strains: High-throughput scanning cytometry-based analysis. PLoS One 2009, 4(7):e6209. 10.1371/journal.pone.0006209.
81. de Luca A., Smeekens S.P., Casagrande A., Iannitti R., Conway K.L., Gresnigt M.S., et al. IL-1 receptor blockade restores autophagy and reduces inflammation in chronic granulomatous disease in mice and in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2014, 111(9):3526-3531. 10.1073/pnas.1322831111.
82. de Roux A., Marcos M.A., Garcia E., Mensa J., Ewig S., Lode H., et al. Viral community-acquired pneumonia in nonimmunocompromised adults. Chest 2004, 125(4):1343-1351.
83. De Santa F., Narang V., Yap Z.H., Tusi B.K., Burgold T., Austenaa L., et al. Jmjd3 contributes to the control of gene expression in LPS-activated macrophages. The EMBO Journal 2009, 28(21):3341-3352. 10.1038/emboj.2009.271.
84. Desjardins M., Huber L.A., Parton R.G., Griffiths G. Biogenesis of phagolysosomes proceeds through a sequential series of interactions with the endocytic apparatus. The Journal of Cell Biology 1994, 124(5):677-688.
85. Diep B.A., Gill S.R., Chang R.F., Phan T.H., Chen J.H., Davidson M.G., et al. Complete genome sequence of USA300, an epidemic clone of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2006, 367(9512):731-739. 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68231-7.
86. Dockrell D.H., Lee M., Lynch D.H., Read R.C. Immune-mediated phagocytosis and killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae are associated with direct and bystander macrophage apoptosis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001, 184(6):713-722. 10.1086/323084.
87. Dockrell D.H., Marriott H.M., Prince L.R., Ridger V.C., Ince P.G., Hellewell P.G., et al. Alveolar macrophage apoptosis contributes to pneumococcal clearance in a resolving model of pulmonary infection. Journal of Immunology 2003, 171(10):5380-5388.
88. Dockrell D.H., Whyte M.K., Mitchell T.J. Pneumococcal pneumonia: Mechanisms of infection and resolution. Chest 2012, 142(2):482-491. 10.1378/chest.12-0210.
89. Donlan R.M., Costerton J.W. Biofilms: Survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2002, 15(2):167-193.
90. Dorrington M.G., Roche A.M., Chauvin S.E., Tu Z., Mossman K.L., Weiser J.N., et al. MARCO is required for TLR2- and Nod2-mediated responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae and clearance of pneumococcal colonization in the murine nasopharynx. The Journal of Immunology 2013, 190(1):250-258. 10.4049/jimmunol.1202113.
91. Dumont A.L., Nygaard T.K., Watkins R.L., Smith A., Kozhaya L., Kreiswirth B.N., et al. Characterization of a new cytotoxin that contributes to Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis. Molecular Microbiology 2011, 79(3):814-825. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07490.x.
92. Dunne D.W., Resnick D., Greenberg J., Krieger M., Joiner K.A. The type I macrophage scavenger receptor binds to gram-positive bacteria and recognizes lipoteichoic acid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994, 91(5):1863-1867.
93. Durrant W.E., Dong X. Systemic acquired resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology 2004, 42(1):185-209. 10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.040803.140421.
94. Eagan R., Twigg H.L., French N., Musaya J., Day R.B., Zijlstra E.E., et al. Lung fluid immunoglobulin from HIV-infected subjects has impaired opsonic function against pneumococci. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007, 44(12):1632-1638. 10.1086/518133.
95. Ebert R.H., Florey H.W. The extravascular development of the monocyte observed in vivo. British Journal of Experimental Pathology 1939, 20(4):342-356.
96. Ehrlich M., Gama-Sosa M.A., Huang L.H., Midgett R.M., Kuo K.C., McCune R.A., et al. Amount and distribution of 5-methylcytosine in human DNA from different types of tissues of cells. Nucleic Acids Research 1982, 10(8):2709-2721.
97. Ehrt S., Schnappinger D., Bekiranov S., Drenkow J., Shi S., Gingeras T.R., et al. Reprogramming of the macrophage transcriptome in response to interferon-γ and mycobacterium tuberculosis signaling roles of nitric oxide synthase-2 and phagocyte oxidase. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2001, 194(8):1123-1140. 10.1084/jem.194.8.1123.
98. Eskandarian H.A., Impens F., Nahori M.-A., Soubigou G., Coppée J.-Y., Cossart P., et al. A role for SIRT2-dependent histone H3K18 deacetylation in bacterial infection. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2013, 341(6145):1238858. 10.1126/science.1238858.
99. Esposito A.L., Clark C.A., Poirier W.J. An assessment of the respiratory burst and bactericidal activity of alveolar macrophages from adult and senescent mice. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 1988, 43(5):445-454.
100. Essmann F., Bantel H., Totzke G., Engels I.H., Sinha B., Schulze-Osthoff K., et al. Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin-induced cell death: Predominant necrosis despite apoptotic caspase activation. Cell Death and Differentiation 2003, 10(11):1260-1272. 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401301.
101. Esteller M. Cancer epigenomics: DNA methylomes and histone-modification maps. Nature Reviews. Genetics 2007, 8(4):286-298. 10.1038/nrg2005.
102. Fang F.C. Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: Concepts and controversies. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 2004, 2(10):820-832. 10.1038/nrmicro1004.
103. Fang R., Tsuchiya K., Kawamura I., Shen Y., Hara H., Sakai S., et al. Critical roles of ASC inflammasomes in caspase-1 activation and host innate resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Journal of Immunology 2011, 187(9):4890-4899. 10.4049/jimmunol.1100381.
104. Fernie-King B., Seilly D., Davies A., Lachmann P. Subversion of the innate immune response by micro-organisms. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2002, 61(Suppl. 2):ii8-ii12. 10.1136/ard.61.suppl_2.ii8.
105. Flannagan R.S., Cosio G., Grinstein S. Antimicrobial mechanisms of phagocytes and bacterial evasion strategies. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 2009, 7(5):355-366. 10.1038/nrmicro2128.
106. Foster S.L., Hargreaves D.C., Medzhitov R. Gene-specific control of inflammation by TLR-induced chromatin modifications. Nature 2007, 447(7147):972-978. 10.1038/nature05836.
107. Franchi L., Kanneganti T.D., Dubyak G.R., Nunez G. Differential requirement of P2X7 receptor and intracellular K+ for caspase-1 activation induced by intracellular and extracellular bacteria. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2007, 282(26):18810-18818. 10.1074/jbc.M610762200.
108. Fraser J.D., Proft T. The bacterial superantigen and superantigen-like proteins. Immunological Reviews 2008, 225:226-243. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00681.x.
109. Geijtenbeek T.B., Groot P.C., Nolte M.A., Van Vliet S.J., Gangaram-Panday S.T., Van Duijnhoven G.C., et al. Marginal zone macrophages express a murine homologue of DC-SIGN that captures blood-borne antigens in vivo. Blood 2002, 100(8):2908-2916. 10.1182/blood-2002-04-1044.
110. Giese B., Glowinski F., Paprotka K., Dittmann S., Steiner T., Sinha B., et al. Expression of delta-toxin by Staphylococcus aureus mediates escape from phago-endosomes of human epithelial and endothelial cells in the presence of beta-toxin. Cellular Microbiology 2011, 13(2):316-329. 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01538.x.
111. Godleski J.J., Brain J.D. The origin of alveolar macrophages in mouse radiation chimeras. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 1972, 136(3):630-643. 10.1084/jem.136.3.630.
112. Goldmann O., Von Kockritz-Blickwede M., Holtje C., Chhatwal G.S., Geffers R., Medina E. Transcriptome analysis of murine macrophages in response to infection with Streptococcus pyogenes reveals an unusual activation program. Infection and Immunity 2007, 75(8):4148-4157. 10.1128/IAI.00181-07.
113. Gordon S.B., Irving G.R., Lawson R.A., Lee M.E., Read R.C. Intracellular trafficking and killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae by human alveolar macrophages are influenced by opsonins. Infection and Immunity 2000, 68(4):2286-2293.
114. Gordon R.J., Lowy F.D. Pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008, 46(Suppl. 5):S350-S359. 10.1086/533591.
115. Grosz M., Kolter J., Paprotka K., Winkler A.C., Schafer D., Chatterjee S.S., et al. Cytoplasmic replication of Staphylococcus aureus upon phagosomal escape triggered by phenol-soluble modulin alpha. Cellular Microbiology 2014, 16(4):451-465. 10.1111/cmi.12233.
