Protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in brain of subjects with Alzheimer's disease: Insights into mechanism of neurodegeneration from redox proteomics

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling

Volumn 8, Issue 11-12, 2006, Pages 2021-2037

  Sultana, Rukhsana ^a,b   Perluigi, Marzia ^a,c   Butterfield, D Allan ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^c SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3 NITROTYROSINE; 4 HYDROXYNONENAL; ACROLEIN; ALPHA ENOLASE; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN[1-40]; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN[1-42]; APOLIPOPROTEIN E2; APOLIPOPROTEIN E3; APOLIPOPROTEIN E4; CARBONATE DEHYDRATASE II; CARBONYL DERIVATIVE; DNA BASE; GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; MALONALDEHYDE; NEURON SPECIFIC ENOLASE; PROTON TRANSPORTING ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TAU PROTEIN; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCE; TRIOSEPHOSPHATE ISOMERASE; VOLTAGE DEPENDENT ANION CHANNEL 1; PROTEIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AUTOPSY; DISORDERS OF AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EXCITOTOXICITY; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEURITE; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; OXIDATION; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN OXIDATION; PROTEOMICS; REACTION ANALYSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENILE PLAQUE; TWO DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; ANIMAL; BRAIN; CHEMISTRY; METABOLISM;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NERVE DEGENERATION; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; PROTEINS; PROTEOMICS;

EID: 33947644871     PISSN: 15230864     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.2021     Document Type: Review

References (232)

1. Akama KT and Van Eldik LJ. Beta-amyloid stimulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase in astrocytes is interleukin-1 beta- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-dependent, and involves a TNFalpha receptor-associated factor- and NFkappaB-inducing kinase-dependent signaling mechanism. J Biol Chem 275: 7918-7924, 2000.
2. Aksenov M, Aksenova M, Butterfield DA, and Markesbery WR. Oxidative modification of creatine kinase BB in Alzheimer's's disease brain. J Neurochem 74: 2520-2527, 2000.
3. Aksenov M, Aksenova MV, Harris ME, Hensley K, Butterfield DA, and Carney JM. Enhancement of beta-amyloid peptide A beta(1-40)-mediated neurotoxicity by glutamine synthetase. J Neurochem 65: 1899-1902, 1995.
4. Aksenov MY, Aksenova MV, Butterfield DA, Geddes JW, and Markesbery WR. Protein oxidation in the brain in Alzheimer's's disease. Neuroscience 103: 373-383, 2001.
5. Aksenova M, Butterfield DA, Zhang SX, Underwood M, and Geddes JW. Increased protein oxidation and decreased creatine kinase BB expression and activity after spinal cord contusion injury. J Neurotrauma 19: 491-502, 2002.
6. Andersen JK. Oxidative stress in neurodegeneration: cause or consequence? Nat Med 10(suppl): S18-S25, 2004.
7. Ando Y, Brannstrom T, Uchida K, Nyhlin N, Nasman B, Suhr O, Yamashita T, Olsson T, El Salhy M, Uchino M, and Ando M. Histochemical detection of 4-hydroxynonenal protein in Alzheimer's amyloid. J Neural Sci 156: 172-176, 1998.
8. Anzai K, Ogawa K, Goto Y, Senzaki Y, Ozawa T, and Yamamoto H. Oxidation-dependent changes in the stability and permeability of lipid bilayers. Antioxid Redox Signal 1: 339-347, 1999.
9. Arendt T. Synaptic plasticity and cell cycle activation in neurons are alternative effector pathways: the "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde concept" of Alzheimer's's disease or the yin and yang of neuroplasticity. Prog Neurobiol 71: 83-248, 2003.
10. Arispe N, Pollard HB, and Rojas E. The ability of amyloid beta-protein [A beta P (1-40)] to form Ca2+ channels provides a mechanism for neuronal death in Alzheimer's's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 747: 256-266, 1994.
11. Arispe N, Rojas E, and Pollard HB. Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta protein forms calcium channels in bilayer membranes: blockade by tromethamine and aluminum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90: 567-571, 1993.
12. ArIt S, Beisiegel U, and Kontush A. Lipid peroxidation in neurodegeneration: new insights into Alzheimer's's disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 13: 289-294, 2002.
13. Aulak KS, Koeck T, Crabb JW, and Stuehr DJ. Dynamics of protein nitration in cells and mitochondria. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286: H30-H38, 2004.
14. Bassett CN and Montine TJ. Lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in Alzheimer's's disease. J Nutr Health Aging 7: 24-29, 2003.
15. Beal MF. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1366: 211-223, 1998.
16. Beckers CJ, Block MR, Click BS, Rothman JE, and Balch WE. Vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi stack requires the NEM-sensitive fusion protein. Nature 339: 397-398, 1989.
17. Behl C. Vitamin E and other antioxidants in neuroprotection. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 69: 213-219, 1999.
18. Berlett BS and Stadtman ER. Protein oxidation in aging, disease, and oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 272: 20313-20316, 1997.
19. Blanc EM, Kelly JF, Mark RJ, Waeg G, ND Mattson MP. 4-Hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of lipid peroxidation, impairs signal transduction associated with muscarinic acetylcholine and metabotropic glutamate receptors: possible action on G alpha(q/11). J Neurochem 69: 570-580, 1997.
20. Bosetti F, Brizzi F, Barogi S, Mancuso M, Siciliano G, Tendi EA, Murri L, Rapoport SI, and Solaini G. Cytochrome c oxidase and mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase (ATP synthase) activities in platelets and brain from patients with Alzheimer's's disease. Neurobiol Aging 23: 371-376, 2002.
21. Boutaud O, Ou JJ, Chaurand P, Caprioli RM, Montine TJ, and Gates JA. Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) accelerates formation of amyloid beta1-42 oligomers. J Neurochem 82: 1003-1006, 2002.
22. Boyd-Kimball D, Sultana R, Mohmmad-Abdul H, and Butterfield DA. Rodent Abeta(1-42) exhibits oxidative stress properties similar to those of human Abeta(1-42): implications for proposed mechanisms of toxicity. J Alzheimer'ss Dis 6: 515-525, 2004.
23. Brown RK and Kelly FJ. Evidence for increased oxidative damage in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 36: 487-493, 1994.
