Biomarkers of oxidative and nitrosative damage in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment

Ageing Research Reviews

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 285-305

  Mangialasche, Francesca ^a,b   Polidori, M Cristina ^c   Monastero, Roberto ^d   Ercolani, Sara ^a   Camarda, Cecilia ^d   Cecchetti, Roberta ^a   Mecocci, Patrizia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PERUGIA   (Italy)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^c HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^d Department of Clinical Neuroscience ^*  (Italy)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Free radicals; Mild cognitive impairment; Nitrosative stress; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

3 NITROTYROSINE; 4 HYDROXYNONENAL; ACROLEIN; AMINO ACID DERIVATIVE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CROTONALDEHYDE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; ISOPROSTANE DERIVATIVE; LIPID; MALONALDEHYDE; NEUROFURAN DERIVATIVE; NEUROPROSTANE DERIVATIVE; NITRATE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRITE; NITROGEN DIOXIDE; NUCLEIC ACID; OXYGEN; PEROXY RADICAL; SUPEROXIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DNA DAMAGE; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; NITROSATIVE STRESS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROGNOSIS; SHORT SURVEY;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; COGNITION DISORDERS; FREE RADICALS; HUMANS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

EID: 69049109744     PISSN: 15681637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.04.002     Document Type: Short Survey

References (350)

1. Abe T., Tohgi H., Isobe C., Murata T., and Sato C. Remarkable increase in the concentration of 8-hydroxyguanosine in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 3 (2002) 447-450
2. Adamec E., Vonsattel J.P., and Nixon R.A. DNA strand breaks in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. 1-2 (1999) 67-77
3. Ahlskog J.E., Uitti R.J., Low P.A., Tyce G.M., Nickander K.K., Petersen R.C., and Kokmen E. No evidence for systemic oxidant stress in Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. Mov. Disord. 5 (1995) 566-573
4. Ahmed N., Ahmed U., Thornalley P.J., Hager K., Fleischer G., and Munch G. Protein glycation, oxidation and nitration adduct residues and free adducts of cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease and link to cognitive impairment. J. Neurochem. 2 (2005) 255-263
5. Aksenova M.V., Aksenov M.Y., Payne R.M., Trojanowski J.Q., Schmidt M.L., Carney J.M., Butterfield D.A., and Markesbery W.R. Oxidation of cytosolic proteins and expression of creatine kinase BB in frontal lobe in different neurodegenerative disorders. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 2 (1999) 158-165
6. Ames B.N., Shigenaga M.K., and Hagen T.M. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 17 (1993) 7915-7922
7. Andersen J.K. Oxidative stress in neurodegeneration: cause or consequence?. Nat. Med. (2004) S18-S25
8. Anderson A.J., Su J.H., and Cotman C.W. DNA damage and apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease: colocalization with c-Jun immunoreactivity, relationship to brain area, and effect of postmortem delay. J. Neurosci. 5 (1996) 1710-1719
9. Anzai K., Ogawa K., Goto Y., Senzaki Y., Ozawa T., and Yamamoto H. Oxidation-dependent changes in the stability and permeability of lipid bilayers. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 3 (1999) 339-347
10. Arneson K.O., and Roberts II L.J. Measurement of products of docosahexaenoic acid peroxidation, neuroprostanes, and neurofurans. Methods Enzymol. (2007) 127-143
11. Artero S., Petersen R., Touchon J., and Ritchie K. Revised criteria for mild cognitive impairment: validation within a longitudinal population study. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 5-6 (2006) 465-470
12. Aybek H., Ercan F., Aslan D., and Sahiner T. Determination of malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione levels and APOE4 allele frequency in late-onset Alzheimer's disease in Denizli, Turkey. Clin. Biochem. 3-4 (2007) 172-176
13. Balaban R.S., Nemoto S., and Finkel T. Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell 4 (2005) 483-495
14. Balazs L., and Leon M. Evidence of an oxidative challenge in the Alzheimer's brain. Neurochem. Res. 9 (1994) 1131-1137
15. Baldeiras I., Santana I., Proenca M.T., Garrucho M.H., Pascoal R., Rodrigues A., Duro D., and Oliveira C.R. Peripheral oxidative damage in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 1 (2008) 117-128
16. Barja G. Free radicals and aging. Trends Neurosci. 10 (2004) 595-600
17. Barnham K.J., Masters C.L., and Bush A.I. Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 3 (2004) 205-214
18. Bartsch H., and Nair J. Accumulation of lipid peroxidation-derived DNA lesions: potential lead markers for chemoprevention of inflammation-driven malignancies. Mutat. Res. 1-2 (2005) 34-44
19. Barzilai A. The contribution of the DNA damage response to neuronal viability. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2 (2007) 211-218
20. Basu S. Isoprostanes: novel bioactive products of lipid peroxidation. Free Radic. Res. 2 (2004) 105-122
21. Beal M.F. Oxidative metabolism. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (2000) 164-169
22. Beal M.F. Mitochondria take center stage in aging and neurodegeneration. Ann. Neurol. 4 (2005) 495-505
23. Becker E.B., and Bonni A. Cell cycle regulation of neuronal apoptosis in development and disease. Prog. Neurobiol. 1 (2004) 1-25
24. Beckman K.B., and Ames B.N. The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol. Rev. 2 (1998) 547-581
25. Bermejo P., Martin-Aragon S., Benedi J., Susin C., Felici E., Gil P., Ribera J.M., and Villar A.M. Peripheral levels of glutathione and protein oxidation as markers in the development of Alzheimer's disease from mild cognitive impairment. Free Radic. Res. 2 (2008) 162-170
26. Berr C., Balansard B., Arnaud J., Roussel A.M., and Alperovitch A. Cognitive decline is associated with systemic oxidative stress: the EVA study. Etude du Vieillissement Arteriel. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 10 (2000) 1285-1291
27. Bohnstedt K.C., Karlberg B., Wahlund L.O., Jonhagen M.E., Basun H., and Schmidt S. Determination of isoprostanes in urine samples from Alzheimer patients using porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B: Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 1 (2003) 11-19
28. Bourdel-Marchasson I., Delmas-Beauvieux M.C., Peuchant E., Richard-Harston S., Decamps A., Reignier B., Emeriau J.P., and Rainfray M. Antioxidant defences and oxidative stress markers in erythrocytes and plasma from normally nourished elderly Alzheimer patients. Age Ageing 3 (2001) 235-241
29. Bregeon D., and Sarasin A. Hypothetical role of RNA damage avoidance in preventing human disease. Mutat. Res. 1-2 (2005) 293-302
30. Breusing N., and Grune T. Regulation of proteasome-mediated protein degradation during oxidative stress and aging. Biol. Chem. 3 (2008) 203-209
31. Brys M., Pirraglia E., Rich K., Rolstad S., Mosconi L., Switalski R., Glodzik-Sobanska L., De Santi S., Zinkowski R., Mehta P., Pratico D., Saint Louis L.A., Wallin A., Blennow K., and de Leon M.J. Prediction and longitudinal study of CSF biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol. Aging 5 (2009) 682-690
32. Butterfield D.A. Proteomics: a new approach to investigate oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease brain. Brain Res. 1-2 (2004) 1-7
33. Butterfield D.A., and Sultana R. Redox proteomics identification of oxidatively modified brain proteins in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: insights into the progression of this dementing disorder. J. Alzheimers Dis. 1 (2007) 61-72
34. Butterfield D.A., Poon H.F., St Clair D., Keller J.N., Pierce W.M., Klein J.B., and Markesbery W.R. Redox proteomics identification of oxidatively modified hippocampal proteins in mild cognitive impairment: insights into the development of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2 (2006) 223-232
35. Butterfield D.A., Reed T., Perluigi M., De Marco C., Coccia R., Cini C., and Sultana R. Elevated protein-bound levels of the lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, in brain from persons with mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci. Lett. 3 (2006) 170-173
36. Butterfield D.A., Reed T.T., Perluigi M., De Marco C., Coccia R., Keller J.N., Markesbery W.R., and Sultana R. Elevated levels of 3-nitrotyrosine in brain from subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: implications for the role of nitration in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. (2007) 243-248
37. Calabrese V., Scapagnini G., Giuffrida Stella A.M., Bates T.E., and Clark J.B. Mitochondrial involvement in brain function and dysfunction: relevance to aging, neurodegenerative disorders and longevity. Neurochem. Res. 6 (2001) 739-764
38. Calabrese V., Sultana R., Scapagnini G., Guagliano E., Sapienza M., Bella R., Kanski J., Pennisi G., Mancuso C., Stella A.M., and Butterfield D.A. Nitrosative stress, cellular stress response, and thiol homeostasis in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11-12 (2006) 1975-1986
39. Calabrese V., Guagliano E., Sapienza M., Panebianco M., Calafato S., Puleo E., Pennisi G., Mancuso C., Butterfield D.A., and Stella A.G. Redox regulation of cellular stress response in aging and neurodegenerative disorders: role of vitagenes. Neurochem Res. 4-5 (2007) 757-773
40. Calingasan N.Y., Uchida K., and Gibson G.E. Protein-bound acrolein: a novel marker of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 2 (1999) 751-756
