Oxidative modification of proteins: Age-related changes

Gerontology

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 128-139

  Chakravarti, Bulbul ^a,b   Chakravarti, Deb N ^a  

^a KECK GRADUATE INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging, protein oxidation; Oxidative stress; Protein oxidation

Indexed keywords

ACONITATE HYDRATASE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; BETA ACTIN; CALCINEURIN; CALMODULIN; CALRETICULIN; CARBONATE DEHYDRATASE; CELL PROTEIN; CRYSTALLIN; GLUTAMATE AMMONIA LIGASE; HAPTOGLOBIN; KININOGEN; MACROGLOBULIN; NEUROFILAMENT PROTEIN; PROTON TRANSPORTING ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; TRANSFERRIN; VITAMIN D BINDING PROTEIN;

AMADORI REARRANGEMENT; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CELL AGING; CITRIC ACID CYCLE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME MECHANISM; GLYCATION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN DENATURATION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; REVIEW;

AGING; HUMANS; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROTEINS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

EID: 34247363723     PISSN: 0304324X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000097865     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Pacifici RE, Davies KJ: Protein, lipid and DNA repair systems in oxidative stress: the free-radical theory of aging revisited. Gerontology 1991;37:166-180.
2. Davies KJ: Oxidative stress: the paradox of aerobic life. Biochem Soc Symp 1995;61:1-31.
3. Stohs SJ: The role of free radical in toxicity and disease. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 1995;6:205-228.
4. Mezzetti A, Lapenna D, Romano F, Costantini F, Pierdomenico SD, De Cesare D, Cuccurullo F, Riario-Sforza G, Zuliani G, Fellin R: Systemic oxidative stress and its relationship with age and illness. Associazione Medica 'Sabin'. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:873-875.
5. Agarwal S, Sohal RS: Relationship between aging and susceptibility to protein oxidative damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;194:1203-1206.
6. Sohal RS, Agarwal S, Sohal BH: Oxidative stress and aging in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Mech Ageing Dev 1995;81:15-25.
7. Harman D: Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 1956;2:289-300.
8. Friguet B, Szweda LI, Stadtman ER: Susceptibility of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase modified by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and metal-catalyzed oxidation to proteolysis by the multicatalytic protease. Arch Biochem Biophys 1994;311:168-173.
9. Friguet B, Szweda LI: Inhibition of the multicatalytic proteinase (proteasome) by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal cross-linked protein. FEBS Lett 1997;405:21-25.
10. Mattson MP: Modification of ion homeostasis by lipid peroxidation: roles in neuronal degeneration and adaptive plasticity. Trends Neurosci 1998;21:53-57.
11. Moskovitz J, Bar-Noy S, Williams WM, Requena J, Berlett BS, Stadtman ER: Methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA) is a regulator of antioxidant defense and lifespan in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98: 12920-12925.
12. Levine RL, Mosoni L, Berlett BS, Stadtman ER: Methionine residues as endogenous antioxidants in proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:15036-15040.
13. Levine RL, Berlett BS, Moskovitz J, Mosoni L, Stadtman ER: Methionine residues may protect proteins from critical oxidative damage. Mech Ageing Dev 1999;107:323-332.
14. Arnér ES, Holmgren A: Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. Eur J Biochem 2000;267:6102-6109.
15. Laboissiere MC, Sturley SL, Raines RT: The essential function of protein-disulfide isomerase is to unscramble non-native disulfide bonds. J Biol Chem 1995;270:28006-28009.
16. Stadtman ER: Metal ion-catalyzed oxidation of proteins: biochemical mechanism and biological consequences. Free Radic Biol Med 1990;9:315-325.
17. Fucci L, Oliver CN, Coon MJ, Stadtman ER: Inactivation of key metabolic enzymes by mixed-function oxidation reactions: possible implication in protein turnover and ageing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;80:1521-1525.
18. Agbas A, Zaidi A, Michaelis EK: Decreased activity and increased aggregation of brain calcineurin during aging. Brain Res 2005; 1059:59-71.
19. Oliver CN, Levine RL, Stadtman ER: A role of mixed-function oxidation reactions in the accumulation of altered enzyme forms during aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987;35:947-956.