24. Buee L, Bussiere T, Buee-Scherrer V, Delacourte A, and Hof PR. Tau protein isoforms, phosphorylation and role in neurodegenerative disorders. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 33: 95-130, 2000.
25. Busciglio J, Pelsman A, Wong C, Pigino G, Yuan M, Mori H, and Yankner BA. Altered metabolism of the amyloid beta precursor protein is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in Down's syndrome. Neuron 33: 677-688, 2002.
26. Butterfield DA. beta-Amyloid-associated free radical oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for Alzheimer's's disease. Chem Res Toxicol 10: 495-506, 1997.
27. Butterfield DA. Amyloid beta-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's's disease brain: a review. Free Radic Res 36: 1307-1313, 2002.
28. Butterfield DA. Proteomics: a new approach to investigate oxidative stress in Alzheimer's's disease brain. Brain Res 1000: 1-7, 2004.
29. Butterfield DA and Boyd-Kimball D. The critical role of methionine 35 in Alzheimer's's amyloid beta-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1703: 149-156, 2005.
30. Butterfield DA, Boyd-Kimball D, and Castegna A. Proteomics in Alzheimer's's disease: insights into potential mechanisms of neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 86: 1313-1327, 2003.
31. Butterfield DA, Castegna A, Drake J, Scapagnini G, and Calabrese V. Vitamin E and neurodegenerative disorders associated with oxidative stress. Nutr Neurosci 5: 229-239, 2002.
32. Butterfield DA, Castegna A, Lauderback CM, and Drake J. Evidence that amyloid beta-peptide-induced lipid peroxidation and its sequelae in Alzheimer's's disease brain contribute to neuronal death. Neurobiol Aging 23: 655-664, 2002.
33. Butterfield DA, Drake J, Pocernich C, and Castegna A. Evidence of oxidative damage in Alzheimer's's disease brain: central role for amyloid beta-peptide. Trends Mol Med 7: 548-554, 2001.
34. Butterfield DA, Hensley K, Cole P, Subramaniam R, Aksenov M, Aksenova M, Bummer PM, Haley BE, and Carney JM. Oxidatively induced structural alteration of glutamine synthetase assessed by analysis of spin label incorporation kinetics: relevance to Alzheimer's's disease. J Neurochem 68: 2451-2457, 1997.
35. Butterfield DA and Kanski J. Methionine residue 35 is critical for the oxidative stress and neurotoxic properties of Alzheimer's's amyloid beta-peptide 1-42. Peptides 23: 1299-1309, 2002.
36. Butterfield DA and Lauderback CM. Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in Alzheimer's's disease brain: potential causes and consequences involving amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 32: 1050-1060, 2002.
37. Butterfield DA, Poon HF, St Clair D, Keller JN, Pierce WM, Klein JB, and Markesbery WR. Redox proteomics identification of oxidatively modified hippocampal proteins in mild cognitive impairment: insights into the development of Alzheimer's's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2006.
38. Butterfield DA, Reed T, Perluigi M, De Marco C, Coccia R, Cini C, and Sultana R. Elevated protein-bound levels of the lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, in brain from persons with mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett 397: 170-173, 2006.
39. Butterfield DA and Stadtman ER. Protein oxidation processes in aging brain. Adv Cell Aging Gerontol 1997;161-191.
40. Calingasan NY, Uchida K, and Gibson GE. Protein-bound acrolein: a novel marker of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's's disease. J Neurochem 72: 751-756, 1999.
41. Carrette O, Demalte I, Scherl A, Yalkinoglu O, Corthals G, Burkhard P, Hochstrasser DF, and Sanchez JC. A panel of cerebrospinal fluid potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's's disease. Proteomics 3: 1486-1494, 2003.
42. Carter DB. The interaction of amyloid-beta with ApoE. Subcell Biochem 38: 25-72, 2005.
43. Castegna A, Aksenov M, Aksenova M, Thongboonkerd V, Klein JB, Pierce WM, Booze R, Markesbery WR, and Butterfield DA. Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's's disease brain, Part I: creatine kinase BB, glutamine synthase, and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L-1. Free Radic Biol Med 33: 562-571, 2002.
44. Castegna A, Aksenov M, Thongboonkerd V, Klein JB, Pierce WM, Booze R, Markesbery WR, and Butterfield DA. Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's's disease brain, Part II: dihydropyrimidinase- related protein 2, alpha-enolase and heat shock cognate 71. J Neurochem 82: 1524-1532, 2002.
45. Castegna A, Lauderback CM, Mohmmad-Abdul H, and Butterfield DA. Modulation of phospholipid asymmetry in synaptosomal membranes by the lipid peroxidation products, 4-hydroxynonenal and acrolein: implications for Alzheimer's's disease. Brain Res 1004: 193-197, 2004.
46. Castegna A, Thongboonkerd V, Klein JB, Lynn B, Markesbery WR, and Butterfield DA. Proteomic identification of nitrated proteins in Alzheimer's's disease brain. J Neurochem 85: 1394-1401, 2003.
47. Choi J, Levey AI, Weintraub ST, Rees HD, Gearing M, Chin LS, and Li L. Oxidative modifications and down-regulation of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 associated with idiopathic Parkinson's and Alzheimer's's diseases. J Biol Chem 279: 13256-13264, 2004.
48. Christen Y. Oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 6215-6295, 2000.
49. Coleman PD and Flood DG. Neuron numbers and dendritic extent in normal aging and Alzheimer's's disease. Neurobiol Aging 8: 521-545, 1987.
50. Corder EH, Lannfelt L, Bogdanovic N, Fratiglioni L, and Mori H. The role of APOE polymorphisms in late-onset dementias. Cell Mol Life Sci 54: 928-934, 1998.
51. Dalle-Donne I, Giustarini D, Colombo R, Rossi R, and Milzani A. Protein carbonylation in human diseases. Trends Mol Med 9: 169-176, 2003.
52. Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R, Giustarini D, Milzani A, and Colombo R. Protein carbonyl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Clin Chim Acta 329: 23-38, 2003.
53. Dalle-Donne I, Scaloni A, and Butterfield DA. Redox Proteomics: From Protein Modifications to Cellular Dysfunction and Disease. Wiley, New York, 2006.