41. Cappai R., and Barnham K.J. Delineating the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease A beta peptide neurotoxicity. Neurochem. Res. 3 (2008) 526-532
42. Carini M., Aldini G., and Facino R.M. Mass spectrometry for detection of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) adducts with peptides and proteins. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 4 (2004) 281-305
43. Casadesus G., Smith M.A., Basu S., Hua J., Capobianco D.E., Siedlak S.L., Zhu X., and Perry G. Increased isoprostane and prostaglandin are prominent in neurons in Alzheimer disease. Mol. Neurodegener. 2 (2007) 2
44. Casado A., Encarnacion Lopez-Fernandez M., Concepcion Casado M., and de La Torre R. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in vascular and Alzheimer dementias. Neurochem. Res. 3 (2008) 450-458
45. Castegna A., Aksenov M., Aksenova M., Thongboonkerd V., Klein J.B., Pierce W.M., Booze R., Markesbery W.R., and Butterfield D.A. Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain. Part I. Creatine kinase BB, glutamine synthase, and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L-1. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 4 (2002) 562-571
46. Castegna A., Aksenov M., Thongboonkerd V., Klein J.B., Pierce W.M., Booze R., Markesbery W.R., and Butterfield D.A. Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain. Part II. Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2, alpha-enolase and heat shock cognate 71. J. Neurochem. 6 (2002) 1524-1532
47. Castegna A., Thongboonkerd V., Klein J.B., Lynn B., Markesbery W.R., and Butterfield D.A. Proteomic identification of nitrated proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain. J. Neurochem. 6 (2003) 1394-1401
48. Castellani R., Hirai K., Aliev G., Drew K.L., Nunomura A., Takeda A., Cash A.D., Obrenovich M.E., Perry G., and Smith M.A. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 3 (2002) 357-360
49. Ceballos-Picot I., Merad-Boudia M., Nicole A., Thevenin M., Hellier G., Legrain S., and Berr C. Peripheral antioxidant enzyme activities and selenium in elderly subjects and in dementia of Alzheimer's type-place of the extracellular glutathione peroxidase. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 4 (1996) 579-587
50. Cecarini V., Ding Q., and Keller J.N. Oxidative inactivation of the proteasome in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic. Res. 6 (2007) 673-680
51. Cecchi C., Fiorillo C., Sorbi S., Latorraca S., Nacmias B., Bagnoli S., Nassi P., and Liguri G. Oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant defenses in peripheral cells from familial Alzheimer's patients. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 10 (2002) 1372-1379
52. Cenini G., Sultana R., Memo M., and Butterfield D.A. Effects of oxidative and nitrosative stress in brain on p53 proapoptotic protein in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1 (2008) 81-85
53. Cenini G., Sultana R., Memo M., and Butterfield D.A. Elevated levels of pro-apoptotic p53 and its oxidative modification by the lipid peroxidation product, HNE, in brain from subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J. Cell Mol. Med. 12 (2008) 987-994
54. Chakravarti B., and Chakravarti D.N. Oxidative modification of proteins: age-related changes. Gerontology 3 (2007) 128-139
55. Chance B., Sies H., and Boveris A. Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol. Rev. 3 (1979) 527-605
56. Chen K., Kazachkov M., and Yu P.H. Effect of aldehydes derived from oxidative deamination and oxidative stress on beta-amyloid aggregation; pathological implications to Alzheimer's disease. J. Neural. Transm. 6 (2007) 835-839
57. Chen L., Na R., Gu M., Richardson A., and Ran Q. Lipid peroxidation up-regulates BACE1 expression in vivo: a possible early event of amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 1 (2008) 197-207
58. Cherubini A., Martin A., Andres-Lacueva C., Di Iorio A., Lamponi M., Mecocci P., Bartali B., Corsi A., Senin U., and Ferrucci L. Vitamin E levels, cognitive impairment and dementia in older persons: the InCHIANTI study. Neurobiol. Aging 7 (2005) 987-994
59. Choi J., Malakowsky C.A., Talent J.M., Conrad C.C., and Gracy R.W. Identification of oxidized plasma proteins in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 5 (2002) 1566-1570
60. Choi J., Levey A.I., Weintraub S.T., Rees H.D., Gearing M., Chin L.S., and Li L. Oxidative modifications and down-regulation of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 associated with idiopathic Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. J. Biol. Chem. 13 (2004) 13256-13264
61. Chung H.Y., Cesari M., Anton S., Marzetti E., Giovannini S., Seo A.Y., Carter C., Yu B.P., and Leeuwenburgh C. Molecular inflammation: underpinnings of aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res. Rev. 1 (2009) 18-30
62. Clayton D.A., Doda J.N., and Friedberg E.C. The absence of a pyrimidine dimer repair mechanism in mammalian mitochondria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 7 (1974) 2777-2781
63. Colton C.A., and Gilbert D.L. Production of superoxide anions by a CNS macrophage, the microglia. FEBS Lett. 2 (1987) 284-288
64. Colurso G.J., Nilson J.E., and Vervoort L.G. Quantitative assessment of DNA fragmentation and beta-amyloid deposition in insular cortex and midfrontal gyrus from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci. 14 (2003) 1795-1803
65. Conrad C.C., Marshall P.L., Talent J.M., Malakowsky C.A., Choi J., and Gracy R.W. Oxidized proteins in Alzheimer's plasma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2 (2000) 678-681
66. Cracowski J.L., Durand T., and Bessard G. Isoprostanes as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation in humans: physiology, pharmacology and clinical implications. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 8 (2002) 360-366
67. Cras P., Kawai M., Siedlak S., Mulvihill P., Gambetti P., Lowery D., Gonzalez-DeWhitt P., Greenberg B., and Perry G. Neuronal and microglial involvement in beta-amyloid protein deposition in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 2 (1990) 241-246
68. Crouch P.J., White A.R., and Bush A.I. The modulation of metal bio-availability as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. FEBS J. 15 (2007) 3775-3783
69. Crow J.P., and Beckman J.S. The role of peroxynitrite in nitric oxide-mediated toxicity. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. (1995) 57-73
70. Curtain C.C., Ali F., Volitakis I., Cherny R.A., Norton R.S., Beyreuther K., Barrow C.J., Masters C.L., Bush A.I., and Barnham K.J. Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta binds copper and zinc to generate an allosterically ordered membrane-penetrating structure containing superoxide dismutase-like subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 23 (2001) 20466-20473
71. Dalle-Donne I., Rossi R., Colombo R., Giustarini D., and Milzani A. Biomarkers of oxidative damage in human disease. Clin. Chem. 4 (2006) 601-623
72. Davis R.E., Miller S., Herrnstadt C., Ghosh S.S., Fahy E., Shinobu L.A., Galasko D., Thal L.J., Beal M.F., Howell N., and Parker Jr. W.D. Mutations in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase genes segregate with late-onset Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 9 (1997) 4526-4531
73. de Leon M.J., DeSanti S., Zinkowski R., Mehta P.D., Pratico D., Segal S., Clark C., Kerkman D., DeBernardis J., Li J., Lair L., Reisberg B., Tsui W., and Rusinek H. MRI and CSF studies in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. J. Intern. Med. 3 (2004) 205-223
74. de Leon M.J., DeSanti S., Zinkowski R., Mehta P.D., Pratico D., Segal S., Rusinek H., Li J., Tsui W., Saint Louis L.A., Clark C.M., Tarshish C., Li Y., Lair L., Javier E., Rich K., Lesbre P., Mosconi L., Reisberg B., Sadowski M., DeBernadis J.F., Kerkman D.J., Hampel H., Wahlund L.O., and Davies P. Longitudinal CSF and MRI biomarkers improve the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol. Aging 3 (2006) 394-401
75. de Leon M.J., Mosconi L., Li J., De Santi S., Yao Y., Tsui W.H., Pirraglia E., Rich K., Javier E., Brys M., Glodzik L., Switalski R., Saint Louis L.A., and Pratico D. Longitudinal CSF isoprostane and MRI atrophy in the progression to AD. J. Neurol. 12 (2007) 1666-1675
76. Deshpande A., Mina E., Glabe C., and Busciglio J. Different conformations of amyloid beta induce neurotoxicity by distinct mechanisms in human cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 22 (2006) 6011-6018
77. Di Domenico F., Cenini G., Sultana R., Perluigi M., Uberti D., Memo M., and Butterfield A.D. Glutathionylation of the Pro-apoptotic Protein p53 in Alzheimer's Disease Brain: Implications for AD Pathogenesis. Neurochem. Res. 4 (2009) 727-733
78. Ding Q., and Keller J.N. Proteasomes and proteasome inhibition in the central nervous system. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 5 (2001) 574-584
79. Ding Q., Markesbery W.R., Chen Q., Li F., and Keller J.N. Ribosome dysfunction is an early event in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 40 (2005) 9171-9175
80. Ding Q., Markesbery W.R., Cecarini V., and Keller J.N. Decreased RNA, and increased RNA oxidation, in ribosomes from early Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem. Res. 5 (2006) 705-710
81. Ding Q., Dimayuga E., and Keller J.N. Oxidative damage, protein synthesis, and protein degradation in Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 1 (2007) 73-79
82. Dirican M., Sarandol E., Serdar Z., Ocak N., and Dilek K. Oxidative status and prevalent cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic renal failure treated by hemodialysis. Clin. Nephrol. 3 (2007) 144-150
