Lutein: A valuable ingredient of fruit and vegetables

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 45, Issue 7-8, 2005, Pages 671-696

  Calvo, Marta Maria ^a  

^a INSTITUTO DE FERMENTACIONES INDUSTRIALES CSIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

Fruit and vegetables concentration; Health; Lutein; Lutein isomerization and degradation; Quantification methods

Indexed keywords

XANTHOPHYLL;

BIOAVAILABILITY; CHEMISTRY; FOOD ANALYSIS; FRUIT; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; ISOMERISM; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; REVIEW; VEGETABLE;

BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; FOOD ANALYSIS; FRUIT; HUMANS; ISOMERISM; LUTEIN; NUTRITIVE VALUE; VEGETABLES;

EID: 29344439182     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408690590957034     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Abushita D.A., Daood, H.G., and Biacs, P.A. 2000. Change in carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins in tomato as a function of varietal and technological factors. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48:2075-2081.
2. Adewusi, S.R.A., and Bradbury, J.H. 1993. Carotenoid in cassava: Comparison of open column and HPLC methods of analysis. J. Sc. Food Agric., 62:375-383.
3. Adom, K.K., Sorrells, M.E., and Liu, R.H. 2003. Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant ac tivity of wheat varieties. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51:7825-7843.
4. Amar, I., Aserin, A., and Garti, N. 2003. Solubilization patterns of lutein and lutein esters in food grade nonionic microemulsions. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51:4775-4781.
5. Antony, J.I.X., and Shankaranarayana, M.L. 2001. Lutein. Rld Food Ingred., (April/May): 64-67.
6. Assunsao, R.B., and Mercadante, A.Z. 2003. Carotenoid and ascorbic acid composition from commercial products of cashwe apple (Anacardium occidentale L.). J. Food Com. Anal., 16:647-654.
7. Astorg, P. 1997. Food carotenoids andcancer prevention: and overview of current research. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 8:406:413.
8. Baloch, A.K., Bucle, K.A., and Edwards, R.A. 1977. Effect of processing variables on the quality of dehydrated carrot. I: Leaching losses and carotenoid content. J. Food Technol., 12:285-293.
9. Barua, A.B., and Olson, J.A. 2001. Xanthophyll epoxides, unlike β-carotene monoepoxides, are not detectible absorbed by humans. J. Nutr., 131:3212-3215.
10. Bartlett, H., and Eperjesi, F. 2003. Age-related maculai- degeneration and nutritional supplementation: A review of randomised controlled trials. Opluhal. Physiol. Optics J. British Coll. Ophthal. Optic. Optomet., 23:383-399.
11. Ben-Amotz, A., and Fishier, R. 1998. Analysis of carotenoids with enphasis on 9-ris-β-carotene in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Israel. Food Chem., 62:515-520.
12. Berg, H. van den, and Vliet, T. van. 1998. Effect of simultaneous, single oral doses of β-carotene with lutein or lycopene on the β-carotene and retinyl ester responses in the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fraction in men. Am. J. Cli. Nutr., 68:82-89.
13. Bidoli, E., Bosetti, C., et al. 2003. Micronutrients and laryngeal cancer risk in Italy and Switzerland: A case-control study. Cancer Causes Control CCC., 14:477-484.
14. Blum, M. 2000. The hidden secrets of greens. Int. Food Ingred., 6:7-8, 10.
15. Bobrowska, B., and Oledzka, R. 2002. Current views on the nutritional role of lutein and lycopene. Bromatollogia I Chemia Toksykologiczna, 35:289-296.
16. Boilean, T.W., Boilean, A.C., and Erdman, J.W. Jr. 2002. Bioavailability of all-trans and cis-isomers of lycopene. Eur. Biol. Med. Maywood, 227:914-919.
17. Bone, R.A., Landrum, J.T., Guerra, L.H., and Ruiz, C.A. 2003. Lutein and zeaxanthin dietary supplements raise macular pigment density and serum concentrations of these carotenoids in humans. J. Nutr., 133:992-998.
18. Borel, P. 2003. Factors affecting intestinal absoiption of highly lipophylic micronutrients (fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids amd phytoesterols). Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 41:979-994.
19. Bowen, P.E., Espinosa, S.M., Hussain, E.A., and Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M. 2002. Esterification does not impair lutein bioavailability in humans does not impair lutein bioavailability in humans. J. Nutr., 132:3668-3673.