20. Oliver CN, Ahn BW, Moerman EJ, Goldstein S, Stadtman ER: Age-related changes in oxidized proteins. J Biol Chem 1987;262:5488-5491.
21. Carney JM, Starke-Reed PE, Oliver CN, Landum RW, Cheng MS, Wu JF, Floyd RA: Reversal of age-related increase in brain protein oxidation, decrease in enzyme activity, and loss in temporal and spatial memory by chronic administration of the spin-trapping compound N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88: 3633-3636.
22. Yan L, Levine RL, Sohal RS: Oxidative damage during aging targets mitochondrial aconitase. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94: 11168-11172.
23. Yarian CS, Sohal RS: In the aging housefly aconitase is the only citric acid cycle enzyme to decline significantly. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2005;37:91-96.
24. Yan LJ, Sohal RS: Mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase is modified oxidatively during aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:12896-12901.
25. Cabiscol E, Levine RL: Carbonic anhydrase III. Oxidative modification in vivo and loss of phosphatase activity during aging. J Biol Chem 1995;270:14742-14747.
26. Shacter E: Quantification and significance of protein oxidation in biological samples. Drug Metab Rev 2000;32:307-326.
27. Morrow JD, Chen Y, Brame CJ, Yang J, Sanchez SC, Xu J, Zackert WE, Awad JA, Roberts LJ: The isoprostanes: unique prostaglandinlike products of free-radical-initiated lipid peroxidation. Drug Metab Rev 1999:31:117-139.
28. Shigenaga MK, Aboujaoude EN, Chen Q, Ames BN: Assays of oxidative DNA damage biomarkers 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine and 8-oxoguanine in nuclear DNA and biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Methods Enzymol 1994;234:16-33.
29. Yarian CS, Rebrin I, Sohal RS: Aconitase and ATP synthase are targets of malondialdehyde modification and undergo an age-related decrease in activity in mouse heart mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;330:151-156.
30. Levine RL, Stadtman ER: Oxidative modification of proteins during aging. Exp Gerontol 2001;36:1495-1502.
31. Stadtman ER, Levine RL: Free radical-mediated oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins. Amino Acids 2003; 25:207-218.
32. Stadtman ER, Moskovitz J, Levine RL: Oxidation of methionine residues of proteins: biological consequences. Antioxid Redox Signal 2003;5:577-582.
33. Stadtman ER: Protein oxidation in aging and age-related diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 928:22-38.
34. Gitlin G, Tsarbopoulos A, Patel ST, Sydor W, Pramanik BN, Jacobs S, Westreich L, Mittelman S, Bausch JN: Isolation and characterization of a monomethioninesulfoxide variant of interferon alpha-2b. Pharm Res 1996; 13:762-769.
35. Smeal T, Guarente L: Mechanisms of cellular senescence. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1997;7: 281-287.
36. Ottinger MA, Mobarak M, Abdelnabi M, Roth G, Proudman J, Ingram DK: Effects of calorie restriction on reproductive and adrenal systems in Japanese quail: are responses similar to mammals, particularly primates? Mech Ageing Dev 2005;126:967-975.
37. Koubova J, Guarente L: How does calorie restriction work? Genes Dev 2003;17:313-321.
38. Yu BP: Why calorie restriction would work for human longevity. Biogerontology 2006; 7:179-182.
39. Sohal RS, Weindruch R: Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging. Science 1996; 273:59-63.
40. Chakravarti B, Abraham GN: Effect of age and oxidative stress on tyrosine phosphorylation of ZAP-70. Mech Ageing Dev 2002; 123:297-311.
41. Starke-Reed PE, Oliver CN: Protein oxidation and proteolysis during aging and oxidative stress. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989;275: 559-567.
42. Starke PE, Oliver CN, Stadtman ER: Modification of hepatic proteins in rats exposed to high oxygen concentration. FASEB J 1987;1: 36-39.
43. Sohal RS: Role of oxidative stress and protein oxidation in the aging process. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;33:37-44.
44. Floyd RA, Hensley K: Nitrone inhibition of age-associated oxidative damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000;899:222-237.