83. Dizdaroglu M., Jaruga P., Birincioglu M., and Rodriguez H. Free radical-induced damage to DNA: mechanisms and measurement. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 11 (2002) 1102-1115
84. Droge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol. Rev. 1 (2002) 47-95
85. Edwards J.A., Wang L.G., Setlow R.B., and Kaminskas E. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in lymphocytes of the elderly with and without Alzheimer's disease. Mutat. Res. 5-6 (1989) 267-272
86. El Khoury J., Hickman S.E., Thomas C.A., Cao L., Silverstein S.C., and Loike J.D. Scavenger receptor-mediated adhesion of microglia to beta-amyloid fibrils. Nature 6593 (1996) 716-719
87. Engelhart M.J., Geerlings M.I., Ruitenberg A., van Swieten J.C., Hofman A., Witteman J.C., and Breteler M.M. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 24 (2002) 3223-3229
88. Esterbauer H., Schaur R.J., and Zollner H. Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1 (1991) 81-128
89. Feillet-Coudray C., Tourtauchaux R., Niculescu M., Rock E., Tauveron I., Alexandre-Gouabau M.C., Rayssiguier Y., Jalenques I., and Mazur A. Plasma levels of 8-epiPGF2alpha, an in vivo marker of oxidative stress, are not affected by aging or Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 3-4 (1999) 463-469
90. Fernandes M.A., Proenca M.T., Nogueira A.J., Grazina M.M., Oliveira L.M., Fernandes A.I., Santiago B., Santana I., and Oliveira C.R. Influence of apolipoprotein E genotype on blood redox status of Alzheimer's disease patients. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2 (1999) 179-186
91. Fiala E.S., Conaway C.C., and Mathis J.E. Oxidative DNA and RNA damage in the livers of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with the hepatocarcinogen 2-nitropropane. Cancer Res 20 (1989) 5518-5522
92. Fillenbaum G.G., Kuchibhatla M.N., Hanlon J.T., Artz M.B., Pieper C.F., Schmader K.E., Dysken M.W., and Gray S.L. Dementia and Alzheimer's disease in community-dwelling elders taking vitamin C and/or vitamin E. Ann. Pharmacother. 12 (2005) 2009-2014
93. Fishel M.L., Vasko M.R., and Kelley M.R. DNA repair in neurons: so if they don't divide what's to repair?. Mutat. Res. 1-2 (2007) 24-36
94. Forman M.S., Mufson E.J., Leurgans S., Pratico D., Joyce S., Leight S., Lee V.M., and Trojanowski J.Q. Cortical biochemistry in MCI and Alzheimer disease: lack of correlation with clinical diagnosis. Neurology 10 (2007) 757-763
95. Frank R.A., Galasko D., Hampel H., Hardy J., de Leon M.J., Mehta P.D., Rogers J., Siemers E., and Trojanowski J.Q. Biological markers for therapeutic trials in Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the biological markers working group; NIA initiative on neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 4 (2003) 521-536
96. Friguet B., and Szweda L.I. Inhibition of the multicatalytic proteinase (proteasome) by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal cross-linked protein. FEBS Lett. 1 (1997) 21-25
97. Gabbita S.P., Lovell M.A., and Markesbery W.R. Increased nuclear DNA oxidation in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 5 (1998) 2034-2040
98. Gabbita S.P., Aksenov M.Y., Lovell M.A., and Markesbery W.R. Decrease in peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase in Alzheimer's disease brain. J. Neurochem. 4 (1999) 1660-1666
99. Gale C.R., Martyn C.N., and Cooper C. Cognitive impairment and mortality in a cohort of elderly people. BMJ 7031 (1996) 608-611
100. Glabe C.G. Common mechanisms of amyloid oligomer pathogenesis in degenerative disease. Neurobiol. Aging 4 (2006) 570-575
101. Glaso M., Nordbo G., Diep L., and Bohmer T. Reduced concentrations of several vitamins in normal weight patients with late-onset dementia of the Alzheimer type without vascular disease. J. Nutr. Health Aging 5 (2004) 407-413
102. Gomez-Ramos A., Diaz-Nido J., Smith M.A., Perry G., and Avila J. Effect of the lipid peroxidation product acrolein on tau phosphorylation in neural cells. J. Neurosci Res. 6 (2003) 863-870
103. Gotz M.E., Dirr A., Freyberger A., Burger R., and Riederer P. The thiobarbituric acid assay reflects susceptibility to oxygen induced lipid peroxidation in vitro rather than levels of lipid hydroperoxides in vivo: a methodological approach. Neurochem. Int. 3 (1993) 255-262
104. Growdon J. Consensus report of the working group on: "Molecular and biochemical markers of alzheimer's disease". The Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute of the Alzheimer's Association and the National Institute on Aging Working Group. Neurobiol Aging 2 (1998) 109-116
105. Gutteridge J.M. Free-radical damage to lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids determined by thiobarbituric acid reactivity. Int. J. Biochem. 7 (1982) 649-653
106. Gutteridge J.M., and Halliwell B. The measurement and mechanism of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Trends Biochem. Sci. 4 (1990) 129-135
107. Hajimohammadreza I., and Brammer M. Brain membrane fluidity and lipid peroxidation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 2-3 (1990) 333-337
108. Halliwell B., and Gutteridge J.M. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 3rd ed. (1999), Oxford University Press, Oxford
109. Halliwell B., and Whiteman M. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean?. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2 (2004) 231-255
110. Hayn M., Kremser K., Singewald N., Cairns N., Nemethova M., Lubec B., and Lubec G. Evidence against the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of neuronal death in Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci. 7 (1996) 537-544
111. Hebert L.E., Scherr P.A., Bienias J.L., Bennett D.A., and Evans D.A. Alzheimer disease in the US population: prevalence estimates using the 2000 census. Arch. Neurol. 8 (2003) 1119-1122
112. Helmer C., Peuchant E., Letenneur L., Bourdel-Marchasson I., Larrieu S., Dartigues J.F., Dubourg L., Thomas M.J., and Barberger-Gateau P. Association between antioxidant nutritional indicators and the incidence of dementia: results from the PAQUID prospective cohort study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 12 (2003) 1555-1561
113. Hensley K., Carney J.M., Mattson M.P., Aksenova M., Harris M., Wu J.F., Floyd R.A., and Butterfield D.A. A model for beta-amyloid aggregation and neurotoxicity based on free radical generation by the peptide: relevance to Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 8 (1994) 3270-3274
114. Hensley K., Hall N., Subramaniam R., Cole P., Harris M., Aksenov M., Aksenova M., Gabbita S.P., Wu J.F., Carney J.M., et al. Brain regional correspondence between Alzheimer's disease histopathology and biomarkers of protein oxidation. J. Neurochem. 5 (1995) 2146-2156
115. Hensley K., Maidt M.L., Yu Z., Sang H., Markesbery W.R., and Floyd R.A. Electrochemical analysis of protein nitrotyrosine and dityrosine in the Alzheimer brain indicates region-specific accumulation. J. Neurosci. 20 (1998) 8126-8132
116. Honda K., Smith M.A., Zhu X., Baus D., Merrick W.C., Tartakoff A.M., Hattier T., Harris P.L., Siedlak S.L., Fujioka H., Liu Q., Moreira P.I., Miller F.P., Nunomura A., Shimohama S., and Perry G. Ribosomal RNA in Alzheimer disease is oxidized by bound redox-active iron. J. Biol. Chem. 22 (2005) 20978-20986
117. Hou L., Kang I., Marchant R.E., and Zagorski M.G. Methionine 35 oxidation reduces fibril assembly of the amyloid abeta-(1-42) peptide of Alzheimer's disease. J. Biol. Chem. 43 (2002) 40173-40176
118. Ichihashi K., Osawa T., Toyokuni S., and Uchida K. Endogenous formation of protein adducts with carcinogenic aldehydes: implications for oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem. 26 (2001) 23903-23913
119. Ihara Y., Hayabara T., Sasaki K., Kawada R., Nakashima Y., and Kuroda S. Relationship between oxidative stress and apoE phenotype in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. 6 (2000) 346-349
120. Iida T., Furuta A., Nishioka K., Nakabeppu Y., and Iwaki T. Expression of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase is reduced and associated with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease brain. Acta Neuropathol. 1 (2002) 20-25
121. Irie Y., Saeki M., Kamisaki Y., Martin E., and Murad F. Histone H1.2 is a substrate for denitrase, an activity that reduces nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 10 (2003) 5634-5639
122. Irizarry M.C., Yao Y., Hyman B.T., Growdon J.H., and Pratico D. Plasma F2A isoprostane levels in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener. Dis. 6 (2007) 403-405
123. Jacobsen E., Beach T., Shen Y., Li R., and Chang Y. Deficiency of the Mre11 DNA repair complex in Alzheimer's disease brains. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1 (2004) 1-7
124. Jones D.P. Redefining oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 9-10 (2006) 1865-1879
125. Joseph J., Shukitt-Hale B., Denisova N.A., Martin A., Perry G., and Smith M.A. Copernicus revisited: amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 1 (2001) 131-146
126. Kadiiska M.B., Gladen B.C., Baird D.D., Graham L.B., Parker C.E., Ames B.N., Basu S., Fitzgerald G.A., Lawson J.A., Marnett L.J., Morrow J.D., Murray D.M., Plastaras J., Roberts II L.J., Rokach J., Shigenaga M.K., Sun J., Walter P.B., Tomer K.B., Barrett J.C., and Mason R.P. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress Study III. Effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents indomethacin and meclofenamic acid on measurements of oxidative products of lipids in CCl4 poisoning. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 6 (2005) 711-718