116. Guiral S., Mitchell T.J., Martin B., Claverys J.P. Competence-programmed predation of noncompetent cells in the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae: Genetic requirements. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102(24):8710-8715. 10.1073/pnas.0500879102.
117. Hackam D.J., Rotstein O.D., Zhang W.J., Demaurex N., Woodside M., Tsai O., et al. Regulation of phagosomal acidification. Differential targeting of Na+/H+ exchangers, Na+/K+-ATPases, and vacuolar-type H+-atpases. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1997, 272(47):29810-29820.
118. Hamon M.A., Batsche E., Regnault B., Tham T.N., Seveau S., Muchardt C., et al. Histone modifications induced by a family of bacterial toxins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104(33):13467-13472. 10.1073/pnas.0702729104.
119. Hanke M.L., Heim C.E., Angle A., Sanderson S.D., Kielian T. Targeting macrophage activation for the prevention and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infections. The Journal of Immunology 2013, 190(5):2159-2168. 10.4049/jimmunol.1202348.
120. Harrison R.E., Bucci C., Vieira O.V., Schroer T.A., Grinstein S. Phagosomes fuse with late endosomes and/or lysosomes by extension of membrane protrusions along microtubules: Role of Rab7 and RILP. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2003, 23(18):6494-6506.
121. Harvey R.M., Ogunniyi A.D., Chen A.Y., Paton J.C. Pneumolysin with low hemolytic activity confers an early growth advantage to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the blood. Infection and Immunity 2011, 79(10):4122-4130. 10.1128/IAI.05418-11.
122. Hashimoto D., Chow A., Noizat C., Teo P., Beasley M.B., Leboeuf M., et al. Tissue-resident macrophages self-maintain locally throughout adult life with minimal contribution from circulating monocytes. Immunity 2013, 38(4):792-804. 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.004.
123. Herre J., Marshall A.S., Caron E., Edwards A.D., Williams D.L., Schweighoffer E., et al. Dectin-1 uses novel mechanisms for yeast phagocytosis in macrophages. Blood 2004, 104(13):4038-4045. 10.1182/blood-2004-03-1140.
124. Herrmann D.J., Hamilton R.G., Barington T., Frasch C.E., Arakere G., Makela O., et al. Quantitation of human IgG subclass antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide. Results of an international collaborative study using enzyme immunoassay methodology. Journal of Immunological Methods 1992, 148(1-2):101-114.
125. Hesse M., Modolell M., Flamme A.C.L., Schito M., Fuentes J.M., Cheever A.W., et al. Differential regulation of nitric oxide synthase-2 and arginase-1 by type 1/type 2 cytokines in vivo: Granulomatous pathology is shaped by the pattern of l-arginine metabolism. The Journal of Immunology 2001, 167(11):6533-6544.
126. Hiramatsu K., Hanaki H., Ino T., Yabuta K., Oguri T., Tenover F.C. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1997, 40(1):135-136.
127. Hof D.G., Repine J.E., Peterson P.K., Hoidal J.R. Phagocytosis by human alveolar macrophages and neutrophils: Qualitative differences in the opsonic requirements for uptake of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 1980, 121(1):65-71.
128. Holzinger D., Gieldon L., Mysore V., Nippe N., Taxman D.J., Duncan J.A., et al. Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin induces an inflammatory response in human phagocytes via the NLRP3 inflammasome. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2012, 92(5):1069-1081. 10.1189/jlb.0112014.
129. Huynh K.K., Eskelinen E.L., Scott C.C., Malevanets A., Saftig P., Grinstein S. LAMP proteins are required for fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes. The EMBO Journal 2007, 26(2):313-324. 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601511.
130. Huynh K.K., Grinstein S. Regulation of vacuolar pH and its modulation by some microbial species. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 2007, 71(3):452-462. 10.1128/MMBR.00003-07.
131. Hyams C., Camberlein E., Cohen J.M., Bax K., Brown J.S. The Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule inhibits complement activity and neutrophil phagocytosis by multiple mechanisms. Infection and Immunity 2010, 78(2):704-715. 10.1128/IAI.00881-09.
132. Hyams C., Opel S., Hanage W., Yuste J., Bax K., Henriques-Normark B., et al. Effects of Streptococcus pneumoniae strain background on complement resistance. PLoS One 2011, 6(10):e24581. 10.1371/journal.pone.0024581.
133. Hyams C., Yuste J., Bax K., Camberlein E., Weiser J.N., Brown J.S. Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to complement-mediated immunity is dependent on the capsular serotype. Infection and Immunity 2010, 78(2):716-725. 10.1128/IAI.01056-09.
134. Ibrahim Y.M., Kerr A.R., McCluskey J., Mitchell T.J. Role of HtrA in the virulence and competence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infection and Immunity 2004, 72(6):3584-3591. 10.1128/IAI.72.6.3584-3591.2004.
135. Ifrim D.C., Quintin J., Joosten L.A., Jacobs C., Jansen T., Jacobs L., et al. Trained immunity or tolerance: Opposing functional programs induced in human monocytes after engagement of various pattern recognition receptors. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 2014, 21(4):534-545. 10.1128/cvi.00688-13.
136. Ip W.K., Sokolovska A., Charriere G.M., Boyer L., Dejardin S., Cappillino M.P., et al. Phagocytosis and phagosome acidification are required for pathogen processing and MyD88-dependent responses to Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Immunology 2010, 184(12):7071-7081. 10.4049/jimmunol.1000110.
137. Ivashkiv L.B. Epigenetic regulation of macrophage polarization and function. Trends in Immunology 2013, 34(5):216-223. 10.1016/j.it.2012.11.001.
138. Janoff E.N., Fasching C., Orenstein J.M., Rubins J.B., Opstad N.L., Dalmasso A.P. Killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae by capsular polysaccharide-specific polymeric IgA, complement, and phagocytes. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1999, 104(8):1139-1147. 10.1172/JCI6310.
139. Jarry T.M., Memmi G., Cheung A.L. The expression of alpha-haemolysin is required for Staphylococcus aureus phagosomal escape after internalization in CFT-1 cells. Cellular Microbiology 2008, 10(9):1801-1814. 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01166.x.
140. Jarva H., Janulczyk R., Hellwage J., Zipfel P.F., Bjorck L., Meri S. Streptococcus pneumoniae evades complement attack and opsonophagocytosis by expressing the pspC locus-encoded Hic protein that binds to short consensus repeats 8-11 of factor H. The Journal of Immunology 2002, 168(4):1886-1894.
141. Jedrzejas M.J. Pneumococcal virulence factors: Structure and function. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 2001, 65(2):187-207. first page, table of contents. 10.1128/MMBR.65.2.187-207.2001.
142. Jenkins S.J., Ruckerl D., Cook P.C., Jones L.H., Finkelman F.D., Van Rooijen N., et al. Local macrophage proliferation, rather than recruitment from the blood, is a signature of TH2 inflammation. Science 2011, 332(6035):1284-1288. 10.1126/science.1204351.
143. Jenner R.G., Young R.A. Insights into host responses against pathogens from transcriptional profiling. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 2005, 3(4):281-294. 10.1038/nrmicro1126.
144. Jenuwein T., Allis C.D. Translating the histone code. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2001, 293(5532):1074-1080. 10.1126/science.1063127.
145. Jesch N.K., Dorger M., Enders G., Rieder G., Vogelmeier C., Messmer K., et al. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and formation of nitric oxide by alveolar macrophages: An interspecies comparison. Environmental Health Perspectives 1997, 105(Suppl. 5):1297-1300.
146. Jin M., Opalek J.M., Marsh C.B., Wu H.M. Proteome comparison of alveolar macrophages with monocytes reveals distinct protein characteristics. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2004, 31(3):322-329. 10.1165/rcmb.2004-0080OC.
147. John J.F.J. Staphylococcal infection: Emerging clinical syndromes. Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular and clinical aspects 2004, 1-30. Horwood Publishing Limited, United Kingdom, Reprinted from: 2009. D.A. Aldeen, K. Hiramatsu (Eds.).
148. Jongerius I., Kohl J., Pandey M.K., Ruyken M., Van Kessel K.P., Van Strijp J.A., et al. Staphylococcal complement evasion by various convertase-blocking molecules. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2007, 204(10):2461-2471. 10.1084/jem.20070818.
149. Jonsson S., Musher D.M., Chapman A., Goree A., Lawrence E.C. Phagocytosis and killing of common bacterial pathogens of the lung by human alveolar macrophages. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1985, 152(1):4-13.
150. Jordens I., Fernandez-Borja M., Marsman M., Dusseljee S., Janssen L., Calafat J., et al. The Rab7 effector protein RILP controls lysosomal transport by inducing the recruitment of dynein-dynactin motors. Current Biology 2001, 11(21):1680-1685.