20. Breithaupt, D.E. 2004. Simultaneous HPLC determination of carotenoids used as food coloring additives: Applicability of accelerated solvent extraction. Food Chem., 83:449-456.
21. Breithaupt, D.E., Wirt, U., and Samedi, A. 2002. Differentiation between lutein monoester regioisomers and detection of lutein diesters from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta L.) and several fruits by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50:66-70.
22. Buratti, S., Pellegrini, N., Brenna, O.V., and Mannino, S. 2001. Rapid electrochemical method for the evaluation of the antioxidant power of some lipophilic food extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49:5136-5141.
23. Cano, P.M., and Marin, M.A. 1992. Pigment composition and colour of frozen and canned kiwi fruit slices. J. Agric. Food Chem., 40:2141-2146.
24. Cardinault, N., Gorrand, J.M., Tyssandier, V., Grolier, P., Rock, E., and Borel, P. 2003. Short-term supplementation with lutein affects biomarkers of lutein status similarly in young and elderly subjects. Experimental Gerontology, 38:573-582.
25. Challem, J. 2002. Putting antioxidants to use in functional formulas. Functional Foods Nutraceuticals, (May):28-30, 32.
26. Chen, B.H. 1992. Studies on the stability of carotenoids in Garland Chrysanthemun (Ipomoea ssp.) as affected by microwave and conventional heating. J. Food Protec., 55:296-300.
27. Chen, B.H., and Chen, Y.Y. 1992. Determination of carotenoids and chlorophylls in water convolvulus (Ipomoea aquatica) by liquid chromatography. Food Chem., 45:129-134.
28. Chen, B.H., and Chen, Y.Y. 1993. Stability of chlorophylls and carotenoids in sweet potato leaves during microwave cooking. J. Agric. Food Chem., 41:1315-1320.
29. Chen, B.H., Peng, H.Y., and Chen, E. 1995. Changes of carotenoids color, and vitamin A contents during processing of carrot juice. J. Agric. Food Chem., 43:1912-1918.
30. Chen, B.H., and Tang, Y.C. 1998. Processing and stability of carotenoid powder from carrot pulp waste. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46:2312-2318.
31. Chew, B.P., Brown, C.M., Park, J.S., and Mixter, P.F. 2003. Dietary lutein inhibits mouse mammary tumor growth by regulating angiogenesis and apoptosis. Anticancer Res., 23:3333-3339.
32. Clark, J.P., and Bowen, P.E. 1998. Lutein esters having high bioavailability. Patent. WO9845241.
33. Cohen, J.H., Kristal, A.R., and Stanford, J.L. 2000. Fruit and vegetable intakes and prostate cancer risk. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 92:61-68.
34. Craft, N.E., and Soares, J.H. Jr. 1992. Relative solubility, stability and absrobtivity of lutein and β-carotene in organic solvents. J. Agric. Food Chem., 40:431-434.
35. Dachtler, M., Kohler, K., and Alber, K. 1998. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid Chromatographic identification of lutein and zeaxanthin steroisomers in bovine retina using a C30 bonded phase. J. Chrom. B 720:211-216.
36. De La Cruz-Garcia, C., Gonzalez-Castro, et al. 1997. The effects of various culinary treatments on the pigment content of green beans Phaseolus vulgaris, L.). Food Res. Int., 30:787-791.
37. Deli, J., Moln, R.P., Osz, E., Toth, G., and Zsila, F. 2004. Epimerization of lutein to 3′-epilutein in processed foods. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett., 14:925-928.
38. Dietz-Bryant, J., McCord, J.D., Knigh-Unlu, L., and Erdman, J.W. Jr. 1992. Isolation and partial characterization of α- and β-carotene-containing carotenoprotein from carrot (Daunts carota) L. root chromoplasts. J. Agric. Food Chem., 40:545-549.
39. De Sio, F., Servillo, L., Loiuduce, R., Laratta, B., and Castaldo, D. 2001. A Chromatographic procedure for the determination of carotenoids and chlorophylls in vegetable products. Acta Alimentaria, 30:395-405.
40. Dorgan, J.F., Sowell, A., Swanson, et al. 1998. Relationships of serum carotenoids, retinol, α-tocopherol, and selenium with breast cancer risk: Results from a prospective study in Columbia, Missouri (United States). Cance rCauses Control CCC, 9:89-97.
41. Drews, M., Schonhof, I., and Krumbei, A. 1997. Content of minerals, vitamins, and sugras in iceberg lettuce (Latuca sativa var. capitata L) grown in the greenhouse dependent on cultivar and development stage. Gartennauwissenschaft, 62:65-72.