45. Garland D: Role of site-specific, metal-catalyzed oxidation in lens aging and cataract: a hypothesis. Exp Eye Res 1990;50:677-682.
46. Smith CD, Carney JM, Starke-Reed PE, Oliver CN, Stadtman ER, Floyd RA, Markesbery WR: Excess brain protein oxidation and enzyme dysfunction in normal aging and in Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:10540-10543.
47. Sohal RS, Sohal BH, Orr WC: Mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation, protein oxidative damage, and longevity in different species of flies. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;19:499-504.
48. Shringarpure R, Davies KJ: Protein turnover by the proteasome in aging and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;32:1084-1089.
49. Stadtman ER: Oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins by radiolysis and by metal-catalyzed reactions. Annu Rev Biochem 1993;62:797-821.
50. Stadtman ER, Levine RL: Protein oxidation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000;899:191-208.
51. Anderson MM, Requena JR, Crowley JR, Thorpe SR, Heinecke JW: The myeloperoxidase system of human phagocytes generates Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl) lysine on proteins: a mechanism for producing advanced glycation end products at sites of inflammation. J Clin Invest 1999;104:103-113.
52. Cabiscol E, Piulats E, Echave P, Herrero E, Ros J: Oxidative stress promotes specific protein damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2000;275:27393-27398.
53. Poon HF, Farr SA, Thongboonkerd V, Lynn BC, Banks WA, Morley JE, Klein JB, Butterfield DA: Proteomic analysis of specific brain proteins in aged SAMP8 mice treated with alpha-lipoic acid: implications for aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Neurochem Int 2005;46:159-168.
54. Poon HF, Vaishnav RA, Getchell TV, Getchell ML, Butterfield DA: Quantitative proteomics analysis of differential protein expression and oxidative modification of specific proteins in the brains of old mice. Neurobiol Aging 2006;27:1010-1019.
55. Poon HF, Shepherd HM, Reed TT, Calabrese V, Giuffrida Stella AM, Pennisi G, Cai J, Pierce WM, Klein JB, Butterfield DA: Proteomics analysis provides insight into caloric restriction mediated oxidation and expression of brain proteins associated with age-related impaired cellular processes: mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate dysregulation and impaired protein synthesis. Neurobiol Aging 2006;27:1020-1034.
56. Sweda PA, Friguet B, Sweda LI: Proteolysis, free radicals, and aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;33:29-36.
57. Rivett AJ: Preferential degradation of the oxidatively modified form of glutamine synthetase by intracellular mammalian proteases. J Biol Chem 1985;260:300-305.
58. Rivett AJ: Purification of a liver alkaline protease which degrades oxidatively modified glutamine synthetase. Characterization as a high molecular weight cysteine proteinase. J Biol Chem 1985;260:12600-12606.
59. Pacifici RE, Salo DC, Davies KJ: Macroxyproteinase (M.O.P.): a 670 kDa proteinase complex that degrades oxidatively denatured proteins in red blood cells. Free Radic Biol Med 1989;7:521-536. Erratum in: Free Radic Biol Med 1990;8:211-212.
60. Poppek D, Grune T: Proteasomal defense of oxidative protein modifications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006;8:173-184.
61. Grune T, Reinheckel T, Davies KJ: Degradation of oxidized proteins in mammalian cells. FASEB J 1997;11:526-534.
62. Shringarpure R, Grune T, Mehlhase J, Davies KJ: Ubiquitin conjugation is not required for the degradation of oxidized proteins by proteasome. J Biol Chem 2003;278: 311-318.
63. Rivett AJ, Hearn AR: Proteasome function in antigen presentation: immunoproteasome complexes, peptide production, and interactions with viral proteins. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2004;5:153-161.
64. Keller JN, Gee J, Ding Q: The proteasome in brain aging. Ageing Res Rev 2002;1:279-293.
65. Coux O, Tanaka K, Goldberg AL: Structure and functions of the 20S and 26S proteasomes. Annu Rev Biochem 1996;65:801-847.
66. Rivett AJ: Intracellular distribution of proteasomes. Curr Opin Immunol 1998;10:110-114.
67. Davies KJ: Degradation of oxidized proteins by the 20S proteasome. Biochimie 2001;83: 301-310.
68. Grune T, Jung T, Merker K, Davies KJ: Decreased proteolysis caused by protein aggregates, inclusion bodies, plaques, lipofuscin, ceroid, and 'aggresomes' during oxidative stress, aging, and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004;36:2519-2530.