54. Dalle-Donne I, Scaloni A, Giustarini D, Cavarra E, Tell G, Lungarella G, Colombo R, Rossi R, and Milzani A. Proteins as biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress in diseases: the contribution of redox proteomics. Mass Spectrom Rev 24: 55-99, 2005.
55. Daly NL, Hoffmann R, Otvos L Jr, and Craik DJ. Role of phosphorylation in the conformation of tau peptides implicated in Alzheimer's's disease. Biochemistry 39: 9039-9046, 2000.
56. D'Ascenzo M, Relkin NR, and Lee KH. Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarker discovery: a proteomics approach. Curr Opin Mol Ther 7: 57-564, 2005.
57. Davies P. Challenging the cholinergic hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 281: 433-1434, 1999.
58. Dean RT, Fu S, Stocker R, and Davies MJ. Biochemistry and pathology of radical-mediated protein oxidation. Biochem J 324: 1-18, 1997.
59. Dhitavat S, Rivera ER, Rogers E, and Shea TB. Differential efficacy of lipophilic and cytosolic antioxidants on generation of reactive oxygen species by amyloid-beta. J Alzheimer's Dis 3: 525-529, 2001.
60. Drake J, Link CD, and Butterfield DA. Oxidative stress precedes fibrillar deposition of Alzheimer's's disease amyloid beta-peptide (1-42) in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model. Neurobiol Aging 24: 415-4120, 2003.
61. Engstrom I, Ronquist G, Pettersson L, and Waldenstrom A. Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptides exhibit ionophore-like properties in human erythrocytes. Eur J Clin Invest 25: 471-476, 1995.
62. Esterbauer H and Cheeseman KH. Determination of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products: malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal. Methods Enzymol 186: 407-421, 1990.
63. Esterbauer H, Schaur RJ, and Zollner H. Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Radic Biol Med 11: 81-128, 1991.
64. Etcheberrigaray R, Ito E, Kim CS, and Alkon DL. Soluble beta-amyloid induction of Alzheimer's's phenotype for human fibroblast K+ channels. Science 264: 276-279, 1994.
65. Farooqui AA and Horrocks LA. Lipid peroxides in the free radical pathophysiology of brain diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 18: 599-608, 1998.
66. Fiala M, Zhang L, Gan X, Sherry B, Taub D, Graves MC, Hama S, Way D, Weinand M, Witte M, Lorton D, Kuo YM, and Roher AE. Amyloid-beta induces chemokine secretion and monocyte migration across a human blood: brain barrier model. Mol Med 4: 480-489, 1998.
67. Forman MS, Lee VM, and Trojanowski JQ. New insights into genetic and molecular mechanisms of brain degeneration in tauopathies. J Chem Neuroanat 20: 225-244, 2000.
68. Gabbita SP, Aksenov MY, Lovell MA, and Markesbery WR. Decrease in peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase in Alzheimer's disease brain. J Neurochem 73: 1660-1666, 1999.
69. Garbis S, Lubec G, and Fountoulakis M. Limitations of current proteomics technologies. J Chromatogr A 1077: 1-18, 2005.
70. Geddes JW, Pang Z, and Wiley DH. Hippocampal damage and cytoskeletal disruption resulting from impaired energy metabolism: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Chem Neuropathol 28: 65-74, 1996.
71. Gibson GE, Sheu KF, and Blass JP. Abnormalities of mitochondrial enzymes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm 105: 855-870, 1998.
72. Goedert M. Tau protein and the neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 16: 460-465, 1993.
73. Gomez-Ramos A, Diaz-Nido J, Smith MA, Perry G, and Avila J. Effect of the lipid peroxidation product acrolein on tau phosphorylation in neural cells. J Neurosci Res 71: 863-870, 2003.
74. Gonzalez C, Parias G, and Maccioni RB. Modification of tau to an Alzheimer's type protein interferes with its interaction with microtubules. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 44: 1117-1127, 1998.
75. Gow AJ, Duran D, Malcolm S, and Ischiropoulos H. Effects of peroxynitrite-induced protein modifications on tyrosine phosphorylation and degradation. FEBS Lett 385: 63-66, 1996.
76. Grune T, Merker K, Sandig G, and Davies KJ. Selective degradation of oxidatively modified protein substrates by the proteasome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 305: 709-718, 2003.
77. Guillaume D, Bertrand P, Dea D, Davignon J, and Poirier J. Apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein binding and internalization in primary cultures of rat astrocytes: isoform-specific alterations. J Neurochem 66: 2410-2418, 1996.
78. Gutteridge JM and Halliwell B. The measurement and mechanism of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Trends Biochem Sci 15: 129-135, 1990.
79. Hamajima N, Matsuda K, Sakata S, Tamaki N, Sasaki M, and Nonaka M. A novel gene family defined by human dihydropyrimidinase and three related proteins with differential tissue distribution. Gene 180: 157-163, 1996.
80. Hardy J. Apolipoprotein E in the genetics and epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med Genet 60: 456-460, 1995.
81. Hardy J and Selkoe DJ. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 297: 353-356, 2002.
82. Healy DG, Abou-Sleiman PM, and Wood NW. Genetic causes of Parkinson's disease: UCHL-1. Cell Tissue Res 318: 189-194, 2004.
83. Hensley K, Hall N, Subramaniam R, Cole P, Harris M, Aksenov M, Aksenova M, Gabbita SP, Wu JF, and Carney JM, et al. Brain regional correspondence between Alzheimer's disease histopathology and biomarkers of protein oxidation. J Neurochem 65: 2146-2156, 1995.
84. Hensley K, Maidt ML, Yu Z, Sang H, Markesbery WR, and Floyd RA. Electrochemical analysis of protein nitrotyrosine and dityrosine in the Alzheimer's brain indicates region-specific accumulation. J Neurosci 18: 8126-8132, 1998.
85. Herbert B. Advances in protein solubilization for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 20: 660-663, 1999.
86. Hirai K, Aliev G, Nunomura A, Fujioka H, Russell RL, Atwood CS, Johnson AB, Kress Y, Vinters HV, Tabaton M, Shimohama S, Cash AD, Siedlak SL, Harris PL, Jones PK, Petersen RB, Perry G, and Smith MA. Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 21: 3017-3023, 2001.