42. Duncan, J.L., Aleman, T.S., Gardner, L.M., De-Castro, E., Marks, D.A., Emmons, J.M., Bieber, M.L., Steinberg, J.D. Bennett, J., Stone, E.M., MacDonald, I.M., Cideciyan, A.V., Maguire, M.G., and Jacobson, S.G. 2002. Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in choroideremia. Experimental Eye Res., 74:371-381.
43. Dwyer, J.H., Navab, M., Dwyer, K.M., et al. 2001. Oxygenated carotenoid lutein and progression of early atherosclerosis. Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study Circulation, 103:2922-2927.
44. Edelenbos, M., Chritensen, L.P., and Grevsen, K. 2001. HPLC determination of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments in processed green pea cultivars (Pisum sativum). J. Agric. Food Chem., 49:4768-4774.
45. Emenhiser, C., Simunovic, N., Sandey, L.C., and Shwartz, S.J. 1996. Separation of geometrical carotenoid isomers in biological extracts using a polymeric C30 column in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem., 44:3887-3883.
46. Erdman, J.W. Jr 1999. Variable bioavailability of carotenoids from vegetables. Am. J. Clin. Nut., 70:179-180.
47. European Parliament and Council Directive 94/36/EC 30.6. 1994. On colours for use in foodstuffs. Official Journal of European Communities, 237:13-29.
48. Fan, J.J., Lee, H.C., and Yen, G.C. 1993. Quantification and identification of carotenoids and chlorophylls in raw and pickled mustard. J. Chin. Agric. Chem. Soc., 31:765-775.
49. Flair-Flow Europe. 2001. Beyond fruit and vegetables: Antioxidants. Flair-Flow Reports. FFE 436/01/CG18, 1p.
50. Ferreira, A.L., Yeum, K.J., Lin, C., Smith, D., Kinsky, N.E., Wang, W.D., and Russell, R.M. 2000. Tissue distribution of lycopene in ferrets and rats after lycopene supplementation. J. Nutr., 130:1256-1260.
51. Foster, B., Pogson, B.J., and Osmond, C.B. 2003. Occurrence of the luteinepoxide cycle in mistletoes of the Loranthaceae and Viscaceae. Planta, 217:868-879.
52. Fung, T.T., Spiegelman, D., Egan K.M., Giovannucci, E., Hunter, D.J., and Willett, W.C. 2003. Vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of cancer. Int. J. Cancer, 103:110-115.
53. Gandul-Rojas, B., and Minguez-Mosquera, M.I. 1996. Chlorophyll and carotenoid composition in virgin oils from various Spanish olive varieties. J. Food Sci. Agric., 72:31-39.
54. Gandul-Rojas, B., Roca, L., Cepero M., and Minguez-Mosquera, M.I. 1999. Chlorophyll and carotenoid patterns in olive fruits, Olea europeaa Cv. Arbequina. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47:2207-2212.
55. Gellermann, W., Ermakov, I.V., Ermakova, M.R., McClane, R.W., Zhao, D.Y., and Bernstein, P.S. 2002. In vivo resonant Raman measurement of macular carotenoid pigments in the young and the aging human retina. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 19:1172-1186.
56. Granado, F., Olmedilla, B., Blanco, I., and Rojas-Hidalgo, E. 1992. Carotenoid composition in raw and cooked Spanish vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem., 40:2135-2140.
57. Granado, F., Olmedilla, B., Gil-Martínez, E., and Blanco, I. 2001. A fast, reliable and low-cost saponification protocol for analysis of carotenoids in vegetables. J. Food Comp. Anal. 14:479-489.
58. Grela, E.R., Jensen, S.K., and Jakobsen, K. 1999. Fatty acid composition and content of tocopherols and carotenoids in raw and extruded grass pea (Latyrus sativus L). J. Sci. Food Agric., 79:2075-2078.
59. Guedes de Pinho, P., Silva Ferreira, A.C., Mendes Pinto, M., Gomez Benitez, J., and Hogg, T.A. 2001. Determination of carotenoid profiles in grapes, musts, and fortified wines from douro varieties of vitis vinifera. J. Agric food Chem., 49:5484-5488.
60. Guil-Guerrero J.L., Rebollos-Fuentes M.M., and Torija Isasa M.E. 2003. Fatty acids and carotenoids from stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). J. Food Comp. Anal., 16:111-119.