127. Kadioglu E., Sardas S., Aslan S., Isik E., and Esat Karakaya A. Detection of oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Biomarkers 2 (2004) 203-209
128. Kawaguchi-Niida M., Shibata N., Morikawa S., Uchida K., Yamamoto T., Sawada T., and Kobayashi M. Crotonaldehyde accumulates in glial cells of Alzheimer's disease brain. Acta Neuropathol. 5 (2006) 422-429
129. Kawamoto E.M., Munhoz C.D., Glezer I., Bahia V.S., Caramelli P., Nitrini R., Gorjao R., Curi R., Scavone C., and Marcourakis T. Oxidative state in platelets and erythrocytes in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 6 (2005) 857-864
130. Kedar N.P. Can we prevent Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease?. J. Postgrad. Med. 3 (2003) 236-245
131. Keller J.N., and Mattson M.P. Roles of lipid peroxidation in modulation of cellular signaling pathways, cell dysfunction, and death in the nervous system. Rev. Neurosci. 2 (1998) 105-116
132. Keller J.N., Mark R.J., Bruce A.J., Blanc E., Rothstein J.D., Uchida K., Waeg G., and Mattson M.P. 4-Hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of membrane lipid peroxidation, impairs glutamate transport and mitochondrial function in synaptosomes. Neuroscience 3 (1997) 685-696
133. Keller J.N., Schmitt F.A., Scheff S.W., Ding Q., Chen Q., Butterfield D.A., and Markesbery W.R. Evidence of increased oxidative damage in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 7 (2005) 1152-1156
134. Kim K.M., Jung B.H., Paeng K.J., Kim I., and Chung B.C. Increased urinary F(2)-isoprostanes levels in the patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. Bull. 1 (2004) 47-51
135. Kinsella T.J., Dobson P.P., Fornace Jr. A.J., Barrett S.F., Ganges M.B., and Robbins J.H. Alzheimer's disease fibroblasts have normal repair of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced DNA damage determined by the alkaline elution technique. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2 (1987) 355-361
136. Klein W.L., Krafft G.A., and Finch C.E. Targeting small Abeta oligomers: the solution to an Alzheimer's disease conundrum?. Trends Neurosci. 4 (2001) 219-224
137. Korolainen M.A., Goldsteins G., Nyman T.A., Alafuzoff I., Koistinaho J., and Pirttila T. Oxidative modification of proteins in the frontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease brain. Neurobiol. Aging 1 (2006) 42-53
138. Kosova F., Cetin B., Akinci M., Aslan S., Ari Z., Sepici A., Altan N., and Cetin A. Advanced oxidation protein products, ferrous oxidation in xylenol orange, and malondialdehyde levels in thyroid cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 9 (2007) 2616-2620
139. Kozekov I.D., Nechev L.V., Moseley M.S., Harris C.M., Rizzo C.J., Stone M.P., and Harris T.M. DNA interchain cross-links formed by acrolein and crotonaldehyde. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1 (2003) 50-61
140. Kruman I.I. Why do neurons enter the cell cycle?. Cell Cycle 6 (2004) 769-773
141. Kuhla B., Haase C., Flach K., Luth H.J., Arendt T., and Munch G. Effect of pseudophosphorylation and cross-linking by lipid peroxidation and advanced glycation end product precursors on tau aggregation and filament formation. J. Biol. Chem. 10 (2007) 6984-6991
142. La Rue A., Koehler K.M., Wayne S.J., Chiulli S.J., Haaland K.Y., and Garry P.J. Nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a normally aging sample: a 6-y reassessment. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1 (1997) 20-29
143. Laboissiere M.C., Sturley S.L., and Raines R.T. The essential function of protein-disulfide isomerase is to unscramble non-native disulfide bonds. J. Biol. Chem. 47 (1995) 28006-28009
144. Lambert M.P., Barlow A.K., Chromy B.A., Edwards C., Freed R., Liosatos M., Morgan T.E., Rozovsky I., Trommer B., Viola K.L., Wals P., Zhang C., Finch C.E., Krafft G.A., and Klein W.L. Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Abeta1-42 are potent central nervous system neurotoxins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 11 (1998) 6448-6453
145. Lauderback C.M., Hackett J.M., Huang F.F., Keller J.N., Szweda L.I., Markesbery W.R., and Butterfield D.A. The glial glutamate transporter, GLT-1, is oxidatively modified by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the Alzheimer's disease brain: the role of Abeta1-42. J. Neurochem. 2 (2001) 413-416
146. Laurin D., Masaki K.H., Foley D.J., White L.R., and Launer L.J. Midlife dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of late-life incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 10 (2004) 959-967
147. LeDoux S.P., Druzhyna N.M., Hollensworth S.B., Harrison J.F., and Wilson G.L. Mitochondrial DNA repair: a critical player in the response of cells of the CNS to genotoxic insults. Neuroscience 4 (2007) 1249-1259
148. Lee H.G., Casadesus G., Zhu X., Takeda A., Perry G., and Smith M.A. Challenging the amyloid cascade hypothesis: senile plaques and amyloid-beta as protective adaptations to Alzheimer disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (2004) 1-4
149. Lee S.H., Kim I., and Chung B.C. Increased urinary level of oxidized nucleosides in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Biochem. 13-14 (2007) 936-938
150. Lepage G., Munoz G., Champagne J., and Roy C.C. Preparative steps necessary for the accurate measurement of malondialdehyde by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 2 (1991) 277-283
151. Li W.P., Chan W.Y., Lai H.W., and Yew D.T. Terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells in the different regions of the brain in normal aging and Alzheimer patients. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2 (1997) 75-82
152. Li F., Calingasan N.Y., Yu F., Mauck W.M., Toidze M., Almeida C.G., Takahashi R.H., Carlson G.A., Flint Beal M., Lin M.T., and Gouras G.K. Increased plaque burden in brains of APP mutant MnSOD heterozygous knockout mice. J. Neurochem. 5 (2004) 1308-1312
153. Linnane A.W., Marzuki S., Ozawa T., and Tanaka M. Mitochondrial DNA mutations as an important contributor to ageing and degenerative diseases. Lancet 8639 (1989) 642-645
154. Liu X., Lovell M.A., and Lynn B.C. Development of a method for quantification of acrolein-deoxyguanosine adducts in DNA using isotope dilution-capillary LC/MS/MS and its application to human brain tissue. Anal. Chem. 18 (2005) 5982-5989
155. Liu X., Lovell M.A., and Lynn B.C. Detection and quantification of endogenous cyclic DNA adducts derived from trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in human brain tissue by isotope dilution capillary liquid chromatography nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 5 (2006) 710-718
156. Loidl-Stahlhofen A., Hannemann K., and Spiteller G. Generation of alpha-hydroxyaldehydic compounds in the course of lipid peroxidation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2 (1994) 140-148
157. Long J., Liu C., Sun L., Gao H., and Liu J. Neuronal mitochondrial toxicity of malondialdehyde: inhibitory effects on respiratory function and enzyme activities in rat brain mitochondria. Neurochem. Res. 4 (2008) 786-794
158. LoPachin R.M., Barber D.S., and Gavin T. Molecular mechanisms of the conjugated alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives: relevance to neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicol. Sci. 2 (2008) 235-249
159. Lovell M.A., and Markesbery W.R. Ratio of 8-hydroxyguanine in intact DNA to free 8-hydroxyguanine is increased in Alzheimer disease ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. Arch. Neurol. 3 (2001) 392-396
160. Lovell M.A., and Markesbery W.R. Oxidative DNA damage in mild cognitive impairment and late-stage Alzheimer's disease. Nucleic Acids Res. 22 (2007) 7497-7504
161. Lovell M.A., and Markesbery W.R. Oxidatively modified RNA in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol. Dis. 2 (2008) 169-175
162. Lovell M.A., Ehmann W.D., Butler S.M., and Markesbery W.R. Elevated thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 8 (1995) 1594-1601
163. Lovell M.A., Ehmann W.D., Mattson M.P., and Markesbery W.R. Elevated 4-hydroxynonenal in ventricular fluid in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 5 (1997) 457-461
164. Lovell M.A., Robertson J.D., Teesdale W.J., Campbell J.L., and Markesbery W.R. Copper, iron and zinc in Alzheimer's disease senile plaques. J. Neurol. Sci. 1 (1998) 47-52
165. Lovell M.A., Gabbita S.P., and Markesbery W.R. Increased DNA oxidation and decreased levels of repair products in Alzheimer's disease ventricular CSF. J. Neurochem. 2 (1999) 771-776
166. Lovell M.A., Xie C., and Markesbery W.R. Acrolein, a product of lipid peroxidation, inhibits glucose and glutamate uptake in primary neuronal cultures. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 8 (2000) 714-720
167. Lovell M.A., Xie C., and Markesbery W.R. Decreased base excision repair and increased helicase activity in Alzheimer's disease brain. Brain Res. 1 (2000) 116-123
168. Lovell M.A., Xie C., and Markesbery W.R. Acrolein is increased in Alzheimer's disease brain and is toxic to primary hippocampal cultures. Neurobiol. Aging 2 (2001) 187-194
169. Lu T., Pan Y., Kao S.Y., Li C., Kohane I., Chan J., and Yankner B.A. Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain. Nature 6994 (2004) 883-891
170. Lucassen P.J., Chung W.C., Kamphorst W., and Swaab D.F. DNA damage distribution in the human brain as shown by in situ end labeling; area-specific differences in aging and Alzheimer disease in the absence of apoptotic morphology. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 8 (1997) 887-900
171. Luchsinger J.A., Tang M.X., Shea S., and Mayeux R. Antioxidant vitamin intake and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 2 (2003) 203-208