69. Yin D: Biochemical basis of lipofuscin, ceroid, and age pigment-like fluorophores. Free Radic Biol Med 1996;21:871-888.
70. Brunk UT, Terman A: The mitochondriallysosomal axis theory of cellular aging; in Cadenas E, Packer L (eds): Understanding the Process of Aging. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1998, pp 229-250.
71. Friguet B: Protein repair and degradation during aging. Sci World J 2002;2:248-254.
72. Farout L, Friguet B: Proteasome function in aging and oxidative stress: implications in protein maintenance failure. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006;8:205-216.
73. Sitte N, Huber M, Grune T, Ladhoff A, Doecke WD, Von Zglinicki T, Davies KJ: Proteasome inhibition by lipofuscin/ceroid during postmitotic aging of fibroblasts. FASEB J 2000;14:1490-1498.
74. Sitte N, Merker K, Von Zglinicki T, Grune T, Davies KJ: Protein oxidation and degradation during cellular senescence of human BJ fibroblasts. I. Effects of proliferative senescence. FASEB J 2000;14:2495-2502.
75. Sitte N, Merker K, Von Zglinicki T, Davies KJ, Grune T: Protein oxidation and degradation during cellular senescence of human BJ fibroblasts. II. Aging of nondividing cells. FASEB J 2000;14:2503-2510.
76. Grune T, Merker K, Jung T, Sitte N, Davies KJ: Protein oxidation and degradation during postmitotic senescence. Free Radic Biol Med 2005;39:1208-1215.
77. Merker K, Ullrich O, Schmidt H, Sitte N, Grune T: Stability of the nuclear protein turnover during cellular senescence of human fibroblasts. FASEB J 2003;13:1963-1965.
78. Louie JL, Kapphahn RJ, Ferrington DA: Proteasome function and protein oxidation in the aged retina. Exp Eye Res 2002;75:271-284.
79. Ferrington DA, Husom AD, Thompson LV: Altered proteasome structure, function, and oxidation in aged muscle. FASEB J 2005;19: 644-646.
80. Abd El Mohsen MM, Iravani MM, Spencer JP, Rose S, Fahim AT, Motawi TM, Ismail NA, Jenner P: Age-associated changes in protein oxidation and proteasome activities in rat brain: modulation by antioxidants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;336: 386-391.
81. Zeng BY, Medhurst AD, Jackson M, Rose S, Jenner P: Proteasomal activity in brain differs between species and brain regions and changes with age. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:760-766.
82. Viteri G, Carrard G, Birlouez-Aragon I, Silva E, Friguet B: Age-dependent protein modifications and declining proteasome activity in the human lens. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004;427:197-203.
83. Chen Q, Thorpe J, Ding Q, El-Amouri IS, Keller JN: Proteasome synthesis and assembly are required for survival during stationary phase. Free Radic Biol Med 2004;37:859-868.
84. Yu BP: How diet influences the aging process of the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994;205: 97-105.
85. Yu BP: Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species. Physiol Rev 1994;74:139-162.
86. Chu YF, Sun J, Wu X, Liu RH: Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common vegetables. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50: 6910-6916.
87. Plumb GW, Lambert N, Chambers SJ, Wanigatunga S, Heaney RK, Plumb JA, Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Miller NJ, Williamson G: Are whole extracts and purified glucosinolates from cruciferous vegetables antioxidants? Free Radic Res 1996;25:75-86.
88. McCay C, Crowell M, Maynard L: The effect of retarded growth upon the length of life and upon ultimate size. J Nutr 1935;10:63-79.
89. Lane MA, de Cabo R, Mattison J, Anson RM, Roth GS, Ingram DK: The Roy Walford legacy: diet restriction from molecules to mice to monkeys to man and onto mimetics. Exp Gerontol 2004;39:897-902.
90. Dubey A, Forster MJ, Lal H, Sohal RS: Effect of age and caloric intake on protein oxidation in different brain regions and on behavioral functions of the mouse. Arch Biochem Biophys 1996;333:189-197.