61. Haila, K.M., Lievonen, S.M., and Heinonen, M.I. 1996. Effects of lutein, lycopen, annatto and γ-tocopherol on autooxidation of triglycerides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44:2096-2100.
62. Handelman, G.J. 2001. The evolving role of carotenoids in human biochemistry. Nutrition, 17:818-822.
63. Hamano, P.S., and Mercadante, A.Z. 2001. Composition of carotenoids from comemercial products of Caja (Spondias lutea).J. Food Comp. Anal., 14:335-343.
64. Hart, D.J., and Scott, K.J. 1995. Development and evaluation of an HPLC method for the analysis of carotenoids in foods, and the measurement of the carotenoid content in vegetables and fruits commed in the UK. Food Chem., 54:101-11.
65. Heinonen, M.I. 1990. Carotenoids and provitamin A activity of carrot (Daucus carota) cultivars. J. Agric. Food Chem., 38:609-612.
66. Henry, L.K., Catignari, G. L., and Shwartz, S.J. 1998. Oxidative degradation kinetics of lycopene, lutein, and 9-cis and all-trans-β- carotene. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75:823-829.
67. Hentschel, V., Kranl, K., Hollman, J., Lindhauer, M.G., Böhm, V., and Bitsch, R. 2002. Spectrophotometric determination of yellow pigment content and evaluation of carotenoids by high-performance liquid chromatography in durum wheat grain. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50:6663-6668.
68. Holden, J.M., Eldrigge, A.L., Beecher, G.R., et al. 1999. Carotenoid content of U.S. foods: An update of the database. J. Food Comp. Anal., 12:129-196.
69. Hof, K.H., Van-het, Brouwer, I.A., West, C.E., et al. 1999a. Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of ß-carotene. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 70:261-268.
70. Hof, K.H., Van-het, Tijburg, L.B.M., Pietrzik, K., and Weststrate, J.A. 1999b. Influence of feeding different vegetables on plasma levels of carotenoids, folate and vitamin C. Effect of disruption of the vegetable matrix. Brit. J. Nutr., 82:203-212.
71. Huck, C.W., Popp, M., Scherz, H., and Bonn, G.K. 2000. Development and evaluation of a new method for the determination of the carotenoid content in selected vegetables by HPLC and HPLC-MS-MS. J. Chrom. Sci., 38:441-449.
72. Hulten, K., Van-Kappel, A.L., Winkvist, A., Kaaks, R., Hallmans, G., Lenner, P., and Riboli, E. 2003. Carotenoids, α-tocopherols, and retinol in plasma and breast cancer risk in northern Sweden. Cancer Causes Control CCC, 12:529-537.
73. Humphries, J.M., and Khachik, F. 2003. Distribution of lutein, zeaxanthin and related geometrical isomers in fruit, vegetables, wheat and pasta products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:1322-1327.
74. Hyoungshin, P., Kreumen, S.S., Cuttriss, A.J., DellaPenna, D., and Pogson, B.J. 2002. Identification of carotenoid isomerase porvides insight into carotenoid biosyntehsis, prolamellar body formation and photomorphogenesis. Plant Cell, 14:321-332
75. Jewell, V.V.C., Mayes, C.B.D., Tubman, T.R.J., Northip-Clewes, C.A., and Thunham, D.I. 2004. A comparison of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in formula and human milk samples from Northern Irland mothers. Eur. J. Clin.Nutr., 58:90-97.
76. Johnson, E.J. 2004. A biological role of lutein. Food Rev. Int., 20:1-16.
77. 13C- labelled and endogenous β-carotene, lutein and vitamin A in human plasma. Lipids, 36:1277-1282.
78. Khachik, F, Beecher, G.R., Goli, M.B., and Lusby, W.R. 1992a. Separation and quantification of carotenoids in foods. Meth. Enzy., 213:867-877.
79. Khachik, F., Goli, M.B., Beecher, G.R., et al. 1992b. Effect of food preparation on qualitative distribution of major carotenoids constituents of tomatoes and several green vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem., 40:390-398.
80. Khachik, F., Bernstein, P.S., and Garland, D.L. 1997a. Identification of lutein and zeaxanthin oxidation products in human and monkey retinas. Inv. Ophtal. Vis. Sci., 38:1802-1811.
81. Khachik, F., Spangler, C.J., and Smith, J.C. Jr. 1997b. Identification, quantification, and relative concentrations of carotenoids and their metabolites in human milk and serum. Anal. Chem., 69:1873-1881.