151. Jounblat R., Kadioglu A., Mitchell T.J., Andrew P.W. Pneumococcal behavior and host responses during bronchopneumonia are affected differently by the cytolytic and complement-activating activities of pneumolysin. Infection and Immunity 2003, 71(4):1813-1819.
152. Kadioglu A., Weiser J.N., Paton J.C., Andrew P.W. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors in host respiratory colonization and disease. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 2008, 6(4):288-301. 10.1038/nrmicro1871.
153. Kapetanovic R., Nahori M.A., Balloy V., Fitting C., Philpott D.J., Cavaillon J.M., et al. Contribution of phagocytosis and intracellular sensing for cytokine production by Staphylococcus aureus-activated macrophages. Infection and Immunity 2007, 75(2):830-837. 10.1128/IAI.01199-06.
154. Kapetanovic R., Parlato M., Fitting C., Quesniaux V., Cavaillon J.M., Adib-Conquy M. Mechanisms of TNF induction by heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus differ upon the origin of mononuclear phagocytes. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 2011, 300(4):C850-C859. 10.1152/ajpcell.00187.2010.
155. Kato T., Kojima K., Murachi T. Proteases of macrophages in rat peritoneal exudate, with special reference to the effects of actinomycete protease inhibitors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1972, 289(1):187-193.
156. Kebaier C., Chamberland R.R., Allen I.C., Gao X., Broglie P.M., Hall J.D., et al. Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin mediates virulence in a murine model of severe pneumonia through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2012, 205(5):807-817. 10.1093/infdis/jir846.
157. Kennedy D.W., Abkowitz J.L. Kinetics of central nervous system microglial and macrophage engraftment: Analysis using a transgenic bone marrow transplantation model. Blood 1997, 90(3):986-993.
158. Kennedy D.W., Abkowitz J.L. Mature monocytic cells enter tissues and engraft. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1998, 95(25):14944-14949.
159. Khor C.C., Chapman S.J., Vannberg F.O., Dunne A., Murphy C., Ling E.Y., et al. A Mal functional variant is associated with protection against invasive pneumococcal disease, bacteremia, malaria and tuberculosis. Nature Genetics 2007, 39(4):523-528. 10.1038/ng1976.
160. Kilian M., Mestecky J., Kulhavy R., Tomana M., Butler W.T. IgA1 proteases from Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus sanguis: Comparative immunochemical studies. The Journal of Immunology 1980, 124(6):2596-2600.
161. Kirby W.M. Extraction of a highly potent penicillin inactivator from penicillin resistant Staphylococci. Science 1944, 99(2579):452-453. 10.1126/science.99.2579.452.
162. Klein E., Smith D.L., Laxminarayan R. Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999-2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2007, 13:1840-1846.
163. Kleinnijenhuis J., Quintin J., Preijers F., Joosten L.A.B., Ifrim D.C., Saeed S., et al. Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109(43):17537-17542. 10.1073/pnas.1202870109.
164. Knapp S., Wieland C.W., van'T Veer C., Takeuchi O., Akira S., Florquin S., et al. Toll-like receptor 2 plays a role in the early inflammatory response to murine pneumococcal pneumonia but does not contribute to antibacterial defense. Journal of Immunology 2004, 172(5):3132-3138.
165. Koppel E.A., Wieland C.W., Van Den Berg V.C., Litjens M., Florquin S., Van Kooyk Y., et al. Specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin-related 1 (SIGNR1) expressed by marginal zone macrophages is essential for defense against pulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. European Journal of Immunology 2005, 35(10):2962-2969. 10.1002/eji.200526216.
166. Koziel J., Maciag-Gudowska A., Mikolajczyk T., Bzowska M., Sturdevant D.E., Whitney A.R., et al. Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by macrophages exerts cytoprotective effects manifested by the upregulation of antiapoptotic factors. PLoS One 2009, 4(4):e5210. 10.1371/journal.pone.0005210.
167. Krakauer T. Stimulant-dependent modulation of cytokines and chemokines by airway epithelial cells: Cross talk between pulmonary epithelial and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 2002, 9(1):126-131.
168. Kreider T., Anthony R.M., Urban J.F., Gause W.C. Alternatively activated macrophages in helminth infections. Current Opinion in Immunology 2007, 19(4):448-453. 10.1016/j.coi.2007.07.002.
169. Kruidenier L., Chung C.-w., Cheng Z., Liddle J., Che K., Joberty G., et al. A selective jumonji H3K27 demethylase inhibitor modulates the proinflammatory macrophage response. Nature 2012, 488(7411):404-408. 10.1038/nature11262.
170. Ku C.L., Picard C., Erdos M., Jeurissen A., Bustamante J., Puel A., et al. IRAK4 and NEMO mutations in otherwise healthy children with recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease. Journal of Medical Genetics 2007, 44(1):16-23. 10.1136/jmg.2006.044446.
171. Kubica M., Guzik K., Koziel J., Zarebski M., Richter W., Gajkowska B., et al. A potential new pathway for Staphylococcus aureus dissemination: The silent survival of S. aureus phagocytosed by human monocyte-derived macrophages. PLoS One 2008, 3(1):e1409. 10.1371/journal.pone.0001409.
172. Kuehnert M.J., Kruszon-Moran D., Hill H.A., Mcquillan G., McAllister S.K., Fosheim G., et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in the United States, 2001-2002. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006, 193(2):172-179. 10.1086/499632.
173. Kuronuma K., Sano H., Kato K., Kudo K., Hyakushima N., Yokota S., et al. Pulmonary surfactant protein A augments the phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae by alveolar macrophages through a casein kinase 2-dependent increase of cell surface localization of scavenger receptor A. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004, 279(20):21421-21430. 10.1074/jbc.M312490200.
174. Laarman A.J., Ruyken M., Malone C.L., Van Strijp J.A., Horswill A.R., Rooijakkers S.H. Staphylococcus aureus metalloprotease aureolysin cleaves complement C3 to mediate immune evasion. Journal of Immunology 2011, 186(11):6445-6453. 10.4049/jimmunol.1002948.
175. Labandeira-Rey M., Couzon F., Boisset S., Brown E.L., Bes M., Benito Y., et al. Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin causes necrotizing pneumonia. Science 2007, 315(5815):1130-1133. 10.1126/science.1137165.
176. Lagler H., Sharif O., Haslinger I., Matt U., Stich K., Furtner T., et al. TREM-1 activation alters the dynamics of pulmonary IRAK-M expression in vivo and improves host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia. Journal of Immunology 2009, 183(3):2027-2036. 10.4049/jimmunol.0803862.
177. Langley R., Wines B., Willoughby N., Basu I., Proft T., Fraser J.D. The staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 7 binds IgA and complement C5 and inhibits IgA-Fc alpha RI binding and serum killing of bacteria. The Journal of Immunology 2005, 174(5):2926-2933.
178. Lawe D.C., Patki V., Heller-Harrison R., Lambright D., Corvera S. The FYVE domain of early endosome antigen 1 is required for both phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and Rab5 binding. Critical role of this dual interaction for endosomal localization. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2000, 275(5):3699-3705.
179. Lee D.A., Hoidal J.R., Garlich D.J., Clawson C.C., Quie P.G., Peterson P.K. Opsonin-independent phagocytosis of surface-adherent bacteria by human alveolar macrophages. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 1984, 36(6):689-701.
180. Lee W.L., Kim M.K., Schreiber A.D., Grinstein S. Role of ubiquitin and proteasomes in phagosome maturation. Molecular Biology of the Cell 2005, 16(4):2077-2090. 10.1091/mbc.E04-06-0464.
181. Lee K.S., Scanga C.A., Bachelder E.M., Chen Q., Snapper C.M. TLR2 synergizes with both TLR4 and TLR9 for induction of the MyD88-dependent splenic cytokine and chemokine response to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Cellular Immunology 2007, 245(2):103-110. 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.04.003.
182. Lee S.P., Serezani C.H., Medeiros A.I., Ballinger M.N., Peters-Golden M. Crosstalk between prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 regulates phagocytosis in alveolar macrophages via combinatorial effects on cyclic AMP. Journal of Immunology 2009, 182(1):530-537.
183. Lehrer R.I., Lichtenstein A.K., Ganz T. Defensins: Antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides of mammalian cells. Annual Review of Immunology 1993, 11:105-128. 10.1146/annurev.iy.11.040193.000541.
184. Lekstrom-Himes J.A., Gallin J.I. Immunodeficiency diseases caused by defects in phagocytes. The New England Journal of Medicine 2000, 343(23):1703-1714.