91. Sohal RS, Agarwal S, Candas M, Forster MJ, Lal H: Effect of age and caloric restriction on DNA oxidative damage in different tissues of C57BL/6 mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1994;76:215-224.
92. Matsuo M, Gomi F, Kuramoto K, Sagai M: Food restriction suppresses an age-dependent increase in the exhalation rate of pentane from rats: a longitudinal study. J Gerontol 1993;48:B133-B136.
93. Aksenova MV, Aksenov MY, Carney JM, Butterfield DA: Protein oxidation and enzyme activity decline in old brown Norway rats are reduced by dietary restriction. Mech Ageing Dev 1998;100:157-168.
94. Merker K, Stolzing A, Grune T: Proteolysis, caloric restriction and aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2001;122:595-615.
95. Lopez-Lluch G, Hunt N, Jones B, Zhu M, Jamieson H, Hilmer S, Cascajo MV, Allard J, Ingram DK, Navas P, de Cabo R: Calorie restriction induces mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetic efficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:1768-1773.
96. Ingram DK, Anson RM, de Cabo R, Mamczarz J, Zhu M, Mattison J, Lane MA, Roth GS: Development of calorie restriction mimetics as a prolongevity strategy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1019:412-423.
97. Cho CG, Kim HJ, Chung SW, Jung KJ, Shim KH, Yu BP, Yodoi J, Chung HY: Modulation of glutathione and thioredoxin systems by calorie restriction during the aging process. Exp Gerontol 2003;38:539-548.
98. Judge S, Judge A, Grune T, Leeuwenburgh C: Short-term CR decreases cardiac mitochondrial oxidant production but increases carbonyl content. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004;286:R254-R259.
99. Scrofano MM, Shang F, Nowell TR, Gong X, Smith DE, Kelliher M, Dunning J, Mura CV, Taylor A: Aging, calorie restriction and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in the livers of Emory mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1998; 101:277-296.
100. Rebrin I, Kamzalov S, Sohal RS: Effects of age and caloric restriction on glutathione redox state in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2003;35:626-635.
101. Sell DR, Lane MA, Obrenovich ME, Mattison JA, Handy A, Ingram DK, Cutler RG, Roth GS, Monnier VM: The effect of caloric restriction on glycation and glycoxidation in skin collagen of nonhuman primates. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58:508-516.
102. Forster MJ, Sohal BH, Sohal RS: Reversible effects of long-term caloric restriction on protein oxidative damage. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000;55:B522-B529.
103. Leeuwenburgh C, Wagner P, Holloszy JO, Sohal RS, Heinecke JW: Caloric restriction attenuates dityrosine cross-linking of cardiac and skeletal muscle proteins in aging mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997;346:74-80.
104. de Cabo R, Cabello R, Rios M, Lopez-Lluch G, Ingram DK, Lane MA, Navas P: Calorie restriction attenuates age-related alterations in the plasma membrane antioxidant system in rat liver. Exp Gerontol 2004;39: 297-304.
105. Radak Z, Takahashi R, Kumiyama A, Nakamoto H, Ohno H, Ookawara T, Goto S: Effect of aging and late onset dietary restriction on antioxidant enzymes and proteasome activities, and protein carbonylation of rat skeletal muscle and tendon. Exp Gerontol 2002;37:1423-1430.
106. Nagai M, Takahashi R, Goto S: Dietary restriction initiated late in life can reduce mitochondrial protein carbonyls in rat livers: Western blot studies. Biogerontology 2000; 1:321-328.
107. Kim HJ, Jung KJ, Yu BP, Cho CG, Choi JS, Chung HY: Modulation of redox-sensitive transcription factors by calorie restriction during aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2002;123: 1589-1595.
108. Chung HY, Sung B, Jung KJ, Zou Y, Yu BP: The molecular inflammatory process in aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006;8:572-581.
109. Heilbronn LK, de Jonge L, Frisard MI, DeLany JP, Larson-Meyer DE, Rood J, Nguyen T, Martin CK, Volaufova J, Most MM, Greenway FL, Smith SR, Deutsch WA, Williamson DA, Ravussin E; Pennington CALERIE Team: Effect of 6-month calorie restriction on biomarkers of longevity, metabolic adaptation, and oxidative stress in overweight individuals: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295:1539-1548.