82. Khachik, F., de-Moura. F.F., Zhao, D.Y., Aebischer, C.P., and Bernstein, P.S. 2002. Transformations of selected carotenoids in plasma, liver, and ocular tissues of humans and in nonprimate animal models. Inv. Ophtltal. Vis. Sci., 43:3383-3392.
83. Kimura, M., Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., and Godoy, H.T. 1990. Assessment of the saponification setp in the quantitative determination of carotenoids and provitamins A. Food Chem., 35:187-195.
84. Kimura, M., and Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B. 2003. Carotenoid composition of hydorponic leafy vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51:2603-2607.
85. Kinsky, N.I., Landram, J.T., and Bone, R.A. 2003. Biological mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye. An. Rev. Nutrit., 23:171-201.
86. Koning, E.J., and Roomans, H.H.S. 1997. Evaluation and validation of an LC method for the analysis of carotenoids in vegetables and fruits. Food Chem., 59:599-603.
87. Kopas-Lane, L.M., and Warthesen, J.J. 1995. Carotenoid photostability in raw spinach and carrots during cold storage. J. Food Sci., 60:773-776.
88. Kopsell, D.E., Kopsell, D.A., Randle, W.M., Coolong, T.W., Sams, C.E., and Curran-Celentano, J. 2003. Kale carotenoids remain stable while flavor compounds respond to changes in sulfur fertility. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:5319-5325.
89. Krinsky, N.L., Landrum, J.T., and Bone, R.A. 2003. Biologic mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye. Ann. Rev. Nutr., 23:171-201.
90. Kruger, C.L., Murphy, M., DeFreitas, Z., Pfannkuch, F., and Heimbach, J. 2002. An innovative approach to the determination of safety for a dietary ingredient derived from a new source: Case study using a crystalline lutein product. Food Chem.Tox., 40:1535-1549.
91. Kurilich, A.C., Britz, S.J., Clevidence, B.A., and Novotny, J.A. 2003. Isotopic labeling and LC-APCI-MS quantification for investigating absorption of carotenoids and phylloquinone from kale (Brassica oleracea). J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:4877-4883.
92. Landrum, J.T., and Bone, R.A. 2001. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 385:28-40.
93. Le-Marchand, L., Hankin, J.H., Kolonel, L.N., et al. 1993. Intake of specific carotenoids andlung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2:183-187.
94. Lee, H.S., and Min, D.B. 1990. Effects of quenching mechanisms, and kinetics of carotenoids in chlorophyll-sensitized photooxidation of soybean oil. J. Agric. Food Chem., 38:1630-1634.
95. Lee, H.S., and Coates, G.A. 2003. Effect of thermal pasteurisation on Valencia orange juice color and pigments. Lebesm. Wiss. Technol., 36:153-156.
96. Lienau, A., Glaser, T., Tang, G.W., Dolnilowski, G.C., Grusak, M.A., and Albert, K. 2003. Bioavailability of lutein in human from intrinsically labeled vegetables determined by LC-APCI-MS. J. Nutrit. Biochem.14:663-670.
97. Lopez-Hernandez, J., Váquez-Oderiz, L., Vázquez-Blanco, M.E., Romero-Rodríguez, A., and Simal-Lozano, J. 1993. HPLC determination of major pigments in the bean Phaseolus vulgaris. J. Agric. Food Chem., 41:1613-1651.
98. Lopez-Hernandez, J., Oruña-Concha. M.J., Simal-Lozano, J., Vázquez-Blanco, M.E., and González-Castro, M.J. 1996. Chemical composition of Padron peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Galicia (N.W. Spain). Food Chem., 57:557-559.
99. Maestro-Duran, R., and Borja-Padilla, R. 1993. Antioxidant activity of vitamin C, E, and provitamin A. Grasas Aceites, 44:107-111.
100. Majchrzak, D., Frank, U., and Elmadfa, I. 2000. Carotenoid profile and retinal content of baby food. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 210:407-413.
101. Mangels, A.R., Holden, J.M., Beecher, G.R., et al. 1993 Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: An evaluation of analytical data. J. Am. Diet. Ass., 93:284-296.
102. Matus, Z., Deli, J., and Szabolcx, J. 1991. Carotenoid composition of yellow pepper during ripening: Isolation of b-cryptoxanthin 5,6-epoxide. J. Agric. Food Chem., 39:1907-1914.
103. McGhie, T.K., and Ainge, G.D. 2002. Color in fruit of Genus Actinidia: Carotenoid and chlorophyll composition. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:117-121.