172. Luczaj W., and Skrzydlewska E. DNA damage caused by lipid peroxidation products. Cell Mol. Biol. Lett. 2 (2003) 391-413
173. Luth H.J., Munch G., and Arendt T. Aberrant expression of NOS isoforms in Alzheimer's disease is structurally related to nitrotyrosine formation. Brain Res. 1-2 (2002) 135-143
174. Lyras L., Cairns N.J., Jenner A., Jenner P., and Halliwell B. An assessment of oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA in brain from patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 5 (1997) 2061-2069
175. Malinski T. Nitric oxide and nitroxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2 (2007) 207-218
176. Marcus D.L., Thomas C., Rodriguez C., Simberkoff K., Tsai J.S., Strafaci J.A., and Freedman M.L. Increased peroxidation and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity in Alzheimer's disease. Exp. Neurol. 1 (1998) 40-44
177. Mariani E., Polidori M.C., Cherubini A., and Mecocci P. Oxidative stress in brain aging, neurodegenerative and vascular diseases: an overview. J. Chromatogr. B: Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 1 (2005) 65-75
178. Mariani E., Monastero R., and Mecocci P. Mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. J. Alzheimers Dis. 1 (2007) 23-35
179. 2+ homeostasis and cell death. J. Neurosci. 9 (1995) 6239-6249
180. Markesbery W.R., and Carney J.M. Oxidative alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol. 1 (1999) 133-146
181. Markesbery W.R., and Lovell M.A. Four-hydroxynonenal, a product of lipid peroxidation, is increased in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 1 (1998) 33-36
182. Markesbery W.R., and Lovell M.A. Damage to lipids, proteins, DNA, and RNA in mild cognitive impairment. Arch. Neurol. 7 (2007) 954-956
183. Markesbery W.R., Kryscio R.J., Lovell M.A., and Morrow J.D. Lipid peroxidation is an early event in the brain in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Ann. Neurol. 5 (2005) 730-735
184. Marques C.A., Keil U., Bonert A., Steiner B., Haass C., Muller W.E., and Eckert A. Neurotoxic mechanisms caused by the Alzheimer's disease-linked Swedish amyloid precursor protein mutation: oxidative stress, caspases, and the JNK pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 30 (2003) 28294-28302
185. Martin B.L., Wu D., Jakes S., and Graves D.J. Chemical influences on the specificity of tyrosine phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 13 (1990) 7108-7111
186. Martin-Aragon S., Bermejo-Bescos P., Benedi J., Felici E., Gil P., Ribera J.M., and Villar A.M. Metalloproteinase's activity and oxidative stress in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem. Res. 2 (2009) 373-378
187. Martin-Gallan P., Carrascosa A., Gussinye M., and Dominguez C. Biomarkers of diabetes-associated oxidative stress and antioxidant status in young diabetic patients with or without subclinical complications. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 12 (2003) 1563-1574
188. Mattson M.P. Modification of ion homeostasis by lipid peroxidation: roles in neuronal degeneration and adaptive plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 2 (1998) 53-57
189. Mattson M.P. Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer's disease. Nature 7000 (2004) 631-639
190. Maxwell C.J., Hicks M.S., Hogan D.B., Basran J., and Ebly E.M. Supplemental use of antioxidant vitamins and subsequent risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 1 (2005) 45-51
191. Mazur-Kolecka B., Frackowiak J., Kowal D., Krzeslowska J., and Dickson D. Oxidative protein damage in cells engaged in beta-amyloidosis is related to apoE genotype. Neuroreport 4 (2002) 465-468
192. McGeer P.L., McGeer E.G., and Yasojima K. Alzheimer disease and neuroinflammation. J. Neural. Transm. Suppl. (2000) 53-57
193. McGrath L.T., McGleenon B.M., Brennan S., McColl D., Mc I.S., and Passmore A.P. Increased oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease as assessed with 4-hydroxynonenal but not malondialdehyde. QJM 9 (2001) 485-490
194. McIntosh L.J., Trush M.A., and Troncoso J.C. Increased susceptibility of Alzheimer's disease temporal cortex to oxygen free radical-mediated processes. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2 (1997) 183-190
195. Mecocci P., MacGarvey U., Kaufman A.E., Koontz D., Shoffner J.M., Wallace D.C., and Beal M.F. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA shows marked age-dependent increases in human brain. Ann. Neurol. 4 (1993) 609-616
196. Mecocci P., MacGarvey U., and Beal M.F. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA is increased in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 5 (1994) 747-751
197. Mecocci P., Polidori M.C., Ingegni T., Cherubini A., Chionne F., Cecchetti R., and Senin U. Oxidative damage to DNA in lymphocytes from AD patients. Neurology 4 (1998) 1014-1017
198. Mecocci P., Polidori M.C., Troiano L., Cherubini A., Cecchetti R., Pini G., Straatman M., Monti D., Stahl W., Sies H., Franceschi C., and Senin U. Plasma antioxidants and longevity: a study on healthy centenarians. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 8 (2000) 1243-1248
199. Mecocci P., Polidori M.C., Cherubini A., Ingegni T., Mattioli P., Catani M., Rinaldi P., Cecchetti R., Stahl W., Senin U., and Beal M.F. Lymphocyte oxidative DNA damage and plasma antioxidants in Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 5 (2002) 794-798
200. Melov S. Modeling mitochondrial function in aging neurons. Trends Neurosci. 10 (2004) 601-606
201. Mieyal J.J., Gallogly M.M., Qanungo S., Sabens E.A., and Shelton M.D. Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of reversible protein S-glutathionylation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11 (2008) 1941-1988
202. Migliore L., Fontana I., Colognato R., Coppede F., Siciliano G., and Murri L. Searching for the role and the most suitable biomarkers of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease and in other neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol. Aging 5 (2005) 587-595
203. Migliore L., Fontana I., Trippi F., Colognato R., Coppede F., Tognoni G., Nucciarone B., and Siciliano G. Oxidative DNA damage in peripheral leukocytes of mild cognitive impairment and AD patients. Neurobiol. Aging 5 (2005) 567-573
204. Miyata M., and Smith J.D. Apolipoprotein E allele-specific antioxidant activity and effects on cytotoxicity by oxidative insults and beta-amyloid peptides. Nat. Genet. 1 (1996) 55-61
205. Montine K.S., Olson S.J., Amarnath V., Whetsell Jr. W.O., Graham D.G., and Montine T.J. Immunohistochemical detection of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal adducts in Alzheimer's disease is associated with inheritance of APOE4. Am. J. Pathol. 2 (1997) 437-443
206. Montine T.J., Markesbery W.R., Morrow J.D., and Roberts II L.J. Cerebrospinal fluid F2-isoprostane levels are increased in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 3 (1998) 410-413
207. Montine T.J., Beal M.F., Cudkowicz M.E., O'Donnell H., Margolin R.A., McFarland L., Bachrach A.F., Zackert W.E., Roberts L.J., and Morrow J.D. Increased CSF F2-isoprostane concentration in probable AD. Neurology 3 (1999) 562-565
208. Montine T.J., Markesbery W.R., Zackert W., Sanchez S.C., Roberts II L.J., and Morrow J.D. The magnitude of brain lipid peroxidation correlates with the extent of degeneration but not with density of neuritic plaques or neurofibrillary tangles or with APOE genotype in Alzheimer's disease patients. Am. J. Pathol. 3 (1999) 863-868
209. Montine T.J., Sidell K.R., Crews B.C., Markesbery W.R., Marnett L.J., Roberts II L.J., and Morrow J.D. Elevated CSF prostaglandin E2 levels in patients with probable AD. Neurology 7 (1999) 1495-1498
210. Montine T.J., Shinobu L., Montine K.S., Roberts II L.J., Kowall N.W., Beal M.F., and Morrow J.D. No difference in plasma or urinary F2-isoprostanes among patients with Huntington's disease or Alzheimer's disease and controls. Ann. Neurol. 6 (2000) 950
211. Montine T.J., Kaye J.A., Montine K.S., McFarland L., Morrow J.D., and Quinn J.F. Cerebrospinal fluid abeta42, tau, and f2-isoprostane concentrations in patients with Alzheimer disease, other dementias, and in age-matched controls. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 4 (2001) 510-512
212. Montine T.J., Quinn J.F., Milatovic D., Silbert L.C., Dang T., Sanchez S., Terry E., Roberts II L.J., Kaye J.A., and Morrow J.D. Peripheral F2-isoprostanes and F4-neuroprostanes are not increased in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 2 (2002) 175-179
213. Montine T.J., Quinn J., Kaye J., and Morrow J.D. F(2)-isoprostanes as biomarkers of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. J. Mol. Neurosci. 1 (2007) 114-119
214. Montuschi P., Barnes P.J., and Roberts II L.J. Isoprostanes: markers and mediators of oxidative stress. FASEB J. 15 (2004) 1791-1800
215. Moore S.A., Yoder E., Murphy S., Dutton G.R., and Spector A.A. Astrocytes, not neurons, produce docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 omega-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4 omega-6). J. Neurochem. 2 (1991) 518-524
216. Moreira P.I., Nunomura A., Nakamura M., Takeda A., Shenk J.C., Aliev G., Smith M.A., and Perry G. Nucleic acid oxidation in Alzheimer disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 8 (2008) 1493-1505
217. Morocz M., Kalman J., Juhasz A., Sinko I., McGlynn A.P., Downes C.S., Janka Z., and Rasko I. Elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 1 (2002) 47-53
218. Morris M.C., Beckett L.A., Scherr P.A., Hebert L.E., Bennett D.A., Field T.S., and Evans D.A. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer. Dis. Assoc. Disord. 3 (1998) 121-126