87. Ho GJ, Drego R, Hakimian E, and Masliah E. Mechanisms of cell signaling and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 4: 247-256, 2005.
88. Holtzman DM, Pitas RE, Kilbridge J, Nathan B, Mahley RW, Bu G, and Schwartz AL. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein mediates apolipoprotein E-dependent neurite outgrowth in a central nervous system-derived-neuronal cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92: 9480-9484, 1995.
89. Holzer M, Gartner U, Stobe A, Hartig W, Gruschka H, Bruckner MK, and Arendt T. Inverse association of Pin1 and tau accumulation in Alzheimer's disease hippocampus. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 104: 471-481, 2002.
90. Honda K, Smith MA, Zhu X, Baus D, Merrick WC, Tartakoff AM, Hattier T, Harris PL, Siedlak SL, Fujioka H, Liu Q, Moreira PI, Miller FP, Nunomura A, Shimohama S, and Perry G. Ribosomal RNA in Alzheimer's disease is oxidized by bound redox-active iron. J Biol Chem 280: 20978-20986, 2005.
91. Horiguchi T, Uryu K, Giasson BI, lschiropoulos H, LightFoot R, Bellmann C, Richter-Landsberg C, Lee VM, and Trojanowski JQ. Nitration of tau protein is linked to neurodegeneration in tauopathies. Am J Pathol 163: 1021-1031, 2003.
92. Howard BJ, Yatin S, Hensley K, Allen KL, Kelly JP, Carney J, and Butterfield DA. Prevention of hyperoxia-induced alterations in synaptosomal membrane- associated proteins by N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (Tempol). J Neurochem 67: 2045-2050, 1996.
93. Hoyer S. Causes and consequences of disturbances of cerebral glucose metabolism in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: therapeutic implications. Adv Exp Med Biol 541: 135-152, 2004.
94. Hynd MR, Scott HL, and Dodd PR. Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 45: 583-595, 2004.
95. Hyun DH, Lee MH, Halliwell B, and Jenner P. Proteasomal dysfunction induced by 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal, an end-product of lipid peroxidation: a mechanism contributing to neurodegeneration? J Neurochem 83: 360-370, 2002.
96. Ischiropoulos H. Biological tyrosine nitration: a pathophysiological function of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Arch Biochem Biophys 356-311, 1998.
97. Ischiropoulos H and Beckman JS. Oxidative stress and nitration in neurodegeneration: cause, effect, or association? J Clin Invest 111: 163-169, 2003.
98. Jensen ON, Wilm M, Shevchenko A, and Mann M. Sample preparation methods for mass spectrometric peptide mapping directly from 2-DE gels. Methods Mol Biol 112: 513-530, 1999.
99. Kaech S, Brinkhaus H, and Matus A. Volatile anesthetics block actin-based motility in dendritic spines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 10433-10437, 1999.
100. Kanninen K, Goldsteins G, Auriola S, Alafuzoff I, and Koistinaho J. Glycosylation changes in Alzheimer's disease as revealed by a proteomic approach. Neurosci Lett 367: 235-240, 2004.
101. Kanski J, Aksenova M, Schoneich C, and Butterfield DA. Substitution of isoleucine-31 by helical-breaking proline abolishes oxidative stress and neurotoxic properties of Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide. Free Radic Biol Med 32: 1205-1211, 2002.
102. Kato Y, Hamajima N, Inagaki H, Okamura N, Koji T, Sasaki M, and Nonaka M. Post-meiotic expression of the mouse dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 3 (DRP-3) gene during spermiogenesis. Mol Reprod Dev 51: 105-111, 1998.
103. Katzman R and Saitoh T. Advances in Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 5: 278-286, 1991.
104. Keller JN, Hanni KB, and Markesbery WR. Impaired proteasome function in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 75: 436-439, 2000.
105. Keller JN, Mark RJ, Bruce AJ, Blanc E, Rothstein JD, Uchida K, Waeg G, and Mattson MP. 4-Hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of membrane lipid peroxidation, impairs glutamate transport and mitochondrial function in synaptosomes. Neuroscience 80: 685-696, 1997.
106. Keller JN, Schmitt FA, Scheff SW, Ding Q, Chen Q, Butterfield DA, and Markesbery WR. Evidence of increased oxidative damage in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 64: 1152-1156, 2005.
107. Kirn JI, Choi SI, Kim NH, Jin JK, Choi EK, Carp RI, and Kim YS. Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in prion diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci 928: 182-186, 2001.
108. Klein WL, Krafft GA, and Finch CE. Targeting small Abeta oligomers: the solution to an Alzheimer's disease conundrum? Trends Neurosci 24: 219-224, 2001.
109. Koeck T, Levison B, Hazen SL, Crabb JW, Stuehr DJ, and Aulak KS. Tyrosine nitration impairs mammalian aldolase A activity. Mol Cell Proteomics 3: 548-557, 2004.
110. Korolainen MA, Goldsteins G, Nyman TA, Alafuzoff I, Koistinaho J, and Pirttila T. Oxidative modification of proteins in the frontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease brain. Neurobiol Aging 27: 42-53, 2006.
111. Kurt MA, Davies DC, Kidd M, Duff K, and Howlett DR. Hyperphosphorylated tau and paired helical filament-like structures in the brains of mice carrying mutant amyloid precursor protein and mutant presenilin-1 transgenes. Neurobiol Dis 14: 89-97, 2003.
112. Lafon-Cazal M, Culcasi M, Gaven F, Pietri S, and Bockaert J. Nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite: putative mediators of NMDA-induced cell death in cerebellar granule cells. Neuropharmacology 32: 1259-1266, 1993.
113. Lahiri DK, Sambamurti K, and Bennett DA. Apolipoprotein gene and its interaction with the environmentally driven risk factors: molecular, genetic and epidemiological studies of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 25: 651-660, 2004.
114. Lamprecht R and LeDoux J. Structural plasticity and memory. Nat Rev Neurosci 5: 45-54, 2004.
115. Laskowitz DT, Horsburgh K, and Roses AD. Apolipoprotein E and the CNS response to injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18: 465-471, 1998.