104. Mecocci, P., Polidori, M.C., Cherubini, A., et al. 2002. Lymphocyte oxidative DNA damage and plasma antioxidants in Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neural., 59:794-798.
105. Melendez-Martinez, A.J., Vicario, I.M., and Heredia, F.G. 2003a. Application of tristimulus colorimetry to estimate the carotenoids content in ultrafrozen orange juices J. Agric. Food Chem., 51:4219-4224.
106. Melendez-Martinez, A.J., Vicario, I.M., and Heredia, F.G. 2003b. A routine highperformance liquid chromatography method for carotenoid determination in ultrafrozen orange juice. J. Agric. Food Chem.., 51:7266-7270.
107. Mercadante, A.Z., and Rodríguez-Amaya, D.B. 1991. Carotenoid composition of a leafy vegetable in relation to some agricultural variables. J. Agric. Food Chem., 39:1094-1097.
108. Mercadante, A.Z., and Rodríguez-Amaya, D.B. 1997. HPLC and mass spectophotometry analysis of carotenoids from mango. J. Agric. Food Chem., 45:120-123.
109. Michaud, D.S., Feskanich, D., Rimm E.B., et al. 2000. Intake of specific carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in 2 prospective US cohorts. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72:990-997.
110. Micozzi, M.S., Beecher, G.R., Taylor, P.R., and Khachik, F. 1990. Carotenoid analyses of selected raw and cooked foods associated with a lower risk for cancer. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 82:282-285.
111. Miluca J.C.G., Juarros, J.L., Delas Rivas, J., Ibarrondo, J., and Gomez, R. 1991. Isolation of a yellow carotenoprotein from carrot. Phytochem., 30:1535-1539.
112. Minguez-Mosquera, M.I., and Gallardo-Guerrero, L. 1995. Anomalous transformation of chloroplastic pigments in gordal variety olives during processing for table olives. J. Food Protec., 58:1241-1248.
113. Minguez-Mosquera, M.I., and Hornero-Méndez, D. 1994. Formation and transformation of pigments during the fruti ripening of Capsicum annuum Cv. Bola and Agridulce. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42:38-44.
114. Moeller, S.M., Jaques, P.F., and Blumberg, J.B. 2000. The potencial role of dietary xanthophylls in cataract and age-related macular degeneration. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 19:5228-5278.
115. Molnar, J., Gyemant, N., Mucsi, I., et al. 2004. Modulation of multidrug resistance and apoptosis of cancer cells by selected carotenoids. In Vivo, 18:237-244.
116. Moma, M., Terao, J., Ito, M., Saito, M., and Chikuni, K. 1994. Carotenoid components in soybean seeds varying with sedd color and maturation stage. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 58:926-930.
117. Monreal, M., Ancos de, B., and Cano, P. 1999. Influence of critical storage temperatures on degradative pathways of pigments in green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris Cvs. Perona and Boby). J. Agric. Food Chem., 47:19-24.
118. Moros, E.E., Darnoko, D., Cheryan, M., et al. 2002. Analysis of xantophylls in corn by HPLC. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50:5787-5790.
119. Mozaffariech, M., Sacus, S., and Wedrich, A. 2003. The role of carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, in protecting against age-related macula degeneration: A review based on controversial evidence. Nutr: J., 2:20-24.
120. Muhlhofer, A., Buhler-Ritter, B., Frank, J., et al. 2003. Carotenoids are decreased in biopsies from colorectal adenomas. Clin. Nutr., 22:65-70.
121. Müller, H. 1997. Determination of the carotenoid content in selected vegetables and fruit by HPLC and photodiode array detection. Z. Lebensm. Unters Forsch. A, 204:88-94.
122. Munne-Bosch, S., and Penuelas, J. 2003. Photo- and antioxidative protection during summer leaf senescence in Pistacia lentiscus L. grown under Mediterranean field conditions. Annals Botany, 92:385-391.
123. Murkovic, M., Gams, K., Draxl, S., and Pfannhauser, W. 2000. Carotenoids in Austrian vegetables. Ernaehrung, 24:116-118.
124. Murkovic, M., Mülleder, U., and Neunteuff, H. 2002. Carotenoid content in different varieties of pumpkins. J. Food Comp. Anal., 15:633-638.
125. Narisawa, T., Fukaura, Y., Hasebe, M., et al. 1996. Inhibitory effects of natural carotenoids, α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene and lutein, on colonic aberrant crypt foci formation in rats. Cancer Lett. 107:137-142.