185. Lentsch A.B., Czermak B.J., Bless N.M., Van Rooijen N., Ward P.A. Essential role of alveolar macrophages in intrapulmonary activation of NF-kappaB. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 1999, 20(4):692-698. 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.4.3414.
186. Levy O., Wynn J.L. A prime time for trained immunity: Innate immune memory in newborns and infants. Neonatology 2014, 105(2):136-141. 10.1159/000356035.
187. Li C., Li H., Jiang Z., Zhang T., Wang Y., Li Z., et al. Interleukin-33 increases antibacterial defense by activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in skin. PLoS Pathogens 2014, 10(2):e1003918. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003918.
188. Li Y., Liu B., Fukudome E.Y., Kochanek A.R., Finkelstein R.A., Chong W., et al. Surviving lethal septic shock without fluid resuscitation in a rodent model. Surgery 2010, 148(2):246-254. 10.1016/j.surg.2010.05.003.
189. Lim J.H., Stirling B., Derry J., Koga T., Jono H., Woo C.H., et al. Tumor suppressor CYLD regulates acute lung injury in lethal Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Immunity 2007, 27(2):349-360. 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.011.
190. Liu G.Y. Molecular pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Pediatric Research 2009, 65(5 Pt 2):71R-77R. 10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819dc44d.
191. Liu G.Y., Essex A., Buchanan J.T., Datta V., Hoffman H.M., Bastian J.F., et al. Staphylococcus aureus golden pigment impairs neutrophil killing and promotes virulence through its antioxidant activity. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2005, 202(2):209-215. 10.1084/jem.20050846.
192. Liu H., Perlman H., Pagliari L.J., Pope R.M. Constitutively activated Akt-1 is vital for the survival of human monocyte-differentiated macrophages. Role of Mcl-1, independent of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, Bad, or caspase activation. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2001, 194(2):113-126.
193. Lu L., Ma Y., Zhang J.R. Streptococcus pneumoniae recruits complement factor H through the amino terminus of CbpA. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2006, 281(22):15464-15474. 10.1074/jbc.M602404200.
194. Macedo-Ramos H., Campos F.S., Carvalho L.A., Ramos I.B., Teixeira L.M., De Souza W., et al. Olfactory ensheathing cells as putative host cells for Streptococcus pneumoniae: Evidence of bacterial invasion via mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis. Neurosciences Research 2011, 69(4):308-313. 10.1016/j.neures.2010.12.015.
195. Mackaness G.B. The immunological basis of acquired cellular resistance. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 1964, 120(1):105-120. 10.1084/jem.120.1.105.
196. Macmicking J., Xie Q.W., Nathan C. Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annual Review of Immunology 1997, 15:323-350. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.323.
197. Malachowa N., Whitney A.R., Kobayashi S.D., Sturdevant D.E., Kennedy A.D., Braughton K.R., et al. Global changes in Staphylococcus aureus gene expression in human blood. PLoS One 2011, 6(4):e18617. 10.1371/journal.pone.0018617.
198. Malley R., Henneke P., Morse S.C., Cieslewicz M.J., Lipsitch M., Thompson C.M., et al. Recognition of pneumolysin by Toll-like receptor 4 confers resistance to pneumococcal infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003, 100(4):1966-1971. 10.1073/pnas.0435928100.
199. Mancuso P., Huffnagle G.B., Olszewski M.A., Phipps J., Peters-Golden M. Leptin corrects host defense defects after acute starvation in murine pneumococcal pneumonia. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2006, 173(2):212-218. 10.1164/rccm.200506-909OC.
200. Mancuso P., Peters-Golden M. Modulation of alveolar macrophage phagocytosis by leukotrienes is Fc receptor-mediated and protein kinase C-dependent. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2000, 23(6):727-733.
201. Mancuso P., Peters-Golden M., Goel D., Goldberg J., Brock T.G., Greenwald-Yarnell M., et al. Disruption of leptin receptor-STAT3 signaling enhances leukotriene production and pulmonary host defense against pneumococcal pneumonia. Journal of Immunology 2011, 186(2):1081-1090. 10.4049/jimmunol.1001470.
202. Mantovani A., Sica A., Sozzani S., Allavena P., Vecchi A., Locati M. The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends in Immunology 2004, 25(12):677-686. 10.1016/j.it.2004.09.015.
203. Marriott H.M., Ali F., Read R.C., Mitchell T.J., Whyte M.K., Dockrell D.H. Nitric oxide levels regulate macrophage commitment to apoptosis or necrosis during pneumococcal infection. The FASEB Journal 2004, 18(10):1126-1128. 10.1096/fj.03-1450fje.
204. Marriott H.M., Bingle C.D., Read R.C., Braley K.E., Kroemer G., Hellewell P.G., et al. Dynamic changes in Mcl-1 expression regulate macrophage viability or commitment to apoptosis during bacterial clearance. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005, 115(2):359-368. 10.1172/JCI21766.
205. Marriott H.M., Daigneault M., Thompson A.A., Walmsley S.R., Gill S.K., Witcher D.R., et al. A decoy receptor 3 analogue reduces localised defects in phagocyte function in pneumococcal pneumonia. Thorax 2012, 67(11):985-992. 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-201591.
206. Marriott H.M., Gascoyne K.A., Gowda R., Geary I., Nicklin M.J., Iannelli F., et al. IL-1beta regulates CXCL8 release and influences disease outcome in response to Streptococcus pneumoniae, defining intracellular cooperation between pulmonary epithelial cells and macrophages. Infection and Immunity 2011, 80(3):1140-1149. 10.1128/IAI.05697-11.
207. Marriott H.M., Hellewell P.G., Cross S.S., Ince P.G., Whyte M.K., Dockrell D.H. Decreased alveolar macrophage apoptosis is associated with increased pulmonary inflammation in a murine model of pneumococcal pneumonia. Journal of Immunology 2006, 177(9):6480-6488.
208. Marriott H.M., Hellewell P.G., Whyte M.K., Dockrell D.H. Contrasting roles for reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in the innate response to pulmonary infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccine 2007, 25(13):2485-2490. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.024.
209. Marriott H.M., Jackson L.E., Wilkinson T.S., Simpson A.J., Mitchell T.J., Buttle D.J., et al. Reactive oxygen species regulate neutrophil recruitment and survival in pneumococcal pneumonia. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2008, 177(8):887-895. 10.1164/rccm.200707-990OC.
210. Marriott H.M., Mitchell T.J., Dockrell D.H. Pneumolysin: A double-edged sword during the host-pathogen interaction. Current Molecular Medicine 2008, 8(6):497-509.
211. Maus U.A., Backi M., Winter C., Srivastava M., Schwarz M.K., Ruckle T., et al. Importance of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma in the host defense against pneumococcal infection. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2007, 175(9):958-966. 10.1164/rccm.200610-1533OC.
212. Maus U.A., Srivastava M., Paton J.C., Mack M., Everhart M.B., Blackwell T.S., et al. Pneumolysin-induced lung injury is independent of leukocyte trafficking into the alveolar space. The Journal of Immunology 2004, 173(2):1307-1312.
213. McAllister L.J., Tseng H.J., Ogunniyi A.D., Jennings M.P., McEwan A.G., Paton J.C. Molecular analysis of the psa permease complex of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Molecular Microbiology 2004, 53(3):889-901. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04164.x.
214. McGarry Houghton A., Hartzell W.O., Robbins C.S., Gomis-Rüth F.X., Shapiro S.D. Macrophage elastase kills bacteria within murine macrophages. Nature 2009, 460:637-641. 10.1038/nature08181.
215. McNeela E.A., Burke A., Neill D.R., Baxter C., Fernandes V.E., Ferreira D., et al. Pneumolysin activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes proinflammatory cytokines independently of TLR4. PLoS Pathogens 2010, 6(11):e1001191. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001191.
216. Mcneely T.B., Coonrod J.D. Comparison of the opsonic activity of human surfactant protein A for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae with rabbit and human macrophages. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1993, 167(1):91-97.
217. Medeiros A.I., Serezani C.H., Lee S.P., Peters-Golden M. Efferocytosis impairs pulmonary macrophage and lung antibacterial function via PGE2/EP2 signaling. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2009, 206(1):61-68. 10.1084/jem.20082058.
218. Mege J.L., Mehraj V., Capo C. Macrophage polarization and bacterial infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2011, 24(3):230-234. 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328344b73e.
219. Miller E., Andrews N.J., Waight P.A., Slack M.P., George R.C. Herd immunity and serotype replacement 4 years after seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales: An observational cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2011, 11(10):760-768. 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70090-1.