110. Ingram DK, Roth GS, Lane MA, Ottinger MA, Zou S, de Cabo R, Mattison JA: The potential for dietary restriction to increase longevity in humans: extrapolation from monkey studies. Biogerontology 2006;7: 143-148.
111. Dirks AJ, Leeuwenburgh C: Caloric restriction in humans: potential pitfalls and health concerns. Mech Ageing Dev 2006;127:1-7.
112. Reverter-Branchat G, Cabiscol E, Tamarit J, Ros J: Oxidative damage to specific proteins in replicative and chronological-aged Saccharomyces cerevisiae: common targets and prevention by calorie restriction. J Biol Chem 2004;279:31983-31989.
113. Agarwal S, Sharma S, Agrawal V, Roy N: Caloric restriction augments ROS defense in S. cerevisiae by a Sir2p independent mechanism. Free Radic Res 2005;39:55-62.
114. Ingram DK, Zhu M, Mamczarz J, Zou S, Lane MA, Roth GS, de Cabo R: Calorie restriction mimetics: an emerging research field. Aging Cell 2006;5:97-108.
115. Juranek I, Bezek S: Controversy of free radical hypothesis: reactive oxygen species - cause or consequence of tissue injury? Gen Physiol Biophys 2005;24:263-278.
116. Rivett AJ, Roseman JE, Oliver CN, Levine RL, Stadtman ER: Covalent modification of proteins by mixed-function oxidation: recognition by intracellular proteases. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;180:317-328.
117. Davies KJ: Protein oxidation and proteolytic degradation: general aspects and relationship to cataract formation. Adv Exp Med Biol 1990;264:503-511.
118. Martinez-Vicente M, Sovak G, Cuervo AM: Protein degradation and aging. Exp Gerontol 2005;40:622-633.
119. Kim CH, Zou Y, Kim DH, Kim ND, Yu BP, Chung HY: Proteomic analysis of nitrated and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified serum proteins during aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61:332-338.
120. Rabek JP, Boylston WH, Papaconstantinou J: Carbonylation of ER chaperone proteins in aged mouse liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;305:566-572.
121. Squier TC: Oxidative stress and protein aggregation during biological aging. Exp Gerontol 2001;36:1539-1550.
122. Verzijl N, DeGroot J, Oldehinkel E, Bank RA, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW, Bayliss MT, Bijlsma JW, Lafeber FP, Tekoppele JM: Agerelated accumulation of Maillard reaction products in human articular cartilage collagen. Biochem J 2000;350:381-387.
123. Verzijl N, DeGroot J, Thorpe SR, Bank RA, Shaw JN, Lyons TJ, Bijlsma JW, Lafeber FP, Baynes JW, Ekpwele JM: Effect of collagen turnover on the accumulation of advanced glycation end products. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:39027-39031.
124. Baynes JW: The role of AGEs in aging: causation or correlation. Exp Gerontol. 2001; 36:1527-1537.
125. Srivastava OP, Kirk MC, Srivastava K: Characterization of covalent multimers of crystallins in aging human lenses. J Biol Chem 2004;279:10901- 10909.
126. 2+-ATPase in skeletal muscle. Biochem J 1999;340: 657-669.
127. Sharov VS, Dremina ES, Galeva NA, Williams TD, Schoneich C: Quantitative mapping of oxidation-sensitive cysteine residues in SERCA in vivo and in vitro by HPLC-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry: selective protein oxidation during biological aging. Biochem J 2005;394: 605-615.
128. Knyushko TV, Sharov VS, Williams TD, Schoneich C, Bigelow DJ: 3-Nitrotyrosine modification of SERCA2a in the aging heart: a distinct signature of the cellular redox environment. Biochemistry 2005;44: 13071-13081.
129. Xu S, Ying J, Jiang B, Guo W, Adachi T, Sharov V, Lazar H, Menzoian J, Knyushko TV, Bigelow DJ, Schoneich C, Cohen RA: Detection of sequence-specific tyrosine nitration of manganese SOD and SERCA in cardiovascular disease and aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;290: H2220-H2227.