126. Nesterenko, S., and Sink, K.C. 2003. Carotenoid profiles of potato breeding lines and selected cultivais. Hortosdenre, 38:1173-1177.
127. Nicolle, C., Cardinalult, N., Aprikian, O., et al. 2003. Effect of carrot intake on cholesterol metabolism and on antioxidant status in cholesterol rat. Eur. J. Nutr., 45:25 4-261.
128. Ogunlesy, A.T., and Lee, C.Y. 1979. Effect of thermal processing on the stereoisomerization of major carotenoids and vitamin A value of carrots. Food Chem., 4:311-318.
129. Olmedilla, B., Granado, F., Blanco, I., and Vaquero, M. 2003. Lutein, but not α-tocopherol, supplementation improves visual function in patients with agerelated cataracts: A 2-y double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Nutr. Burbank, 19:21-24.
130. O'Neil C.A., and Schwart, S.J. 1995. Photoisomerization of β-carotene by photosensibilization of chlorophyll with chlorophyll derivatives as sensitizers. J. Agric. Food Chem., 43:631-635.
131. Pelz, R., Schmidt-Faber, B., and Heseker, H. 1998. Carotenoid intake in the German National Food Consumption Survey. Zeitsch. Ernaehruns, 37:319-327.
132. Pool-Zobel, B.L., Bub, A., Mueller, H., Wollowski, I., and Rechkemmer, G. 1997. Consumption of vegetables reduces genetic damage in humans. First results of a human intervention trial with carotenoid-rich foods. Carcinogenesis, 18:1847-1850.
133. Psomiadou, E., and Tsimidou, M. 2001. Pigment in Greek origin olive oils: Occurrence and levels. J. Sci. Food Agric., 81:640-647.
134. Ravichandra, R. 2002. Carotenoid composition, distribution and degradation to flavour volatiles during black tea manufacture and the effect of carotenoid supplementation on tea quality and aroma. Food Chem., 78:23-28.
135. Razungles, A., Babic, I., Sapins, J.C., and Bayonove, C. 1996. Particular behaviour of epoxy xanthophylls during veraison and maturation of grape. J. Agric. Food Chem., 44:3821-3825.
136. Riso, P., Brusamolino, A., Ciappellano, S., and Porrini, M. 2003. Comparison of lutein bioavailability from vegetables and supplement. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 73:201-205.
137. Rinaldi, P., Polidori, M.C., Metastasio, A., et al. 2003. Plasma antioxidants are similarly depleted in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease. Neumbiol. Aging., 24:915-919.
138. Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., and Kimura, M. 1989. Carotenoids and valor vitamin A in Caja (Spondias luted) Cien. Tecnol. Alim., 9:148-162.
139. Rohan, T.E., Jain, M., Howe, G.R., and Miller, A.B. 2002. A cohort study of dietary carotenoids and lung cancer risk in women (Canada). Cancer Causes Control CCC, 13:231-237.
140. Sa, M.D. de, and Rodríguez-Amaya, D.B. 2003. Carotenoid composition of cooked green vegetables from restaurants. Food Chem., 83:595-600.
141. Scott, K.J., Finglas, P.M., Seale, R., et al. 1996. Interlaboratory studies of HPLC procedures for the analysis of carotenoids in foods. Food Chem., 57:85-90.
142. Shi, X.M., and Chen, F. 1997. Stability of lutein under various storage conditions. Nahrung, 41:38-41.
143. Sies, H., and Stahl, W. 2003. Non-nutritive bioactive constituents of plants: Lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin. Inter. J. Vitam. Nutri. Res., 73:95-100.
144. Siemensma, A.D. 1997. Functional carotenoids. II. Int. Food Ingred., 2:15-16, 18, 20
145. Southon, S. 2000. Increased fruit and vegetable consumption within the EU: Potential health benefits. Food Res. Int., 33:211-217.
146. Takagi, S., Kishi, F., Nakajima, K., Kimura, Y., and Nakano, M. 1990. A seasonal variation of carotenoid composition in green leaves and effect of environmental factors on it. Scientific Reports of the Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, 75:1-7.
147. Tang, Y.C., and Chen, B.H. 2000. Pigment change of freeze-dried carotenoid powder during storage. Food Chem., 69:11-17.
148. Taylor, S., Baker, D., Owour, P., Orchard, J., Othiens, C., and Gay, C. 1992. A model for predicting black tea quality from the carotenoid and chlorophyll composition of frehs green tea leaf. J. Sci. Food Agric., 58:185-191.