220. Miller M., Cook H.A., Furuya E.Y., Bhat M., Lee M.H., Vavagiakis P., et al. Staphylococcus aureus in the community: Colonization versus infection. PLoS One 2009, 4(8):e6708. 10.1371/journal.pone.0006708.
221. Minakami R., Sumimotoa H. Phagocytosis-coupled activation of the superoxide-producing phagocyte oxidase, a member of the NADPH oxidase (nox) family. International Journal of Hematology 2006, 84(3):193-198. 10.1532/IJH97.06133.
222. Miousse I.R., Chalbot M.-C.G., Aykin-Burns N., Wang X., Basnakian A., Kavouras I.G., et al. Epigenetic alterations induced by ambient particulate matter in mouse macrophages. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2014, 55(5):428-435. 10.1002/em.21855.
223. Mombelli M., Lugrin J., Rubino I., Chanson A.L., Giddey M., Calandra T., et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors impair antibacterial defenses of macrophages. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2011, 204(9):1367-1374. 10.1093/infdis/jir553.
224. Moquin D.M., Mcquade T., Chan F.K. CYLD deubiquitinates RIP1 in the TNFalpha-induced necrosome to facilitate kinase activation and programmed necrosis. PLoS One 2013, 8(10):e76841. 10.1371/journal.pone.0076841.
225. Morris G.E., Parker L.C., Ward J.R., Jones E.C., Whyte M.K., Brightling C.E., et al. Cooperative molecular and cellular networks regulate Toll-like receptor-dependent inflammatory responses. The FASEB Journal 2006, 20(12):2153-2155. 10.1096/fj.06-5910fje.
226. Morris G.E., Whyte M.K., Martin G.F., Jose P.J., Dower S.K., Sabroe I. Agonists of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 activate airway smooth muscle via mononuclear leukocytes. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2005, 171(8):814-822. 10.1164/rccm.200403-406OC.
227. Mosser D.M., Edwards J.P. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nature Reviews. Immunology 2008, 8(12):958-969. 10.1038/nri2448.
228. Mosser D.M., Handman E. Treatment of murine macrophages with interferon-gamma inhibits their ability to bind leishmania promastigotes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 1992, 52(4):369-376.
229. Muller S., Faulhaber A., Sieber C., Pfeifer D., Hochberg T., Gansz M., et al. The endolysosomal cysteine cathepsins L and K are involved in macrophage-mediated clearance of Staphylococcus aureus and the concomitant cytokine induction. The FASEB Journal 2014, 28(1):162-175. 10.1096/fj.13-232272.
230. Müller U., Stenzel W., Köhler G., Werner C., Polte T., Hansen G., et al. IL-13 induces disease-promoting type 2 cytokines, alternatively activated macrophages and allergic inflammation during pulmonary infection of mice with Cryptococcus neoformans. The Journal of Immunology 2007, 179(8):5367-5377.
231. Murphey S.A., Root R.K., Schreiber A.D. The role of antibody and complement in phagocytosis by rabbit alveolar macrophages. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1979, 140(6):896-903.
232. Nakagawara A., Nathan C.F., Cohn Z.A. Hydrogen peroxide metabolism in human monocytes during differentiation in vitro. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1981, 68(5):1243-1252.
233. Nakayama M., Kurokawa K., Nakamura K., Lee B.L., Sekimizu K., Kubagawa H., et al. Inhibitory receptor paired Ig-like receptor B is exploited by Staphylococcus aureus for virulence. The Journal of Immunology 2012, 189(12):5903-5911. 10.4049/jimmunol.1201940.
234. Nau G.J., Richmond J.F.L., Schlesinger A., Jennings E.G., Lander E.S., Young R.A. Human macrophage activation programs induced by bacterial pathogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2002, 99(3):1503-1508. 10.1073/pnas.022649799.
235. Netea M.G., Nold-Petry C.A., Nold M.F., Joosten L.A., Opitz B., Van Der Meer J.H., et al. Differential requirement for the activation of the inflammasome for processing and release of IL-1beta in monocytes and macrophages. Blood 2009, 113(10):2324-2335. 10.1182/blood-2008-03-146720.
236. Netea M.G., Quintin J., Van Der Meer J.W.M. Trained immunity: A memory for innate host defense. Cell Host & Microbe 2011, 9(5):355-361. 10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.006.
237. Nibbering P.H., van den Barselaar M.T., van de Gevel J.S., Leijh P.C., van Furth R. Deficient intracellular killing of bacteria by murine alveolar macrophages. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 1989, 1(5):417-422.
238. Nicholson S., Bonecini-Almeida Mda G., Lapa E Silva J.R., Nathan C., Xie Q.W., Mumford R., et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary alveolar macrophages from patients with tuberculosis. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 1996, 183(5):2293-2302.
239. Nygaard T.K., Pallister K.B., Dumont A.L., Dewald M., Watkins R.L., Pallister E.Q., et al. Alpha-toxin induces programmed cell death of human T cells, B cells, and monocytes during USA300 infection. PLoS One 2012, 7(5):e36532. 10.1371/journal.pone.0036532.
240. O'Brien K.L., Wolfson L.J., Watt J.P., Henkle E., Deloria-Knoll M., McCall N., et al. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: Global estimates. Lancet 2009, 374(9693):893-902. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61204-6.
241. O'Connell R.M., Taganov K.D., Boldin M.P., Cheng G., Baltimore D. MicroRNA-155 is induced during the macrophage inflammatory response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2007, 104(5):1604-1609. 10.1073/pnas.0610731104.
242. O'Riordan K., Lee J.C. Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2004, 17(1):218-234.
243. Opitz B., Puschel A., Schmeck B., Hocke A.C., Rosseau S., Hammerschmidt S., et al. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins are innate immune receptors for internalized Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004, 279(35):36426-36432. 10.1074/jbc.M403861200.
244. Park C.Y., Kim E.H., Choi S.Y., Tran T.D., Kim I.H., Kim S.N., et al. Virulence attenuation of Streptococcus pneumoniae clpP mutant by sensitivity to oxidative stress in macrophages via an NO-mediated pathway. Journal of Microbiology 2010, 48(2):229-235. 10.1007/s12275-010-9300-0.
245. Parker D., Martin F.J., Soong G., Harfenist B.S., Aguilar J.L., Ratner A.J., et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA initiates type I interferon signaling in the respiratory tract. mBio 2011, 2(3). e00016-00011. 10.1128/mBio.00016-11.
246. Parren P.W., Warmerdam P.A., Boeije L.C., Arts J., Westerdaal N.A., Vlug A., et al. On the interaction of IgG subclasses with the low affinity Fc gamma RIIa (CD32) on human monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets. Analysis of a functional polymorphism to human IgG2. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1992, 90(4):1537-1546. 10.1172/JCI116022.
247. Paschos K., Allday M.J. Epigenetic reprogramming of host genes in viral and microbial pathogenesis. Trends in Microbiology 2010, 18(10):439-447. 10.1016/j.tim.2010.07.003.
248. Pascual C.J., Sanberg P.R., Chamizo W., Haraguchi S., Lerner D., Baldwin M., et al. Ovarian monocyte progenitor cells: Phenotypic and functional characterization. Stem Cells and Development 2005, 14(2):173-180. 10.1089/scd.2005.14.173.
249. Paterson G.K., Blue C.E., Mitchell T.J. An operon in Streptococcus pneumoniae containing a putative alkylhydroperoxidase D homologue contributes to virulence and the response to oxidative stress. Microbial Pathogenesis 2006, 40(4):152-160. 10.1016/j.micpath.2005.12.003.
250. Pelegrin P., Surprenant A. Pannexin-1 mediates large pore formation and interleukin-1beta release by the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor. The EMBO Journal 2006, 25(21):5071-5082. 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601378.
251. Pennini M.E., Perkins D.J., Salazar A.M., Lipsky M., Vogel S.N. Complete dependence on IRAK4 kinase activity in TLR2, but not TLR4, signaling pathways underlies decreased cytokine production and increased susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in IRAK4 kinase-inactive mice. The Journal of Immunology 2013, 190(1):307-316. 10.4049/jimmunol.1201644.
252. Peppoloni S., Colombari B., Neglia R., Quaglino D., Iannelli F., Oggioni M.R., et al. The lack of Pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) increases the susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to the killing by microglia. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 2006, 195(1):21-28. 10.1007/s00430-005-0243-8.
253. Pericone C.D., Park S., Imlay J.A., Weiser J.N. Factors contributing to hydrogen peroxide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae include pyruvate oxidase (SpxB) and avoidance of the toxic effects of the fenton reaction. Journal of Bacteriology 2003, 185(23):6815-6825.