116. Lauderback CM, Hackett JM, Huang FF, Keller JN, Szweda LI, Markesbery WR, and Butterfield DA. The glial glutamate transporter, GLT-1, is oxidatively modified by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the Alzheimer's disease brain: the role of Abeta1-42. J Neurochem 78: 413-416, 2001.
117. Lauderback CM, Kanski J, Hackett JM, Maeda N, Kindy MS, and Butterfield DA. Apolipoprotein E modulates Alzheimer's Abeta(1-42)-induced oxidative damage to synaptosomes in an allele-specific manner. Brain Res 924: 90-97, 2002.
118. Lee HG, Zhu X, Ghanbari HA, Ogawa O, Raina AK, O'Neill MJ, Perry G, and Smith MA. Differential regulation of glutamate receptors in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosignals 11: 282-292, 2002.
119. Levine RL, Wehr N, Williams JA, Stadtman ER, and Shacter E. Determination of carbonyl groups in oxidized proteins. Methods Mol Biol 99: 15-24, 2000.
120. Levy-Lahad E, Lahad A, Wijsman EM, Bird TD, and Schellenberg GD. Apolipoprotein E genotypes and age of onset in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 38: 678-680, 1995.
121. Liou YC, Sun A, Ryo A, Zhou XZ, Yu ZX, Huang HK, Uchida T, Bronson R, Bing G, Li X, Hunter T, and Lu KP. Role of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 in protecting against age-dependent neurodegeneration. Nature 424: 556-561, 2003.
122. Liu HC, Hu CJ, Chang JG, Sung SM, Lee LS, Yuan RY, and Leu SJ. Proteomic identification of lower apolipoprotein A-I in Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 21: 155-161, 2006.
123. Loidl-Stahlhofen A, Hannemann K, and Spiteller G. Generation of alpha-hydroxyaldehydic compounds in the course of lipid peroxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1213: 140-148, 1994.
124. Lopez MF, Mikulskis A, Kuzdzal S, Bennett DA, Kelly J, Golenko E, DiCesare J, Denoyer E, Patton WF, Ediger R, Sapp L, Ziegert T, Lynch C, Kramer S, Whiteley GR, Wall MR, Mannion DP, Delia Cioppa G, Rakitan JS, and Wolfe GM. High-resolution serum proteomic profiling of Alzheimer disease samples reveals disease-specific, carrier-protein-bound mass signatures. Clin Chem 51: 1946-1954, 2005.
125. Lovell MA, Xie C, and Markesbery WR. Acrolein is increased in Alzheimer's disease brain and is toxic to primary hippocampal cultures. Neurobiol Aging 22: 187-194, 2001.
126. Lovell MA, Xiong S, Markesbery WR, and Lynn BC. Quantitative proteomic analysis of mitochondria from primary neuron cultures treated with amyloid beta peptide. Neurochem Res 30: 113-122, 2005.
127. Lu KP. Phosphorylation-dependent prolyl isomerization: a novel cell cycle regulatory mechanism. Prog Cell Cycle Res 4: 83-96, 2000.
128. Lubec G, Nonaka M, Krapfenbauer K, Gratzer M, Cairns N, and Fountoulakis M. Expression of the dihydropyrimidinase related protein 2 (DRP-2) in Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease brain is downregulated at the mRNA and dysregulated at the protein level. J Neural Transm Suppl 57: 161-177, 1999.
129. Ma J, Yee A, Brewer HB Jr, Das S, and Potter H. Amyloid-associated proteins alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and apolipoprotein E promote assembly of Alzheimer's beta-protein into filaments. Nature 372: 92-94, 1994.
130. Manczak M, Park BS, Jung Y, and Reddy PH. Differential expression of oxidative phosphorylation genes in patients with Alzheimer's disease: implications for early mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage. Neuromol Med 5: 147-162, 2004.
131. Mannervik B, Alin P, Guthenberg C, Jensson H, Tahir MK, Warholm M, and Jornvall H. Identification of three classes of cytosolic glutathione transferase common to several mammalian species: correlation between structural data and enzymatic properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82: 7202-7206, 1985.
132. Mark RJ, Hensley K, Butterfield DA, and Mattson MP. Amyloid beta-peptide impairs ion-motive ATPase activities: evidence for a role in loss of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis and cell death. J Neurosci 15: 6239-6249, 1995.
133. Mark RJ, Pang Z, Geddes JW, Uchida K, and Mattson MP. Amyloid beta-peptide impairs glucose transport in hippocampal and cortical neurons: involvement of membrane lipid peroxidation. J Neurosci 17: 1046-1054, 1997.
134. Markesbery WR. Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 23: 134-147, 1997.
135. Markesbery WR, Kryscio RJ, Lovell MA, and Morrow JD. Lipid peroxidation is an early event in the brain in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol 58: 730-735, 2005.
136. Markesbery WR and Lovell MA. Four-hydroxynonenal, a product of lipid peroxidation, is increased in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 19: 33-36, 1998.
137. Marnett LJ. DNA adducts of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes and dicarbonyl compounds. IARC Sci Publ: 151-163, 1994.
138. Masliah E. Mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Histol Histopathol 10: 509-519, 1995.
139. Masliah E, Alford M, DeTeresa R, and Mallory M, Hansen L. Deficient glutamate transport is associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 40: 759-766, 1996.
140. Masliah E, Mallory M, Hansen L, DeTeresa R, Alford M, and Terry R. Synaptic and neuritic alterations during the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 174: 67-72, 1994.
141. Mattson MP. Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer's disease. Nature 430: 631-639, 2004.
142. Mazur-Kolecka B, Kowal D, Sukontasup T, Dickson D, and Frackowiak J. The effect of oxidative stress on accumulation of apolipoprotein E3 and E4 in a cell culture model of beta-amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Brain Res 983: 48-57, 2003.
143. Meda L, Cassatella MA, Szendrei GI, Otvos L Jr, Baron P, Villalba M, Ferrari D, and Rossi F. Activation of microglial cells by beta-amyloid protein and interferon-gamma. Nature 374: 647-650, 1995.
144. Meier-Ruge W, Iwangoff P, and Reichlmeier K. Neurochemical enzyme changes in Alzheimer's and Pick's disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 3: 161-165, 1984.