219. Morris M.C., Evans D.A., Bienias J.L., Tangney C.C., Bennett D.A., Aggarwal N., Wilson R.S., and Scherr P.A. Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study. JAMA 24 (2002) 3230-3237
220. Morrow J.D. Quantification of isoprostanes as indices of oxidant stress and the risk of atherosclerosis in humans. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2 (2005) 279-286
221. Morrow J.D., Awad J.A., Boss H.J., Blair I.A., and Roberts II L.J. Non-cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids (F2-isoprostanes) are formed in situ on phospholipids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 22 (1992) 10721-10725
222. Morrow J.D., Frei B., Longmire A.W., Gaziano J.M., Lynch S.M., Shyr Y., Strauss W.E., Oates J.A., and Roberts II L.J. Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) in smokers. Smoking as a cause of oxidative damage. N. Engl. J. Med. 18 (1995) 1198-1203
223. Mullaart E., Boerrigter M.E., Ravid R., Swaab D.F., and Vijg J. Increased levels of DNA breaks in cerebral cortex of Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurobiol. Aging 3 (1990) 169-173
224. Nakamura K., Kusano K.F., Matsubara H., Nakamura Y., Miura A., Nishii N., Banba K., Nagase S., Miyaji K., Morita H., Saito H., Emori T., and Ohe T. Relationship between oxidative stress and systolic dysfunction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Card. Fail. 2 (2005) 117-123
225. Nath R.G., Ocando J.E., Guttenplan J.B., and Chung F.L. 1,N2-propanodeoxyguanosine adducts: potential new biomarkers of smoking-induced DNA damage in human oral tissue. Cancer Res. 4 (1998) 581-584
226. Nayak B.S., and Pinto S. Protein thiols and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance status in colon cancer patients. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 7 (2007) 848-851
227. Newman S.F., Sultana R., Perluigi M., Coccia R., Cai J., Pierce W.M., Klein J.B., Turner D.M., and Butterfield D.A. An increase in S-glutathionylated proteins in the Alzheimer's disease inferior parietal lobule, a proteomics approach. J. Neurosci. Res. 7 (2007) 1506-1514
228. Niki E., Noguchi N., and Gotoh N. Dynamics of lipid peroxidation and its inhibition by antioxidants. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2 (1993) 313-317
229. Nourooz-Zadeh J., Liu E.H., Yhlen B., Anggard E.E., and Halliwell B. F4-isoprostanes as specific marker of docosahexaenoic acid peroxidation in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 2 (1999) 734-740
230. Nunomura A., Perry G., Pappolla M.A., Wade R., Hirai K., Chiba S., and Smith M.A. RNA oxidation is a prominent feature of vulnerable neurons in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 6 (1999) 1959-1964
231. Nunomura A., Perry G., Aliev G., Hirai K., Takeda A., Balraj E.K., Jones P.K., Ghanbari H., Wataya T., Shimohama S., Chiba S., Atwood C.S., Petersen R.B., and Smith M.A. Oxidative damage is the earliest event in Alzheimer disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 8 (2001) 759-767
232. Nunomura A., Chiba S., Lippa C.F., Cras P., Kalaria R.N., Takeda A., Honda K., Smith M.A., and Perry G. Neuronal RNA oxidation is a prominent feature of familial Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 1 (2004) 108-113
233. Nunomura A., Honda K., Takeda A., Hirai K., Zhu X., Smith M.A., and Perry G. Oxidative damage to RNA in neurodegenerative diseases. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 3 (2006) 82323
234. Nunomura A., Moreira P.I., Zhu X., Smith M.A., and Perry G. Involvement of oxidative stress in the early-stage of Alzheimer's disease: implications for therapeutics. Trends Alzheimer's Dis. Res. (2006)
235. Ozcankaya R., and Delibas N. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, melatonin, iron, copper, and zinc blood concentrations in patients with Alzheimer disease: cross-sectional study. Croat. Med. J. 1 (2002) 28-32
236. Palmer A.M., and Burns M.A. Selective increase in lipid peroxidation in the inferior temporal cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. 1-2 (1994) 338-342
237. Pamplona R., Dalfo E., Ayala V., Bellmunt M.J., Prat J., Ferrer I., and Portero-Otin M. Proteins in human brain cortex are modified by oxidation, glycoxidation, and lipoxidation. Effects of Alzheimer disease and identification of lipoxidation targets. J. Biol. Chem. 22 (2005) 21522-21530
238. Pappolla M.A., Omar R.A., Kim K.S., and Robakis N.K. Immunohistochemical evidence of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 3 (1992) 621-628
239. Parshad R.P., Sanford K.K., Price F.M., Melnick L.K., Nee L.E., Schapiro M.B., Tarone R.E., and Robbins J.H. Fluorescent light-induced chromatid breaks distinguish Alzheimer disease cells from normal cells in tissue culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 10 (1996) 5146-5150
240. Pedersen W.A., Cashman N.R., and Mattson M.P. The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal impairs glutamate and glucose transport and choline acetyltransferase activity in NSC-19 motor neuron cells. Exp. Neurol. 1 (1999) 1-10
241. Perrig W.J., Perrig P., and Stahelin H.B. The relation between antioxidants and memory performance in the old and very old. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 6 (1997) 718-724
242. Petersen R.C., Thomas R.G., Grundman M., Bennett D., Doody R., Ferris S., Galasko D., Jin S., Kaye J., Levey A., Pfeiffer E., Sano M., van Dyck C.H., and Thal L.J. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N. Engl. J. Med. 23 (2005) 2379-2388
243. Picklo Sr. M.J., and Montine T.J. Mitochondrial effects of lipid-derived neurotoxins. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2 (2007) 185-193
244. Pincemail J., Defraigne J.O., and Limet R. Oxidative stress in clinical situations-fact or fiction?. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 3 (1996) 219-234
245. Polidori M.C., and Mecocci P. Plasma susceptibility to free radical-induced antioxidant consumption and lipid peroxidation is increased in very old subjects with Alzheimer disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 6 (2002) 517-522
246. Polidori M.C., Cherubini A., Senin U., and Mecocci P. Peripheral non-enzymatic antioxidant changes with human aging: a selective status report. Biogerontology 2 (2001) 99-104
247. Polidori M.C., Stahl W., Eichler O., Niestroj I., and Sies H. Profiles of antioxidants in human plasma. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 5 (2001) 456-462
248. Polidori M.C., Mattioli P., Aldred S., Cecchetti R., Stahl W., Griffiths H., Senin U., Sies H., and Mecocci P. Plasma antioxidant status, immunoglobulin g oxidation and lipid peroxidation in demented patients: relevance to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 3-4 (2004) 265-270
249. Polidori M.C., Griffiths H.R., Mariani E., and Mecocci P. Hallmarks of protein oxidative damage in neurodegenerative diseases: focus on Alzheimer's disease. Amino Acids 4 (2007) 553-559
250. Porter N.A., Caldwell S.E., and Mills K.A. Mechanisms of free radical oxidation of unsaturated lipids. Lipids 4 (1995) 277-290
251. Praticò D. Evidence of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease brain and antioxidant therapy: lights and shadows. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (2008) 70-78
252. Praticò D., and Sung S. Lipid peroxidation and oxidative imbalance: early functional events in Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2 (2004) 171-175
253. Praticò D., Lee V.M.Y., Trojanowski J.Q., Rokach J., and Fitzgerald G.A. Increased F2-isoprostanes in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for enhanced lipid peroxidation in vivo. FASEB J. 15 (1998) 1777-1783
254. Praticò D., Clark C.M., Lee V.M., Trojanowski J.Q., Rokach J., and FitzGerald G.A. Increased 8,12-iso-iPF2alpha-VI in Alzheimer's disease: correlation of a noninvasive index of lipid peroxidation with disease severity. Ann. Neurol. 5 (2000) 809-812
255. Praticò D., Uryu K., Leight S., Trojanoswki J.Q., and Lee V.M. Increased lipid peroxidation precedes amyloid plaque formation in an animal model of Alzheimer amyloidosis. J. Neurosci. 12 (2001) 4183-4187
256. Praticò D., Clark C.M., Liun F., Rokach J., Lee V.Y., and Trojanowski J.Q. Increase of brain oxidative stress in mild cognitive impairment: a possible predictor of Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 6 (2002) 972-976
257. Pryor W.A., and Porter N.A. Suggested mechanisms for the production of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal from the autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 6 (1990) 541-543
258. Quinn J.F., Montine K.S., Moore M., Morrow J.D., Kaye J.A., and Montine T.J. Suppression of longitudinal increase in CSF F2-isoprostanes in Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 1 (2004) 93-97
259. Ramassamy C., Averill D., Beffert U., Theroux L., Lussier-Cacan S., Cohn J.S., Christen Y., Schoofs A., Davignon J., and Poirier J. Oxidative insults are associated with apolipoprotein E genotype in Alzheimer's disease brain. Neurobiol. Dis. 1 (2000) 23-37
260. Reddy P.H., and Beal M.F. Amyloid beta, mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic damage: implications for cognitive decline in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Trends Mol. Med. 2 (2008) 45-53
261. Reddy S., Finkelstein E.I., Wong P.S., Phung A., Cross C.E., and van der Vliet A. Identification of glutathione modifications by cigarette smoke. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 11 (2002) 1490-1498
262. Reed T., Perluigi M., Sultana R., Pierce W.M., Klein J.B., Turner D.M., Coccia R., Markesbery W.R., and Butterfield D.A. Redox proteomic identification of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified brain proteins in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: insight into the role of lipid peroxidation in the progression and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 1 (2008) 107-120