254. Petrilli V., Papin S., Dostert C., Mayor A., Martinon F., Tschopp J. Activation of the NALP3 inflammasome is triggered by low intracellular potassium concentration. Cell Death and Differentiation 2007, 14(9):1583-1589. 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402195.
255. Philibert R.A., Sears R.A., Powers L.S., Nash E., Bair T., Gerke A.K., et al. Coordinated DNA methylation and gene expression changes in smoker alveolar macrophages: Specific effects on VEGF receptor 1 expression. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2012, 92(3):621-631. 10.1189/jlb.1211632.
256. Phipps J.C., Aronoff D.M., Curtis J.L., Goel D., O'Brien E., Mancuso P. Cigarette smoke exposure impairs pulmonary bacterial clearance and alveolar macrophage complement-mediated phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infection and Immunity 2010, 78(3):1214-1220. 10.1128/IAI.00963-09.
257. Picard C., Puel A., Bonnet M., Ku C.L., Bustamante J., Yang K., et al. Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with IRAK-4 deficiency. Science 2003, 299(5615):2076-2079. 10.1126/science.1081902.
258. Pizzolla A., Hultqvist M., Nilson B., Grimm M.J., Eneljung T., Jonsson I.M., et al. Reactive oxygen species produced by the NADPH oxidase 2 complex in monocytes protect mice from bacterial infections. The Journal of Immunology 2012, 188(10):5003-5011. 10.4049/jimmunol.1103430.
259. Potter A.J., Kidd S.P., McEwan A.G., Paton J.C. The MerR/NmlR family transcription factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae responds to carbonyl stress and modulates hydrogen peroxide production. Journal of Bacteriology 2010, 192(15):4063-4066. 10.1128/JB.00383-10.
260. Preston J.A., Dockrell D.H. Virulence factors in pneumococcal respiratory pathogenesis. Future Microbiology 2008, 3(2):205-221. 10.2217/17460913.3.2.205.
261. Quinn M.T., Gauss K.A. Structure and regulation of the neutrophil respiratory burst oxidase: Comparison with nonphagocyte oxidases. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2004, 76(4):760-781. 10.1189/jlb.0404216.
262. Quintin J., Saeed S., Martens J.H.A., Giamarellos-Bourboulis E.J., Ifrim D.C., Logie C., et al. Candida albicans infection affords protection against reinfection via functional reprogramming of monocytes. Cell Host & Microbe 2012, 12(2). 10.1016/j.chom.2012.06.006.
263. Quinton L.J., Jones M.R., Simms B.T., Kogan M.S., Robson B.E., Skerrett S.J., et al. Functions and regulation of NF-kappaB RelA during pneumococcal pneumonia. Journal of Immunology 2007, 178(3):1896-1903. 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1896.
264. Raes G., Beschin A., Ghassabeh G.H., De Baetselier P. Alternatively activated macrophages in protozoan infections. Current Opinion in Immunology 2007, 19(4):454-459. 10.1016/j.coi.2007.05.007.
265. Reeves E.P., Lu H., Jacobs H.L., Messina C.G., Bolsover S., Gabella G., et al. Killing activity of neutrophils is mediated through activation of proteases by K+ flux. Nature 2002, 416(6878):291-297.
266. Reyes-Robles T., Alonzo F., Kozhaya L., Lacy D.B., Unutmaz D., Torres V.J. Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxin ED targets the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 to kill leukocytes and promote infection. Cell Host & Microbe 2013, 14(4):453-459. 10.1016/j.chom.2013.09.005.
267. Robertson G.T., Ng W.L., Foley J., Gilmour R., Winkler M.E. Global transcriptional analysis of clpP mutations of type 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae and their effects on physiology and virulence. Journal of Bacteriology 2002, 184(13):3508-3520.
268. Rodgers M.A., Bowman J.W., Liang Q., Jung J.U. Regulation where autophagy intersects the inflammasome. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 2014, 20(3):495-506. 10.1089/ars.2013.5347.
269. Roger T., Lugrin J., Le Roy D., Goy G., Mombelli M., Koessler T., et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors impair innate immune responses to Toll-like receptor agonists and to infection. Blood 2011, 117(4):1205-1217. 10.1182/blood-2010-05-284711.
270. Rogers P.D., Thornton J., Barker K.S., McDaniel D.O., Sacks G.S., Swiatlo E., et al. Pneumolysin-dependent and -independent gene expression identified by cDNA microarray analysis of THP-1 human mononuclear cells stimulated by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infection and Immunity 2003, 71(4):2087-2094.
271. Rolando M., Sanulli S., Rusniok C., Gomez-Valero L., Bertholet C., Sahr T., et al. Legionella pneumophila effector RomA uniquely modifies host chromatin to repress gene expression and promote intracellular bacterial replication. Cell Host & Microbe 2013, 13(4):395-405. 10.1016/j.chom.2013.03.004.
272. Rooijakkers S.H., Ruyken M., Roos A., Daha M.R., Presanis J.S., Sim R.B., et al. Immune evasion by a staphylococcal complement inhibitor that acts on C3 convertases. Nature Immunology 2005, 6(9):920-927. 10.1038/ni1235.
273. Rubins J.B., Charboneau D., Paton J.C., Mitchell T.J., Andrew P.W., Janoff E.N. Dual function of pneumolysin in the early pathogenesis of murine pneumococcal pneumonia. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1995, 95(1):142-150. 10.1172/JCI117631.
274. Sabroe I., Read R.C., Whyte M.K., Dockrell D.H., Vogel S.N., Dower S.K. Toll-like receptors in health and disease: Complex questions remain. Journal of Immunology 2003, 171(4):1630-1635.
275. Sakiniene E., Bremell T., Tarkowski A. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) aggravates Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia and septic arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1997, 110(3):370-377.
276. Saleh M., Bartual S.G., Abdullah M.R., Jensch I., Asmat T.M., Petruschka L., et al. Molecular architecture of Streptococcus pneumoniae surface thioredoxin-fold lipoproteins crucial for extracellular oxidative stress resistance and maintenance of virulence. EMBO Molecular Medicine 2013, 5(12):1852-1870. 10.1002/emmm.201202435.
277. Sanchez C.J., Hinojosa C.A., Shivshankar P., Hyams C., Camberlein E., Brown J.S., et al. Changes in capsular serotype alter the surface exposure of pneumococcal adhesins and impact virulence. PLoS One 2011, 6(10):e26587. 10.1371/journal.pone.0026587.
278. Sanchez C.J., Shivshankar P., Stol K., Trakhtenbroit S., Sullam P.M., Sauer K., et al. The pneumococcal serine-rich repeat protein is an intra-species bacterial adhesin that promotes bacterial aggregation in vivo and in biofilms. PLoS Pathogens 2010, 6(8):e1001044. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001044.
279. Sato S., Nomura F., Kawai T., Takeuchi O., Muhlradt P.F., Takeda K., et al. Synergy and cross-tolerance between toll-like receptor (TLR) 2- and TLR4-mediated signaling pathways. Journal of Immunology 2000, 165(12):7096-7101.
280. Satoh T., Takeuchi O., Vandenbon A., Yasuda K., Tanaka Y., Kumagai Y., et al. The Jmjd3-Irf4 axis regulates M2 macrophage polarization and host responses against helminth infection. Nature Immunology 2010, 11(10):936-944. 10.1038/ni.1920.
281. Sawyer R.T., Strausbauch P.H., Volkman A. Resident macrophage proliferation in mice depleted of blood monocytes by strontium-89. Laboratory Investigation 1982, 46(2):165-170.
282. Schabbauer G., Matt U., Gunzl P., Warszawska J., Furtner T., Hainzl E., et al. Myeloid PTEN promotes inflammation but impairs bactericidal activities during murine pneumococcal pneumonia. Journal of Immunology 2010, 185(1):468-476. 10.4049/jimmunol.0902221.
283. Schubert K.M., Duronio V. Distinct roles for extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the regulation of Mcl-1 synthesis. The Biochemical Journal 2001, 356(Pt 2):473-480.
284. Sever-Chroneos Z., Krupa A., Davis J., Hasan M., Yang C.H., Szeliga J., et al. Surfactant protein A (SP-A)-mediated clearance of Staphylococcus aureus involves binding of SP-A to the staphylococcal adhesin eap and the macrophage receptors SP-A receptor 210 and scavenger receptor class A. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011, 286(6):4854-4870. 10.1074/jbc.M110.125567.
285. Sharif O., Matt U., Saluzzo S., Lakovits K., Haslinger I., Furtner T., et al. The scavenger receptor CD36 downmodulates the early inflammatory response while enhancing bacterial phagocytosis during pneumococcal pneumonia. The Journal of Immunology 2013, 190(11):5640-5648. 10.4049/jimmunol.1202270.