149. Tee, E.S., and Lim, C.L. 1991. Carotenoid composition and content of Malaysian vegetables and fruits by the AOAC and HPLC methods. Food Chem., 41:309-339.
150. Tenorio, M.D., Villanueva, M.J., and Sagardoy, M. 2004. Changes in carotenoids and chlorophylls in fresh green asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L) stored under modified athmosphere packaging. J. Sci. Food Agric. 84:357-365.
151. Thuermann, P.A., Steffen, J., Zwernemann, C., et al. 2002. Plasma concentration response to drinks containing β-carotene as carrot juice or formulated as a water dispersible powder. Eur. J. Nutr., 41:228-235.
152. Tkalec, M., Perinic, Z., Vidakovic-Cifrek, Z., and Regula, I. 2003. Physiological response of duckweed (Lemua minor L.) to herbicide norflurazon. Period. Biol., 105:269-274.
153. Toniolo, P., Van-Kappel, A.L., Akhmedkhanov, A., et al. 2001. Serum carotenoids and breast cancer. Am. J. Epid., 153:1142-1147.
154. Tyssandier, V., Reboul, E. Dumas, J.F., et al. 2003. Processing of vegetableborne carotenoids in the human stomach and duodenum. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 284:G913-G923.
155. Tzeng, M.S., Yang, F.L., Wang-Hsu, G.S., and Chen, B.H. 2004. Determination of major carotenoids in human serum by liquid chromatography. J. Food Drugs Anal., 12:79.83.
156. Updike, A.A., and Schwartz, S.J. 2003. Thermal processing of vegetables increases cis isomers of lutein and zeaxantin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51:6184-6190.
157. Weckel, K.G., Santos, B., Hernan, E., Laferrriere, L., and Gabelman, W.H. 1962. Carotene components of frozen and processed carrots. Food Technol., 16:91-94.
158. Wenzel, A.J., Fuld, K., and Stringham, J.M. 2003. Light exposure and macular pigment optical density. Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci., 44:306-309.
159. Wills, R.B.H., and Rangga, A. 1996. Determination of carotenoids in Chinese vegetables. Food Chem., 56:451-455.
160. Wright, M.E., Mayne, S.T., Swanson, C.A., Sinha, R., and Alavanja, M.C. 2003. Dietary carotenoids, vegetables, and lung cancer risk in women: The Missouri women's health study (United States). Cancer Causes Control CCC, 14:85-96.
161. Yen, W.J., and Chen, B.H. 1995. Isolation of xanthophylls from Taiwanese orange peels and their effects on the oxidation stability of soybean oil. Food Chem., 53:417-425.
162. Yen, H.C., and Hsu, Y.T. 2004. Impurities from polypropylen microcentrifuge tubes as a potential source of interference in simultaneous analysis of multiple lipid-soluble antioxidant by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Clinical Chem. Lab. Med., 42:390-395.
163. Yokota, T., Etoh, H., Oshima, S., Hayakawa, K., and Ishiguro, Y. 2003. Oxygenated lycopene and dehydrated lutein in tomato puree. Biosc. Biotechnol. Biochem., 67:2644-2647.
164. Yuang, J.P., and Chen, F. 1999. Hydrolysis kinetics of astaxanthin esters and stability of astaxanthin of Haematococcus pluvialis during saponification. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47:31-35.
165. Zaripheh, S., and Erdman, J.W. 2002. Factors that influence the bioavailability of xanthopylls. J. Nutr., 132:531S-534S.
166. Zhao, D.Y., Wintch, S.W., Ermakov, I.V., Gellermann, W., and Bernstein, P.S. 2003. Resonance Raman measurement of macular marotenoids in retinal, choroidal, and macular dystrophies. Arch. Ophthal., 121:967-972.
167. Zhang, S., Tang, G., Russell, R.M., Mayzel, K.A., Stampfer, M.J., Willett, W.C., and Hunter, D.J. 1997. Measurement of retinoids and carotenoids in breast adipose tissue and a comparison of concentrations in breast cancer cases and control subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 66:626-632.
168. Zhang, S., Hunter, D.J., Forman, M.R., Rosner, et al. 1999. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 91:547-556.
169. Zhou, J.R., Gugger, E.T., Erdman, E., and J.W. Jr. 1994. Isolation and partial characterization of an 18 kDa carotenoid-protein complex from carrot roots. J. Agric. Food Chem., 42:2386-2390.