145. Messier C and Gagnon M. Glucose regulation and cognitive functions: relation to Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Behav Brain Res 75: 1-11, 1996.
146. Miyata M and Smith JD. Apolipoprotein E allele-specific antioxidant activity and effects on cytotoxicity by oxidative insults and beta-amyloid peptides. Nat Genet 14: 55-61, 1996.
147. Mohmmad Abdul H and Butterfield DA. Protection against amyloid beta-peptide (1-42)-induced loss of phospholipid asymmetry in synaptosomal membranes by tricyclodecan-9-xanthogenate (D609) and ferulic acid ethyl ester: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1741: 140-148, 2005.
148. Mohmmad Abdul H, Sultana R, Keller JN, St Clair DK, Markesbery WR, and Butterfield DA. Mutations in amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 genes increase the basal oxidative stress in murine neuronal cells and lead to increased sensitivity to oxidative stress mediated by amyloid beta-peptide (1-42), HO and kainic acid: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 96: 1322-1335, 2006.
149. Molina JA, de Bustos F, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Benito-Leon J, Gasalla T, Orti-Pareja M, Vela L, Bermejo F, Martin MA, Campos Y, and Arenas J. Respiratory chain enzyme activities in isolated mitochondria of lymphocytes from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 48: 636-638, 1997.
150. Molloy MP, Witzmann FA. Proteomics: technologies and applications. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 1: 23-39, 2002.
151. Montine KS, Quinn JF, Zhang J, Fessel JP, Roberts LJ 2nd, Morrow JD, and Montine TJ. Isoprostanes and related products of lipid peroxidation in neurodegenerative diseases. Chem Phys Lipids 128: 117-124, 2004.
152. Montine TJ, Neely MD, Quinn JF, Beal MF, Markesbery WR, Roberts LJ, and Morrow JD. Lipid peroxidation in aging brain and Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 33: 620-626, 2002.
153. Moreira PI, Honda K, Liu Q, Santos MS, Oliveira CR, Aliev G, Nunomura A, Zhu X, Smith MA, and Perry G. Oxidative stress: the old enemy in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. Curr Alzheimer's Res 2: 403-408, 2005.
154. Morrow JD, Awad JA, Kato T, Takahashi K, Badr KF, Roberts LJ 2nd, and Burk RF. Formation of novel non-cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids (F2-isoprostanes) in carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: an animal model of lipid peroxidation. J Clin Invest 90: 2502-2507, 1992.
155. Moskovitz J, Yim MB, and Chock PB. Free radicals and disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 397: 354-359, 2002.
156. Musiek ES, Yin H, Milne GL, and Morrow JD. Recent advances in the biochemistry and clinical relevance of the isoprostane pathway. Lipids 40: 987-994, 2005.
157. Nagy Z, Esiri MM, Cato AM, and Smith AD. Cell cycle markers in the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 94: 6-15, 1997.
158. Namba Y, Tomonaga M, Kawasaki H, Otomo E, and Ikeda K. Apolipoprotein E immunoreactivity in cerebral amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease and kuru plaque amyloid in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Brain Res 541: 163-166, 1991.
159. Neely MD, Sidell KR, Graham DG, and Montine TJ. The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal inhibits neurite out-growth, disrupts neuronal microtubules, and modifies cellular tubulin. J Neurochem 72: 2323-2333, 1999.
160. Newman TC, Dawson PA, Rudel LL, and Williams DL. Quantitation of apolipoprotein E mRNA in the liver and peripheral tissues of nonhuman primates. J Biol Chem 260: 2452-2457, 1985.
161. Niki E, Noguchi N, and Gotoh N. Dynamics of lipid peroxidation and its inhibition by antioxidants. Biochem Soc Trans 21: 313-317, 1993.
162. Nitsch RM, Blusztajn JK, Pittas AG, Slack BE, Growdon JH, and Wurtman RJ. Evidence for a membrane defect in Alzheimer's disease brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89: 1671-5, 1992.
163. Oda T, Wals P, Osterburg HH, Johnson SA, Pasinetti GM, Morgan TE, Rozovsky I, Stine WB, Snyder SW, and Holzman TF, et al. Clusterin (apoJ) alters the aggregation of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta 1-42) and forms slowly sedimenting A beta complexes that cause oxidative stress. Exp Neurol 136: 22-31, 1995.
164. Okada K, Wangpoengtrakul C, Osawa T, Toyokuni S, Tanaka K, and Uchida K. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal-mediated impairment of intracellular proteolysis during oxidative stress: identification of proteasomes as target molecules. J Biol Chem 274: 23787-23793, 1999.
165. Pedersen WA, Cashman NR, and Mattson MP. The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal impairs glutamate and glucose transport and choline acetyltransferase activity in NSC-19 motor neuron cells. Exp Neurol 155: 1-10, 1999.
166. Pincemail J, Defraigne JO, and Limet R. Oxidative stress in clinical situations: fact or fiction? Eur J Anaesthesiol 13: 219-234, 1996.
167. Planel E, Miyasaka T, Launey T, Chui DH, Tanemura K, Sato S, Murayama O, Ishiguro K, Tatebayashi Y, and Takashima A. Alterations in glucose metabolism induce hypothermia leading to tau hyperphosphorylation through differential inhibition of kinase and phosphatase activities: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 24: 2401-2411, 2004.
168. Pocernich CB and Butterfield DA. Acrolein inhibits NADH-linked mitochondrial enzyme activity: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neurotox Res 5: 515-520, 2003.
169. Pocernich CB, Cardin AL, Racine CL, Lauderback CM, and Butterfield DA. Glutathione elevation and its protective role in acrolein-induced protein damage in synaptosomal membranes: relevance to brain lipid peroxidation in neurodegenerative disease. Neurochem Int 39: 141-149, 2001.
170. Poon HF, Joshi G, Sultana R, Farr SA, Banks WA, Morley JE, Calabrese V, and Butterfield DA. Antisense directed at the Abeta region of APP decreases brain oxidative markers in aged senescence accelerated mice. Brain Res 1018: 86-96, 2004.
171. Prasad MR, Lovell MA, Yatin M, Dhillon H, and Markesbery WR. Regional membrane phospholipid alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 23: 81-88, 1998.