263. Reich E.E., Markesbery W.R., Roberts II L.J., Swift L.L., Morrow J.D., and Montine T.J. Brain regional quantification of F-ring and D-/E-ring isoprostanes and neuroprostanes in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 1 (2001) 293-297
264. Repetto M.G., Reides C.G., Evelson P., Kohan S., de Lustig E.S., and Llesuy S.F. Peripheral markers of oxidative stress in probable Alzheimer patients. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 7 (1999) 643-649
265. Rinaldi P., Polidori M.C., Metastasio A., Mariani E., Mattioli P., Cherubini A., Catani M., Cecchetti R., Senin U., and Mecocci P. Plasma antioxidants are similarly depleted in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 7 (2003) 915-919
266. Riviere S., Birlouez-Aragon I., Nourhashemi F., and Vellas B. Low plasma vitamin C in Alzheimer patients despite an adequate diet. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 11 (1998) 749-754
267. Roberts II L.J., and Morrow J.D. The generation and actions of isoprostanes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2 (1997) 121-135
268. Roberts II L.J., and Morrow J.D. Products of the isoprostane pathway: unique bioactive compounds and markers of lipid peroxidation. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 5 (2002) 808-820
269. Roberts II L.J., Montine T.J., Markesbery W.R., Tapper A.R., Hardy P., Chemtob S., Dettbarn W.D., and Morrow J.D. Formation of isoprostane-like compounds (neuroprostanes) in vivo from docosahexaenoic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 22 (1998) 13605-13612
270. Rottkamp C.A., Atwood C.S., Joseph J.A., Nunomura A., Perry G., and Smith M.A. The state versus amyloid-beta: the trial of the most wanted criminal in Alzheimer disease. Peptides 7 (2002) 1333-1341
271. Ryberg H., Soderling A.S., Davidsson P., Blennow K., Caidahl K., and Persson L.I. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of free 3-nitrotyrosine are not elevated in the majority of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem. Int. 1 (2004) 57-62
272. Sano M., Ernesto C., Thomas R.G., Klauber M.R., Schafer K., Grundman M., Woodbury P., Growdon J., Cotman C.W., Pfeiffer E., Schneider L.S., and Thal L.J. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. N. Engl. J. Med. 17 (1997) 1216-1222
273. Sathiyapriya V., Selvaraj N., Nandeesha H., Bobby Z., Agrawal A., and Pavithran P. Enhanced glycation of hemoglobin and plasma proteins is associated with increased lipid peroxide levels in non-diabetic hypertensive subjects. Arch. Med. Res. 8 (2007) 822-826
274. Sayre L.M., Zagorski M.G., Surewicz W.K., Krafft G.A., and Perry G. Mechanisms of neurotoxicity associated with amyloid beta deposition and the role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: a critical appraisal. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 5 (1997) 518-526
275. Sayre L.M., Zelasko D.A., Harris P.L., Perry G., Salomon R.G., and Smith M.A. 4-Hydroxynonenal-derived advanced lipid peroxidation end products are increased in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 5 (1997) 2092-2097
276. Sayre L.M., Perry G., and Smith M.A. Oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1 (2008) 172-188
277. Schmidt R., Hayn M., Reinhart B., Roob G., Schmidt H., Schumacher M., Watzinger N., and Launer L.J. Plasma antioxidants and cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults: results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 11 (1998) 1407-1410
278. Schopfer F.J., Baker P.R., and Freeman B.A. NO-dependent protein nitration: a cell signaling event or an oxidative inflammatory response?. Trends Biochem. Sci. 12 (2003) 646-654
279. Schuessel K., Leutner S., Cairns N.J., Muller W.E., and Eckert A. Impact of gender on upregulation of antioxidant defence mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease brain. J. Neural. Transm. 9 (2004) 1167-1182
280. Seidl R., Greber S., Schuller E., Bernert G., Cairns N., and Lubec G. Evidence against increased oxidative DNA-damage in Down syndrome. Neurosci. Lett. 3 (1997) 137-140
281. Serra J.A., Dominguez R.O., de Lustig E.S., Guareschi E.M., Famulari A.L., Bartolome E.L., and Marschoff E.R. Parkinson's disease is associated with oxidative stress: comparison of peripheral antioxidant profiles in living Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and vascular dementia patients. J. Neural. Transm. 10 (2001) 1135-1148
282. Shadel G.S. Mitochondrial DNA, aconitase 'wraps' it up. Trends Biochem. Sci. 6 (2005) 294-296
283. Shan X., and Lin C.L. Quantification of oxidized RNAs in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 5 (2006) 657-662
284. Shan X., Tashiro H., and Lin C.L. The identification and characterization of oxidized RNAs in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 12 (2003) 4913-4921
285. Shan X., Chang Y., and Lin C.L. Messenger RNA oxidation is an early event preceding cell death and causes reduced protein expression. FASEB J. 11 (2007) 2753-2764
286. Shao C., Xiong S., Li G.M., Gu L., Mao G., Markesbery W.R., and Lovell M.A. Altered 8-oxoguanine glycosylase in mild cognitive impairment and late-stage Alzheimer's disease brain. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 6 (2008) 813-819
287. Shringarpure R., Grune T., Sitte N., and Davies K.J. 4-Hydroxynonenal-modified amyloid-beta peptide inhibits the proteasome: possible importance in Alzheimer's disease. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 12 (2000) 1802-1809
288. Siegel S.J., Bieschke J., Powers E.T., and Kelly J.W. The oxidative stress metabolite 4-hydroxynonenal promotes Alzheimer protofibril formation. Biochemistry 6 (2007) 1503-1510
289. Siems W., Quast S., Carluccio F., Wiswedel I., Hirsch D., Augustin W., Hampi H., Riehle M., and Sommerburg O. Oxidative stress in chronic renal failure as a cardiovascular risk factor. Clin. Nephrol. (2002) S12-S19
290. Sies H. Oxidative Stress: Introductory Remarks (1985), Academic Press, London
291. Sinclair A.J., Bayer A.J., Johnston J., Warner C., and Maxwell S.R. Altered plasma antioxidant status in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 12 (1998) 840-845
292. Skinner E.R., Watt C., Besson J.A., and Best P.V. Differences in the fatty acid composition of the grey and white matter of different regions of the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and control subjects. Brain (1993) 717-725
293. Small G.W., Rabins P.V., Barry P.P., Buckholtz N.S., DeKosky S.T., Ferris S.H., Finkel S.I., Gwyther L.P., Khachaturian Z.S., Lebowitz B.D., McRae T.D., Morris J.C., Oakley F., Schneider L.S., Streim J.E., Sunderland T., Teri L.A., and Tune L.E. Diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer disease and related disorders. Consensus statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, the Alzheimer's Association, and the American Geriatrics Society. JAMA 16 (1997) 1363-1371
294. Smith C.D., Carney J.M., Starke-Reed P.E., Oliver C.N., Stadtman E.R., Floyd R.A., and Markesbery W.R. Excess brain protein oxidation and enzyme dysfunction in normal aging and in Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 23 (1991) 10540-10543
295. Smith M.A., Perry G., Richey P.L., Sayre L.M., Anderson V.E., Beal M.F., and Kowall N. Oxidative damage in Alzheimer's. Nature 6587 (1996) 120-121
296. Smith M.A., Harris P.L., Sayre L.M., and Perry G. Iron accumulation in Alzheimer disease is a source of redox-generated free radicals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 18 (1997) 9866-9868
297. Smith M.A., Richey Harris P.L., Sayre L.M., Beckman J.S., and Perry G. Widespread peroxynitrite-mediated damage in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 8 (1997) 2653-2657
298. Sohal R.S., Agarwal S., Dubey A., and Orr W.C. Protein oxidative damage is associated with life expectancy of houseflies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 15 (1993) 7255-7259
299. Song S., and Jung Y.K. Alzheimer's disease meets the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Trends Mol. Med. 11 (2004) 565-570
300. Song W.L., Lawson J.A., Reilly D., Rokach J., Chang C.T., Giasson B., and Fitzgerald G.A. Neurofurans, novel indices of oxidant stress derived from docosahexaenoic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 1 (2008) 6-16
301. Stadelmann C., Bruck W., Bancher C., Jellinger K., and Lassmann H. Alzheimer disease: DNA fragmentation indicates increased neuronal vulnerability, but not apoptosis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 5 (1998) 456-464
302. Stadtman E.R., and Levine R.L. Free radical-mediated oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins. Amino Acids 3-4 (2003) 207-218
303. Stadtman E.R., Moskovitz J., and Levine R.L. Oxidation of methionine residues of proteins: biological consequences. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 5 (2003) 577-582
304. Stocker R., and Keaney Jr. J.F. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol. Rev. 4 (2004) 1381-1478
305. Su J.H., Anderson A.J., Cummings B.J., and Cotman C.W. Immunohistochemical evidence for apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 18 (1994) 2529-2533
306. Su J.H., Deng G., and Cotman C.W. Neuronal DNA damage precedes tangle formation and is associated with up-regulation of nitrotyrosine in Alzheimer's disease brain. Brain Res. 1-2 (1997) 193-199
307. Subbarao K.V., Richardson J.S., and Ang L.C. Autopsy samples of Alzheimer's cortex show increased peroxidation in vitro. J. Neurochem. 1 (1990) 342-345