286. Shaykhiev R., Krause A., Salit J., Strulovici-Barel Y., Harvey B.G., O'Connor T.P., et al. Smoking-dependent reprogramming of alveolar macrophage polarization: Implication for pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Immunology 2009, 183(4):2867-2883. 10.4049/jimmunol.0900473.
287. Shepherd V.L. The role of the respiratory burst of phagocytes in host defense. Seminars in Respiratory Infections 1986, 1(2):99-106.
288. Sjostrom K., Spindler C., Ortqvist A., Kalin M., Sandgren A., Kuhlmann-Berenzon S., et al. Clonal and capsular types decide whether pneumococci will act as a primary or opportunistic pathogen. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006, 42(4):451-459. 10.1086/499242.
289. Slauch J.M. How does the oxidative burst of macrophages kill bacteria? Still an open question. Molecular Microbiology 2011, 80(3):580-583. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07612.x.
290. Sleeman K.L., Griffiths D., Shackley F., Diggle L., Gupta S., Maiden M.C., et al. Capsular serotype-specific attack rates and duration of carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a population of children. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006, 194(5):682-688. 10.1086/505710.
291. Smahi A., Courtois G., Vabres P., Yamaoka S., Heuertz S., Munnich A., et al. Genomic rearrangement in NEMO impairs NF-kappaB activation and is a cause of incontinentia pigmenti. The International Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) Consortium. Nature 2000, 405(6785):466-472. 10.1038/35013114.
292. Smith A.M., McCullers J.A., Adler F.R. Mathematical model of a three-stage innate immune response to a pneumococcal lung infection. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2011, 276(1):106-116. 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.01.052.
293. Smith Z.D., Meissner A. DNA methylation: Roles in mammalian development. Nature Reviews. Genetics 2013, 14(3):204-220. 10.1038/nrg3354.
294. Sokol R.J., Hudson G., James N.T., Frost I.J., Wales J. Human macrophage development: A morphometric study. Journal of Anatomy 1987, 151:27-35.
295. Sokolovska A., Becker C.E., Ip W.K., Rathinam V.A., Brudner M., Paquette N., et al. Activation of caspase-1 by the NLRP3 inflammasome regulates the NADPH oxidase NOX2 to control phagosome function. Nature Immunology 2013, 14(6):543-553. 10.1038/ni.2595.
296. Srivastava A., Henneke P., Visintin A., Morse S.C., Martin V., Watkins C., et al. The apoptotic response to pneumolysin is Toll-like receptor 4 dependent and protects against pneumococcal disease. Infection and Immunity 2005, 73(10):6479-6487.
297. Standiford T.J., Kunkel S.L., Phan S.H., Rollins B.J., Strieter R.M. Alveolar macrophage-derived cytokines induce monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression from human pulmonary type II-like epithelial cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1991, 266(15):9912-9918.
298. Standiford T.J., Strieter R.M., Chensue S.W., Westwick J., Kasahara K., Kunkel S.L. IL-4 inhibits the expression of IL-8 from stimulated human monocytes. The Journal of Immunology 1990, 145(5):1435-1439.
299. Standish A.J., Weiser J.N. Human neutrophils kill Streptococcus pneumoniae via serine proteases. Journal of Immunology 2009, 183(4):2602-2609. 10.4049/jimmunol.0900688.
300. Stapels D.A.C., Ramyar K.X., Ricklin D., Milder F.J.J., Bischoff M., Hermann M., et al. Extracellular adherence protein (Eap) of Staphylococcus aureus evades innate immunity by inhibiting complement activation and neutrophil elastase. Immunobiology 2012, 217(11):1170.
301. Stein M., Keshav S., Harris N., Gordon S. Interleukin 4 potently enhances murine macrophage mannose receptor activity: A marker of alternative immunologic macrophage activation. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 1992, 176(1):287-292. 10.1084/jem.176.1.287.
302. Steinman R.M., Mellman I.S., Muller W.A., Cohn Z.A. Endocytosis and the recycling of plasma membrane. The Journal of Cell Biology 1983, 96(1):1-27.
303. Steinwede K., Henken S., Bohling J., Maus R., Ueberberg B., Brumshagen C., et al. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) exerts therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2012, 209(11):1937-1952. 10.1084/jem.20120983.
304. Stender J.D., Pascual G., Liu W., Kaikkonen M.U., Do K., Spann N.J., et al. Control of proinflammatory gene programs by regulated trimethylation and demethylation of histone H4K20. Molecular Cell 2012, 48(1):28-38. 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.07.020.
305. Stroeher U.H., Kidd S.P., Stafford S.L., Jennings M.P., Paton J.C., McEwan A.G. A pneumococcal MerR-like regulator and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase are required for systemic virulence. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2007, 196(12):1820-1826. 10.1086/523107.
306. Stuart L.M., Deng J., Silver J.M., Takahashi K., Tseng A.A., Hennessy E.J., et al. Response to Staphylococcus aureus requires CD36-mediated phagocytosis triggered by the COOH-terminal cytoplasmic domain. The Journal of Cell Biology 2005, 170(3):477-485. 10.1083/jcb.200501113.
307. Sugiyama S., Okada Y., Sukhova G.K., Virmani R., Heinecke J.W., Libby P. Macrophage myeloperoxidase regulation by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human atherosclerosis and implications in acute coronary syndromes. The American Journal of Pathology 2001, 158(3):879-891. 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64036-9.
308. Sutterwala F.S., Noel G.J., Clynes R., Mosser D.M. Selective suppression of interleukin-12 induction after macrophage receptor ligation. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 1997, 185(11):1977-1985. 10.1084/jem.185.11.1977.
309. Sutterwala F.S., Noel G.J., Salgame P., Mosser D.M. Reversal of proinflammatory responses by ligating the macrophage Fcγ receptor type I. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 1998, 188(1):217-222. 10.1084/jem.188.1.217.
310. Swanson J.A., Watts C. Macropinocytosis. Trends in Cell Biology 1995, 5(11):424-428.
311. Tauber A.I. Metchnikoff and the phagocytosis theory. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology 2003, 4(11):897-901. 10.1038/nrm1244.
312. Taylor P.R., Martinez-Pomares L., Stacey M., Lin H.H., Brown G.D., Gordon S. Macrophage receptors and immune recognition. Annual Review of Immunology 2005, 23:901-944. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115816.
313. Thammavongsa V., Missiakas D.M., Schneewind O. Staphylococcus aureus degrades neutrophil extracellular traps to promote immune cell death. Science 2013, 342(6160):863-866. 10.1126/science.1242255.
314. Thigpen M.C., Whitney C.G., Messonnier N.E., Zell E.R., Lynfield R., Hadler J.L., et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998-2007. The New England Journal of Medicine 2011, 364(21):2016-2025. 10.1056/NEJMoa1005384.
315. Thomas C.A., Li Y., Kodama T., Suzuki H., Silverstein S.C., El Khoury J. Protection from lethal gram-positive infection by macrophage scavenger receptor-dependent phagocytosis. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2000, 191(1):147-156.
316. Thomas E.D., Ramberg R.E., Sale G.E., Sparkes R.S., Golde D.W. Direct evidence for a bone marrow origin of the alveolar macrophage in man. Science 1976, 192(4243):1016-1018.
317. Thoma-Uszynski S., Stenger S., Takeuchi O., Ochoa M.T., Engele M., Sieling P.A., et al. Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll-like receptors. Science 2001, 291(5508):1544-1547. 10.1126/science.291.5508.1544.
318. Tomasz A. Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1997, 24(Suppl. 1):S85-S88.
319. Tseng H.J., McEwan A.G., Paton J.C., Jennings M.P. Virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae: PsaA mutants are hypersensitive to oxidative stress. Infection and Immunity 2002, 70(3):1635-1639.
320. van Furth R., Cohn Z.A. The origin and kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 1968, 128(3):415-435.
321. van Furth R., Cohn Z.A., Hirsch J.G., Humphrey J.H., Spector W.G., Langevoort H.L. The mononuclear phagocyte system: A new classification of macrophages, monocytes, and their precursor cells. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1972, 46(6):845-852.
322. van Wamel W.J., Rooijakkers S.H., Ruyken M., Van Kessel K.P., Van Strijp J.A. The innate immune modulators staphylococcal complement inhibitor and chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus are located on beta-hemolysin-converting bacteriophages. Journal of Bacteriology 2006, 188(4):1310-1315. 10.1128/JB.188.4.1310-1315.2006.