172. Pratico D, Clark CM, Liun F, Rokach J, Lee VY, and Trojanowski JQ. Increase of brain oxidative stress in mild cognitive impairment: a possible predictor of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 59: 972-976, 2002.
173. Pratico D and Sung S. Lipid peroxidation and oxidative imbalance: early functional events in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimer's Dis 6: 171-175, 2004.
174. Pratico D, Uryu K, Leight S, Trojanoswki JQ, and Lee VM. Increased lipid peroxidation precedes amyloid plaque formation in an animal model of Alzheimer's amyloidosis. J Neurosci 21: 4183-4187, 2001.
175. Pryor WA and Porter NA. Suggested mechanisms for the production of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal from the autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Free Radic Biol Med 8: 541-543, 1990.
176. Ramakrishnan P, Dickson DW, and Davies P. Pin1 colocalization with phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Neurobiol Dis 14: 251-264, 2003.
177. Rapoport SI. In vivo PET imaging and postmortem studies suggest potentially reversible and irreversible stages of brain metabolic failure in Alzheimer's disease. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249(suppl 3): 46-55, 1999.
178. Rebeck GW, Harr SD, Strickland DK, and Hyman BT. Multiple, diverse senile plaque-associated proteins are ligands of an apolipoprotein E receptor, the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/ low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Ann Neurol 37: 211-217, 1995.
179. Rebeck GW, Reiter JS, Strickland DK, and Hyman BT. Apolipoprotein E in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: allelic variation and receptor interactions. Neuron 11: 575-580, 1993.
180. Rego AC and Oliveira CR. Mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species in excitotoxicity and apoptosis: implications for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Res 28: 1563-1574, 2003.
181. Roberts LJ 2nd, Montine TJ, Markesbery WR, Tapper AR, Hardy P, Chemtob S, Dettbarn WD, and Morrow JD. Formation of isoprostane-like compounds (neuroprostanes) in vivo from docosahexaenoic acid. J Biol Chem 273: 13605-13612, 1998.
182. Roses AD. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease: a rapidly expanding field with medical and epidemiological consequences. Ann NY Acad Sci 802: 50-57, 1996.
183. Saido TC. Overview: Aβ metabolism: from Alzheimer's research to brain aging control. In: Aβ Metabolism and Alzheimer's Disease, edited by Saido TC. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, Texas, 2003, pp. 1-16.
184. Santoni V, Molloy M, and Rabilloud T. Membrane proteins and proteomics: un amour impossible? Electrophoresis 21: 1054-1070, 2000.
185. Sayre LM, Zelasko DA, Harris PL, Perry G, Salomon RG, and Smith MA. 4-Hydroxynonenal-derived advanced lipid peroxidation end products are increased in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 68: 2092-2097, 1997.
186. Scheff SW and Price DA. Synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease: a review of ultrastructural studies. Neurobiol Aging 24: 1029-1046, 2003.
187. Schellenberg GD. Genetic dissection of Alzheimer's disease, a heterogeneous disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92: 8552-8559, 1995.
188. Schippling S, Kontush A, Arlt S, Buhmann C, Sturenburg HJ, Mann U, Muller-Thomsen T, and Beisiegel U. Increased lipoprotein oxidation in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 28: 351-360, 2000.
189. Schonberger SJ, Edgar PF, Kydd R, Faull RL, and Cooper GJ. Proteomic analysis of the brain in Alzheimer's disease: molecular phenotype of a complex disease process. Proteomics 1: 1519-1528, 2001.
190. Schopfer FJ, Baker PR, and Freeman BA. NO-dependent protein nitration: a cell signaling event or an oxidative inflammatory response? Trends Biochem Sci 28: 646-654, 2003.
191. Schutkowski M, Bernhardt A, Zhou XZ, Shen M, Reimer U, Rahfeld JU, Lu KP, and Fischer G. Role of phosphorylation in determining the backbone dynamics of the serine/threonine-proline motif and Pinl substrate recognition. Biochemistry 37: 5566-5575, 1998.
192. Shan X, Tashiro H, and Lin CL. The identification and characterization of oxidized RNAs in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 23: 4913-4921, 2003.
193. Shringarpure R, Grune T, and Davies KJ. Protein oxidation and 20S proteasome-dependent proteolysis in mammalian cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 58: 1442-1450, 2001.
194. Shringarpure R, Grune T, Sitte N, and Davies KJ. 4-Hydroxynonenal- modified amyloid-beta peptide inhibits the proteasome: possible importance in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 57: 1802-1809, 2000.
195. Slooter AJ, Cruts M, Kalmijn S, Hofman A, Breteler MM, Van Broeckhoven C, and van Duijn CM. Risk estimates of dementia by apolipoprotein E genotypes from a population-based incidence study: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Neurol 55: 964-968, 1998.
196. Sly WS and Hu PY. Human carbonic anhydrases and carbonic anhydrase deficiencies. Annu Rev Biochem 64: 375-401, 1995.
197. Smith MA, Richey Harris PL, Sayre LM, Beckman JS, and Perry G. Widespread peroxynitrite-mediated damage in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 17: 2653-2657, 1997.
198. Smith MA, Richey PL, Taneda S, Kutty RK, Sayre LM, Monnier VM, and Perry G. Advanced Maillard reaction end products, free radicals, and protein oxidation in Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 738: 447-454, 1994.
199. Smith PD, O'Hare MJ, and Park DS. Emerging pathogenic role for cyclin dependent kinases in neurodegeneration. Cell Cycle 3: 289-291, 2004.
200. Song BJ, Soh Y, Bae M, Pie J, Wan J, and Jeong K. Apoptosis of PC12 cells by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal is mediated through selective activation of the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase pathway. Chem Biol Interact 130-132: 943-954, 2001.
201. Stadtman ER, Levine RL. Free radical-mediated oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins. Amino Acids 25: 207-218, 2003.
202. Stenbeck G. Soluble NSF-attachment proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 30: 573-577, 1998.
203. Strittmatter WJ, Weisgraber KH, Goedert M, Saunders AM, Huang D, Corder EH, Dong LM, Jakes R, Alberts MJ, and Gilbert JR, et al. Hypothesis: microtubule instability and paired helical filament formation in the Alzheimer's disease brain are related to apolipoprotein E genotype. Exp Neurol 125: 163-171; discussion 72-74, 1994.