308. Sugaya K., Reeves M., and McKinney M. Topographic associations between DNA fragmentation and Alzheimer's disease neuropathology in the hippocampus. Neurochem. Int. 2 (1997) 275-281
309. Sultana R., Boyd-Kimball D., Poon H.F., Cai J., Pierce W.M., Klein J.B., Markesbery W.R., Zhou X.Z., Lu K.P., and Butterfield D.A. Oxidative modification and down-regulation of Pin1 in Alzheimer's disease hippocampus: a redox proteomics analysis. Neurobiol. Aging 7 (2006) 918-925
310. Sultana R., Boyd-Kimball D., Poon H.F., Cai J., Pierce W.M., Klein J.B., Merchant M., Markesbery W.R., and Butterfield D.A. Redox proteomics identification of oxidized proteins in Alzheimer's disease hippocampus and cerebellum: an approach to understand pathological and biochemical alterations in AD. Neurobiol. Aging 11 (2006) 1564-1576
311. Sultana R., Perluigi M., and Butterfield D.A. Redox proteomics identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain and in vivo and in vitro models of AD centered around Abeta(1-42). J. Chromatogr. B: Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 1 (2006) 3-11
312. Sultana R., Perluigi M., and Butterfield D.A. Protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in brain of subjects with Alzheimer's disease: insights into mechanism of neurodegeneration from redox proteomics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11-12 (2006) 2021-2037
313. Sultana R., Poon H.F., Cai J., Pierce W.M., Merchant M., Klein J.B., Markesbery W.R., and Butterfield D.A. Identification of nitrated proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain using a redox proteomics approach. Neurobiol. Dis. 1 (2006) 76-87
314. Sultana R., Piroddi M., Galli F., and Butterfield D.A. Protein levels and activity of some antioxidant enzymes in hippocampus of subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurochem. Res. 12 (2008) 2540-2546
315. Szymanski M., Barciszewska M.Z., Erdmann V.A., and Barciszewski J. A new frontier for molecular medicine: noncoding RNAs. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1 (2005) 65-75
316. Tamagno E., Bardini P., Guglielmotto M., Danni O., and Tabaton M. The various aggregation states of beta-amyloid 1-42 mediate different effects on oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and BACE-1 expression. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2 (2006) 202-212
317. Te Koppele J.M., Lucassen P.J., Sakkee A.N., Van Asten J.G., Ravid R., Swaab D.F., and Van Bezooijen C.F. 8OHdG levels in brain do not indicate oxidative DNA damage in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 6 (1996) 819-826
318. Tohgi H., Abe T., Yamazaki K., Murata T., Ishizaki E., and Isobe C. Alterations of 3-nitrotyrosine concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid during aging and in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 1 (1999) 52-54
319. Tuppo E.E., Forman L.J., Spur B.W., Chan-Ting R.E., Chopra A., and Cavalieri T.A. Sign of lipid peroxidation as measured in the urine of patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. Bull. 5 (2001) 565-568
320. Uchida K. Role of reactive aldehyde in cardiovascular diseases. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 12 (2000) 1685-1696
321. Uchida K. Histidine and lysine as targets of oxidative modification. Amino Acids 3-4 (2003) 249-257
322. Uchida K. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal: a product and mediator of oxidative stress. Prog. Lipid Res. 4 (2003) 318-343
323. Uchida K., Kanematsu M., Morimitsu Y., Osawa T., Noguchi N., and Niki E. Acrolein is a product of lipid peroxidation reaction. Formation of free acrolein and its conjugate with lysine residues in oxidized low density lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 26 (1998) 16058-16066
324. Valko M., Leibfritz D., Moncol J., Cronin M.T., Mazur M., and Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 1 (2007) 44-84
325. Vatassery G.T. Impairment of brain mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation accompanying vitamin E oxidation induced by iron or reactive nitrogen species: a selective review. Neurochem. Res. 11 (2004) 1951-1959
326. Volkel W., Alvarez-Sanchez R., Weick I., Mally A., Dekant W., and Pahler A. Glutathione conjugates of 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal as biomarkers of hepatic oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 11 (2005) 1526-1536
327. Volkel W., Sicilia T., Pahler A., Gsell W., Tatschner T., Jellinger K., Leblhuber F., Riederer P., Lutz W.K., and Gotz M.E. Increased brain levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal glutathione conjugates in severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem. Int. 8 (2006) 679-686
328. Voss P., and Grune T. The nuclear proteasome and the degradation of oxidatively damaged proteins. Amino Acids 4 (2007) 527-534
329. Waddington E., Croft K., Clarnette R., Mori T., and Martins R. Plasma F2-isoprostane levels are increased in Alzheimer's disease: evidence of increased oxidative stress in vivo. Alzheimer's Rep. 2 (1999) 277-282
330. Wallace D.C. A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: a dawn for evolutionary medicine. Annu. Rev. Genet. (2005) 359-407
331. Walsh D.M., Klyubin I., Fadeeva J.V., Cullen W.K., Anwyl R., Wolfe M.S., Rowan M.J., and Selkoe D.J. Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid beta protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature 6880 (2002) 535-539
332. Wamer W.G., and Wei R.R. In vitro photooxidation of nucleic acids by ultraviolet A radiation. Photochem. Photobiol. 3 (1997) 560-563
333. Wang J., Xiong S., Xie C., Markesbery W.R., and Lovell M.A. Increased oxidative damage in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 4 (2005) 953-962
334. Wang J., Markesbery W.R., and Lovell M.A. Increased oxidative damage in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in mild cognitive impairment. J. Neurochem. 3 (2006) 825-832
335. Weissman L., Jo D.G., Sorensen M.M., de Souza-Pinto N.C., Markesbery W.R., Mattson M.P., and Bohr V.A. Defective DNA base excision repair in brain from individuals with Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Nucleic Acids Res. 16 (2007) 5545-5555
336. Williams T.I., Lovell M.A., and Lynn B.C. Analysis of derivatized biogenic aldehydes by LC tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 10 (2005) 3383-3389
337. Williams T.I., Lynn B.C., Markesbery W.R., and Lovell M.A. Increased levels of 4-hydroxynonenal and acrolein, neurotoxic markers of lipid peroxidation, in the brain in Mild Cognitive Impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 8 (2006) 1094-1099
338. Wilson R., Lyall K., Smyth L., Fernie C.E., and Riemersma R.A. Dietary hydroxy fatty acids are absorbed in humans: implications for the measurement of 'oxidative stress' in vivo. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2 (2002) 162-168
339. Winblad B., Palmer K., Kivipelto M., Jelic V., Fratiglioni L., Wahlund L.O., Nordberg A., Backman L., Albert M., Almkvist O., Arai H., Basun H., Blennow K., de Leon M., DeCarli C., Erkinjuntti T., Giacobini E., Graff C., Hardy J., Jack C., Jorm A., Ritchie K., van Duijn C., Visser P., and Petersen R.C. Mild cognitive impairment-beyond controversies, towards a consensus: report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. J. Intern. Med. 3 (2004) 240-246
340. Yan S.D., Chen X., Schmidt A.M., Brett J., Godman G., Zou Y.S., Scott C.W., Caputo C., Frappier T., Smith M.A., et al. Glycated tau protein in Alzheimer disease: a mechanism for induction of oxidant stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 16 (1994) 7787-7791
341. Yan S.D., Yan S.F., Chen X., Fu J., Chen M., Kuppusamy P., Smith M.A., Perry G., Godman G.C., Nawroth P., et al. Non-enzymatically glycated tau in Alzheimer's disease induces neuronal oxidant stress resulting in cytokine gene expression and release of amyloid beta-peptide. Nat. Med. 7 (1995) 693-699
342. Yan S.D., Chen X., Fu J., Chen M., Zhu H., Roher A., Slattery T., Zhao L., Nagashima M., Morser J., Migheli A., Nawroth P., Stern D., and Schmidt A.M. RAGE and amyloid-beta peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Nature 6593 (1996) 685-691
343. Yan L.J., Levine R.L., and Sohal R.S. Oxidative damage during aging targets mitochondrial aconitase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 21 (1997) 11168-11172
344. Yao Y., Zhukareva V., Sung S., Clark C.M., Rokach J., Lee V.M., Trojanowski J.Q., and Pratico D. Enhanced brain levels of 8,12-iso-iPF2alpha-VI differentiate AD from frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 4 (2003) 475-478
345. Yehuda S., Rabinovitz S., Carasso R.L., and Mostofsky D.I. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring the aging neuronal membrane. Neurobiol. Aging 5 (2002) 843-853
346. Zandi P.P., Anthony J.C., Khachaturian A.S., Stone S.V., Gustafson D., Tschanz J.T., Norton M.C., Welsh-Bohmer K.A., and Breitner J.C. Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements: the Cache County Study. Arch. Neurol. 1 (2004) 82-88
347. Zhu X., Rottkamp C.A., Boux H., Takeda A., Perry G., and Smith M.A. Activation of p38 kinase links tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and cell cycle-related events in Alzheimer disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 10 (2000) 880-888
348. Zhu X., Raina A.K., Perry G., and Smith M.A. Alzheimer's disease: the two-hit hypothesis. Lancet Neurol. 4 (2004) 219-226
349. Zhu X., Lee H.G., Perry G., and Smith M.A. Alzheimer disease, the two-hit hypothesis: an update. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 4 (2007) 494-502
350. Zhu X., Su B., Wang X., Smith M.A., and Perry G. Causes of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 17 (2007) 2202-2210