323. Virolainen M. Hematopoietic origin of macrophages as studied by chromosome markers in mice. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 1968, 127(5):943-952. 10.1084/jem.127.5.943.
324. Volkman A. The origin and turnover of mononuclear cells in peritoneal exudates in rats. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 1966, 124(2):241-254. 10.1084/jem.124.2.241.
325. von Bernuth H., Picard C., Jin Z., Pankla R., Xiao H., Ku C.L., et al. Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with MyD88 deficiency. Science 2008, 321(5889):691-696. 10.1126/science.1158298.
326. von Eiff C., Becker K., Machka K., Stammer H., Peters G. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Study Group. The New England Journal of Medicine 2001, 344(1):11-16. 10.1056/NEJM200101043440102.
327. Voyich J.M., Otto M., Mathema B., Braughton K.R., Whitney A.R., Welty D., et al. Is Panton-Valentine leukocidin the major virulence determinant in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease?. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006, 194(12):1761-1770. 10.1086/509506.
328. Walev I., Reske K., Palmer M., Valeva A., Bhakdi S. Potassium-inhibited processing of IL-1 beta in human monocytes. The EMBO Journal 1995, 14(8):1607-1614.
329. Walker C.L., Rudan I., Liu L., Nair H., Theodoratou E., Bhutta Z.A., et al. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet 2013, 381(9875):1405-1416. 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6.
330. Wang G., Abadia-Molina A.C., Berger S.B., Romero X., O'Keeffe M.S., Rojas-Barros D.I., et al. Cutting edge: Slamf8 is a negative regulator of Nox2 activity in macrophages. The Journal of Immunology 2012, 188(12):5829-5832. 10.4049/jimmunol.1102620.
331. Wang R., Braughton K.R., Kretschmer D., Bach T.H., Queck S.Y., Li M., et al. Identification of novel cytolytic peptides as key virulence determinants for community-associated MRSA. Nature Medicine 2007, 13(12):1510-1514. 10.1038/nm1656.
332. Warmerdam P.A., van de Winkel J.G., Vlug A., Westerdaal N.A., Capel P.J. A single amino acid in the second Ig-like domain of the human Fc gamma receptor II is critical for human IgG2 binding. The Journal of Immunology 1991, 147(4):1338-1343.
333. Wartha F., Beiter K., Albiger B., Fernebro J., Zychlinsky A., Normark S., et al. Capsule and D-alanylated lipoteichoic acids protect Streptococcus pneumoniae against neutrophil extracellular traps. Cellular Microbiology 2007, 9(5):1162-1171. 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00857.x.
334. Watanabe I., Ichiki M., Shiratsuchi A., Nakanishi Y. TLR2-mediated survival of Staphylococcus aureus in macrophages: A novel bacterial strategy against host innate immunity. Journal of Immunology 2007, 178(8):4917-4925.
335. Weber S., Tian H., Van Rooijen N., Pirofski L.A. A serotype 3 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibody requires Fcgamma receptor III and macrophages to mediate protection against pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. Infection and Immunity 2012, 80(4):1314-1322. 10.1128/IAI.06081-11.
336. Webster S.J., Daigneault M., Bewley M.A., Preston J.A., Marriott H.M., Walmsley S.R., et al. Distinct cell death programs in monocytes regulate innate responses following challenge with common causes of invasive bacterial disease. The Journal of Immunology 2010, 185(5):2968-2979. 10.4049/jimmunol.1000805.
337. Weinberger D.M., Trzcinski K., Lu Y.J., Bogaert D., Brandes A., Galagan J., et al. Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide structure predicts serotype prevalence. PLoS Pathogens 2009, 5(6):e1000476. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000476.
338. Weiser J.N., Bae D., Fasching C., Scamurra R.W., Ratner A.J., Janoff E.N. Antibody-enhanced pneumococcal adherence requires IgA1 protease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003, 100(7):4215-4220. 10.1073/pnas.0637469100.
339. West A.P., Brodsky I.E., Rahner C., Woo D.K., Erdjument-Bromage H., Tempst P., et al. TLR signalling augments macrophage bactericidal activity through mitochondrial ROS. Nature 2011, 472(7344):476-480. 10.1038/nature09973.
340. Wheeler D.S., Lahni P.M., Denenberg A.G., Poynter S.E., Wong H.R., Cook J.A., et al. Induction of endotoxin tolerance enhances bacterial clearance and survival in murine polymicrobial sepsis. Shock 2008, 30(3):267-273. 10.1097/shk.0b013e318162c190.
341. Wirth J.J., Kierszenbaum F., Zlotnik A. Effects of IL-4 on macrophage functions: Increased uptake and killing of a protozoan parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi). Immunology 1989, 66(2):296-301.
342. Witzenrath M., Pache F., Lorenz D., Koppe U., Gutbier B., Tabeling C., et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome is differentially activated by pneumolysin variants and contributes to host defense in pneumococcal pneumonia. Journal of Immunology 2011, 187(1):434-440. 10.4049/jimmunol.1003143.
343. Wolf A.J., Arruda A., Reyes C.N., Kaplan A.T., Shimada T., Shimada K., et al. Phagosomal degradation increases TLR access to bacterial ligands and enhances macrophage sensitivity to bacteria. The Journal of Immunology 2011, 187(11):6002-6010. 10.4049/jimmunol.1100232.
344. Wong D., Bach H., Sun J., Hmama Z., Av-Gay Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase (PtpA) excludes host vacuolar-H+-ATPase to inhibit phagosome acidification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108(48):19371-19376. 10.1073/pnas.1109201108.
345. Wright S.D., Silverstein S.C. Receptors for C3b and C3bi promote phagocytosis but not the release of toxic oxygen from human phagocytes. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 1983, 158(6):2016-2023.
346. Xu F., Droemann D., Rupp J., Shen H., Wu X., Goldmann T., et al. Modulation of the inflammatory response to Streptococcus pneumoniae in a model of acute lung tissue infection. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2008, 39(5):522-529. 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0328OC.
347. Xue J., Schmidt S.V., Sander J., Draffehn A., Krebs W., Quester I., et al. Transcriptome-based network analysis reveals a spectrum model of human macrophage activation. Immunity 2014, 40(2):274-288. 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.01.006.
348. Yesilkaya H., Kadioglu A., Gingles N., Alexander J.E., Mitchell T.J., Andrew P.W. Role of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in oxidative stress and virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infection and Immunity 2000, 68(5):2819-2826.
349. Yokoyama R., Itoh S., Kamoshida G., Takii T., Fujii S., Tsuji T., et al. Staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 3 binds to the Toll-like receptor 2 extracellular domain and inhibits cytokine production induced by Staphylococcus aureus, cell wall component, or lipopeptides in murine macrophages. Infection and Immunity 2012, 80(8):2816-2825. 10.1128/IAI.00399-12.
350. Yona S., Kim K.-W., Wolf Y., Mildner A., Varol D., Breker M., et al. Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis. Immunity 2013, 38(1):79-91. 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.12.001.
351. Yu J., Bryant A.P., Marra A., Lonetto M.A., Ingraham K.A., Chalker A.F., et al. Characterization of the Streptococcus pneumoniae NADH oxidase that is required for infection. Microbiology 2001, 147(Pt 2):431-438.
352. Yuan F.F., Marks K., Wong M., Watson S., De Leon E., McIntyre P.B., et al. Clinical relevance of TLR2, TLR4, CD14 and FcgammaRIIA gene polymorphisms in Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Immunology and Cell Biology 2008, 86(3):268-270. 10.1038/sj.icb.7100155.
353. Yuste J., Botto M., Paton J.C., Holden D.W., Brown J.S. Additive inhibition of complement deposition by pneumolysin and PspA facilitates Streptococcus pneumoniae septicemia. The Journal of Immunology 2005, 175(3):1813-1819.
354. Zeybel M., Hardy T., Wong Y.K., Mathers J.C., Fox C.R., Gackowska A., et al. Multigenerational epigenetic adaptation of the hepatic wound-healing response. Nature Medicine 2012, 18(9):1369-1377. 10.1038/nm.2893.
355. Zhang Z., Clarke T.B., Weiser J.N. Cellular effectors mediating Th17-dependent clearance of pneumococcal colonization in mice. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2009, 119(7):1899-1909. 10.1172/JCI36731.
356. Zhang Z., Song L., Maurer K., Bagashev A., Sullivan K.E. Monocyte polarization: The relationship of genome-wide changes in H4 acetylation with polarization. Genes and Immunity 2011, 12(6):445-456. 10.1038/gene.2011.17.
357. Zhou H., Kobzik L. Effect of concentrated ambient particles on macrophage phagocytosis and killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2007, 36(4):460-465. 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0293OC.