204. Sruhler K, Meyer HE. MALDI: more than peptide mass fingerprints. Curr Opin Mol Ther 6: 239-248, 2004.
205. Sultana R, Boyd-Kimball D, Poon HF, Cai J, Pierce WM, Klein JB, Markesbery WR, and Butterfield DA. Redox proteomics identification of oxidized proteins in Alzheimer's disease hippocampus and cerebellum: an approach to understand pathological and biochemical alterations in AD. Neurobiol Aging (in press).
206. Sultana R, Boyd-Kimball D, Poon HF, Cai J, Pierce WM, Klein JB, Markesbery WR, Zhou XZ, Lu KP, and Butterfield DA. Oxidative modification and down-regulation of Pin1 in Alzheimer's disease hippocampus: a redox proteomics analysis. Neurobiol Aging 27: 918-925, 2006.
207. Sultana R and Butterfield DA. Oxidatively modified GST and MRP1 in Alzheimer's disease brain: implications for accumulation of reactive lipid peroxidation products. Neurochem Res 29: 2215-2220, 2004.
208. Sultana R, Perluigi M, and Butterfield DA. Redox proteomics identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain and in vivo and in vitro models of AD centered around Abeta(1-42). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 833: 3-11, 2006.
209. Sultana R, Poon HF, Cai J, Pierce WM, Merchant M, Klein JB, Markesbery WR, and Butterfield DA. Identification of nitrated proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain using a redox proteomics approach. Neurobiol Dis 22: 76-87, 2006.
210. Swerdlow RH and Kish SJ. Mitochondria in Alzheimer's disease. Int Rev Neurobiol 53: 341-385, 2002.
211. Teter B and Ashford JW. Neuroplasticity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 70: 402-437, 2002.
212. Tilleman K, Stevens I, Spittaels K, Haute CV, Clerens S, Van Den Bergh G, Geerts H, Van Leuven F, Vandesande F, and Moens L. Differential expression of brain proteins in glycogen synthase kinase-3 transgenic mice: a proteomics point of view. Proteomics 2: 94-104, 2002.
213. Tohgi H, Abe T, Yamazaki K, Murata T, Ishizaki E, and Isobe C. Alterations of 3-nitrotyrosine concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid during aging and in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 269: 52-54, 1999.
214. Tolar M, Keller JN, Chan S, Mattson MP, Marques MA, and Crutcher KA. Truncated apolipoprotein E (ApoE) causes increased intracellular calcium and may mediate ApoE neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 19: 7100-7110, 1999.
215. Tuppo EE and Arias HR. The role of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37: 289-305, 2005.
216. Ueno I, Sakai T, Yamaoka M, Yoshida R, and Tsugita A. Analysis of blood plasma proteins in patients with Alzheimer's disease by two-dimensional electrophoresis, sequence homology and immunodetection. Electrophoresis 21: 1832-1845, 2000.
217. Vanhanen M and Soininen H. Glucose intolerance, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Neurol 11: 673-637, 1998.
218. Varadarajan S, Kanski J, Aksenova M, Lauderback C, and Butterfield DA. Different mechanisms of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity for Alzheimer's A beta(1-42) and A beta(25-35). J Am Chem Soc 123: 5625-5631, 2001.
219. Varadarajan S, Yatin S, Kanski J, Jahanshahi F, and Butterfield DA. Methionine residue 35 is important in amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress. Brain Res Bull 50: 133-141, 1999.
220. Verdier Y and Penke B. Binding sites of amyloid beta-peptide in cell plasma membrane and implications for Alzheimer's disease. Curr Protein Pept Sci 5: 9-31, 2004.
221. Wang DS, Iwata N, Hama E, Saido TC, and Dickson DW. Oxidized neprilysin in aging and Alzheimer's disease brains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 310: 236-241, 2003.
222. Wang HY, Lee DH, D'Andrea MR, Peterson PA, Shank RP, and Reitz AB. β-Amyloid(1-42) binds to alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with high affinity. Implications for Alzheimer's disease pathology. J Biol Chem 275: 5626-5632, 2000.
223. Weeber EJ, Levy M, Sampson MJ, Anflous K, Armstrong DL, Brown SE, Sweatt JD, and Craigen WJ. The role of mitochondrial porins and the permeability transition pore in learning and synaptic plasticity. J Biol Chem 277: 18891-18897, 2002.
224. Weisgraber KH and Mahley RW. Human apolipoprotein E: the Alzheimer's disease connection. FASEB J 10: 1485-1494, 1996.
225. Winterbourn CC and Buss IH. Protein carbonyl measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Methods Enzymol 300: 106-111, 1999.
226. Wisniewski T and Frangione B. Apolipoprotein E: a pathological chaperone protein in patients with cerebral and systemic amyloid. Neurosci Lett 135: 235-238, 1992.
227. Yatin SM, Varadarajan S, and Butterfield DA. Vitamin E prevents Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide (1-42)-induced neuronal protein oxidation and reactive oxygen species production. J Alzheimer's Dis 2: 123-131, 2000.
228. Yatin SM, Varadarajan S, Link CD, and Butterfield DA. In vitro and in vivo oxidative stress associated with Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide (1-42). Neurobiol Aging 20: 325-330; discussion 39-42, 1999.
229. Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Carasso RL, and Mostofsky DI. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring the aging neuronal membrane. Neurobiol Aging 23: 843-853, 2002.
230. Younkin SG. Evidence that A beta 42 is the real culprit in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 37: 287-288, 1995.
231. Zhang J, Goodlett DR, Quinn JF, Peskind E, Kaye JA, Zhou Y, Pan C, Yi E, Eng J, Wang Q, Aebersold RH, and Montine TJ. Quantitative proteomics of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimer's Dis 7: 125-133; discussion 73-80, 2005.
232. Zhou XZ, Kops O, Werner A, Lu PJ, Shen M, Stoller G, Kullertz G, Stark M, Fischer G, and Lu KP. Pin1-dependent prolyl isomerization regulates dephosphorylation of Cdc25C and tau proteins. Mol Cell 6: 873-883, 2000.